The most important indicators of agro-climatic resources are. Heat as the main factor

summary of other presentations

"Humanity and Natural Resources" - Problem!!! And this year, Limit Break Day (due in part to the economic crisis) is September 25th. . Evaluation of natural resources can be natural p as a quantitative expression, and value. An important component of the protection of natural resources is the protection of the environment. Poor and resource-rich countries. Natural resources are an important component of the economic potential of any country.

"Natural Resources of the Earth" - Food resources. Green revolutions. Hydroponics. The soil. Excess consumption. farming system. Preservation of fertile soils. Soil ecosystem. Industrial agriculture. Types of agricultural production. means of human existence. Non-renewable resources. White Rhinos. Natural resources of the Earth. Extinction surge. water holding capacity. Corn. Growth in food production.

"Natural resources of the biosphere" - Natural resource potential of Russia. Desertification danger. Reasons for the depletion of natural resources. Categories of minerals. Chernobyl. Ecological consequences of subsoil development. Alternative energy. Disadvantages of HPS. Benefits of using oil. Ways of violation. Scheme of environmental impacts. World reserves of natural gas. The evolution of world energy. Types. The share of hydropower.

"Resources of the natural environment" - Types of natural resources. Chernozems. Natural resources of the world. Water resources of the world. Land Fund. Man. The challenge for world agriculture. Lack of fresh water. Volume of logging. Problem. Agricultural land. Forest resources of the world.

"Assessment of natural conditions and resources" - Natural resources. The share of Russia in the total volume of minerals. The role of the natural environment. Share of Russian exports. natural conditions. Problems of security of the economy. Economic assessment of natural conditions and natural resources. Assessment of natural resources. The most acute problems of resource consumption. Russia's share. Natural classification of natural resources. Mineral resources. Changing the importance of the elements of nature.

"Classification of natural resources" - Mineral resources. Irrational nature management. Forest resources. Bioresources. Provision of water resources. Natural resources. Transformation and movement of resources. Nature management. Adoption of laws aimed at the conservation of biodiversity. Resource cycle diagram. Rational nature management. Resource availability. Classification of natural resources. Alternative energy sources.

Providing the possibility of conducting production: light, heat and moisture. These properties largely determine the placement. The development of plants is favored by sufficient illumination, warm, good moisture.

The distribution of light and heat is determined by the intensity of solar radiation. In addition to the degree of illumination, the placement of plants and their development is affected by the length of daylight hours. Long-day plants - barley, flax, oats - require more continuous light than short-day plants - corn, rice, etc.

The most important factor for plant life is air temperature. The main life processes in plants occur in the range from 5 to 30 °C. The transition of the average daily air through 0 °C with its increase indicates the beginning of spring, with a decrease - the onset of a cold period. The interval between these dates is the warm season. The frost-free period is the period without frost. Vegetation is the period of the year with a stable above 10 ° C. Its duration approximately corresponds to the frost-free period.

Of great importance is the sum of the temperatures of the growing season. It characterizes the heat resources for agricultural crops. In the conditions of Russia, this indicator in the main is in the range of 1400-3000 ° C.

An important condition for plant growth is sufficient moisture. The accumulation of moisture depends mainly on the amount of precipitation and its distribution throughout the year. from November to March in most parts of the country fall in the form of snow. Their accumulation creates a snow cover on the soil surface. It provides a reserve of moisture for the development of plants, protects the soil from freezing.

The best combination was formed in the Central Black Earth, North and partly in the Volga economic regions. Here, the sum of the temperatures of the growing season is 2200-3400 °C, which makes it possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

In the main territory of the country, the sum of temperatures from 1000 to 2000 ° C prevails, which by world standards is considered below the level of profitability. This applies primarily to Siberia and: here the sum of temperatures over most of the territory ranges from 800 to 1500 ° C, which almost completely excludes the possibility of cultivating crops. If the isoline of the sums of temperatures of 2000 ° C in the European territory of the country passes along the line Smolensk - Moscow - Ufa, then it descends to the south - to Kurgan, and Barnaul, and then appears only in the south of the Far East, in a small territory of the Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous region and Primorsky Krai.

The rational organization of agricultural production as the main condition for solving the aggravating food problem in the world is impossible without due consideration of the climatic resources of the area. Climate elements such as heat, moisture, light and air, along with nutrients supplied from the soil, are a prerequisite for plant life and, ultimately, the creation of agricultural products. Agro-climatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to agricultural reserves. Air, light, heat, moisture and nutrients are called life factors of living organisms. Their totality determines the possibility of vegetation of plant or animal organisms. The absence of at least one of the factors of life (even in the presence of optimal options for all others) leads to their death.

Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, winds, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, the vegetation of plants is weakened or intensified (for example, with a strong wind, transpiration increases and the need for plants in water increases, etc.). Environmental factors become decisive if they reach a high intensity and pose a threat to plant life (for example, frost during flowering). In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. These representations are used to identify the so-called limiting factors in specific areas.

Air. The air environment is characterized by the constancy of the gas composition. The specific gravity of the components of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases varies little spatially, so they are not taken into account when zoning. Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are especially important for the life of living organisms.

Light. The factor that determines the energy basis of the entire variety of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light in plant organisms does the most important physiological process, photosynthesis, arise and develop.

The part of the solar spectrum directly involved in photosynthesis is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The organic matter created due to the absorption of PAR during photosynthesis makes up 90-95% of the dry mass of the crop, and the remaining 5-10% is formed due to mineral soil nutrition, which is also carried out only simultaneously with photosynthesis.

