Conditional and imperative. Indicative mood of the verb

Mood verb expresses the relation of the action denoted by the verb to reality. Inclination is of three types:

1. indicative mood, which is also called "indicative". This form means that the action has happened, is happening or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future.

For example: I thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I searched - I search - I will search

And for the perfect view - only two: the past and the simple future.

For example: figured out - figured out I did - I will do, I found - I will find.

In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the stem of the infinitive disappears in some cases.

For example: hear - hear, see - see.

2. imperative mood, which is also called "imperative". This form means a request, advice, order, or a call to action. Imperative verbs are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have the zero ending in the singular and the ending "-te" in the plural. They also don't change over time. The imperative mood is formed with the help of the stem of the verb in the present or simple future tense, to which the suffix "-and-" is added, or in some cases a zero suffix.

For example: Remember, you must do it! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!

3. conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called the "subjunctive". This form means that the action did not actually happen, but only is desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be carried out if some necessary conditions are met.

For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's minds. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.

Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of the past tense verb (that is, the basis of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-” to it), as well as the particle “by” or “b”. These particles can be both before the verb and after it, and also be separated from it by other words.

For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum.

Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but never change by person and, as already mentioned, by tense.

For example: would look, would look, would look.

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The verbs of the Russian language are characterized by the category of mood, which serves to correlate the action expressed by this part of speech with reality. So, there are indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive) mood of the verb. At the same time, the first two are opposed to the third on the basis of the reality / unreality of the action. Each mood has its own semantic and grammatical characteristics.

Indicative mood of the verb

Verbs in the form of this mood express an action that actually takes place in one of three tenses: I slept, I sleep, I will sleep (sleep). Therefore, verbs in this mood have the category of tense, person and number (in the present and future tenses), and gender (in the past tense). The formal indicator of this mood of the verb is personal endings.

Imperative verb

This inclination is a language way to express an impulse to action, an order or a request. Unlike the indicative, verbs in the form of the imperative mood are characterized only by the categories of person and number, and they do not have tense. This mood has several forms with their formal indicators and semantic features:

the 2nd person form of both numbers is produced with the suffix -i- / without suffix and with the postfix -te. It denotes an impulse to action addressed directly to the interlocutor: run, do, touch, jump;

the form of the 3rd person is an inducement to the action of third parties and even inanimate objects. The imperative mood of the verb in this case is formed in an analytical way, that is, it consists of several words: let, let, yes, plus the form of the 3rd person of the indicative mood, for example, long live, let them do it, let the sun rise, etc.;

Form 1 of the person is also formed analytically (by adding the words let's, let's to the initial form of the imperfective form or to the form of the 1st person of the future tense of the perfect form) and denotes an incentive to action, in which the speaker himself wants to become a participant: let's run away, let's sing, let's dance, etc.

Conditional verb

Verbs in the form of this mood denote an action that is unrealistic - desirable or possible under certain conditions. The formal indicator is the particle would (b), which can be located either immediately before or after the verb, or distantly, separated from the verb by other members of the sentence: I would do, I would do, I would definitely do. Verbs in the form of the conditional mood tend to change in gender and number.

The use of one mood as another

Often there are speech situations when, in order to achieve maximum effect, one mood of a verb in Russian is used in the meaning of another, for example:

indicative as imperative: You're going to bed right now!

imperative in the meaning of the conditional: If I were a little clearer...

conditional as imperative: You should listen to the opinion of the experts.

In the lesson about the concept of the verb, you learned that an action can have a variety of properties and can be thought of in completely different ways. And the verb expresses all this diversity with its forms. In this lesson, you will learn what properties of the action the verb can express using the mood.

1. Training observation

Consider different forms of verbs and try to determine when these actions are performed:

went

you walk

will walk

would go

So, went. What did you do? - The action takes place in the past.

you walk. Now. What are you doing? - this is the present tense. The action is taking place now, at the moment when we pronounce this word.

