In what year and where was Temuchin born. ThePerson: Genghis Khan, Biography, Life Story, Facts

The world famous name Genghis Khan is not really a name - it's a title. After all, khans in Russia were called military princes. The real name of Genghis Khan is Timur, or Timur Chin (in a distorted pronunciation of Temujin or Temujin). The prefix Genghis denotes rank, position, rank, in other words - rank and title.

Temujin received the high title of a major military leader thanks to his military merits, his desire to support and protect a strong united united Slavic state with a large and reliable army.

The discrepancy between the name Temujin - Temujin is now explained by transcription problems of translations from different foreign languages. Hence the discrepancy in the title: Genghis Khan or Genghis Khan, or Genghis Khan. However, the Russian version of the sound of the name Timur, which for some reason is least of all used by historians and scientists, does not fit into this system of explanations, as if they do not notice his name. Historians in general have problems with the spelling and pronunciation of the famous names of figures whose life belongs to that period, can be easily explained with the help of false statements that there was no written language in all countries of the world at that time.

And the intentional distortion of the name of the people "Moguls" and its transformation into "Mongols" cannot be explained by anything other than a large-scale organized system of distortion of the facts of the past.

Genghis Khan. Strong personality in world history

The main source by which historians study the life and personality of Temujin was compiled after his death - "The Secret History". But the reliability of the data is not obvious, although it is from him that classical information about the appearance and character of the ruler of the Mongol tribes was obtained. Genghis Khan had a great gift as a commander, had good organizational skills and self-control; his will was unyielding, his character strong. At the same time, the chroniclers note his generosity and friendliness, which kept his subordinates attached to him. He did not deny himself the joys of life, but was alien to excesses, incompatible with the dignity of a ruler and commander. He lived a long life, retaining his mental abilities and strength of character until his advanced years.

Let historians argue today what letter to write in this or that name, something else is important - Temujin lived a bright, charismatic life, rose to the level of a ruler, played his role in world history. Now he can be condemned or praised - perhaps his actions are worthy of both, a moot point, but it is no longer possible to change something in historical development. But to find the truth among the imposed sea of ​​distortions of real facts is very important, as well as to convict the lie itself.

Disputes about the appearance of Genghis Khan - the field of historians

The only portrait of Genghis Khan (Emperor Taizu) recognized and permitted by historians is kept in Taiwan in the National Taipei Palace Museum.

An interesting portrait of the Mongol ruler has been preserved, which historians obsessively insist on considering the only authentic one. It is kept in the National Museum of Taiwan, in the Taipei Palace. It is prescribed to consider that the portrait (590*470 mm) has survived from the time of the Yuan rulers. However, modern studies of the quality of fabrics and threads have shown that the woven image dates back to 1748. But it was in the 18th century that the global stage of falsification of the history of the whole world, including Russia and China, passed. So this is another falsification of historians.

The exculpatory version says that such images are copyrighted works, and the author has the right to his own vision of the face and character. But the portrait was clearly woven by the hands of a skilled craftswoman, fine lines of wrinkles and folds on the face, hair in a beard and braid are so detailed on it that there is no doubt that a real person is depicted. That's just who? After all, Genghis Khan died in 1227, that is, five centuries before the start of the process of massive falsifications.

Miniature of Marco Polo "The Crowning of Genghis Khan". The great commander is crowned with a crown with trefoils - an attribute of European rulers.

Undoubtedly, historical and cultural heritage has come down to our days since the reign of the Manchus. From the Middle State, they were handed over to the next conquerors and transported to Beijing. The collection contains more than 500 portraits of rulers, their wives, sages and great people of the era. Portraits of eight khans of the Mongol dynasties, seven wives of khans have been identified here. However, again, skeptical scientists have a question of authenticity and reliability - are they the khans, and whose wives?

Chinese hieroglyphic writing was radically "modernized" by several rulers in a row. And who needed such labor costs? All the same figures from the Torah, putting things in order in the annals and destroying the "extra" traces.

During the change of the alphabet, manuscripts were brought from all over the Chinese empire and completely rewritten. And the "outdated" originals were stored in the archive? No, they were simply destroyed as they did not comply with the new rules!
That's where the scope for distortion ...

Is this the Khan, and is it the Khan

Until recently, the drawing was considered "medieval" now - a confirmed fake, one of many claiming that Chigis Khan is a Mongoloid.

There are many similar reproductions of Genghis Khan from different eras and authors. A drawing by an unknown Chinese master, made with ink on silk fabric, is quite common. Here Temujin is depicted in full growth, on his head is a Mongolian hat, in his right hand is a Mongolian bow, behind his back is a quiver with arrows, his left hand lies on the hilt of a saber in a painted scabbard. This is the same typical image of a representative of the Mongolian race.

What did Genghis Khan look like? Other sources

A Chinese drawing from the 13th-15th centuries depicts Genghis Khan falconry. As you can see, Genghis Khan is not a Mongoloid at all! A typical Slav, with a chic beard.

In a Chinese drawing of the 13th-14th centuries, Temujin is depicted hunting with falcons, here the master depicted him as a typical Slav with a thick beard.

No Mongoloid!

M. Polo in the miniature "The Crowning of Genghis Khan" depicts Temujin as a pure Slav. The traveler dressed the entire retinue of the ruler in European clothes, crowned the commander with a crown with trefoils - a clear attribute of European rulers. The sword in the hands of Genghis Khan is truly Russian, heroic.

The ethnic group of the Borjigins has not survived to this day.

The well-known Persian scientist-encyclopedist Rashid ad-Din in the "Collection of Chronicles" presents several images of Genghis Khan with truly Mongolian features. However, a number of historians have proven that the Borjigin tribe, from which Genghis Khan came, have other facial features that are fundamentally different from the Mongoloid group of peoples.

"Borjigin" in translation into Russian means "blue-eyed". The eyes of the ancient Mughal family are "dark blue" or "blue green", the pupil is edged with a brown rim. In this case, all the descendants of the genus should look different, which is not visible in the archive images of the alleged Temujin family that are allowed for general use.

Genghis Khan.

Russian researcher L.N. Gumilyov in the book "Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe" describes the disappeared ethnic group as follows: "The ancient Mongols were ... a tall, bearded, fair-haired and blue-eyed people ...". Temujin stood out for his tall stature, majestic posture, had a wide forehead, wore a long beard. L.N. Gumilyov brought out the concept of passionarity, and it is she who is credited with the complete disappearance of small ethnic nationalities, many of which have not survived to this day in their pure form, including the Borjigins
http://ru-an.info/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D1%81%D0%BD%D0% B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8 %D1%8F-%D1%81-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B0%D1% 82%D0%B0%D1%80/

Death of Genghis Khan

Death of Genghis Khan.

Several “plausible” versions were invented, each has its own adherents.

1. From falling from a horse when hunting for wild horses - the official option.
2. From a lightning strike - according to Plano Carpini.
3. From an arrow wound in the knee - according to the story of Marco Polo.
4. From the wound inflicted by the Mongolian beauty Kyurbeldishin-Khatun, the Tangut khansha - a Mongolian legend.
One thing is clear - he did not die a natural death, but they tried to hide the true cause of death by launching false versions.

The place of burial is classified. According to legend, the body rests on Mount Burkhan-Khaldun. There are also buried: the youngest son Tului, with children Kublai Khan, Mongke Khan, Arig-Buga and other children. There are no tombstones in the cemetery, so as not to be plundered. The secret place is overgrown with dense forest and is protected from European travelers by the Uryankhai tribes.

Conclusion

It turns out that the Mongol Genghis Khan was a tall, fair-haired Slav with blue eyes !!! These are the Mughals!

In addition to the "official" false evidence recognized by science, there are others that are not noticed by the "luminaries", according to which Timur - Genghis Khan does not look like a Mongoloid at all. Mongoloids have dark eyes, black hair and short stature. No similarity with the Slavic-Aryans. However, it is not customary to talk about such a discrepancy.

After such unexpected results, I want to check how other figures of the Mughal nationality looked like in the era of the three-hundred-year-old Mongol-Tatar yoke.

In the middle of the XII century. after the death of several Mongol khans, the defense of the Mongols from the Jurchens and their allies - the Tatars - was headed by a descendant of Khabul Khan Yesugei bagatur ("bagatur" means "hero"). A brave and determined man, Yesugei Bagatur was not a khan, but the head of the Borjigin clan, who lived in the area north of the modern Russian-Mongolian border, where the city of Nerchinsk is now located.

Once Yesugei, while still a very young man, was hunting in the steppe with a falcon and suddenly saw some kind of Merkit carrying a girl of exceptional beauty in a cart drawn by a very good horse. Yesugei called his brothers, and the Mongols rushed in pursuit of prey. Seeing the pursuers, the girl wept bitterly and said to the Merkit, her fiancé: “You see these people - they will kill you, leave me, leave, I will always remember you.” Then she took off her shirt and gave it to him as a keepsake. The Mongols were already approaching - the Merkit quickly unharnessed his horse, burned it with a whip and left the chase. And the brothers harnessed their horses to the cart and, bringing the weeping girl home, they said: “Forget about your fiancé, our Yesugei lives without a woman” - and they married her off as Yesugei. Yesugei's wife, whose name remains in history, was called Hoelun.

The marriage turned out to be happy. In 1162, Hoelun gave birth to her first child - Temujin, and subsequently three more sons: Khasara, Khachiun beki, Temuge - and daughter Temulun. From the second wife (the Mongols allowed and encouraged polygamy) - Sochikhel - Yesugei had two more sons: Bekter and Belgutei.