When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warmly. Each plant requires a certain minimum maximum of heat to develop. The amount of heat required by plants to complete the growing cycle is called the biological sum of temperatures. It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of the average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant's growing season. The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level that limits the active development of crops, is called the biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is +5 0 С. for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) +15 0 С.

To account for the thermal resources of the territory, the sum of active temperatures is used. This indicator was proposed in the 19th century. French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G.T. Selyaninov in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: +5 0 С, +10 0 С. are two indicators: the sum of biological temperatures, which expresses the plant's need for warmth, and the sum of active temperatures that accumulate in a given area. The first value must always be less than the second.

A feature of plants of the temperate zone (cryophiles) is the passage of a phase of winter dormancy, during which the plants need a certain thermal regime of air and soil layer. Deviations from the required temperature interval are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death. The agro-climatic assessment of wintering conditions is understood as taking into account adverse meteorological and weather phenomena in the cold season: sharp frosts, deep thaws, causing soaking of crops; a powerful snow cover, under which seedlings ripen; ice, ice crust on the stems, etc. Both the intensity and the duration of the observed phenomena are taken into account.

Moisture. Moisture is the most important factor in plant life. In all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, transports nutrients. During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb huge volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter.

Based on the analysis of factors, a comprehensive agro-climatic zoning of the area is carried out.

Agro-climatic zoning is the subdivision of a territory (at any level) into regions that differ in terms of growth, development, overwintering and production of cultivated plants in general.

When classifying agro-climatic resources of the world at the first level, differentiation of the territory is carried out according to the degree of heat supply, in other words, according to macro-differences in thermal resources. On this basis, thermal belts and subbelts are distinguished; the boundaries between them are drawn conditionally - along the isolines of certain values of the sums of active temperatures above +10 0 С.

Cold belt. The sums of active temperatures do not exceed 1000 0 C. These are very small reserves of heat, the growing season lasts less than two months. Since temperatures often drop below freezing during this time, open field farming is not possible. The cold belt occupies vast areas in northern Eurasia, Canada and Alaska.

Cool belt. Heat supply increases from 1000 0 С in the north to 2000 С in the south. The cool belt extends as a fairly wide strip south of the cold belt in Eurasia and North America and forms a narrow zone in the south of the Andes in South America. Insufficient heat resources limit the range of crops that can grow in these areas: these are mainly early maturing, heat-undemanding plants that can tolerate short-term frosts, but are photophilous (long-day plants). These are gray bread, vegetables, some root crops, early potatoes, special polar types of wheat. Agriculture is focal in nature, concentrating in the warmest habitats. The general lack of heat and (most importantly) the danger of late spring and early autumn frosts reduces the possibilities of crop production. Arable lands in the cool zone occupy only 5-8% of the total land area.

Temperate zone. Heat supply is at least 2000 0 С in the north of the belt up to 4000 0 С in the southern regions. The temperate zone occupies vast territories in Eurasia and North America: it includes all of foreign Europe (without the southern peninsulas), most of the Russian Plain, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northeastern China, southern regions of Canada and northern areas of the USA. On the southern continents, the temperate zone is represented locally: it is Patagonia in Argentina and a narrow strip of the Chilean Pacific coast in South America, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand.

In the temperate zone, differences in the seasons of the year are pronounced: there is one warm season, when the vegetation of plants occurs, and one period of winter dormancy. The vegetation period is 60 days in the north and about 200 days in the south. The average temperature of the warmest month is not lower than +15 0 C, winters can be both very severe and mild, depending on the degree of continentality of the climate. The thickness of the snow cover and the type of overwintering of cultivated plants vary in a similar way. The temperate zone is a zone of mass farming; arable lands occupy almost all the spaces suitable for the conditions of the relief. The range of cultivated crops is much wider, all of them are adapted to the thermal regime of the temperate zone: annual crops quite quickly complete their growing cycle (in two or three summer months), and perennial or winter species necessarily go through the vernalization or vernalization phase, i.e. winter dormancy period. These plants are classified as a special group of cryophilic crops. These include the main grain cereals - wheat, barley, rye, oats, flax, vegetables, root crops. There are large differences between the northern and southern regions of the temperate zone in the total heat reserves and in the duration of the growing season, which makes it possible to distinguish two subbelts within the zone:

Typically temperate, with thermal resources from 2000 0 C to 3000 0 C. Mostly long-day plants grow here, early maturing, little demanding on heat (rye, barley, oats, wheat, vegetables, potatoes, grass mixtures, etc.). It is in this subbelt that it is high for winter crops in crops.

Warm-temperate zone, with sums of active temperatures from 3000 0 С to 4000 0 С. corn, rice, sunflower, vine, many fruit and fruit tree crops successfully vegetate here. It becomes possible to use intermediate crops in crop rotations.

Warm (or subtropical) zone. The sums of active temperatures range from 4000 0 С on the northern border to 8000 0 С on the southern one. Territories with such heat supply are widely represented on all continents: the Eurasian Mediterranean, South China, the predominant part of the United States and Mexico, Argentina and Chile, the south of the African continent, the southern half of Australia.

Heat resources are very significant, however, in winter, average temperatures (although positive) do not rise above +10 0 C, which means the suspension of vegetation for many overwintering crops. The snow cover is extremely unstable, zones are observed in the southern half of the belt, snow may not fall at all.

Due to the abundance of heat, the range of cultivated crops is greatly expanded due to the introduction of subtropical heat-loving species, and it is possible to cultivate two crops per year: annual crops of the temperate zone in the cold season and perennial, but cryophilic species of the subtropics (mulberry, tea bush, citrus, olive, walnut, grapes, etc.). Annuals of tropical origin appear in the south, requiring large sums of temperatures and not tolerating frosts (cotton, etc.)

