The following levels of education are established in the Russian Federation. Distinctive features of the Russian education system

Non-state educational institution

additional professional education

"Center for Social and Humanitarian Education"

ESSAY

The modern education system in the Russian Federation

Tyunina Elena Vladimirovna

Professional retraining program

"Education and Pedagogy"

Head: Larionova I.E.

Teacher of the highest category

The work was approved for defense "__" ____ 2015.

Grade: ____________________________

Kazan, 2016

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

As part of the abstract, the modern education system in the Russian Federation is considered, as well as existing problems and methods for solving them, and an innovative approach to learning is touched upon. This makes this work interesting and relevant.

Object of study: the education system in the Russian Federation

Purpose of the study: based on legislative acts, to analyze the education system of the Russian Federation.

Research objectives:

To identify the main features of the education system of the Russian Federation;

Determine the main problems of education in Russia and possible ways to overcome them;

Consider innovations in the education system of the Russian Federation;

Formulate, on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education, the principles of educational policy, as well as priority goals and directions for the development of the education system;

In the process of developing this work, the following methods were used: document analysis, statistical analysis, system analysis, comparison.

1.1 The education system in the Russian Federation:

The Federal Law "On Education" offers the following definition: "Education is a single purposeful process of upbringing and training, which is a socially significant good and is carried out in the interests of a person, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, skills, values, experience activities and competencies of a certain volume and complexity for the purpose of intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, meeting his educational needs and interests. According to the Constitution of our country, every citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to free education, regardless of his race and religion.

In accordance with the above Federal Law withThe education system includes the following elements:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;

2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

In the Russian Federation, education is divided into general, vocational, and additional education. It also highlights vocational training, which ensures the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (continuing education).

General education and vocational education are implemented by levels. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

1.2 Principles of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education

Education today is one of the means of solving the most important problems not only of society as a whole, but also of individuals. As in any state, in Russia the nature of the education system is determined by the socio-economic and political system, as well as cultural, historical and national characteristics. Society's requirements for education are formulated by a system of principles of state educational policy. Its goal is to create favorable conditions for citizens to exercise their rights to education that meets the needs of the economy and civil society.

Public policyand legal regulation of relations in the field of education are based on the followingprinciples :

1) recognition of the priority of education;

2) ensuring the right of every person to education, inadmissibility of discrimination in the field of education;

3) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of human life and health, the rights and freedoms of the individual, the free development of the individual, the education of mutual respect, diligence, citizenship, patriotism, responsibility, legal culture, respect for nature and the environment, rational use of natural resources;

4) the unity of the educational space on the territory of the Russian Federation, the protection and development of ethnic and cultural characteristics and traditions of the peoples of the Russian Federation in a multinational state;

5) creation of favorable conditions for the integration of the education system of the Russian Federation with the education systems of other states on an equal and mutually beneficial basis;

6) the secular nature of education in state, municipal organizations engaged in educational activities;

7) the freedom to choose education according to the inclinations and needs of a person, the creation of conditions for the self-realization of each person, the free development of his abilities, including the provision of the right to choose the forms of education, forms of education, the organization that carries out educational activities, the direction of education within the limits provided by the education system, as well as providing teaching staff with freedom in choosing forms of education, methods of education and upbringing;

8) ensuring the right to education throughout life in accordance with the needs of the individual, the adaptability of the education system to the level of training, developmental characteristics, abilities and interests of a person;

9) autonomy of educational organizations, academic rights and freedoms of teachers and students, provided for by this Federal Law, information openness and public reporting of educational organizations;

10) the democratic nature of education management, ensuring the rights of teachers, students, parents (legal representatives) of minor students to participate in the management of educational organizations;

11) the inadmissibility of restricting or eliminating competition in the field of education;

12) a combination of state and contractual regulation of relations in the field of education.

Every year, as part of ensuring the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of education, the Government of the Russian Federation submits to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation a report on the implementation of state policy in the field of education and publishes it on the official website of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Internet information and telecommunication network.

The fundamental point is the principle of the humanistic nature of education. Accordingly, each child must be recognized as a person, regardless of his social status, level of development, and so on. These general methodological principles should be concretized through organizational-pedagogical and activity-functional principles.