When Temujin grew up and he was 9 years old, then according to the Mongolian custom, he was supposed to be engaged. The father arranged the engagement of Temujin with the parents of a beautiful ten-year-old girl named Borte from the neighboring Khonkirat tribe and took his son to the camp of the future father-in-law. Leaving Temujin at the Khonkirats, so that he could get used to his bride and future relatives, Yesugei set off on his return journey. On the way, he saw several people sitting by the fire, who, as it should be in the steppe, invited him to share a meal. Yesugei rode closer and only then realized that they were Tatars. It was useless to run, because the Tatars would have chased after him, and Yesugei's horse was tired. According to the steppe tradition, no one could touch the guest at the campfire.

Yesugei had no choice - he accepted the invitation and, having eaten, left safely. But on the way, Yesugei felt bad and decided that he had been poisoned. On the fourth day, having reached home, he died, bequeathing to his relatives to take revenge on the Tatars. It is difficult to say how right Yesugei was in his suspicions, but something else is important: he admitted that the Tatars could poison him, that is, commit an unprecedented violation of the customs of the steppes.

Father's companions went for Temujin and brought the boy home. As the eldest son, he became the head of the clan, and then it became clear that the entire strength of the tribe lay in the will and energy of Yesugei. With his authority, he forced people to go on campaigns, defend themselves from the enemy, forget local scores for the sake of a common cause. But since Yesugei was not a khan, his influence ended with his death. The tribesmen had no obligations to Yesugei's family and left the Borjigins, having driven away all their cattle, essentially dooming Yesugei's family to starvation: after all, the eldest, Temujin, was only 9 years old, and the rest even less.

The initiators of such cruelty were the Taijiuts, a tribe that was hostile towards Yesugei. Then Hoelun seized Yesugei's banner, rode after those who were leaving, and shamed them: "Aren't you ashamed to leave your leader's family!" Some returned, but then left again, and all the difficulties of raising children and obtaining food for the family fell on the shoulders of two women: Hoelun and Sochikhel, the eldest and youngest wives of Yesugei. They caught marmots to get at least some meat, and collected wild garlic - wild garlic. Temujin went to the river and tried to shoot the taimen. Like all Mongols, he knew how to shoot through water, despite the fact that water refracts light, distorting the image, and it is very difficult to hit the target. Even in summer, the family lived from hand to mouth, making provisions for the winter.

Meanwhile, the tribesmen who insulted and abandoned Yesugei's family continued to follow her, as they feared a well-deserved revenge. Apparently, they managed to make Bekter, the eldest son of Sochikhel, a spy. Bechter, feeling the power behind him, began to behave dismissively towards the children of Hoelun. Temujin and Khasar could not stand the bullying of their half-brother and shot him with a bow.

By this time, the characters and inclinations of Yesugei's children were already fully formed. Khasar was a brave and strong guy, an excellent shooter. Temuge became a gentle and obedient son, he took care of his mother and stepmother. Hachiun Beki didn't have any merit. In Temujin, both friends and enemies noted endurance, will, and stubborn pursuit of a goal. Of course, all these qualities frightened the enemies of the Borjigins, and therefore the Taijuits attacked the yurt of Yesugei's family. Temujin managed to escape into the taiga thicket, where, as the Mongolian source says, there were not even paths along which "a well-fed snake could crawl."
Nine days later, tormented by hunger, Temujin was forced to surrender. He went out into the steppe, where he was seized and brought to his camp. Why were they hunting him? Yes, apparently for killing Bekter, the Taijiut spy. The Taijiuts did not kill Temujin. Targutai Kiriltukh - a friend of Yesugei - was able to save the young man from death, but not from punishment. They put a block on Temujin - two wooden boards with a hole for the neck, which were pulled together. The block was a painful punishment: the person himself did not have the opportunity to eat, drink, or even drive away the fly that sat on his face. In addition, the boards had to be held with hands all the time so that they would not squeeze the neck.

Temujin outwardly endured everything completely resignedly. But one day, during the full moon festival, the Taijiuts made a big drinking bout and got drunk, leaving the captive under the guard of some weak guy who was not given archi (milk vodka). Temujin seized the moment, hit the guy on the head with a block and ran away, holding the boards with his hands. But you can’t run so far - Temujin reached the bank of the Onon and lay down in the water. The watchman, having come to his senses, shouted: “I missed the convict!” - and the whole drunken crowd of Taichiuts rushed to look for the fugitive. The moon shone brightly, everything was visible as in the daytime. All of a sudden Temujin I realized that a man was standing over him and looking into his eyes. It was Sorgan Shira from the Suldus tribe, who lived in the camp of the Taijiuts and was engaged in his craft - he made koumiss. He said to Temujin: “That’s why they don’t like you, that you are so quick-witted. Lie down, don't be afraid, I won't betray you."

Sorgan Shira returned to his pursuers and offered to search everything again. It is easy to understand that the prisoner was not found. The drunken Taijiuts wanted to sleep and, having decided that the man in the block would not go far, they stopped searching. Then Temujin got out of the water and went to his savior. Sorgan Shira, seeing that the convict was crawling into his yurt, was frightened and was about to drive Temujin away, but then the children of Sorgan Shira protested: “No, what are you, father. When a predator drives a bird into a thicket, then, after all, the thicket saves it. We can't kick him out since he's a guest." They removed the block from Temujin, chopped it up and threw it into the fire. Sorgan Shira had only one way out - to save Temujin, and therefore he gave him a horse, bow, two arrows, but did not give flint and flint. After all, horses grazed in the steppe, the bow was kept on the upper ledge of the door of the yurt, and it was easy to steal them, and every steppe person carried flint and flint. If Temujin had been seized and found with him a steel or flint of Sorgan Shira, the family of the savior and himself would have had a hard time.

Temujin rode away and after a while found his family. The Borjigins immediately migrated to another place, and the Taijiuts could no longer find them. This circumstance shows that Bekter really was a scammer: after his death, there was no one to inform the enemies about the places of nomadic Borjigins. Then Temujin married his betrothed Borte. Her father kept his word - the wedding took place. Borte's dowry was a luxurious sable coat. Temujin brought Borte home... and immediately "seized" her precious fur coat. He understood that without support he could not resist numerous enemies, and therefore he soon went to the most powerful of the then steppe leaders - Wang Khan from the Kerait tribe. Wang Khan was once a friend of Temujin's father, and he managed to enlist the support of Wang Khan, reminding him of this friendship and offering a luxurious gift - Borte's sable fur coat.

But before Temujin, happy from the success achieved, had time to return home, the camp of the Borjigins was subjected to a new attack. This time, the Merkits attacked, forcing the family to hide on Mount Burkhan Khaldun. At the same time, there were losses: Borte and Yesugei's second wife, Sochikhel, were captured. Temujin, having lost his beloved wife, was in despair, but not at a loss. The messengers of the Borjigins galloped to his brother Jamukha Sechen from the Jajirat tribe and the Kerait Van Khan. The united army was led by Jamukha, who was a talented commander.

In the late autumn of 1180, when the first snow had already fallen, the warriors of Jamukha and Temujin suddenly attacked the nomad camp of the Merkits, located to the east of Lake Baikal. The enemies, taken by surprise, fled. Temujin wanted to find his Borte and called her by name. Borte heard and, running out of the crowd of women, grabbed the stirrup of her husband's horse. And Sochihal left with the kidnappers. It seems that she began to perform the same espionage duty as her son Bekter: after all, apart from her, there was no one to tell the Merkits where the Borjigin nomad camp was and how an attack could be organized. Sochikhel did not return, and in vain her son, the good-natured Belgutei, who loved his mother very much, demanded from the Merkits that she be returned to him.

It must be said that, although Belgutei was the son of a traitor and the brother of a traitor, Temujin, knowing that Belgutei himself was a sincere person, appreciated him, loved him and always saw him as his closest relative. This, of course, does not characterize the man out of whom historians tried to make a monster! When reading what was written by contemporaries about Temujin, one must remember that people who wrote about him were extremely ill-disposed towards him. But even the Devil (Iblis) in Muslim poetry says: “I am painted in the baths so ugly, because the brush is in the palm of my enemy.”

The campaign against the Merkits greatly increased the authority and fame of Temujin, but not among all the inhabitants of the steppe, but among their passionate part - "people of long will." Lonely heroes saw that it makes sense to support the enterprising son of Yesugei, even risking his life. And a process began, which, without suspecting it, was provoked by the Kerait Khan and the Jajirat leader: brave steppe people began to gather around Temujin. They then in 1182 elected him khan with the title of "Genghis".

The very word "Genghis" is incomprehensible. D. Banzarov, a Buryat researcher, believes that this is the name of one of the shamanic spirits. Others believe that the title comes from the word "chingihu" - "to hug", therefore, "Genghis" is the title of a person who had full power. Be that as it may, the Mongols established a new system of government. It is rather difficult to call its principle monarchical, because the khan was by no means autocratic, but, on the contrary, could not but reckon with the noyons - the heads of the tribes that joined him - and with his heroes. Thus, the army reliably limited the will of the khan.

The state structure did not provide for the right of inheritance, although subsequently each new khan was elected only from the descendants of Genghis. But this was not a law, but an expression of the will of the Mongols themselves. respecting Genghis Khan, his services to the people, they saw no reason to refuse to inherit the throne to his descendants. In addition, the Mongols believed in the innate nature of human virtues and shortcomings. Thus, the tendency to betrayal was considered as an inalienable attribute of heredity as the color of eyes or hair, and therefore traitors were exterminated mercilessly along with their relatives.

The election as khan came as a surprise to Temujin: all other contenders for the throne from among the descendants of Khabul Khan simply refused this burdensome position. The news of the election of Temujin as Khan was received differently in the steppe. Wang Khan was very pleased with this turn of affairs, and the leader of the Jajirats, Jamukha, received the news of the rise of his brother with irritation. As a sin, while trying to drive away the herd from the possessions of Genghis, Jamukha's brother, Taichar, was killed. Under the pretext of revenge, Jamukha with thirty thousand troops moved against Chinggis. Having not achieved decisive success in defeating the enemy, the leader of the Jajirats limited himself to cruel reprisals against the prisoners and retreated.