Differences (mainly) in the mode of the winter season (presence or absence of vegetative winters) make it possible to subdivide the territories of the warm belt into two sub-belts with their own specific sets of crops: moderately warm with sums of active temperatures from 4000 0 С to 6000 0 С and with cool winters and typical a warm subbelt with a heat supply of about 6000-8000 0 С, with predominantly vegetative winters (average January temperatures are above +10 0 С).

Hot belt. Heat reserves are practically unlimited; they everywhere exceed 8000 0 C. The territorially hot zone occupies the most extensive land areas of the globe. It includes the predominant part of Africa, most of South America, Central America, all of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and the northern half of Australia. In the hot zone, heat ceases to play the role of a limiting factor in the placement of crops. Vegetation lasts all year round, the average temperature of the coldest month does not fall below +15 0 С. etc.) The high intensity of direct solar radiation is detrimental to many cultivated plants, so they are grown in special multi-tiered agrocenoses, under the shade of specially left single specimens of tall trees. The absence of a cold season prevents the successful vegetation of cryogenic crops; therefore, plants of the temperate zone can grow only in high-mountainous regions, i.e. practically outside the boundaries of the hot zone.

At the second level of agro-climatic zoning of the world, thermal belts and sub-belts are subdivided on the basis of differences in annual moisture regimes.

In total, 16 areas were identified with different values of the moisture coefficient of the growing season:

1. Excessive moisture of the growing season.
2. Sufficient moisture during the growing season.
3. Dry growing season.
4. Dry growing season (more than 70% chance of droughts)
5. Dry throughout the year (the amount of annual precipitation is less than 150 mm. HTC for the growing season is less than 0.3).
6. Sufficient moisture throughout the year.
7. Sufficient or excessive moisture in summer, dry winter and spring (monsoon type of climate).
8. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate).
9. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate).
10. Insufficient moisture in winter, dry and dry summer.
11. Excessive moisture most of the year with 2-5 dry or dry months.
12. Dry most of the year with sufficient moisture for 2-4 months.
13. Dry most of the year with excessive moisture for 2-5 months.
14. Two periods of excessive moisture with two dry or dry periods.
15. Excessive moisture throughout the year.
16. The temperature of the warmest month is below 10 0 C (no assessment of moisture conditions is given).

In addition to the main indicators, the classifications also take into account the most important agro-climatic phenomena of a regional nature (wintering conditions for cryophilic crops, the frequency of occurrence of adverse events - droughts, hailstorms, floods, etc.)

Agro-climatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to the needs of agriculture. Air, light, heat, moisture and nutrients are called life factors of living organisms. Their combination determines the possibility of vegetation of plant or animal organisms. The absence of at least one of the factors of life (even in the presence of optimal options for all others) leads to their death. Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, winds, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or intensified (for example, with a strong wind, transpiration increases and the need for plants in water increases, etc.).

Light. The factor that determines the energy basis of the entire variety of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light in plant organisms arises and develops the most important physiological process - photosynthesis. When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warmly. Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required by plants to complete the growing cycle is called the biological sum of temperatures. It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of the average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the growing season of the plant. The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level that limits the active development of crops, is called the biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is + 5 ° С, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflower, sugar beet, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone + 10 ° С, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) +15°С.

Moisture. Moisture is the most important factor in plant life. In all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, transports nutrients. During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb huge volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter (B. G. Rozanov, 1984).

Agro-climatic zoning is the subdivision of a territory (at any level) into regions that differ in terms of growth, development, overwintering and production. whole cultivated plants.

1. Division according to the degree of heat supply.

Cold belt. The sums of active temperatures do not exceed 1000°. These are very small heat reserves, the growing season lasts less than two months. Since temperatures often drop below freezing during this time, open field farming is not possible. The cold belt occupies vast areas in northern Eurasia, Canada and Alaska.

Cool belt. Heat supply increases from 1000° in the north to 2000° in the south. The cool belt extends as a fairly wide strip south of the cold belt in Eurasia and North America and forms a narrow zone in the south of the Andes in South America. Agriculture is focal in nature, concentrating in the warmest habitats.

Temperate zone. The heat supply is at least 2000° in the north of the belt and up to 4000° in the southern regions. The temperate zone occupies vast territories in Eurasia and North America: it includes all of foreign Europe (without the southern peninsulas), most of the Russian Plain, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northeastern China, southern regions of Canada and northern areas of the USA. On the southern continents, the temperate zone is represented locally: it is Patagonia in Argentina and a narrow strip of the Chilean Pacific coast in South America, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand. The vegetation period is 60 days in the north and about 200 days in the south.

Warm (or subtropical) zone. The sums of active temperatures range from 4000° on the northern border to 8000° on the southern. Territories with such heat supply are widely represented on all continents: the Eurasian Mediterranean, the predominant part of the United States and Mexico, Argentina and Chile, the south of the African continent, the southern half of Australia, and southern China.