In general, in the modern world, the trends of changing value priorities are becoming more and more obvious. Among the main criteria for assessing the development of society, education occupies a central place. And the refrain highlights the fundamental recognition of the main criterion of educational reforms: the emerging model of education must have mechanisms for dynamic self-development.

Unfortunately, the traditional mass school still retains an uncreative approach to the assimilation of knowledge. Previously, the goal of the secondary school was only to give the student the minimum set of knowledge necessary for a person in everyday life.

However, modern scientists have proven that any student is capable of creative activity. Consequently, the teacher needs to instill in the child the desire and ability to learn, to organize such activities in the classroom that would encourage each student to reveal his creative abilities.

Today, the state in the field of education has a priority goal: to ensure the high quality of Russian education in accordance with the changing demands of the population and the long-term tasks of the development of Russian society and the economy.

At the same time, the main tasks of the state are:

Formation of a flexible, socially accountable system of continuing professional education that develops human potential and meets the current and future needs of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;

Development of infrastructure and organizational and economic mechanisms that ensure the most equal accessibility of services for preschool, general, additional education for children;

Modernization of educational programs in the systems of preschool, general and additional education of children, aimed at achieving the modern quality of educational results and the results of socialization;

Creation of a modern system for assessing the quality of education based on the principles of openness, objectivity, transparency, social and professional participation.

The new education system is oriented towards entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the integration of national education systems. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects, is involved in the exchange of students, professors and teachers.

The system of relations between the institute of education and religious institutions is being transformed. Theological faculties, Sunday schools are being opened, additional programs are being implemented in secondary schools with the consent of parents and the teaching staff.

Radical changes in the Russian education system affect all its elements and links. So, at the beginning of the new millennium, a project was launched for the state final certification (general state exam) for graduates of grade 9 and a unified state exam for graduates of grade 11. Despite all the disputes and disagreements around the Unified State Examination, it should be noted that this form of the exam brings the Russian education system closer to the European one. In addition, in the case of gaining the required number of points, the USE allows you to enter any university, in some cases without additional entrance exams.

Another key change in the education system of the Russian Federation is the testing of alternatives to state educational institutions (for example, private ones), variable forms of education (gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, specialized classes, etc.). In all links - from kindergartens to universities - in parallel with the system of free education, there is a paid one. The state makes sure that the budgetary financing of educational institutions, projects is transparent, controllable, and that each student's education from the budget is paid individually. Attracting investment in education acquires the status of state policy.

In a word, there is a direct connection between education and the political sphere. The activity of educational institutions directly depends on it. The principles of state policy in the field of education are based on constitutional norms, being basic not only for the preparation of legal acts, but also for direct implementation in individual educational institutions.

1.3 Actual problems in the field of education and ways to overcome them

The fate of any state directly depends on the state of the education system. If the state strives for development, the leadership of any country should set the development of literacy and education of the population as a priority goal and task.

The modern education system is going through quite difficult times. The Soviet school is collapsing, European trends are coming to replace it. Sometimes the introduction of innovations occurs on unprepared ground, or innovations are not adapted to the Russian mentality. This often leads to the formation of various kinds of difficulties. Currently, the following problems can be identified in the Russian education system:

The crisis of the old education system.

Excessive theoretical orientation of education.

Lack of proper funding;

Low level of communication between the stages of education;

Corruption;

Let's consider each of these problems and possible or practical ways to solve them in more detail.

So, when studying the problem of the crisis of the former education system, in higher education, a way out was found in the transition to the bachelor's and master's programs. But secondary schools and vocational schools remained uncovered. The recently passed law on education is designed to solve this problem. Modern society is at a level of development when it is time to move away from learning as memorization of facts. It is necessary to teach children to extract information, understand it and apply it in practice. And this requires colossal work to prepare not only new textbooks for students and manuals for teachers, but also the teaching staff themselves.

The second problem of education in Russia is its excessive theoretical orientation. By educating a theoretical scientist, we create a huge shortage of narrow specialists. Having received a good theoretical background, few people can apply knowledge in practice. Therefore, having got a job, new employees experience a serious adaptation associated with the inability to compare their knowledge with practical activities.