The manifestation of cruelty, unusual for the steppes, deprived Jamukha of popularity. The two largest and most combat-ready tribes - the Uruts and the Manguts - migrated to Genghis. At a feast in honor of deliverance from Jamukha, Genghis Khan's brother Belgutei caught a thief who had stolen a bridle and a leash from a hitching post. Bogatyr Buri Boko from the Chzhurki (Yurki) tribe stood up for the thief. There was a fight, which ended badly for the chzhurka. When Genghis launched another campaign against the Tatars, the Chzhurks, mindful of the quarrel, did not come to the aid of their own, but moved to the defenseless Mongolian yurts, robbed and killed a dozen infirm old people. Returning from the campaign, Genghis decided to punish the Chzhurka tribe and defeated their camps. The leaders of the tribe were executed, and the surviving warriors were included in the army of the Mongol Khan.

The details of what happened next (1185-1197) are not exactly known, but the gap in historical knowledge may well be filled with information from the informative book Meng da Bei Lu (The Secret History of the Mongols). Meng da Bei lu reports that Temujin was captured by the Manchus and spent 11 years in prison. Then he somehow escaped and returned to the steppe.

Now Genghis had to start all over again. Of the 13 thousand horsemen, less than 3 thousand remained, the Mongols not only lost all the advantages that they acquired during their reign Genghis Khan but also quarreled with each other. Even Khasar abandoned his brother and went to serve the Khan of the Keraites.

But already in 1198, Temujin again stood at the head of a powerful horde. What allowed him to return what he had lost so quickly? Probably, the increase in the passionarity of the Mongols again affected. The number of "people of long will" grew; their desire to arrange life in their own way also grew. Therefore, they still needed a leader to order them to do what they wanted to do. After all, the rivals of Genghis - the well-born noyons of Altai, Khuchar, Seche Biki - dreamed of the old order based on arbitrariness, the right to disgrace, lack of fidelity to obligations; Genghis's supporters wanted firm order, guarantees of mutual assistance and respect for their rights. Having perfectly understood the aspirations of his followers, Genghis Khan formulated a new set of laws - the Great Yasa. Yasa was by no means a modification of customary law, but was based on the obligation of mutual assistance, uniform discipline for all and condemnation of betrayal without any compromise.

So Yasa Genghis Khan, in fact, was the regulation of those new stereotypes of behavior that the "people of long will" defended. Mongolian practice did not know anything of the kind. So, according to the Great Yasa, every traitor, that is, a person who deceived someone who trusted him, was put to death. Ordinary people were cut off their heads, and people of high birth were broken in the spine so that the blood remained in the body of the slain. In this case, according to Mongolian belief, the dead could be reborn to a new life. If the blood flowed to the ground, the person lost not only his life, but also his soul.

In the same way, the death penalty was relied upon for failure to provide assistance to a comrade-in-arms. For example, having met any fellow tribesman in the desert, each Mongol was obliged (!) to offer him something to drink and eat. After all, a traveler who did not have the opportunity to reinforce his strength could die, and then the accusation of murder fell on the violator of the law. If one of the soldiers lost a bow or a quiver with arrows, then the one riding behind had to pick up and return the weapon to him. Violation of this rule was also equated with failure to provide assistance and entailed the death penalty.

Punishment by death was also a retribution for murder, fornication of a man, unfaithfulness of a wife, theft, robbery, buying up stolen goods, hiding a runaway slave, sorcery aimed at harming one's neighbor, threefold failure to return a debt. For less serious crimes, exile to Siberia or punishment by a fine was supposed.

Yasa - an unheard of violation of tribal customs - marked the end of the latent ("incubation") period of the Mongol ethnogenesis and the transition to an explicit period of the rise phase with a new imperative: "Be who you should be!" The legally enshrined principle of mutual assistance gave the passionate sub-ethnos of Chingas supporters the opportunity to coordinate their efforts. However, most of the Mongols stubbornly preferred the usual forms of tribal life, and not the life of a military horde.

The enemies of the Mongols of Genghis were still the Merkits, and the Naimans, and the Tatars, and the Jurchens, and the Oirats, and the only ally - the Keraites led by Wang Khan - was not reliable. "People of long will", as before, had to defend themselves in order to live. But now the increased passionarity dictated to them the desire for victories, because in those days only victory over enemies was able to save the people from a constant threat. And the wars for victory began. The entry of the Mongols into the arena of world military-political history became a turning point in the existence of the entire Eurasian continent.

At the very beginning of the 13th century, in 1202-1203, which were a turning point for the entire situation in the steppe, the Mongols first defeated the Merkits, and then the Keraits. The fact is that the Keraites were divided into supporters of Genghis Khan and his opponents. The opponents of Genghis Khan were led by the son of Van Khan, the legitimate heir to the throne - Nilha (among the Keraites, Nestorian Christians, this name corresponded to the name Ilya). Nilha had reason to hate Genghis Khan: even at a time when Wang Khan was an ally of Genghis, the leader of the Keraites, seeing the undeniable talents of the latter, wanted to transfer the throne of Kerait to him, bypassing his own son. This part of the Keraites clashed with the Mongols during the lifetime of Wang Khan. And although the Keraites had a numerical superiority, the Mongols defeated them, thanks to the fact that they showed exceptional mobility and took the enemy by surprise.

In the clash with the Keraites, the character of Genghis Khan was fully manifested. When Van Khan and his son Nilha fled from the battlefield, one of their noyons with a small detachment detained the Mongols, saving their leaders from captivity. This noyon was seized, brought before the eyes of Genghis, and he asked: “Why did you, noyon, seeing the situation of your troops, not leave yourself? You had both the time and the opportunity." He replied: "I served my khan and gave him the opportunity to escape, and my head is for you, O conqueror." Genghis Khan said: “Everyone should imitate this man. Look how brave, faithful, valiant he is. I cannot kill you, noyon, I offer you a place in my army.” Noyon became a thousand-man and, of course, served faithfully Genghis Khan, because the Keraite horde fell apart. Wang Khan himself absurdly died while trying to escape to the Naimans. Their guards on the border, seeing a kerait, without thinking twice, killed him, and presented the severed head of the old man to their khan.

In 1204, there was an inevitable clash between the Mongols of Genghis Khan and the powerful Naiman Khanate - a horde with a mixed population, consisting of the Naiman Mongols and the Turks who joined them. And again the Mongols of Genghis won. The Khan of the Naimans died, and his son Kuchluk (Gush Luk) fled to his tribesmen - Kara Kitai. The defeated, as usual, were included in the horde of Genghis.

There were no more tribes in the eastern steppe that could actively resist the new order, and in 1206, at the great kurultai, Genghis was again elected khan, but already of all Mongolia. Thus was born the all-Mongolian state. The only hostile tribe remained the ancient enemies of the Borjigins - the Merkits, but even those by 1208 were forced out into the valley of the Irgiz River.

The growing passionarity of the horde of Genghis Khan allowed her to quite easily and fruitfully assimilate different tribes and peoples. For, in accordance with the Mongol stereotypes of behavior, the khan could and should have demanded obedience, obedience to an order, fulfillment of duties, but to demand from a person the abandonment of his faith or customs was considered not only stupid, but also immoral - the individual had the right to his own choice . This arrangement attracted many. In 1209, the independent state of the Uighurs sent ambassadors to Genghis Khan with a request to accept them into his ulus. The request, of course, was granted, and Genghis Khan gave the Uighurs huge trading privileges. A caravan route passed through Uyghuria, and the Uighurs, being part of the Mongolian state, got rich by selling water, fruits, meat and “pleasures” to starving caravaneers at high prices.

The voluntary unification of Uighuria with Mongolia turned out to be useful for the Mongols as well. Firstly, the steppes, not having their own written language, borrowed the Uighur. (It is interesting that the first literate in the ulus was a Tatar by birth, an orphan boy Shikhi Khutuhu, raised by the Khan’s mother, Oelun.) Secondly, with the annexation of Uyguria, the Mongols went beyond the borders of their ethnic range and came into contact with other peoples of the Oikumene.

In 1210, a heavy war broke out with the Jurchens. The Mongolian army was led Genghis Khan, his sons Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei and commander Jebe. The Jurchen commanders were not inferior in talent to the Mongol ones, but they did not have troops similar to the troops of Genghis Khan. The Jurchens suffered defeats, but fought stubbornly - the war lasted a very long time and ended only in 1234, after the death of Genghis Khan, with the capture of the last strongholds of the Kin empire - Kaifeng and Caizhou,

In Kaifeng, the desperately resisting Jurchens simply died of hunger. They were so weak that they could not hold weapons in their hands. When they were offered to surrender, the soldiers said: “As long as there are mice in the fortress, we catch and eat them, and if there are none, then we have wives and children, we will eat them, but we will not surrender.” Such was the Jurchen passionarity, in no way inferior to the Mongol one.

In 1216, on the Irgiz River, the Mongols utterly defeated the remnants of the Merkits, but they themselves were attacked by the Khorezmians.

It is necessary to say more about Khorezm. Khorezm turned out to be the most powerful of the states that arose in the 12th century, with the weakening of the power of the Seljukids. The rulers of Khorezm from the governors of the ruler of Urgench turned into independent sovereigns and adopted the title of "Khorezmshahs". They proved to be energetic, enterprising and warlike rulers. This allowed the Khorezmshahs to conquer most of Central Asia. They conquered even southern Afghanistan, thereby uniting Iran and Maverannahr under their rule. The Khorezmshahs created a huge state in which the main military force was the Turks from the adjacent steppes: the Kangly (Pechenegs) and the Karluks.