Hot belt. Heat reserves are practically unlimited; they everywhere exceed 8,000°, sometimes over 10,000°. The territorially hot zone occupies the most extensive expanses of land on the globe. It includes the predominant part of Africa, most of South America, Central America, all of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and the northern half of Australia. In the hot zone, heat ceases to play the role of a limiting factor in the placement of crops. Vegetation lasts all year round, the average temperature of the coldest month does not fall below +15°С

2. Division based on differences in annual moisture regimes.

In total, 16 areas were identified with different values of the moisture coefficient of the growing season:

1. Excessive moisture during the growing season;
2. Sufficient moisture during the growing season;
3. Dry growing season;
4. Dry growing season (more than 70% chance of droughts);
5. Dry throughout the year (the amount of annual precipitation is less than 150 mm. HTC for the growing season is less than 0.3);
6. Sufficient moisture throughout the year;
7. Sufficient or excessive moisture in summer, dry winter and spring (monsoon type of climate);
8. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean type of climate);
9. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer
(Mediterranean type of climate)
10. Insufficient moisture in winter, dry and dry summer;
11. Excessive moisture most of the year with 2-5 dry or dry months;
12. Dry most of the year with sufficient moisture for 2-4 months;
13. Dry most of the year with excessive moisture for 2-5 months;
14. Two periods of excessive moisture with two dry or dry periods;
15. Excessive moisture throughout the year;
16. The temperature of the warmest month is below 10 C (no assessment of moisture conditions is given).

Table 5

Composition of agricultural land

All agricultural land, million ha	Of these, as a percentage
	other agricultural land



United Kingdom
Germany





Bangladesh

Indonesia

Kazakhstan

Pakistan

Turkmenistan








Tanzania


Argentina
Brazil



Australia

Compiled according to: Russia and countries of the world, 2006: stat. Sat / Rosstat.-M., 2006. -S.201-202.

Education

Agro-climatic conditions in each country can be rich or poor. Or a country may have different zones where there is both a high level of resources and their almost complete absence.

As a rule, a high diversity of agro-climatic resources is observed in countries occupying a large area. Among them are the following states: Russia, China, India, Australia, USA, Canada, Brazil and Mexico. In order to fully present the overall picture, it is necessary to understand what agro-climatic resources are and what their presence affects.

What are agro-climatic resources?

Agro-climatic resources are the formed climate conditions in a certain territorial unit that determine this or that agricultural activity.

Agro-climatic resources of the world are usually assessed as favorable and unfavorable.

In order to understand how the possibility of agricultural activity is assessed, it will be necessary to understand in detail what agro-climatic resources are and what factors affect their indicator.

Agro-climatic resources of a certain region are determined by the ratio of light, heat and moisture. This indicator determines the number of crops that can be grown in a given area. They are distinguished by zones of temperature, moisture and light. There are countries with both homogeneous natural conditions and with a great variety of them.

Russia is a country that is located in different climatic zones with different intensity of solar energy. This factor makes it possible to grow a wide range of crops with different requirements for light, heat and moisture.

Of all the factors, the plant reacts most strongly to air temperature. The main processes take place in the range of 5-30 degrees Celsius. Deviation from this range leads to inhibition of growth and processes. With a strong deviation from the norm, the plant dies.

Temperatures above +10 degrees are considered the lower limit of effective plant vegetation. To obtain a crop of a particular crop, the plant must "accumulate" the total number of positive temperatures above ten degrees. Each culture has its own indicator, respectively, and its own requirements for conditions.

Agro-climatic zones of Russia

The agro-climatic resources of Russia in the northern regions have increased moisture and a lack of heat and light. In such conditions, only focal agriculture and greenhouse management are possible.

In the northern part of the temperate zone in the taiga subzone, the climate is somewhat milder. Potatoes, rye, barley and legumes can be grown in this region.

Somewhat to the south, in the zone of mixed forests and forest-steppe, the climate is warmer and the day length is longer. In this agro-climatic zone, you can grow rye, wheat, corn, flax, hemp, sugar beet, as well as cultivate grapes and garden.

The best combination of agro-climatic resources was formed on the territory of the Central Chernozem region, the North Caucasus and part of the Volga region.
The total temperature of the growing season is 2200-3400 degrees Celsius. Under such conditions, it is possible to grow winter and spring wheat, corn, soybeans, sunflowers, vegetables and fruits.

In most of the country, the sum of temperatures during the growing season is in the range of 1000-2000 degrees Celsius. What are agro-climatic resources and what role do they play in the formation and activity of agriculture in this case? The answer is obvious. Based on world experience and economic efficiency, such conditions do not contribute to the ability to compete and have a profitable production.

As a rule, in developed countries such zones of agriculture are subsidized by the state. The profitability of the agricultural sector directly depends on this indicator.

Agro-climatic conditions of the Asian region

The territory of Asia includes more than forty countries. About four billion people live in this part of the planet. Nutrition of the population directly depends on the agricultural activities of countries, which is determined and limited by certain climatic conditions.

The agro-climatic resources of Asia are characterized by a high amount of heat. However, the amount of moisture in most of it is small, and in some regions it is excessive.

The following countries have optimal conditions for agricultural activities: Bangladesh (about 70% of the area is plowed), India (166 million hectares), China (93 million hectares).
In the rest of Asia, focal agriculture is carried out, or crops are grown only in the waterlogged growing zone.

In the main part of Asia there are vast areas of mountain ranges, deserts and semi-deserts.
Despite the fact that seventy percent of irrigated land is in Asia, it is sorely lacking. The reason is the rapidly growing population and soil erosion.

Agro-climatic conditions of Kazakhstan

As for the former CIS countries located in Asia, Kazakhstan occupies the largest territory. The geographical location of the country corresponds to the states located in the Mediterranean region with a humid subtropical climate.

However, the agro-climatic resources of Kazakhstan are much lower. Its climate is sharply continental. This is explained by the fact that the territory of the country is located more than a thousand kilometers from the seas and oceans. Therefore, throughout the country dry summers with low rainfall. In winter, Siberian cold frosts prevail.

The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the highlands of Altai.
Cotton, wheat, tobacco, fruits and gourds are grown on the territory of irrigation and maximum rainfall.