The third problem is typical not only for education - it is insufficient funding. The lack of funds is the reason for the shortage of personnel in the education system as a whole in the country. In addition, in order to keep up with the times, it is necessary to introduce new technologies and upgrade obsolete equipment. The educational institution does not always have the funds for this. Here, the solution is to attract additional sources of funding, including private ones.

The problem that school graduates begin to feel especially acutely is the low level of communication between the stages of education. So, now, in order to enter a university, parents often hire a tutor to pass the exam, since the level of requirements that were presented at school differ greatly from the level required for studying at a university.

Of course, one cannot ignore such a problem as corruption. You can find many advertisements for the sale of diplomas of higher education on the Internet. Corruption can also be attributed to monetary extortion at school, bribes for exams (tests), theft of funds from the budget. However, at present, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation has a practice of a "hot line" where parents can apply in case of unlawful extortions and bribes, and the new laws adopted are designed to toughen the punishment for such phenomena. In addition, classrooms in schools where state examinations are held are equipped with a video surveillance system, which also helps to eliminate the element of corruption during the examination.

In conclusion of this section, one can note such a problem as the decline in the prestige of vocational schools and technical schools. This leads to a shortage of workers in enterprises and in the service sector. To solve this problem, the Government of the Russian Federation is promoting "working" professions, providing certain benefits, social guarantees, as well as increasing the level of wages at factories and other enterprises among such specialists.

1.4 Experimental and innovative activities in education

In the light of the ongoing modernization of education in Russia, the topic of conducting experimental and innovative activities in the field of education is relevant.

Innovations mean the introduction of something new in the goals, content, methods and forms of education and upbringing, the organization of joint activities of the teacher and the student. Innovations do not arise by themselves, but are the result of scientific research, the practical experience of individual teachers and entire teams. In such conditions, the teacher often faces the problem of pedagogical risk. Risk implies the experimental application of any technology that is not widely used in practice, but, nevertheless, in theory, which is promising in terms of learning.

In understanding the essence of these two concepts, there are two main problems of modern pedagogy: the problem of studying, generalizing and disseminating advanced pedagogical experience and the problem of implementing the achievements of innovative teachers. Thus, innovation and pedagogical risk should lie in the plane of combining two interconnected phenomena, usually considered separately, i.e. the result of their synthesis should be new knowledge, allowing the teacher to use innovations in everyday practice, calculating the possible consequences.

In order to determine the main goals and objectives of introducing innovative technologies in the field of education, one should refer to Article 20 of the Federal Law "On Education". This article reads: “Experimental and innovative activities in the field of education are carried out in order to ensure the modernization and development of the education system, taking into account the main directions of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, the implementation of priority areas of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Experimental activities are aimed at the development, testing and implementation of new educational technologies<...>. Innovative activity is focused on improving the scientific and pedagogical, educational and methodological, organizational, legal, financial and economic, personnel, logistics support of the education system and is carried out in the form of the implementation of innovative projects and programs by organizations engaged in educational activities and others operating in the field of education. organizations and their associations. When implementing an innovative project, the program must ensure the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in educational relations, the provision and receipt of education, the level and quality of which cannot be lower than the requirements established by the federal state educational standard, federal state requirements, educational standard.

Today, there are a huge number of methods, programs and methods that allow you to work with all categories of children, using the latest developments in the technology sector, original exercises, authentic, modern and interesting audio and video materials, as well as interactive learning tools. But the main reason for the invariability of the monotony of the life of an ordinary student is the unwillingness to introduce them.

CONCLUSION

The supreme laws of the Russian Federation guarantee every citizen of the Russian Federation the right to education. The system of Russian education creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs.

In the modern international world, in order to be successful, one has to adapt to international trends, which naturally leads to all sorts of changes, including in the field of education. Such changes are often the cause of a number of large and small problems. The Law "On Education" is an attempt to solve a number of urgent problems in the modern education system. But for the full development of the nation, it is necessary to take a number of measures in the field of education.

The main goal of education today is to create conditions for the development of the natural qualities of a person. Possession exclusively of a stock of academic knowledge is becoming less and less important indicator of the quality of education. The state is faced with the task of not only bringing the level and system of education closer to international standards, but also making sure that it fully meets the country's needs for qualified specialists and highly educated citizens.