But this state turned out to be fragile, despite the abundance of material wealth, brave warriors and experienced ulema who served as diplomats. The regime of military dictatorship relied on tribes alien to the local population, which had a different language, other customs and customs. It cannot be said that religions were also different, since the understanding of religion among the Turkic soldiers was extremely amorphous. But the mercenaries knew how to misbehave! They aroused dissatisfaction among the inhabitants of Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv - in a word, a number of Central Asian cities, where the population could not bear the arbitrariness of the gulams. The uprising in Samarkand, for example, led to the fact that the Turkic garrison was destroyed, and the local residents tore the Turks apart. Naturally, this was followed by a punitive operation of the Khorezmians, who crushed the uprising and brutally dealt with the population of Samarkand. Other large and rich cities of Central Asia also suffered.

In this situation, Khorezmshah Mohammed decided to confirm his title of "ghazi" - "victorious infidels" - and become famous for another victory over them. The opportunity presented itself to him in that same 1216, when the Mongols, fighting with the Merkits, reached the Irgiz. Having learned about the arrival of the Mongols, Muhammad sent an army against them only because the steppe people did not believe in Allah.

The Khorezmian army attacked the Mongols, but in the rearguard action they themselves went on the offensive and badly beaten the Khorezmians. Only the attack of the left wing, commanded by the talented commander Jelal ad Din, the son of Khorezmshah, corrected the situation. After that, the Khorezmians withdrew, and the Mongols returned home: they were not going to fight with Khorezm, on the contrary, Genghis Khan wanted to establish relations with the Khorezmshah with all his might. After all, the Great Caravan Route went through Central Asia, and all the owners of the lands along which it ran grew rich due to the duties paid by merchants. Merchants willingly paid any duties, because they invariably passed the costs on to consumers, without losing anything themselves. Wishing to preserve all the advantages associated with the caravan route, the Mongols sought peace and quiet on their borders. The difference of faiths, in their opinion, did not give a reason for war and could not justify bloodshed. Probably, the Khorezmshah himself understood the episodic nature of the collision on the Irgiz. In 1218 Muhammad sent a trade caravan to Mongolia. Peace was restored, especially since the Mongols had no time for Khorezm.

A little earlier, the Naiman prince Kuchluk began a new war with the Mongols, relying on the strength of his fellow tribesmen - the punishment of the Kitai. Kuchluk was defeated, but it was not military weakness that killed the prince. His forces were sufficient to fight against the small corps sent by Genghis Khan, but Kuchluk accepted a new faith, details of which are not available in the sources. In any case, this belief did not belong to Islam, or to Christianity, or to Buddhism, but was a kind of unknown cult. Something else is known for sure: the entire population refused Kuchluk obedience. He fled, heroically defending himself, retreated to the Pamirs, where he was overtaken by the Mongols and killed. And the population of the Kara-Khitay Khanate completely and willingly submitted to Genghis Khan.

For the second time, Mongol-Khorezmian relations were violated by the Turkic sardars (officers) and the Khorezmshah himself, who approved of their arbitrariness. In 1219, a rich caravan approached the city of Otrar, the possession of the Khorezmshah, coming from the lands of Genghis Khan. The caravan stopped on the banks of the Syr Darya, and the merchants went to the city to buy supplies at the bazaar and take a bath. The merchants met two acquaintances, and one of the people they met informed the ruler of the city that these merchants were spies. He immediately realized that there is a great reason to rob travelers. Merchants were killed, property was confiscated. The ruler of Otrar sent half of the loot to Khorezm, and Mohammed accepted the booty, which means he shared the responsibility for what he had done.

Genghis Khan sent envoys to find out what caused such a strange incident. Mohammed was angry when he saw the infidels, and ordered to kill part of the ambassadors, and part, having stripped naked, drive them to certain death in the steppe. Two or three Mongols still got home and told about what had happened. Genghis Khan's anger knew no bounds. From the point of view of the Mongol, the most terrible crimes took place: the deceit of those who trusted and the murder of guests. According to the Great Yasa, Genghis Khan could not leave unavenged either those merchants who were killed in Otrar, or those ambassadors who were insulted and killed by the Khorezmshah. The Khan had to fight, otherwise the tribesmen would simply refuse to trust him.

In Central Asia, the Khorezmshah had at his disposal a 400,000-strong regular army. And the Mongols, as our famous orientalist V.V. Bartold established, had only 200 thousand militias. Genghis Khan demanded military assistance from all allies. Warriors came from the Turks and Kara Kitai, the Uighurs sent a detachment of 5 thousand people, only the Tangut ambassador boldly replied: "If you do not have enough troops, do not fight." Genghis Khan considered the answer an insult and said: "Only dead I could bear such an insult."

So, Genghis Khan threw on Khorezm the assembled Mongolian, Uyghur, Turkic and Kara Chinese troops. The Khorezm Shah, having quarreled with his mother Turkan Khatun, did not trust the military leaders related to her by kinship. He was afraid to gather them into a fist in order to repel the onslaught of the Mongols, and scattered the army among the garrisons. The shah's best commanders were his own unloved son, Jelal ad Din, and the commandant of the Khojent fortress, Timur Melik. The Mongols took fortresses one after another, and in Khojent, even taking the fortress, they could not capture the garrison. Timur Melik put his soldiers on rafts and escaped pursuit along the wide Syr Darya. Scattered garrisons could not hold back the offensive of Genghis Khan's troops. Soon all the major cities of the Sultanate: Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv, Herat - were captured by the Mongols.

Regarding the capture of the Central Asian cities by the Mongols, there is a well-established version: "Wild nomads destroyed the cultural oases of the agricultural peoples." This version is based on legends created by Muslim court historiographers. For example, the fall of Herat was reported by Islamic historians as a disaster in which the entire population was exterminated in the city, except for a few men who managed to escape in the mosque. They hid there, afraid to go out into the streets littered with corpses. Only wild animals roamed the city and tormented the dead. After sitting for some time and recovering, these "heroes" went to distant lands to rob caravans in order to regain their lost wealth.

This is a typical example of myth-making. After all, if the entire population of a large city were exterminated and lay corpses on the streets, then inside the city, in particular in the mosque, the air would be contaminated with ptomaine, and those who hid there would simply die. No predators, except for jackals, live near the city, and they very rarely penetrate the city. It was simply impossible for exhausted people to move to rob caravans a few hundred kilometers from Herat, because they would have to walk, carrying burdens - water and provisions. Such a “robber”, having met a caravan, would not be able to rob it, since his strength would only be enough to ask for water.

Even more amusing is the information given by historians about Merv. The Mongols took it in 1219 and also allegedly exterminated all the inhabitants there to the last person. But already in 1229, Merv rebelled, and the Mongols had to take the city again. And, finally, two years later, Merv sent a detachment of 10 thousand people to fight the Mongols.

The fruits of an ardent fantasy, taken literally, gave rise to an evil, "black" legend about the Mongol atrocities. If, however, we take into account the degree of reliability of sources and ask simple but necessary questions, it is easy to separate historical truth from literary fiction.

The Mongols occupied Persia almost without a fight, driving the Khorezmshah's son Jelal ad Din to northern India. Mohammed II Ghazi himself, broken by struggle and constant defeat, died in a leper colony on an island in the Caspian Sea (1221). The Mongols also made peace with the Shiite population of Iran, which was constantly offended by the Sunnis in power, in particular the Caliph of Baghdad and Jelal ad Din himself. As a result, the Shiite population of Persia suffered much less than the Sunnis of Central Asia. Be that as it may, in 1221 the chimera formation - the state of the Khorezmshahs - was finished. Under one ruler - Mohammed II Ghazi - this state both reached its highest power, and died. As a result, Khorezm, Northern Iran, and Khorasan were annexed to the Mongol Empire.

In 1226, the hour of the Tangut state struck, which at the decisive moment of the war with Khorezm refused Genghis in help. The Mongols rightly viewed this move as a betrayal that, according to Yasa, required vengeance. Now the territory of the Tangut state, and these are steppes and plateaus adjacent to the bend of the Yellow River and the Nanshan ridge, is a real desert. But in the thirteenth century on this land there was a rich country with large cities, gold mines, a regular army and an original culture. The capital of Tangut was the city of Zhongxing. It was besieged in 1227 by Genghis Khan, having defeated the Tangut troops in previous battles.

During the siege of Zhongxing, Genghis Khan died, but the Mongol noyons, on the orders of their leader, concealed his death. The fortress was taken, and the population of the "evil" city, on which the collective guilt for betrayal fell, was subjected to execution. The Tangut state disappeared, leaving behind only written evidence of its former high culture, but the city survived and lived until 1405, when it was destroyed by the Ming Chinese.

From the capital of the Tanguts, the Mongols took the body of their great khan to their native steppes. The funeral ceremony was as follows: the remains were lowered into the dug grave Genghis Khan along with many valuable things and killed all the slaves who performed the funeral work. According to custom, exactly one year later, it was required to celebrate a commemoration. In order to accurately find the burial place, the Mongols did the following. At the grave they sacrificed a little camel just taken from their mother. And a year later, the camel herself found in the boundless steppe the place where her cub was killed. Having slaughtered this camel, the Mongols performed the prescribed rite of commemoration and then left the grave forever. And still no one knows where Genghis Khan is buried.