Conclusion

The agro-climatic resources of each country determine its agricultural activities and the life of the population. If the conditions are favorable, the country is able to provide food for its citizens and not be dependent on foreign policy.

When agro-climatic resources are scarce, then, as a rule, the population of the country is starving, and the state is dependent on the external market for products. Many countries in Africa and Asia can serve as an example.

Comments

Agro-climatic resources - what is it?

Agro-climatic resources - it is a property of the climate that provides opportunities for agricultural production. The most important indicator of agro-climatic resources are: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above 10 degrees; sum of temperatures for this period; moisture coefficient; thickness and duration of snow cover.

Since the climate of our country is very diverse, different parts of it have different agro-climatic “opportunities”.

In the Far North, where there is little heat and excessive moisture, only focal agriculture or greenhouse-hothouse farming is possible.

Within the taiga zone of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga - the sum of active temperatures is from 1000 to 1600 degrees, here you can grow rye, barley, flax, and vegetables.

In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes, moisture is sufficient, and the sum of active temperatures is 1600-2200 degrees, favorable conditions are formed here for growing rye, wheat, buckwheat, vegetables, sugar beets, and various fodder crops.

But the most favorable agro-climatic conditions are in the south-east of the Russian Plain, in the south of Western Siberia and Ciscaucasia, here the sum of temperatures already reaches up to 3400 degrees, and it is possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

Agro-climatic resources of Russia

Agro-climatic resources - climate properties that provide the possibility of agricultural production: light, heat and moisture. These properties largely determine the location of crop production. The development of plants is favored by sufficient illumination, warm weather, good moisture.

The distribution of light and heat is determined by the intensity of solar radiation.

In addition to the degree of illumination, the placement of plants and their development is affected by the length of daylight hours. Long-day plants - barley, flax, oats - require more continuous light than short-day plants - corn, rice, etc.

The most important factor for plant life is air temperature. The main life processes in plants occur in the range from 5 to 30 °C. The transition of the average daily air temperature through 0 °C with its increase indicates the beginning of spring, with a decrease - the onset of a cold period.

The interval between these dates is the warm period of the year. The frost-free period is the period without frost.

Agro-climatic resources of Russia

The growing season is the period of the year with a stable air temperature above 10 ° C. Its duration approximately corresponds to the frost-free period.

An important condition for plant growth is a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil.

The accumulation of moisture depends mainly on the amount of precipitation and its distribution throughout the year. Precipitation from November to March in most parts of the country falls in the form of snow. Their accumulation creates a snow cover on the soil surface. It provides a reserve of moisture for the development of plants, protects the soil from freezing.

The best combination of agro-climatic resources was formed in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and partly in the Volga region economic regions.

Here, the sum of the temperatures of the growing season is 2200-3400 °C, which makes it possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

In the main territory of the country, the sum of temperatures from 1000 to 2000 ° C prevails, which by world standards is considered below the level of profitable agriculture.

This applies primarily to Siberia and the Far East: here the sum of temperatures over most of the territory ranges from 800 to 1500 ° C, which almost completely excludes the possibility of cultivating crops. If the isoline of the sums of temperatures of 2000 ° C in the European territory of the country passes along the line Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Ufa, then in Western Siberia it descends to the south - to Kurgan, Omsk and Barnaul, and then appears only in the south of the Far East, in a small area Amur Region, Jewish Autonomous Region and Primorsky Territory.

Agro-climatic resources of Russia wikipedia
Site search:

AGROCLIMATE RESOURCES

The rational organization of agricultural production as the main condition for solving the aggravation of the food problem in the world is impossible without proper consideration of the climate of this region. Climate elements such as heat, humidity, light and air, together with nutrients supplied from the earth, are an indispensable condition for plant life and the ultimate creation of agricultural products.

Therefore, agro-climatic sources are understood as climatic resources in accordance with the requirements of agriculture.

Various climatic phenomena (storms, clouds, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) They also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors.

Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or strengthened (for example, in the case of strong wind, the flow increases and the need for plants in water increases, etc.). Environmental factors become critical if they reach a high intensity and pose a threat to plant life (for example, flowering).

In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. Another correctness is established: the existence of an organism determines the smallest factor (Liebig's rule). These presentations are used to identify so-called limiting factors in specific areas.

air.

The air environment is characterized by a constant gas composition. The specific gravity of the components of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases varies spatially, so they are not taken into account when zoning. Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are especially important for the life of living organisms.

light. The factor that determines the energy basis of the whole variety of plant life (their germination of flowering, fruits, etc.) is a particularly light part of the solar spectrum.

Only in the presence of light in plant organisms, photosynthesis is the most important physiological process.

When evaluating light sources, the intensity and duration of exposure (photoperiodism) are taken into account.

heat. Each plant needs a certain minimum and maximum heating to develop. The amount of heat needed to complete the vegetation cycle is summed up biological sum of temperatures . It is calculated by the arithmetic sum of the average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of vegetation.

The temperature limit of the beginning and end of vegetation or a critical level that limits the active development of a crop, biological zero or smallest. For different ecological groups of cultures, biological nonsense is not the same thing. For example, for most plants in the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.), it is + 5 ° C, corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflowers, sugar beet, fruit shrubs and forest temperate zone + 10 ° C subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) + 15 ° C

To calculate the thermal resources in the territory, sum of active temperatures . This figure was proposed in the nineteenth century.

French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and updated by the Soviet scientist G. G. Selyanin in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of the average daily temperature during the period when the temperature exceeds a certain temperature level: +5 + 10C.

To conclude Opportunities for crop growth in the study area, it is necessary to compare two indicators: the sum of biological temperatures, which reflect the need for heat recovery, and the sum of active temperatures accumulating at a certain point. The first value must always be less than the other.