Will walk. He will walk in the future after we say these words. i.e. action only will take place.

I would go. When does this action take place? Would you like to visit us more often. Does this action take place at all? Not! Some just want it to happen. And we can't tell the time!

walk! When is the action taking place? In present time? In the past? In future? And not in any of the times! The action is presented as a request, an order. And again, it is not known whether it will happen or not.

2. Three moods of the verb

With the help of inclination, the relation of action to reality is expressed. In Russian, the verb has three moods.

Indicative mood: the action is presented as taking place in reality in the present, past or future tense: read, read, read.

The conditional (subjunctive) mood is out of time, it denotes a desired, possible action, i.e. an action that did not happen, does not happen, but can happen under certain conditions: would read, would read, would read.

The imperative mood is also out of time, and the verbs in this mood denote an action that, in accordance with the order, wish or request of the speaker, may occur (or may not occur): read, read.

The inclination of the verb is a fickle sign.

3. Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood

The formation of forms of the conditional (subjunctive) mood

I took + WOULD (B)

Conditional mood - analytical form.

Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular by gender.

The tense and person of verbs in the subjunctive mood are not distinguished!

Shades of the values of the conditional mood:

If you had come earlier, we would have done everything on time. (condition, possible action)

I would love to eat ice cream right now. (desirability)

No matter how the storm starts ... (fear, doubt)

4. Verbs in the imperative mood

The meaning of the forms of the imperative mood:

1. Order : Stay where you are!(Attention: Stand!- this is not an imperative mood, but an indefinite form of the verb)

2. Request: Come visit us more often.

3. Simple urge Listen carefully to what I'm about to tell you.

4. Permission, permission: Okay, go for a walk.

5. Warning: Look, do not yawn, otherwise you will miss everything!

6. Prayer: Have mercy!

7. Ironic prompt: Hold your pocket wider!

Formation of imperative mood forms:

Suffix and+ (te): come, come, learn, learn

- Let (let), yes, let's+ present/future form: Let's We'll see, Yes hello, let be comes.

The verb in the imperative mood changes in numbers and in persons and does not change in tenses and genders.

Note!

Hide

cut off

Eat

Soft sign before - those saved!

Bibliography

Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

edu.glavsprav.ru ().
Gramma.ru ().

1. Group verbs according to moods:

tell me, I would say, throw it away, I would ask, I will give up, work, work, I will recover, I see, I would go, I will fly, I will walk, I scattered, breathe, lose weight, lie down, lie down.

2. How to change the mood of verbs without changing a single letter?

walk, hold, wear, stop.

3. Form the imperative mood of verbs:

get out, go, lie down.

4. In the name of an old children's toy, the imperative mood of the verb is written together with the particle - ka ?

5. Give examples of the use of the conditional mood in the meaning of the imperative.

In Russian, there are three types of mood of verbs: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification, because each listed form helps to determine how the sentence mentioned is related to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or command that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some conditions necessary for this are met.

The first type is indicative, which is also called "indicative". This form means that the action has happened, is happening or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: I thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I searched - I search - I will search), and for the perfect form - only two: the past and the simple future (for example: figured out - figured out I did - I will do, I found - I will find). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the stem of the infinitive disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see).

The second type is conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called the "subjunctive". This form means that the action did not actually happen, but only is desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be carried out if some necessary conditions are met. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's minds. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of the past tense verb (that is, the basis of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-” to it), as well as the particle “by” or “b”. These particles can be both before the verb and after it, and also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but never change by person and, as already mentioned, by tense. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look).

The third type is imperative mood, which is also called "imperative". This form means a request, advice, order, or a call to action. Imperative verbs are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have the zero ending in the singular and the ending "-te" in the plural. They also don't change over time. The imperative mood is formed with the help of the stem of the verb in the present or simple future tense, to which the suffix "-and-" is added, or in some cases a zero suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do it! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!)