In the last years of his life Genghis Khan was extremely concerned about the fate of his state. The khan had four sons from his beloved wife Borte and many children from other wives, who, although they were considered legitimate children, did not have any rights to take the place of their father. The sons of Borte differed greatly among themselves in inclinations and in character. The eldest son, Jochi, was born shortly after the Merkit captivity of Borte, and therefore not only the "evil tongues", but also the younger brother Chagatai called him the "Merkit degenerate". Although Borte invariably defended Jochi, and Genghis Khan himself always recognized his son as his own, the shadow of the Merkit captivity of his mother fell on Jochi as a burden of suspicion of illegitimate birth. Once, in the presence of his father, Chagatai openly called Jochi, and the matter almost ended in a fight between the brothers.

There were some stable stereotypes in Jochi's behavior that greatly distinguished him from Genghis. If for Genghis Khan there was no very concept of mercy for enemies (he left life only for small children, who were adopted by his mother Hoelun, and for the valiant bagaturs who accepted the Mongol service), then Jochi was distinguished by humanity and kindness. So, during the siege of Gurganj, the Khorezmians, completely exhausted by the war, asked to accept surrender, that is, in other words, to spare them. Jochi spoke out in favor of showing mercy, but Genghis Khan categorically rejected the request for mercy, and as a result, the Gurganj garrison was partially massacred, and the city itself was flooded by the waters of the Amu Darya. Unfortunately, the misunderstanding between the father and the eldest son, constantly fueled by the intrigues and slander of relatives, deepened over time and turned into distrust of the sovereign to his heir.

Genghis Khan suspected that Jochi wanted to gain popularity among the conquered peoples and secede from Mongolia. It is unlikely that this was the case, but the fact remains: at the beginning of 1227, Jochi, who was hunting in the steppe, was found dead, with a broken spine. The terrible details of what happened are unknown, but, without a doubt, the father was the only person interested in the death of Jochi and able to end the life of the khan's son.

In contrast to Jochi, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai, was a strict, executive and even cruel man. Therefore, he received the position of "Keeper of Yasa" (something like the Attorney General or Supreme Judge). Chagatai observed the law absolutely strictly and treated violators without any mercy.

The third son of the Great Khan. Ogedei, like Jochi, was distinguished by kindness and tolerance towards people. But the most characteristic feature of Ogedei was a passion for steppe hunting and drinking in the company of friends. The difference in Ogedei's behavior is best illustrated by the following case: once, on a joint trip, the brothers saw a Muslim bathing by the water. According to Muslim custom, every true believer was obliged to perform prayer and ritual ablution several times a day. Mongolian tradition, on the contrary, forbade a person to wash anywhere during the whole summer. The Mongols believed that washing in a river or lake causes a thunderstorm, and a thunderstorm in the steppe is very dangerous for travelers, and therefore the “call” of a thunderstorm was considered as an attempt on the life of other people. Nuhurs (combatants) of the ruthless lawyer Chagatai seized a Muslim. Anticipating a bloody denouement - the unfortunate man was threatened with beheading - Ogedei sent his man to tell the Muslim to answer that he had dropped gold into the water and was just looking for it there. The Muslim said so to Chagatai. He ordered to look for a coin, and during this time, Ugedei's combatant threw a gold one into the water. The found coin was returned to the "rightful" owner. In parting, Ogedei, taking out a handful of coins from his pocket, handed them to the man he saved and said: “The next time you drop gold into the water, don’t go after him, don’t break the law.”

The youngest son of Genghis Khan, Tului, was born, as the Chinese chronicle indicates, in 1193. As we know from Meng da Bei Lu, Genghis Khan was in Jurchen captivity until 1197. This time, Borte's infidelity was quite obvious, but Genghis Khan and Tului recognized as his legitimate son, although outwardly Tului did not resemble Borjigin. All Borjigins were distinguished by green or bluish eyes, Chinese historians called them "glassy", and blond with red hair, and Tului had a completely ordinary Mongolian appearance - black hair and dark eyes.

Of the four sons of Genghis Khan, the youngest possessed the greatest talents and showed the greatest moral dignity. A good commander and an outstanding administrator, Tului remained a loving husband and distinguished by nobility. He married the daughter of the deceased head of the Keraites, Wang Khan, who was a devout Christian. Tului himself did not have the right to accept the Christian faith: like Genghisides, he had to profess the religion of his ancestors - Bon. But the Khan's son allowed his wife not only to perform all Christian rites in a luxurious "church" yurt, but also to have priests with her and receive monks. The death of Tului can be called heroic without any exaggeration. When Ogedei fell ill, Tului voluntarily took a strong shamanic potion, seeking to "attract" the disease to himself, and died saving his brother.

All four sons were eligible to inherit Genghis Khan. After the elimination of Jochi, three heirs remained, and when Genghis died, and the new khan had not yet been elected, Tului ruled the ulus. At the kurultai of 1229, the gentle and tolerant Ogedei was chosen as the great khan, in accordance with the will of Genghis. Ogedei, as we have already mentioned, had a good soul, but the kindness of the sovereign is often not to the benefit of the state and subjects. The management of the ulus under him was very weak and was carried out mainly due to the severity of Chagatai and the diplomatic and administrative skills of Tului. The great khan himself preferred roaming with hunts and feasts in the Western Mongolia.

The grandchildren of Genghis Khan were allocated various areas of the ulus or high positions. The eldest son of Jochi, Horde Ichen, received the White Horde, located between the Irtysh and the Tarbagatai ridge (the area of ​​\u200b\u200bpresent-day Semipalatinsk). The second son, Batu, began to own the Golden (big) Horde on the Volga. The third son, Sheibani, went to the Blue Horde, which roamed from Tyumen to the Aral Sea. At the same time, the three brothers - the rulers of the uluses - were allocated only one and two thousand Mongol warriors, while the total number of the Mongols' army reached 130 thousand people.

The children of Chagatai also received a thousand soldiers each, and the descendants of Tului, being at the court, owned the entire grandfather and father's ulus. So the Mongols established a system of inheritance, called the minor, in which the youngest son received all the rights of his father as an inheritance, and older brothers only a share in the common inheritance.

The great Khan Ugedei also had a son - Guyuk, who claimed the inheritance.
The increase in the clan during the lifetime of the children of Genghis caused the division of the inheritance and enormous difficulties in managing the ulus, which stretched over the territory from the Black to the Yellow Sea. In these difficulties and family scores lurked the seeds of future strife that ruined the great state created by Genghis Khan and his associates.

Synonyms for Genghis. Chingis, Shyngys.
Origin of the name Genghis The name Chingiz is Kazakh.

The name Genghis is a Mongolian name, primarily associated with the great ruler Genghis Khan. This name literally means "lord of the water", also translated as "lord of the sea", "lord of the boundless" (in the sense that the water is boundless, like the sea). Over time, the name began to be interpreted as "great", "strong". Among the Kazakhs, this name can be pronounced and written in Russian letters as Shyngys.

The ancestor of the Mongols, including Genghis Khan, Borte-Chino, according to the legend of the Mongols, crossed the Tengis Sea and settled in hard-to-reach lands. It is possible that the great Khan of the Mongols took a new name for himself in honor of an ancestor who showed his strength, power and strong will.

The British Library in Londoy holds a book of epic poems by Ahmad Tabrizi "Shahanshah-name", which is also called "Chingiz-name", which translates as "The Book of the King of Kings". It is possible that the interpretation of the name Genghis in the meaning of "great" came from here.

The name Genghis is two-part. The first part of the name “chin” means “true”, “real”, the second part “giz” means “royal descendant”. Therefore, the name can be interpreted as "the ruler of the Middle Kingdom" (i.e. China), "rank" in this case means "China".

There is a possibility that the name Genghis is of Chinese origin, but over time it lost its relationship with China and became a real Mongolian name. After the families of the ancestors of the Mongols Nukuz and Kiyan left their native lands and took refuge in the Ergune-kun area. From where in the future Borte-Chino and his descendants came out and formed a related group - the Mongols. The first part of the name "chin" is also translated as "Chinese", so there is a possibility of Chinese roots in the name Chingiz.

The main character traits of Genghis are a strong will and determination, adjacent to modesty and a tendency to idealize.

As a child, Genghis is a sensitive, conflict-free and good-natured boy. He is attentive to his loved ones, has a strong spiritual beginning, expressed in a heightened sense of beauty. Growing up, Genghis feels a craving for everything new. He readily takes on fundamentally new, large-scale and grandiose projects. However, he cannot be called an empty dreamer. A man has a strong will, the ability to convince and stands firm in his positions. Not everyone can notice this, since Genghis does not show the listed traits without special need.

Genghis is sure to implement the tasks assigned to him. He will progressively cope with all the obstacles that arise, and very often the methods of this man are very harsh. Those who try to stop him, Genghis simply sweeps out of his way. The strong and bright will of Genghis is especially visible in non-standard and extreme situations. In these cases, the man finds the most rational and effective way out.

In life, Genghis takes an active position. He clearly represents what he wants to achieve, and perfectly orients himself in all life situations. Genghis will not be embarrassed by a sharp change in circumstances, it is impossible to surprise him with difficulties. At the same time, long-term projects do not suit this man well. Genghis can quickly lose interest in the case and abandon it. That is why it is unlikely that a man will be able to develop his own business. He is much better at completing tasks, and the more difficult the task assigned to him, the better he will perform it. However, the work from which Chingiz sees no benefit, he will most likely refuse to do.

Genghis is confident in himself and in his abilities, has a sharp critical mind. He knows how to make money, but he spends it easily. Can often make rash decisions. Among friends, Genghis has the glory of the soul of the company. They appreciate his reliability and cherish his friendship.

In ordinary life, Genghis is modest and does not seek to stand out from other people. He has a good sense of humor and is quite diligent at work. Most often, Genghis makes good progress in the scientific and technical fields. Also, a man may be interested in work related to literature and philosophy.