The new education system is oriented towards entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the free movement of resources, people, ideas across national borders. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects, is involved in the exchange of students, professors and teachers. Traditions and norms of world education freely penetrate our country. The cultural transformation of society is expressed both in globalization, the internationalization of culture, and in the desire to preserve its originality. Television, the Internet as a means of audiovisual communication, the popularization of the English language blur the boundaries in the cultural space. At the same time, ways of preserving cultural identity are being worked out. The harmonization of these multidirectional trends is a condition for the sustainable development of the education sector.

At the conclusion of the study

Article 10. Structure of the education system

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;

2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, which ensure the possibility of exercising the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to the levels of education.

ConsultantPlus: note.

On the correspondence of educational and educational qualification levels in the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol, see Art. 2 of the Federal Law of 05.05.2014 N 84-FZ.

4. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

7. The education system creates conditions for continuous education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity for the simultaneous development of several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, and practical experience in obtaining education.

The education system in the Russian Federation is a set of interacting structures, which include:

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: CONCEPT AND ELEMENTS

The definition of the concept of the education system is given in Art. 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education". It is a set of interacting subsystems and elements:

1) state educational standards of various levels and directions and successive educational programs;

2) networks of educational institutions implementing them; 3)

bodies exercising management in the field of education, and institutions and organizations subordinate to them; 4)

associations of legal entities, public and state-public associations carrying out activities in the field of education.

The system-forming factor in this case is the goal, which is to ensure the human right to education. The system under consideration represents a certain integrity, orderliness and interconnection of various parts of the structure of such a complex phenomenon as education. If education is understood as a process of education and training in the interests of a person, society and the state, then the education system in its most general form can be represented as an ordered set of relations between the subjects of the educational process. The main subject of the educational process is the student. It is no coincidence that in the definition of education given in the preamble of this law of the Russian Federation, human interests are put in the first place. All these elements of the education system are designed to ensure their implementation.

There are three subsystems in the education system: -

functional; -

organizational and managerial.

The content subsystem reflects the essence of education, as well as the specific content of education at a particular level. It largely determines the nature of the relationship between the other subsystems and elements of the education system. The elements of this subsystem are state educational standards and educational programs. The functional subsystem covers educational institutions of various types and types that implement educational programs and directly ensure the rights and interests of students. The third subsystem includes educational authorities and institutions and organizations subordinate to them, as well as associations of legal entities, public and state-public educational associations. Obviously, in the context of this legal norm, we mean not educational, but other institutions that are under the jurisdiction of educational authorities (specialists use the term “subordinate educational infrastructure” to designate them). These can be scientific and research institutes, printing companies, publishing centers, wholesale depots, etc. They play a rather important role in the education system, organizationally ensuring its effective functioning.

The inclusion in the education system of various types of associations that operate in this area reflects the state-public nature of education management, the development of democratic institutions and principles of interaction between the state, municipalities, public associations and other structures in the field of education in order to most effectively implement the right of the individual to development through raising the educational level.

2. Forms, types, levels of education (Articles 10 and 17)

2. The concept of "education".

The term "education" can be considered in different meanings. Education is one of the most important areas of public life. Education is a branch of the social sphere and a branch of the economy. They often talk about education as a qualification requirement when filling certain positions, when concluding an employment contract.

Education is understood as a purposeful process of upbringing and education in the interests of a person, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels (educational qualifications) established by the state.

Thus, education is a process that meets the following criteria:

1) purposefulness;

2) organization and manageability;

3) completeness and compliance with quality requirements.

3. Levels of education.

In educational legislation, the concept of "level" is used to characterize educational programs (Article 9 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"), educational qualifications (Article 27). In Art. 46 provides that the contract for the provision of paid educational services should, among other conditions, also determine the level of education.

The educational level (educational qualification) is the minimum required volume of the content of education, determined by the state educational standard, and the permissible limit of the lower level of mastering this volume of content.

The Russian Federation has six educational levels (educational qualifications):

1. basic general education;

2. secondary (complete) general education;

3. initial vocational education;

4. secondary vocational education;

5. higher professional education;

6. postgraduate professional education (clause 5, article 27 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education").

7. additional education.