The specificity of plants of the temperate zone (cryophiles) - their passage winter rest phase, in which plants need a certain thermal regime of the layer of air and soil.

Deviations from the required temperature range are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often cause death.

In the context of agro-climatic conditions, estimates of wintering take into account adverse climatic conditions and weather conditions during the cold season: sudden frosts, deep defrosting, causing saturation of crops; heavy snow cover under which they accumulate; ice, ice crust on stems, etc.

The intensity and duration of the observed phenomena are taken into account.

As an indicator of the severity of hibernation on plants, in particular trees and shrubs, average absolute annual minimum air temperature.

humidity. Humidity is the most important factor in plant life.

During all life periods, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the formation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis. Provides ter-vegetation of the plant organism, transporting food elements. During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb a huge amount of water. Often from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed per unit of dry matter.

The theoretical and practical complexity of the plant availability problem has led to the creation of various methods and methods for calculating parameters.

In Soviet agroclimatology, several wetting parameters have been developed and applied (N. Ivanov, S.T. Selyaninova, D.I. Shashko, M.I. Budyko, Sapozhnikova S.A., etc.), as well as optimal formulas for water consumption (V. AND.

Agro-climatic sources.

Sharova, A. M. Alpatiev). Very often used hydrothermal coefficient (GTC) - the ratio of precipitation for a given period (month, growing season, year) to the sum of active temperatures for the same period of time, proposed in 1939

G.T. Selyaninov. Its application is based on a well-known hypothesis, empirically substantiated: the sum of active temperatures, reduced by 10 times, is approximately equal to the value of volatility. Therefore, SCC reflects the ratio of inlet and evaporative moisture.

Assessment of the presence of water in the territory for crop production is based on the following interpretation of SCC values: less than 0.3 - very dry, 0.3-0.5 - dry, 0.5-0.7 - semi-solid from 0.7 to 1.0 - insufficient wetting, 1, 0 - bonding equality and flow rate from 1.0 to 1.5, sufficient moisture, 1.5 - excessive moisture (agro-climatic atlas of the world, 1972, p.

In foreign literature on food and climate, many indicators of territory humidity are also used - Thornthwaite indices K., E. De Marton, G. Walter L. Emberge, V. Lauer, A. V. Penk, Mormant J. and J. Kessler, X Gossen, F. Banyulya and others. All of them are usually calculated empirically, so they only apply to limited parts of the area.

discipline: Economic geography and reginalistics

Completed:

2nd year students

groups 6-12TD2/8

Queen I.

Nezhdanova A.

Arzamas 2009

1. Features of the economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth economic region.

The Central Black Earth economic region includes:

Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions with an area of 167.7 thousand km2 (1% of the entire territory of Russia) and the population living in them as of 09.10.2002

7,517,456 people (5.3% of the total population of Russia). According to the number of inhabitants, the cities (thousands) are distinguished: Voronezh (903), Lipetsk (375), Kursk (373), Tambov (265), Belgorod (227), Yelets (113) and Michurinsk (102).

The Central Black Earth economic region occupies a central position in the black earth belt of the Russian Plain and borders on the leading industrial region of the country - Central, and is also conveniently located in relation to the fuel and energy bases of the Volga region, the North Caucasus and Ukraine.

The territory of the TsChER is located on the watershed, along the upper reaches of the Oka, Don and Seima rivers (a tributary of the Desna, on which Kursk stands). The western part of the district (Orel, Kursk and Belgorod regions) is located on the Central Russian Upland, the middle part (Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk regions) is on the Oka-Don lowland.

A feature of the modern relief is a lot of ravines, the development of which was facilitated by both natural factors (hilly, easily eroded soils) and socio-economic factors (excessive deforestation, plowing of meadows).

Using the advantages of its geographical position between the most important economic regions of the country, as well as large natural and human resources, the Chernozem Center is a highly developed industrial and agricultural region.

In the inter-district territorial division of social labor in the Central

The Chernozem region is distinguished by the production of products of the iron ore and metallurgical complex, related engineering, chemical and food industries.

In the formation of the economic complex of the Central

In the Chernozem economic region, an important role is played by the presence of the richest reserves of iron ore, massive fertile black earth lands, combined with favorable agro-climatic conditions and a convenient economic and geographical position.

The natural conditions of the region are characterized by moderate continentality.

3.4. Agro-climatic, resources

Despite the aridity, the conditions are favorable for agriculture.

In agriculture, the sectors of market specialization are the production of grain, sugar beet, sunflower, essential oil crops, fruits, berries, milk and meat.

Having 1% of the territory of Russia and 5.3% of the population, the district produces 49.3% of marketable iron ore, 17.2% of pig iron, 18.8% of steel, 19.4% of finished rolled ferrous metals, 2.2% of forging and pressing machines, 12.4% cement, 25.2% vegetable oil and 35.4% granulated sugar.

The Central Chernozemny region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in terms of the density of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average for Russia.

The Central Black Earth region has developed economic ties with
Central, Ural, West Siberian and Volga regions of Russia and with
Ukraine. Iron ore, mineral construction materials, ferrous metals, bread, and sugar are exported from the region. Since the region's economy is experiencing a shortage of energy and technological fuels, the import of coal, coke, oil and oil products predominates, and large volumes of mineral construction cargo, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, etc. are also imported.

Natural resource potential of the Central Black Earth region.

The main natural wealth of the region is the iron ore of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which occurs on its territory in two bands: Orel - Shchigry - Stary Oskol - Valuyki (Oryol and Tula region) with a width of 1 to 25 km and Lgov-Belgorod (Kursk and Belgorod region) with a width of 2 to 40 km with seam thickness of 70-350 meters.