In the family, Chingiz becomes an excellent support for his wife and a great father, and he usually has a lot of children. A family for a man is a whole, of which he sees himself as a part.

Name day of Genghis

Genghis does not celebrate name days.

Notable people named Genghis

• Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan ((c.1155/1162 - 1227) proper name - Temujin, Temujin, Temuchin; founder and first great khan of the Mongol Empire, who managed to unite the scattered Mongol tribes; commander, leader of the Mongols' aggressive campaigns in Central Asia, China , Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. After his death, the empire was ruled by his descendants from his first wife, who became known as Genghisides, Genghisides, Genghis Genus, Genghisovichi. With a high probability, approximately 16 million male descendants of Genghis Khan live in modern times around the world.)
• Chingiz Ildrym ((1890 - 1938) birth name - Chingiz Ildrym oglu Sultanov; Azerbaijani Soviet metallurgical engineer, the first Azerbaijani to be awarded the Order of the Red Banner, deputy head of construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works)
• Chingiz Izmailov ((1944 - 2011) Soviet and Russian psychophysiologist. Together with E.N. Sokolov, he created and developed the concept of vector coding in psychophysiology. Most of the works of Ch.A. Izmailov are devoted to the study of sensory systems (especially color vision) and emotions. Analysis The obtained data made it possible to compile a geometric model that is used in medical practice in the treatment of color perception disorders.And the model for studying emotions made it possible to find an accurate way to measure emotional intelligence.Ch.A.Izmailov made a great contribution to the development of mathematical psychology in Russia, he became the author of various textbooks and methodological guides on quantitative measurements and mathematical modeling in psychology.He was a teacher at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow University, prepared three candidates of science.)
• Chingiz Gasan oglu Huseynov ((born 1929) Azerbaijani and Russian writer, literary critic, doctor of philological sciences, professor, honored worker of arts of Azerbaijan, professor of the philological faculty of Moscow State University. Holder of the Order of Friendship (2000).)
• Chingiz Mustafayev ((1960 - 1992) Azerbaijani civilian and military journalist who made a significant contribution to the development of national television. He covered military events in Nagorno-Karabakh, also from the site of the Khojaly massacre, collaborated with some foreign news agencies. The national hero of Azerbaijan is the title awarded posthumously in 1992.)
• Chingiz Aitmatov ((1928 - 2008) Kyrgyz writer who wrote in Kyrgyz and Russian, Hero of the Kyrgyz Republic (1997), People's Writer of the Kyrgyz ASSR (1974), Hero of Socialist Labor (1978). Laureate of Lenin (1963) and three State Prizes of the USSR (1968, 1977, 1983). Author of the story "Jamilya" (1957), which brought the writer world fame (published in almost all languages ​​of the world). Many works of Chingiz Aitmatov were filmed: "The First Teacher", "Camel Eye", "Early Cranes "," The White Steamboat. "The White Steamboat" was shown at film festivals in Berlin and Venice. "Climbing Mount Fuji" (1973) is still staged on the stages of the theater of Kazakhstan, and the story "Spotted Dog Running by the Edge of the Sea" was filmed not only In the post-Soviet period, Chingiz Aitmatov headed the USSR embassy (later, the Russian embassy) in Luxembourg, from 1994 to 2006 he was the Kyrgyz ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. s and his other works "The White Cloud of Genghis Khan" (1992), "Tales" (1997), "When the Mountains Fall, or" Eternal Bride "(2006," Snow Leopard "- in German translation (2007)). In 1998, Ch. Aitmatov was again recognized as a People's Writer in his homeland and awarded the title of Hero of Kyrgyzstan. In 2006, he founded the Chingiz Aitmatov International Charitable Foundation "Dialogue Without Borders", which he headed until the end of his life. In the USSR, writing was also one of the leaders of the Soviet Committee of Solidarity with the Countries of Asia and Africa, the editor-in-chief of the journal "Foreign Literature", it was he who initiated the creation of the international intellectual movement "Issyk-Kul Forum". In honor of Chingiz Aitmatov, a park, a street, a theater, a museum were named, an award named after Chingiz Aitmatov was created, the presentation and awarding of which will take place on the birthday of the great writer.)
• Chingiz Izmailov ((born 1948) Deputy Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation since 2001. He worked both on the ships of the Caspian Shipping Company and was also involved in party work. Subsequently, he was engaged in international transportation, coordination of transport systems and logistics. Awarded with medals "300 years of the Russian fleet" , "For Labor Valor", holder of the badges "Honorary Worker of the Marine Fleet", "Honorary Worker of Transport of Russia").
• Chingiz Haji oglu Sadikhov ((born 1929) pianist, People's Artist of Azerbaijan, professor, holder of the Order of Glory (2009))
• Chingiz Abdullayev ((born 1959) Soviet, Azerbaijani writer. He wrote in various genres (stories, detective stories, historical novels). A documentary novel about the activities of UN experts and Interpol employees "Blue Angels" (1985) was originally banned for publication, since contained secret information at that time.The historical novel "The Conspiracy at the Beginning of the Era" (1984-1995) was written using the archives of Rome and Athens.I was able to write actively only after 1994.Chingiz Abdullayev is able to write a novel in one and a half to two months, although in it's hard to believe. Since 1995, Ch. Abdullaev has been considered one of the most popular Soviet writers after the collapse of the USSR, he has written more than 50 scripts, 170 short stories and novels, numerous short stories and journalistic articles. His works have been published in 29 languages ​​of the world, and continue to be published. Chingiz Abdullayev is not only a writer, but also an honorary an officer of a special forces detachment of five states, and the American press calls him "one of the best authors of our time in the genre of political detective story." Chingiz Abdullayev is the owner of various prizes and awards, for example, the Grand Master award (2001, Latvia), Honor and Dignity (2004, Russia), Platinum Pen (2013, Azerbaijan), awards from German booksellers "For contribution to development of the European novel” (2004) and many others. Chingiz Abdullayev has visited more than 80 countries of the world, in addition to his native Azerbaijani and Russian, he also speaks other languages ​​​​(Spanish, Turkish, Farsi, English).

Other

Yesugai carefully took the screaming baby in his arms, looked carefully at his beloved wife and said:

Ohelun, he will be a real warrior! Just look how he screams, how tightly he squeezes his fists! Let's call him Temujin, shall we?

Why Temujin? the brown-eyed beautiful wife asked calmly. In the short time since Yesugai stole her from the crown, she had taught herself not to be surprised at her husband's impulsive actions: after all, he was a warrior, the ruler of a small domain.

That was the name of the brave leader who fought with me to the last drop of blood, Yesugai answered thoughtfully. - I respect strong opponents. Our son will have the path of a warrior, may he be as brave as Temujin defeated by my hand?

Hoelun resignedly agreed. Her mother's heart told her that her firstborn would have a difficult path in life, and the talisman in the form of the name of a strong warrior would come in handy for the boy.

Temujin grew up as a strong and courageous boy. Together with his brothers, he organized competitions on the banks of the Onon River, where his father's possessions were located. Mother told them legends and tales about brave warriors, inspired them that the time would come when they would be able to conquer the whole world. Temujin listened to her every word. Then neither he nor his parents could have imagined that after several decades this clever boy would be proclaimed the ruler of all the lands from the Urals to China - the great khan over all the tribes that inhabited the lands he conquered. And his name will be Genghis Khan.

Years of Temujin's wanderings

The childhood of the future commander proceeded until the age of nine in a calm atmosphere of a loving and friendly family, until his father decided to marry him to the daughter of an eminent neighbor, the brave warrior Dai-sechen. The girl was only a year older than Temujin, and her name was Borte. According to Mongolian law, the groom had to live in the bride's yurt for several years before the wedding. However, the marriage did not take place on time, because on the way back Yesugai got to the Tatars, his sworn enemies. He mistook them for peacefully feasting nomads and shared a meal with them. Soon he returned home to his wife and died a few days later in terrible agony. Before his death, Yesugai blamed the Tatars for his death, saying that they had poisoned him.

The grief of Hoelun was immeasurable, the grief of Yesugai's sons was immeasurable. But no one could have imagined that his eldest son, who survived the death of his beloved father, his idol, the hardest of all, began to hatch a plan of revenge on the poisoners. Thirty years later, he, with his invincible warriors, will fall on the Tatars and defeat them, capturing territories.

Having learned about the death of his father, Temujin urgently left the yurt of his future wife, to whom he had become very attached during this time, and went to his native village. What was his grief when he learned that the cunning neighbors, having slandered Hoelun and falsely accused her of non-compliance with rituals (the widows of the khans had to go to the worship of their ancestors every year on the spring holiday and offer sacrifice to the gods), provoked an exodus of Yesugai's subjects. They themselves quickly took possession of the cattle and lands that rightfully belonged to Olwen and her family.

They had to endure many hardships during this time - constant assassination attempts from treacherous neighbors, destruction of pastures, theft of livestock, hunger, poverty, the murder of Yesugai's loyal subjects who decided to share the fate with the widow and her children. Fearing for the fate of the heirs, Hoelun decides to go to a very remote, even by the standards of Mongolia, province - at the foot of the mountain Burkhan-Khaldun. The family spent several years there. It was in those places that the character of her eldest son, Temujin, the future conqueror and khan of all the Mongol tribes, was tempered in adversity.

Temujin never gave up. In his youth, he was captured by his father's enemy Targutai. Fleeing from hunger, the Yesugaya family, now impoverished to an extreme degree, descended into the river valley. There they were tracked down and robbed by Targutai, capturing Temujin. In addition, he subjected the young man, and the future conqueror at that time was only 16-17 years old, to a shameful punishment - having chained him in stocks. The young man himself could not take food, water, and even move without outside help - for a week he walked around the village and asked each yurt for food and lodging for the night. But one day he hit a guard with a neck block and fled. In pursuit of him, the best warriors of Targutai set off, who did not manage to catch Temujin there - he spent the whole day in one of the creeks of the river, chained in stocks. The neck acted as a lifeline.