The achievement of one or another educational qualification is necessarily confirmed by the relevant documents. Mastering a certain educational level is a prerequisite for continuing education in a state and municipal educational institution of a subsequent educational level. The presence of professional educational qualifications is a condition for admission to certain types of activities, to occupy certain positions.

It can be concluded that the level of education is determined by the level of the implemented educational program. General educational programs are implemented at such levels of education as preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general, and professional educational programs - at the levels of primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate education. Additional educational programs (Article 26 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") are carried out within each level of professional education.

Preschool education (Article 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") pursues the goals of educating young children, protecting and strengthening their health, developing the individual abilities of children and preparing them for schooling.

General education includes three stages corresponding to the levels of educational programs: primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) education. The tasks of primary general education are the upbringing and development of students, teaching them to read, write, count, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, as well as the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. Primary general education is the basis for obtaining basic general education, which should create conditions for the upbringing, formation and formation of the personality of the student, for the development of his inclinations, interests and abilities for social self-determination. It is the basis for obtaining secondary (complete) general education, as well as for primary and secondary vocational education. Secondary (complete) general education should develop in students an interest in knowing the world around them, their creative abilities, and form the skills of independent learning activities based on the differentiation of learning. At this stage of education, additional subjects are introduced at the choice of the student himself in order to realize his interests, abilities and opportunities. Thus, the primary professional orientation of schoolchildren is carried out.

Primary vocational education (Article 22 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") provides training for skilled workers (workers and employees) in all major areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic or complete general education.

Secondary vocational education (Article 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") is aimed at training mid-level specialists, meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. The basis for obtaining it can be basic or complete general and primary vocational education. Secondary vocational education can be carried out at two educational levels - basic and advanced. The basic one is implemented according to the main professional educational program that provides training for mid-level specialists, which should include general humanitarian, socio-economic, mathematical, general natural sciences, general professional and special disciplines, as well as industrial (professional) practice.

The term of study on the basis of basic general education is at least three years. An increased level of secondary vocational education ensures the training of mid-level specialists with an advanced level of qualification. The main professional educational program at this level consists of two components: a training program for a mid-level specialist in the relevant specialty and an additional training program that provides in-depth and (or) extended theoretical and (or) practical training in individual academic disciplines (cycles of disciplines). The term of study in this case is at least four years. In the document on education, a record is made of the passage of in-depth training in the specialty.

Higher professional education (Article 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") is aimed at training and retraining specialists of the appropriate level. It can be obtained on the basis of secondary (complete) education or secondary vocational education.

The main educational programs of higher education can be implemented continuously and in stages.

The following levels of higher education have been established:

Incomplete higher education;

Undergraduate;

Training of graduates;

Master's degree.

The minimum terms of study at these levels are two, four years, five and six years, respectively. The first level is an incomplete higher education, which must be carried out as part of the main educational program. Completion of this part of the program allows you to continue higher education or, at the request of the student, to receive a diploma of incomplete higher education without final certification. The second level provides for the training of specialists with a bachelor's degree. It ends with a final certification and the issuance of an appropriate diploma. The third level of higher education can be carried out according to educational programs of two types. The first of them consists of a bachelor's degree program in a specific area and specialized research or scientific and pedagogical training of at least two years and ends with a final certification, which includes a final work (master's thesis), with the qualification "master", certified diploma. The second version of the educational program involves preparation and state final certification with the qualification of a specialist (engineer, teacher, lawyer, etc.), which is also confirmed by a diploma.

Postgraduate professional education (Article 25 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education") provides an increase in the level of education, as well as scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher education. It can be obtained in postgraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies, created in educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific organizations. It can also be conditionally divided into two stages: preparation and defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate of science and doctor of science in the specialty.

Vocational training should be distinguished from vocational education (Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”), which has the goal of accelerating the acquisition of the skills necessary for the student to perform a certain job. It is not accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the student and can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education and other educational institutions: in interschool educational complexes, training and production workshops, training areas (workshops), as well as in educational departments of organizations that have the appropriate licenses, and in the order of individual training from specialists who have passed attestation and have the appropriate licenses.

Additional education forms a special subsystem, but it is not included in the structure of education levels, since it is designed to provide additional educational needs of citizens, society and the state.