Two main types of ores are developed: poor, but largely economically enriched, with an iron content of 36% and rich, the iron content, in which is over 60% with a small amount of sulfur and phosphorus. Poor ores are represented by ferruginous quartzites, their occurrence depth is from several meters to 700 m (southwestern part of the Kursk magnetic anomaly).

Rich ores belong to magnetite, hematite and martite species and are located in the Belgorod region. Currently, the most famous deposits in the Belgorod region are: Yakovlevskoye, Gostishchevskoye, Saltykovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Pogrometskoye, Chernyanskoye; in the Kursk region - Mikhailovskoye, Kurbakinskoye and Dichnyansko-Reutetskoye. The shallow occurrence of ores (at a depth of 35-40 to 400-500 meters) and deeper allows them to be mined in open pits with significantly lower capital and current costs of labor and funds.

Mine mining of ores at depth is complicated here by the abundant water saturation of underground horizons. The construction of underground mines is carried out with the help of special refrigeration units for freezing rocks during the sinking of mine shafts.

The high quality of rich ores at depth can not only compensate for the costs of this equipment, but also ensure the high efficiency of the KMA mining industry. In addition to the high iron content, these ores contain only tenths of a percent of sulfur and hundredths of a phosphorus.

The region also has large reserves of non-metallic minerals: granites, refractory clays, chalk, marls, dolomites; there are reserves of copper-nickel ores and bauxites.

In the iron ore deposits of the Belgorod region, industrial bauxite deposits have been discovered - the Vislovskoye deposit, but due to the great depth of occurrence and difficult hydrogeological conditions, it has not yet been exploited.

Copper-nickel deposits of the Voronezh region form the third most important (after Norilsk and Kola) copper-nickel province of the Russian Federation.

In addition, there are deposits of cement raw materials, refractory clay, sand, and building stone in the region. The most famous are the Latnenskoye deposit of refractory clays and the Pavlovskoye deposit of building materials.

In the Kursk region there are deposits of peat, phosphorites, building materials.

The Lipetsk region has deposits of building materials and dolomites. The most famous are deposits of building materials, such as Studenovskoye, Sokolsko-Sitovskoye, and dolomites - Dankovskoye.

The Tambov region has stocks of building materials, phosphorites, mineral paints, peat; the most famous sand deposits are Tambov and Polkovskoe.

The Central Black Earth region is acutely deficient in terms of fuel and energy resources and uses almost entirely imported fuel.

The climate of the region is moderately continental, in a given part it is quite humid, in the southeast it is drier, droughts are not uncommon.

The average temperature in July is +(19-20) 0С, in January - (9-11) 0С. The amount of annual precipitation is 400-500 mm per year. The duration of the growing season with temperatures above 50C - 175-200 days, with temperatures above 100C - 140-170 days. The hydrographic network is poor. The only major river is the Don with its tributaries the Voronezh and the Northern Donets. The Don is navigable only in the lower reaches of Pavlovsk. The remaining rivers are shallow, their main use is water supply for the population and industrial enterprises.

Currently, there is a tense water management balance in large cities.

Soils are the most valuable wealth of the region: only in the west of the Kursk and in the north of the Tambov regions gray forest and podzolic soils are common, throughout the rest of the territory - various types of chernozem with a humus content of 4-6 to 10-12% with a horizon thickness of up to 120 in some areas. - 130 cm. These are the most fertile soils. Chernozems here were formed on loose soils of sandy loams, so they are easily amenable to water erosion, leading to the formation of ravines.

In some regions, up to 60% of the land is subject to erosion, so the fight against ravines is the most important task of the farmers of the region. The real means of this struggle was the special processing of fields and artificial forest plantations, which make up about half of the forested area of the region. The average forest cover in the region is 8%. Industrial logging is prohibited almost everywhere. Forest resources are mainly of soil protection and recreational importance.

The industrial exploitation of forests does not play any significant role in providing the region with commercial timber. The timber and woodworking industries use imported raw materials; furniture, lumber, chipboard, and plywood are produced in the region. The industry's products meet the region's internal needs for consumer goods.

3. POPULATION AND LABOR.

Population of C.Ch.E.R. is 7.9 million people, or 5.3% of the population of the Russian Federation.

61.6% of the population lives in cities, 38.4% of the population lives in rural areas. In terms of population density (47.0 people per km2), the region occupies one of the leading places in Russia. In connection with the intensive development of the iron ore and metallurgical complex in the region, as well as the fact that for a long time the region supplied labor reserves to other regions of the country, in the C.Ch.E.R. the age and sex structure was disturbed, which led to a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the death rate of the population.

As a result, in the region, one of the first in Russia, a natural population decline began. In subsequent years, the situation improved somewhat due to a slight increase in the birth rate in 1985-1987. and at the expense of emigrants from areas of interethnic conflicts and the Russian-speaking population from neighboring countries, but continues to be critical.

The number of labor resources tends to decrease and the area from the category of labor surplus, perhaps, will move to the category of labor shortage.

Pages: next →

12See all

Composition and economic and geographical position Central federal district

Abstract >> Geography

Federation includes 2 economic district: Central which includes: Bryansk ... migrants from other economic districts. Centraldistrict south of Moscow ... differentiated. County South ( Central—Chernozemnydistrict) specializes in mining, …
Central federal district (3)

Test work >> Geography

territorially differentiated. County South ( Central—Chernozemnydistrict) specializes in mining, metallurgical, ... productive forces Centraldistrict". Journal "Economist" No. 7. Moscow, 2002. Ryazantsev S.N. Centraldistrict. Economic-…
Development and placement of leading industries Central federal district (4)

Abstract >> Geography

… share of migrants from other economic districts. Centraldistrict south of Moscow - one of ... the district is territorially differentiated. County South ( Central—Chernozemnydistrict) specializes in mining, metallurgical, food…
Features of the placement of the population of Russia

Abstract >> Marketing

… in the Western zone are Central—Chernozemny and North Caucasian areas.