Soon he returned home, where another test awaited him - to return the horses stolen by horse thieves. And Temujin did an excellent job with this task, at the same time making friends with his peer Bogorchi from the seedy Arulat family. Having become Genghis Khan, he did not forget his comrade and made him his right hand - the head of the right flank of the army.

Marriage of Temujin

On the eve of his seventeenth birthday, Temujin reminded his mother of his matchmaking with Borte and expressed his desire to marry her. Hoelun was tormented by doubts - because, despite their famous bloodline, they now barely make ends meet. How will the wealthy and influential Dai-sechen take them? Will he drive away her firstborn in disgrace? However, Hoelun's fears were not justified. Borte's father turned out to be a man of his word and agreed to give Temujin his daughter as a wife.

She became the first and most beloved wife of the future Genghis Khan. Together they lived for almost fifty years. She was her husband's adviser, support, keeper of the hearth. Borte gave her husband four sons, future uluses of the Great Mongol State, as well as five daughters. When, due to her age, she could no longer bear children, she humbly accepted her husband's desire to have children from other wives, whom Genghis Khan had, according to some reports, eight.

The family life of the future Genghis Khan with Borte has long been overgrown with legends. According to one of them, the girl's mother gave her daughter a sable fur coat as a dowry, which later played an important role in the release of Borte from captivity. Long before the birth of Temujin, Yesugei stole Hoelun from a noble Merkit warrior from under the crown. With this in mind, the Merkits stole Borte from Yesugei's son and kept her captive. Temujin donated this fur coat to the Kereit Khan as a reminder of the warm and friendly relations between Yesukei and the Kereites. It was they who helped Temujin attack the Merkits, defeat their army and free Borte.

When Borte was released after several months of captivity, it turned out that she was expecting a child. The noble Temujin stubbornly insisted that his wife had been stolen from him in position. The subjects, however, did not really believe in it. It is possible that Genghis Khan was not completely sure of his paternity, but he never reproached his beloved. And he treated the child (and this was his first-born, Jochi, the father of Batu Khan) with the same love as for the rest of his children.

Military campaigns of Temujin - Genghis Khan

How many aggressive campaigns the emperor of the Mongol Empire undertook is not known for certain. However, in the annals of history, information about the largest military enterprises in his biography has been preserved. It is known that Genghis Khan was very ambitious. His main goal was to create a powerful state out of scattered Mongol tribes.

He owes his first military successes not only to his tactical plans, but also to the help of his allies. So, for example, with the help of Togrul, his father's comrade-in-arms, he participated in a campaign against the Tatars, whom he had long been planning to avenge his father's death. They succeeded. The leaders of the Tatars were defeated, the soldiers were taken prisoner, and the lands were divided between the Jin emperor, Temujin and Togrul.

The second time, being the head of a small army, he undertook a campaign against his childhood friend Jamukha. Despite the fact that they considered themselves to be named brothers, their views on the form of government in Mongolia differed in many ways. Jamukha sympathized with the common people, while Temujin placed his hopes on the aristocracy.

The future Genghis Khan believed that only among the Mongols a new leader and commander could appear, who would be able to bring together all the disparate Mongolian tribes. Remembering the numerous legends told to him by his mother in childhood, Temujin was convinced that such a mission was ahead of him.

Genghis Khan was supported by the numerous Mongolian aristocracy, and the common people took the side of Jamukha. Temujin's former comrade now turned out to be his sworn enemy, who plotted against him with forces hostile to the future ruler of Mongolia. However, Temujin, with the help of troops and cunning military tactics, won. He betrayed the leaders to immediate execution to intimidate the enemies.

In the future, many leaders and ordinary warriors went over to the side of the future emperor - this is how the army of Genghis Khan gradually increased, as well as the lands he conquered. There are several reasons for this: thanks to many military victories, the ideal of a hero, who is patronized by Heaven itself, was entrenched in him. In addition, Temuzhdin possessed a remarkable oratorical gift that inflamed the hearts of people, a rare mind, military talents and a strong will.

After numerous military victories in 1206, Temujin was proclaimed Genghis Khan, i.e. the greatest ruler of all the Mongol tribes. Among his many victories are the Mongol-Jin, Tangut wars, the conquest of all of Central Asia, Siberia, several provinces of China, the Crimea, as well as the famous battle on the Kalka River, when the army of Genghis Khan easily defeated the army of Russian princes.

Military tactics of Genghis Khan

The army of Genghis Khan did not know defeat, because the main principle of the leader was an attack and good intelligence. Genghis Khan always attacked from several positions. He demanded a detailed plan of action from the military leaders, approved it or rejected it, was present at the beginning of the battle, and then left, completely relying on his subordinates.

Most often, the Mongols attacked suddenly, acted by deception - they pretended to run away, and then, scattering, surrounded one of the enemy's flanks and smashed it. They attacked under the cover of light cavalry in parallel columns, chasing the enemies until they were destroyed. The right ear of the dead was cut off, folded separately, and then specially trained people counted the number of dead from such unusual trophies. In addition, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongol warriors began to use a smoke screen and signal black and white flags.

Death of Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan participated in military campaigns until his very old age. In 1227, returning with a victory from the Tangut state, he died. Several causes of death are named at once - from illness, from a wound, from a fall from a horse, from the hand of a young concubine, and even from exposure to an unhealthy climate, i.e. from fever. Until now, this is an unresolved issue.

It is only known that Genghis Khan was a little over seventy. He had a presentiment of his death, he was very upset by the death of his eldest son Jochi. Shortly before the campaign against the Tanguts, the emperor left a spiritual testament to his sons, in which he spoke of the need for the brothers to stick together both in managing the great empire and in military campaigns. This was necessary, according to Genghis Khan, in order for his children to enjoy power.

Before his death, the great commander bequeathed to bury himself in his homeland, in a tomb, at the bottom of the river, the location of which no one should know. Two historical monuments - "Golden Chronicle" and "Secret Tale" say that the body of Genghis Khan was buried in a tomb of gold, at the very bottom of the river. For these purposes, the noble Mongols brought with them many slaves who built a dam after the burial, and then returned the river to its former course.

On the way to the Onon River (according to one of the versions), the soldiers killed all living things that they met on the way - people, birds, animals. It was ordered that all the slaves involved in the construction of the dam be beheaded. All these measures were necessary so that no one could discover the graves of Genghis Khan. She has not been discovered so far.

After the death of Genghis Khan, the glory of the Mongol Empire only increased, thanks to the exploits of his sons and grandsons. The empire continued to be a great power until the end of the 15th century, when internecine wars weakened and destroyed it. The Mongols still believe in the imminent coming of a great hero who will be able to return the former glory to the country, as Genghis Khan once did.

Genghis Khan founded the largest empire in the history of mankind. According to the precepts of the Great Khan, the Mongols lived until the middle of the 20th century, and many of them tend to honor his laws even today. His victories were glorified by hundreds of thousands of warriors, and his death was mourned by millions of subjects. But his state fell apart, and even his grave is unknown.

The only surviving historical portrait of Genghis Khan from a series of official portraits of rulers is drawn under Khan Kublai, museum.

On the banks of the Onon River, in the Deyun-Boldok tract, a boy was born in the spring of 1155 in the family of Yesugeibagatura from the Borjigin clan. He was named Temuchin in honor of the Tatar leader, captured the day before by Yesugei in a bloody battle. According to the Arab historian Rashid ad-Din, the newborn squeezed a blood clot in his fist, which, according to others, meant that the boy would become a great warrior.

LITTLE SLAVE

Temuchin's father was a far-sighted leader - the boy was not even nine years old when he obtained consent for his marriage with the eldest daughter of the leader of the Ungirats. According to legend, this tribe was the first among all the Mongols who decided to leave the tracts and master the steppe expanses, "trampling the hearths and camps of their neighbors."

In the meantime, Yesugei left Temuchin in the family of his bride, so that the boy could meet his future relatives, and went home.

According to the "Secret Tale" (Chinese translation of the genealogical history of the Genghis Khan family), Yesugei was poisoned by the Tatars on the way.

The leader of the Taichiut tribe decided to expel Yesugei's family from their settled lands. Yesugei's kinsmen, who remained loyal to him, tried to resist, but could not muster enough warriors. Their camps were devastated, their livestock was driven away. Temujin was also captured. They put a block on the future great khan.

The boy was to become a slave forever, but on the way he managed to escape. Temujin hid from the warriors looking for him in a small dam, having spent several hours underwater. Above the water, he held only his nostrils, and patience allowed him to avoid re-captivity. The little fugitive was discovered by a shepherd from an insignificant tribe subject to the Taichiuts, but decided not to extradite him, but helped him escape. Together with Temuchin, the shepherd's son Chilaun also fled. Subsequently, Genghis Khan appointed him commander of one of the four detachments of the personal guard and gave him and his descendants the right to keep everything obtained in the war and hunting.

COAT OR LIFE

Temuchin was only eleven years old, but he was able to find his relatives in the steppes. A year later, he married his betrothed Borta. The position of his family was such that the bride's dowry was only a sable fur coat, however, luxurious. Fleeing from his pursuers, Temuchin had to ask for help from his father's brother. Tooril ruled over the tribe of Kereites, in those years the most powerful in the steppes. He promised Temuchin protection and patronage. True, as a gift, he did not hesitate to take that very fur coat.