4. Forms of education.

Defining education as a purposeful process of training and education in the interests of a citizen, society and the state, it is necessary to take into account that it can be obtained in various forms that best meet the needs and capabilities of the subjects of the educational process, primarily the student. The form of education in the most general sense can be defined as a way of organizing the educational process. The classification of forms of education is carried out on several grounds. First of all, depending on the method of participation of an educational institution in the organization of the educational process, education is distinguished in an educational institution and outside it.

In an educational institution, training can be organized in full-time, part-time (evening), part-time forms. The differences between them are mainly in the volume of the classroom load, more precisely, in the ratio between the classroom load and the student's independent work. For example, if in full-time education, classroom work should account for at least 50 percent of the total volume of hours allotted for mastering the educational program, then for full-time students - 20, and for part-time students - 10 percent. This also determines other features of the organization of the educational process in different forms of education (in particular, determining the number of consultations, methodological support, etc.).

In recent years, in connection with the development of information technologies (computerization, Internet resources, etc.), distance learning technologies are becoming more widespread. Educational technologies implemented mainly with the use of information and telecommunication technologies with indirect (at a distance) or incompletely mediated interaction between the student and the teacher are called remote (Article 32 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"). It provides access to education for those citizens who, for some reason, do not have the opportunity to receive education in traditional forms (those living in remote areas, suffering from various diseases, etc.). Distance educational technologies can be used in all forms of education. The procedure for using distance learning technologies was approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2005 No. 137. Along with traditional information resources, specialized textbooks with multimedia support, educational videos, audio recordings, etc. are used to support the distance learning process. Current control and intermediate certification can be carried out by traditional methods or using electronic means that provide identification of a person (digital electronic signature). Mandatory final certification is carried out in the form of a traditional exam or thesis defense. The students go through the production practice as usual, while the training can be organized using remote technologies. The ratio of the volume of educational, laboratory and practical classes conducted using distance technologies or through direct interaction between a teacher and a student is determined by the educational institution.

Outside the educational institution, family education, self-education and external studies are organized. In the form of family education, only general education programs can be mastered. This form of education is relevant for certain categories of students who may experience difficulties in mastering educational programs under normal conditions. It is also possible to receive the help of teachers working on a contractual basis or parents. In any case, the student passes the intermediate and state final certification in an educational institution.

In order to organize family education, the parents (other legal representatives) of the student conclude an appropriate agreement with the general education institution, which may provide guidance on the development of the general education program by the teachers of the institution, the conduct of individual lessons in all or several subjects by the teachers of this institution or their independent development. According to the contract, the educational institution provides the student with free textbooks and other necessary literature for the period of study, provides him with methodological and advisory assistance, provides the opportunity to perform practical and laboratory work on the available equipment and carries out intermediate (quarterly or trimester, annual) and state certification. The work of teachers, whom the educational institution engages to work with students under this form, is paid on an hourly basis based on the teacher's tariff rate. The procedure for accounting for the classes conducted is determined by the educational institution itself.

Parents together with the educational institution are fully responsible for the development of the educational program by the student. Parents should be paid additional funds in the amount of the cost of education of each student at the appropriate stage of education in a state or municipal institution. The specific amount is determined based on local funding standards. Payments are made in accordance with the agreement from the savings fund of the educational institution. Additional expenses of parents for the organization of family education,

exceeding the established standards are covered by them at their own expense. Parents have the right to terminate the contract at any stage of education and transfer the child to another form of development of the educational program. An educational institution also has the right to terminate the contract if the student fails at the end of two or more quarters in two or more subjects, as well as in case of failure at the end of the year in one or more subjects. At the same time, re-mastering the program in this form is not allowed.

Self-education is an independent development of the educational program by the student. It acquires legal significance only in combination with an externality. External study refers to the certification of persons who independently master the educational program. External study is allowed both in the system of general and in the system of vocational education. The regulation on receiving general education in the form of an external study was approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2000 No. 1884. Any student has the right to choose an external study as a form of education. To apply for an external study, you must submit an application to the head of the educational institution no later than three months before the certification and submit the available certificates of intermediate certification or a document on education. The external student is provided with the necessary consultations on academic subjects (including pre-examination) in the amount of at least two hours, literature from the library fund of the institution, the opportunity to use subject rooms for laboratory and practical work. External students pass an intermediate certification in the manner determined by the institution. If they passed the certification for the full course of the transfer class, they are transferred to the next class, and at the end of a certain stage of education they are allowed to the final certification.