The main feature of the Eastern zone ... the population is observed only in Central, North Caucasian areas and the Kaliningrad region.

Central—Chernozemnydistrict close to it...
Forest industry in Russia

Abstract >> Geography

… factor lumbering is located in Central, Central—Chernozem and Volga areas.

The consumer factor is the leading one in the North-West, Ural, Central, Central—Chernozemareas and the Volga region.

In a number of forest areas districts, especially in Siberia, ...

I want more like this...

AGROCLIMATE RESOURCES

Climate elements such as heat, moisture, light and air, along with nutrients supplied from the soil, are a prerequisite for plant life and, ultimately, for the creation of agricultural products. Therefore, agro-climatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to the needs of agriculture.

Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors.

Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or intensified (for example, with a strong wind, transpiration increases and the need for plants in water increases, etc.). Environmental factors become decisive if they reach a high intensity and pose a threat to plant life (for example, frost during flowering). In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. Another regularity has been established: the existence of an organism is determined by the factor that is at a minimum (the rule of Yu.

Liebig). These representations are used to identify the so-called limiting factors in specific areas.

Air. The air environment is characterized by the constancy of the gas composition. The specific gravity of the components of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases varies little spatially, and therefore they are not taken into account when zoning.

Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are especially important for the life of living organisms.

Light. The factor determining the energy basis of the entire variety of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light in plant organisms arises and develops the most important physiological process is photosynthesis.

When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warmly.

Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required to complete the growing cycle is called biological sum of temperatures . It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of the average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant's growing season. The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level that limits the active development of culture, is called biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same.

For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is + 5 ° С, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflower, sugar beet, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone + 10 ° С, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) + 15°С.

To account for the thermal resources of the territory, we use sum of active temperatures . This indicator was proposed in the nineteenth century.

French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G. G. Selyaninov in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: +5, +10C.

To conclude about opportunities for crop growth in the study area, it is necessary to compare two indicators with each other: the sum of biological temperatures, which expresses the plant's need for warmth, and the sum of active temperatures that accumulate in a given area. The first value must always be less than the second.

A feature of plants in the temperate zone (cryophiles) is their passage winter dormancy phases, during which plants need a certain thermal regime of air and soil layer.

Deviations from the required temperature interval are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death.

Under the agro-climatic assessment of wintering conditions is meant taking into account adverse meteorological and weather phenomena in the cold season: sharp frosts, deep thaws, causing soaking of crops; a powerful snow cover, under which seedlings ripen; ice, ice crust on stems, etc.

Both the intensity and the duration of the observed phenomena are taken into account.

As an indicator of the severity of wintering conditions for plants, especially trees and shrubs, most often used the average of the absolute annual air temperature minimums.

Moisture. Moisture is the most important factor in plant life.

In all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter.

It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, transports nutrients. During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb huge volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter.

The theoretical and practical complexity of the problem of water availability of plants has led to the emergence of many methods and techniques for calculating its parameters.

In Soviet agroclimatology, several indicators of moisture have been developed and used (N.N. Ivanova, G.T. Selyaninova, D.I. Shashko, M.I. Budyko, S.A. Sapozhnikova, etc.) and formulas for optimal water consumption (I. A. Sharova, A. M. Alpatyeva). Very widely used hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) - the ratio of the amount of precipitation for a certain period (month, growing season, year) to the amount of active temperatures for the same time, proposed in 1939

G.T. Selyaninov. Its application is based on a well-known assumption, empirically well confirmed: the sum of active temperatures, reduced by a factor of 10, is approximately equal to the evaporation rate.

Therefore, HTC reflects the relationship between inflowing and evaporating moisture.

Assessment of the moisture content of the territory for the growth of agricultural crops is based on the following interpretation of the HTC values: less than 0.3 - very dry, from 0.3 to 0.5 - dry, from 0.5 to 0.7 - dry, from 0.7 to 1.0 - insufficient moisture, 1.0 - equality of moisture input and output, from 1.0 to 1.5 - sufficient moisture, more than 1.5 - excessive moisture (Agro-climatic atlas of the world, 1972, p.

In foreign agro-climatic literature, many indicators of territory moisture are also used - the indices of K. Thornthveit, E. De-Martonne, G.

Agro-climatic resources

Walther, L. Emberge, V. Lauer, A. Penk, J. Mormann and J. Kessler, H. Gossen, F. Banyulya and others. All of them, as a rule, are calculated empirically, therefore they are valid only for areas limited in area.

The most important indicators of agro-climatic resources are. Heat as the main factor

What are agro-climatic resources?

Related videos

Agro-climatic zones of Russia

Agro-climatic conditions of the Asian region

Agro-climatic conditions of Kazakhstan

Conclusion

Agro-climatic resources - what is it?

Agro-climatic resources of Russia

AGROCLIMATE RESOURCES

Agro-climatic sources.

Related articles:

3.4. Agro-climatic, resources

Composition and economic and geographical position Central federal district

Central federal district (3)

Development and placement of leading industries Central federal district (4)

Features of the placement of the population of Russia

Forest industry in Russia

AGROCLIMATE RESOURCES

Agro-climatic resources