Nevertheless, nukers who had strayed from their clans and simple shepherds who dreamed of becoming warriors began to flock to Temujin's camp. The young leader did not refuse anyone. At the same time, Temujin became twin brothers with Jamukha, a young relative of the leader of a strong Jadaran tribe. One old Mongol gave Temuchin to serve his son Jelme. Subsequently, this young man became one of the most talented commanders of Genghis Khan.

Soon it was time for the first serious battle. The Merkit tribe attacked Temujin's camp, capturing his wife and other close relatives. With the help of Tooril and Jamukha, the young leader utterly defeated the enemy on the Selenga River in Buryatia. He returned Borte, who soon gave birth to Temuchin's son. This victory strengthened the authority of the young leader, and his army began to replenish rapidly. Contrary to custom, he tried to end the battle with as little bloodshed as possible, joining the warriors of the defeated tribe.

Soon the paths of Temujin and Jamukha parted. Too many warriors of Jamukha-brother preferred the camp of the future khan of all Mongols. Jamukha had to move away in disgrace so that his warriors would not completely scatter. In 1186, Temujin created his first ulus. There were three tumens (30,000) in his army, and under his arm were already famous military leaders: Subede, Djelme and Boorchu.

GREAT KHAN

Jamukha collected three tumens and moved on Temujin. There was a battle in which the future great khan suffered a crushing defeat. According to legend, it was during the night after the lost battle that Temuchin dreamed of the borders of his future state.

In 1200, Temujin was able to take revenge on his old offenders, the Techiuts. In a short battle, they were defeated, many surrendered. In battle, the leader was wounded by an arrow in the shoulder. The soldier who shot at him was captured. Temujin asked if he wanted to enter his service. Subsequently, this warrior became one of the best commanders of Temujin under the name Jebe (arrowhead).

The next three years were decisive. Temujin successively defeated the strongest Mongol tribes still contesting his control over the steppe. Together with each of them, his brother Jamukha fought against Temujin, wounded by his successes. Neither the Tatars, nor the Kereites, nor the Naimans could stop the rise of Temujin, although he almost died in the battle with the latter. Their leader Tayankhan was famous for his caution, if not cowardice. With 45,000 horsemen at hand, he constantly improved his position and waited until his army was broken in parts. During the defeat of the Naiman, Subedey, Jelme, Jebe and Khubilai especially distinguished themselves - “ four iron dogs", as Temujin called them.

In 1205, his rivalry with Jamukha came to an end. He fled to the Kipchaks and again tried to attack Temujin. But the Kipchaks were defeated, and Jamukha was given his own nukers, who were counting on a reward.

However, Temujin ordered their execution, and offered freedom to his old brother. Brother (anda) was considered in the Mongolian tradition more than a relative. A brother could raise a weapon against his brother, and a son against his father. It was all right. Brother for brother - no. Nevertheless, Temujin was ready to forgive Jamukha, but he refused, saying that there could be only one khan. He asked for a dignified death (no bloodshed). Temujin's warriors broke Jamukha's backbone. Temujin never had twins again.

COMMANDER

Genghis Khan was not so much an outstanding military leader on the battlefield - in the Mongolian steppes, almost any leader could be called such. The methods of combat did not differ either. We can safely say that Genghis Khan did not offer anything radically new. Rather, he was a remarkable strategist: he knew how to distribute forces, which made it possible to wage war on several directions, and was not afraid to trust his commanders, which made it possible to divide forces.

Using the mobility of the Mongol cavalry, Genghis Khan confused the enemy, attacked him from all directions, and, in the end, the enemy found himself in the face of the united army of the Mongols. Another trump card of Genghis Khan's army was intelligence - an occupation despised by other steppe tribes.

At the same time, Genghis Khan never made a mistake when choosing his assistants. Each of them could act independently and achieve success (unlike, for example, the Napoleonic marshals). The only thing that Genghis Khan demanded from his subordinates was to strictly follow the order. Mongolian soldiers were forbidden to take booty during the battle and to pursue the fleeing enemy without the permission of the commanders.

REFORMER

The shaker of the universe turned enemies into friends.

In the spring of 1206, at the head of the Onon River, at the general Mongol kurultai, Temuchin was proclaimed a great khan over all the tribes and received the title " Genghis Khan". A new law, Yasa, also came into force. It was mainly devoted to the military side of the life of nomads.

Loyalty and courage were considered good, while cowardice and betrayal were considered evil. The enemy of the Mongols, who remained loyal to his ruler, was spared and accepted into his army.

Genghis Khan divided the entire population into tens, hundreds, thousands and tumens (ten thousand), thereby mixing tribes and clans and appointing specially selected people from among the close and distinguished nukers as commanders over them. All adult and healthy men were considered warriors, thus, the army of Genghis Khan approached 100,000 horsemen.

In addition, he introduced the beginnings of feudal relations. Each hundred, thousand, tumens, together with nomadic lands, was given into the possession of the noyon. In case of war, it was he who was responsible for providing troops to the khan. Small noyons served as large ones.

EMPIRE FROM SEA TO SEA

Within the framework of the united Mongolia, the power of Genghis Khan was huge, but neither he nor his soldiers could stop.

At first, all Siberian peoples were subordinated and taxed. Then the Mongols turned their eyes to the south. In a year, the Tangut state was conquered, which it could not cope with for 300 years.

The Jin Empire did not last much longer. With four armies, the Mongols invaded China, sweeping away everything in their path. According to Jin officials, at the beginning of the war, the Chinese could field almost one and a half million soldiers, but these hordes could not only win a single major victory, but even stop the advance of the Mongols into the metropolitan area.

In 1214, everything was over - the emperor made a shameful peace. Genghis Khan agreed to leave Beijing to him, but only because he understood that the Mongols could not hold too large a territory with many cities. After the armistice, the Jin decided to continue the fight and paid the price: as soon as the imperial court left Beijing, Genghis Khan decided to do away with China, which was done in two years. Yasa helped the Mongols to defeat the huge empire: many Chinese generals fled to them along with their troops. The laws of Genghis Khan spelled out in detail what threatens those who try to resist the tumens " Shaker of the universe».

Usually, when they saw an enemy city, the Mongols hung a pennant on a pole near the commander's yurt. White meant that the khan was merciful and ready to take the oath if there was no resistance. Yellow was supposed to warn that the city would be sacked, even if it capitulated, but the inhabitants would remain alive. A red pennant warned the besieged that they would all be killed.

However, only the heir of Genghis Khan, Ogedei, was able to finally achieve obedience from China.

The great khan himself turned his gaze to the west. Under the blows of his armies, the huge power of Khorezm Shah Mohammed fell. Here the Mongols no longer accepted military defectors, trying to leave behind a scorched earth. Only skilled artisans were taken prisoner - in 1220, the new capital of the Mongol Empire, Karakorum, was founded. Genghis Khan was well aware that too large a state could not last long. By the way, the uprisings of the conquered peoples began during his lifetime, and for the last three years of his reign, he rushed around the outskirts of his state, forcing tributaries to submission. And his commanders continued reconnaissance raids to the west up to the borders of the Russian principalities.

Death overtook the great khan on a campaign during the siege of the Tangut capital Zhongxing in the early autumn of 1227. " Secret legend” tells that the garrison had already begun to surrender, and the ruler of the Tagnuts arrived at the headquarters of Genghis Khan with gifts. But the great khan suddenly felt bad. Then he ordered the hostages to be killed, and the city to be taken and razed to the ground. After the order was carried out, Genghis Khan died.

INHERITANCE

After the death of Genghis Khan, his empire was inherited by the third son - Ogedei, appointed successor by Genghis Khan himself.

His relationship with his eldest son Jochi went wrong: he declared that Genghis Khan was “crazy in his attitude to people and lands,” and in every possible way dragged out the campaign against the Circassians and Russian principalities.

In addition, over Jochi and his descendants hung all his life " merkite curse"- he was born immediately after the release of his mother from captivity, and therefore there were many doubts about Temuchin's paternity, although the khan himself recognized Jochi.

In 1225, Genghis Khan ordered an army to be sent against his eldest son, since he did not follow his father's orders and did not appear at the council when Genghis Khan fell ill. Khan was informed that Jochi, having said he was sick, was actually hunting. However, the punitive campaign did not take place - Jochi actually died of an illness.

The second son of Genghis Khan - Chagatai - was considered a very learned man for the Mongols and was known as the best expert on Yasa in the steppe. But he did not like to lead troops. As a result, Chagatai never formally occupied the khan's throne, but enjoyed authority and power even greater than Ogedei.

GENGHIS KHAN'S GRAVE

The burial place of Genghis Khan remains one of the most curious historical mysteries.

The mausoleum at Ejen Horo is just a memorial. The Khan's body was transported to Mongolia, presumably to the places where he was born. According to custom, he was to be buried there. What happened next is shrouded in mystery. According to one version, the mouth of the river was laid over the grave of the khan, according to another, trees were planted. According to the third - the funeral escort, in order to hide the position of the grave, killed all the travelers they met. Then the slaves who dug the grave were killed, then the soldiers who killed the slaves, and so on. Medieval historians noticed that already a generation after the death of Genghis Khan, no one in Mongolia knew the true place of his burial. So, it is quite possible that there is no secret: the Mongols did not accept noisy veneration of the graves of their ancestors.

GENGHIS KHAN'S FATE LINE

1155	Birth of Temujin.
1184	Temujin, together with his brother Jamukha and Tooril Khan, defeated the Merkits. 1st Victory of the Future" Shaker of the universe».
1186	Temujin created his first ulus.
1205	Temujin united almost all the Mongol tribes and destroyed his last enemy, his brother Jamukha.
1206	At kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed Genghis Khan (" great khan”) of all Mongolian tribes. The conquest of Asia began.
1213	The beginning of the conquest of Northern China.
1218	Defeat of the Karakitays. The first clash with the power of the Khorezmshahs.