According to a similar scheme (albeit with some peculiarities), professional educational programs are implemented in the form of an external student. For example, the Regulation on external studies in state, municipal higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of October 14, 1997 No. 2033, provides the right to receive higher education in this form to persons with secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education. Admission and enrollment in universities are carried out in a general manner. In addition to a student card and a record book, an external student is issued an attestation plan. It is provided free of charge with exemplary programs of academic disciplines, assignments for control and term papers, and other educational and methodological materials. The current certification of external students includes taking exams and tests in the disciplines provided for by the main educational program in the chosen field of study or specialty; reviewing control and term papers, reports on production and undergraduate practice; acceptance of laboratory, control, term papers and practice reports. The examinations are administered by a commission of three full-time professors or associate professors, appointed by order of the dean of the faculty. The passing of the exam is recorded by the members of the commission. Written responses and other written material accompanying the oral response shall be attached to the minutes. Other types of current certification are carried out orally. The assessment is set in a special attestation sheet, which is signed by the members of the commission and endorsed by the head of the department. Positive assessments are then put down by the chairman of the commission in the record book. The final certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure and provides for the passing of state exams and the defense of a graduation project (work). Certification can be carried out both in one and in several universities.

In the system of vocational education, the right of students to choose individual forms of education may be limited, taking into account the specifics of training in certain specialties. For example, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 1997 No. 463 approved the List of specialties, the receipt of which in part-time (evening) form and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 22, 1997 No. 1473 approved the List of areas of training and specialties for which it is not allowed to receive higher professional education in correspondence form and in the form of external studies. In particular, such lists include some specialties in the field of healthcare, transport operation, construction and architecture, etc.

Educational legislation allows a combination of various forms of education. At the same time, for all its forms, within the framework of a specific basic educational program, there is a single state educational standard.

5. Conclusion.

Thus, education as a system can be considered in three dimensions, which are:

– social scale of consideration, i.e. e. education in the world, country, society, region and organization, state, public and private education, secular and clerical education, etc.;

- the level of education (preschool, school, secondary vocational, higher vocational with different levels, institutions for advanced training, postgraduate, doctoral studies);

- profile of education: general, special, professional, additional.

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student's personality, the development of interest in learning and the student's creative abilities, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only a basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

Types of education in Russia. The new law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is to educate and educate the younger generation, to acquire knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at the professional, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, adolescents, boys and girls. Let's consider this in more detail.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called "types of education in Russia."

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

According to the law, two major levels are distinguished.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist's and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the system of preschool education in Russia

This level is for children up to seven years of age. The basic goal is the overall development, education and upbringing of preschoolers. In addition, it implies the exercise of control and care for them. In Russia, these functions are performed by specialized institutions of preschool education.

These are nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or homes.

About the system of secondary education in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

Primary lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
Basic education lasts from the fifth to the ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out in the main scientific areas. As a result, secondary schools must prepare teenagers for the GIA in certain subjects.

These levels of education at school are compulsory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further, choosing special secondary schools. In this case, it is the guardians or parents who, according to the law, are fully responsible for ensuring that the process of acquiring knowledge is continued, and not interrupted.

Complete education means that the student is in the tenth to eleventh grades for two years. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Examination and further education at the university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since one school is not enough.

More about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Secondary vocational schools are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They train students in selected specialties for two or three, and sometimes four years. In most of the descents, a teenager can enter after the ninth grade. Medical colleges are an exception. They are accepted in the presence of a complete general education.

You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia under the bachelor's program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in the magistracy.

Some universities currently offer a specialist degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher professional education in this system will not exist in the near future.

The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are graduate school (or adjuncture) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can complete an internship assistant program. We are talking about the training of pedagogical and creative figures of the highest qualification.