The use of the 1st person plural forms is also possible. It is used to encourage joint action, in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of the imperfective verb or the perfective verb in the future tense, before which the following words are placed: come on, come on. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's make breakfast. Let's try this dish.)

Forms of the 3rd person singular and plural are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express the motivation for action of people who are not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!)

From time to time, to soften the order, the particle "-ka" is added to the verbs of the imperative mood (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.)

In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood.

So a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, trouble would have happened.) or the indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly once and say that she had already seen this man. And he take it and do it your way!)

A verb in the indicative mood can take on the meaning of an imperative. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.)

The verb in the conditional mood can also take on the meaning of the imperative. (For example: I'd say it like it is. Would you help your friend in need.)

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and French subjunctives in some types of sentences).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in the indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change by tense: I'm doing (present tense), I've been doing (past tense), I'll be doing (future tense).

Verbs in the conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l- (followed by the ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and the particle by (b) (which can be before the verb, after it, and may be detached from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).

In the conditional mood, verbs change in number and gender (there is no time or person in this mood): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote an impulse to act (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood, verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense with the help of the suffix -i- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present / simple future tense): speak, look, write, hold, work (the basis of the present tense - work-eat), rest (rest) -ut), remember (remember-ut), cut (cut), stand up (stand up).

Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with the ending -te: say-\te\, hold-\te\, remember-\te\, etc.

Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed with the help of particles let, let, yes + forms of 3 persons units. or many numbers of the indicative mood: let them go, let them go, long live, long live, etc.: May the descendants of the Orthodox native land know the past fate (A. Pushkin).

Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed with the help of particles let's, let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of 1 person plural. numbers of the indicative mood of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's compliment each other ... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden - amber and zest ... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, let's stomp faster, stomp the rest of the five-year days ... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) If it weren't for the Lord's will, they wouldn't give up Moscow (M. Lermontov); 2) Once he tells him: “I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

The verb in the form of the indicative mood can be used in the meaning of the imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! go, go, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let’s stand up for our mother empress today and prove to the whole world that we are brave people and a jury” (A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: Dad, you would talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

There is also a point of view according to which in the Russian language there are only two morphological moods - imperative and non-imperative, and a turnover with a particle would synchronously is no longer an analytic construction.

In other languages

Imperative - as in Russian, expresses a request, order, advice.
Prohibitive - expresses the speaker's request that the action not be implemented.
Optative - serves to express desire "in its purest form", exists in the languages of Eurasia (for example, in Georgian, ancient Greek and Sanskrit).
The subjunctive is the reduced form of the subjunctive in French. Not used in conditionals. There is a special form for this - conditionalis. Conditionalis is used only in the main part of the conditional sentence. In many other languages of the world, such a conditional is more common, which is used in the dependent part to indicate a condition (for example, in Tatar it replaces a conditional conjunction).
The subjunctive is a mood in German, close in meaning to the Russian subjunctive.
Irrealis is a form of the irreal mood in complex sentences in many Native American and Pacific languages. Sometimes used in simple sentences for a situation that near or almost realized.
Paraphrase - inclination in Latvian, used to convey other people's words.

Notes

Links

Referovskaya E. A. inclination // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: SE, 1990. - S. 321-322.

Morphology
Basic concepts	Morpheme Root Affix: suffix, prefix (prefix), circumfix, infix, transfix, disfix inflection Zero affix Formative Morphemics Word formation Inflection Form formation Grammatical form Grammatical meaning Grammatical category: aspect, pledge, actant derivation, tense, person, mood, taxis; definiteness, animation , case , agreement class , gender , nominal class , number Gramme Paradigm Lexeme Word form Part of speech
Personalities	F. F. Fortunatov J. Grinberg I. A. Melchuk A. A. Zaliznyak
Related topics	Language levels Grammar Syntax Grammatical semantics Morphonology Linguistic typology
Phonetics and phonology Syntax Portal:Linguistics

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