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

The first is based on interactive television. When it is implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this species is underdeveloped and very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area are demonstrated.
The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, videoconferencing, e-mail, etc.). This is a common and inexpensive form of distance learning.
The third combines the CD (basic electronic textbook) and the global network. Due to the great didactic possibilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. The CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, the presence of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" highlights the creation of favorable conditions for the education of persons with disabilities as one of the priority tasks. And this is reflected not only in the form, but also in the content.

In the law, this system was named "inclusive education". Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, the existence of equal treatment for everyone and the availability of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide professional training for people with disabilities. For its implementation it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

technically equip educational institutions;
develop special training courses for teachers;
create methodological developments for other students aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in educational institutions.

This work has just been developed. Within the next few years, the goal set and the assigned tasks should be fully implemented.

At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are disclosed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.

The concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at educating and educating the future generation. During 2003-2010. the domestic education system has undergone a major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to the specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the education system of the Russian Federation as bachelor's and master's programs were introduced.

In 2012, Russia adopted the law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels of education similar to those of European countries allow free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.

Education: concept, purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of education is to familiarize new members of society with established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

Education of worthy members of society.
Socialization and familiarization of the new generation to the values that have developed in this society.
Ensuring qualified training of young specialists.
Transfer of knowledge related to work, with the help of modern technologies.

An educated person is one who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can think logically at the same time. The main criterion of education can be called the consistency of knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in the ability of a person, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The value of learning in human life

It is with the help of education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact could be the improvement of the education system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state's available labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Education also has a significant impact on the individual. Since in the current situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly interconnected with receiving high-quality training at the highest level.

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

Pre-school education (development centers, kindergartens).
General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
Non-state.
Additional education.

Principles of the education system

The priority of universal human values.
The basis is cultural and national principles.
Scientific.
Orientation to the features and level of education in the world.
humanistic character.
Focus on environmental protection.
Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
Mandatory presence of primary (basic) education.

According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasts from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world around.
Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with obtaining a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire the knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and direction of education is:

General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
Polytechnic. Teaching the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills in the use of simple tools.

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation”. It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of learning by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

Preschool.
Initial.
Main.
The average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

Undergraduate. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue his studies as a specialist or master.
Specialty. This stage includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the term of study is 5 years, and on a correspondence course - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue your studies for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from a master's degree. However, when finding employment abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
Master's degree. This stage produces professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's and a specialist's degree.
Training of highly qualified personnel. Assumes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a PhD degree. Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time - 4. A degree is awarded upon completion of training, defending a dissertation and passing final exams.

According to the new law, the levels of education in the Russian Federation contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they make it possible to continue their education abroad.

Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

in special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, remote forms.
Outside educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. Passage of intermediate and final state attestation is envisaged.

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the education process - the socialization of a person.

The main difference between these two categories is that education is aimed primarily at the development of the intellectual side of a person, while education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. In addition, they complement each other.

Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation, there is no particular improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
The low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.

Problems relating to the management of the education system

Low wages for education workers.
Lack of highly qualified personnel.
Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange best international practices.
Strengthening the orientation of national education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
Promotion of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

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Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

preschool education;
primary general education;
basic general education;
secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

secondary vocational education;
higher education - bachelor's degree;
higher education - specialty, magistracy;
higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Levels of vocational education

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types and types.

Institutions are the main link in the structure of the education system of the Russian Federation. Educational institutions conduct educational work. Briefly, the education system in the Russian Federation is very difficult to describe, since it is diverse and based on different components. Educational institutions and all kinds of training form the Russian system of continuous education, which combines the following types of training:

State;

Optional;

Self-education.

The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and requirements;

2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;

3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising state administration in the field of education, and local governments;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, which ensure the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (continuing education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to the levels of education.

The Russian Federation establishes the following levels of general education:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

The Russian Federation establishes the following levels of vocational education:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, magistracy;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

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The following levels of education are established in the Russian Federation. Distinctive features of the Russian education system

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The education system in the Russian Federation:

1.3 Actual problems in the field of education and ways to overcome them

1.4 Experimental and innovative activities in education

CONCLUSION

Types of education in Russia. The new law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

About the system of preschool education in Russia

About the system of secondary education in the Russian Federation

More about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

The concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

Education: concept, purpose, functions

The value of learning in human life

Principles of the education system

Problems relating to the management of the education system

Trends in the development of education services

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