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GNI type is a set of individual properties of the nervous system, due to the hereditary characteristics of the individual and his life experience.

According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov about the types of GNI, the main are three properties of nervous processes: the strength of nervous processes, balance and mobility.

1. The power of nervous processes(the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition) is associated with the level of performance of nerve cells. Weak nervous processes are characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand strong or prolonged loads, therefore, these cells have a low level of performance. Strong nervous processes are associated, respectively, with a high level of performance of nerve cells.

2. Balance of nervous processes determined by their ratio. Perhaps the predominance of one of the nervous processes (for example, excitation over inhibition) or their balance.

3. Mobility of nervous processes- the speed at which excitation can change inhibition or vice versa. Consequently, nervous processes may be highly mobile or inert.

Different people are characterized by different ratios of all these properties, which ultimately determine the type of their nervous system and higher nervous activity.

1. Strong unbalanced ("unrestrained") type characterized by a strong nervous system and the predominance of excitatory processes over inhibition (their imbalance).

2. Strong balanced mobile (labile) type characterized by high mobility of nervous processes, their strength and balance.

3. Strong balanced inert type (calm, sedentary) has, with a significant strength of nervous processes, their low mobility.

4. Weak type characterized by low efficiency of cortical cells and weakness of nervous processes.

Plasticity of types of higher nervous activity. The innate properties of the nervous system are not immutable. They can change to some extent under the influence of education due to the plasticity of the nervous system. The type of higher nervous activity is made up of the interaction of the inherited properties of the nervous system and the influences that the individual experiences in the process of life.

I. P. Pavlov called the plasticity of the nervous system the most important pedagogical factor. The strength and mobility of nervous processes are amenable to training, and children of an unbalanced type, under the influence of education, can acquire traits that bring them closer to representatives of a balanced type. Prolonged overstrain of the inhibitory process in children of a weak type can lead to a "breakdown" of higher nervous activity, the emergence of neuroses. Such children hardly get used to the new mode of work and need special attention.

Temperament

Question 1: The concept and structure of temperament

Temperament - a set of individually - typological personality traits that characterize the features of the dynamics of mental activity: intensity, speed, pace and rhythm of mental processes and states, behavior and activity.

Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obvious existence of individual differences, which are due to the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, as well as the peculiarities of social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. The biologically determined structures of personality include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, the pace and vigor of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

Despite the fact that repeated and constant attempts have been made to investigate the problem of temperament, this problem still belongs to the category of controversial and not completely resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing variety of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being, and personality traits due to temperament are the most stable and long-term.

B. M. Teplov gives the following definition of temperament: “Temperament is a set of mental characteristics characteristic of a given person associated with emotional excitability, i.e., the speed with which feelings arise, on the one hand, and their strength, on the other” (Teplov B. M ., 1985). Thus, temperament has two components - activity and emotionality.

temperament structure.

There are 3 components in the structure of temperament:

1) Activity - the intensity and speed of human interaction with the environment.

2) Emotionality - characterizes the features of the emergence, course and extinction of emotional states.

3) Motor (motor) - characterizes the features of the motor sphere, namely the rate of reaction, muscle tone, intensity, rhythm and total number of movements.

Question 2: Types of temperament, their psychological characteristics.

Temperament types:

1. Choleric - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of reactivity, high pace, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, extraversion.

2. Melancholic - high sensitivity, low reactivity, low activity, low pace, high emotional excitability, high anxiety, rigidity, introversion.

3. Phlegmatic - reduced sensitivity, low reactivity, high activity (in terms of volitional regulation), low pace, low emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, introversion.

4. Sanguine - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of activity, high pace, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, plasticity, extraversion.

A sanguine person is a decisive, energetic, quickly excitable, mobile, impressionable person, with a bright outward expression of emotions and their easy change.

Phlegmatic - calm, slow, with a weak manifestation of feelings, it is difficult to switch from one type of activity to another.

Choleric - quick-tempered, with a high level of activity, irritable, energetic, with strong, quickly emerging emotions, clearly reflected in speech, gestures, facial expressions.

Melancholic - has a low level of neuropsychic activity, dull, dreary, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts and with a depressed mood, withdrawn, shy.

Question 3. The physiological basis of temperament: properties and types of higher nervous activity.

According to the teachings of IP Pavlov, the individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition.

Three properties of excitation and inhibition processes were established:

1) the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

2) the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

3) mobility (replacement) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

The strength of nervous processes is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to endure prolonged or short-term, but very concentrated excitation and inhibition. This determines the performance (endurance) of the nerve cell.

Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction.

An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional ratio of excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitation predominates.

One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their onset and termination (when life conditions require it), the speed of the movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditioned connections, the development of and dynamic stereotype changes.

Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type. Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type. Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance in the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced mobile type. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections.

Strong balanced inert type. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.

The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On a given physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, i.e., in the process of life, these conditioned connections will form differently in different people: this will be the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.

Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to human behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

) properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with the environment and are reflected in all functions of the organism. The specific value of congenital and acquired - the product of the interaction of the genotype and the environment - may vary depending on the conditions. In unusual, extreme conditions, predominantly innate mechanisms of higher nervous activity come to the fore. Various combinations of the three main properties of the nervous system - the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and mobility - allowed I.P. Pavlov to identify four sharply defined types that differ in adaptive abilities and resistance to neurotic agents.

T. GNI is strong unbalanced - it is characterized by a strong irritable process and lagging behind in strength inhibitory, therefore, a representative of this type in difficult situations is easily prone to violations of GNI. Able to train and largely improve under-braking. In accordance with the doctrine of temperaments, this is a choleric type.

T. VND balanced inert - with strong processes of excitation and inhibition and with their poor mobility, always having difficulty switching from one type of activity to another. In accordance with the doctrine of temperaments, this is a phlegmatic type.

T VND strong balanced mobile - has equally strong processes of excitation and inhibition with their good mobility, which provides high adaptive capabilities and stability in difficult life situations. In accordance with the doctrine of temperaments, this is a sanguine type.

T.VND weak - characterized by weakness of both nervous processes - excitation and inhibition, poorly adapts to environmental conditions, prone to neurotic disorders. In accordance with the classification of temperaments, this is a melancholic type.

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Types of temperament IP Pavlova - classification of temperaments based on the types of the nervous system.

I. P. Pavlov showed that the basis of higher nervous activity is three components: strength (the individual maintains a high level of performance during long and hard work, recovers quickly, does not respond to weak stimuli), balance (the individual remains calm in an exciting environment, easily suppresses his inadequate desires) and mobility (the individual reacts quickly to changes in the situation, easily acquires new skills). I. P. Pavlov correlated the types of nervous systems he singled out with the psychological types of temperaments and discovered their complete similarity. Thus, temperament is a manifestation of the type of nervous system in human activity and behavior. As a result, the ratio of types of the nervous system and temperaments is as follows:

1) strong, balanced, mobile type (“live”, according to I.P. Pavlov - sanguine temperament;

2) strong, balanced, inert type (“calm”, according to I.P. Pavlov - phlegmatic temperament;

3) strong, unbalanced, with a predominance of excitation (“unrestrained” type, according to I.P. Pavlov - choleric temperament);

4) weak type (“weak”, according to I.P. Pavlov - melancholic temperament).

A weak type should by no means be considered a disabled or incomplete type. Despite the weakness of nervous processes, a representative of a weak type, developing his own individual style, can achieve great achievements in learning, work and creative activity, especially since a weak nervous system is a highly sensitive nervous system.

Sanguine temperament. The representative of this type is a lively, inquisitive, mobile (but without sharp, impetuous movements) person. As a rule, cheerful and cheerful. Emotionally unstable, easily succumbed to feelings, but they are usually not strong and not deep. He quickly forgets insults, relatively easily experiences failures. He is very inclined to the team, easily establishes contacts, sociable, friendly, affable, quickly converges with people, easily establishes good relations.

Phlegmatic temperament. The representative of this type is slow, calm, unhurried. In activity shows solidity, thoughtfulness, perseverance. Inclined to order, familiar surroundings, does not like changes in anything. As a rule, he brings the work begun to the end. All mental processes in a phlegmatic person proceed slowly. This slowness can interfere with his learning activities, especially where you need to quickly memorize, quickly understand, figure out, quickly do. In such cases, the phlegmatic may show helplessness, but he usually remembers for a long time, thoroughly and firmly.

In relations with people, the phlegmatic is always even, calm, moderately sociable, his mood is stable. The calmness of a person of a phlegmatic temperament is also manifested in his attitude to the events and phenomena of life: a phlegmatic person is not easy to get angry and hurt emotionally, he avoids quarrels, he is not unbalanced by troubles and failures.

choleric temperament. Representatives of this type are distinguished by speed (sometimes feverish speed) of movements and actions, impulsiveness, and excitability. Their mental processes proceed quickly and intensively. The imbalance inherent in the choleric is clearly reflected in his activities: he takes up the matter with enthusiasm and even passion, takes the initiative, works with enthusiasm. But his supply of nervous energy can be quickly depleted in the process of work, especially when the work is monotonous and requires perseverance and patience, and then cooling may set in, uplift and inspiration disappear, and the mood drops sharply. The predominance of excitation over inhibition, characteristic of this temperament, is clearly manifested in communication with people with whom the choleric person allows harshness, irascibility, irritability, emotional restraint (which often does not give him the opportunity to objectively evaluate people's actions) and on this basis sometimes creates conflict situations in the team .

Melancholy temperament. In representatives of this temperament, mental processes proceed slowly, people hardly react to strong stimuli; Prolonged and strong stress causes them to slow down their activity, and then stop it. They get tired quickly. But in a familiar and calm environment, people with such a temperament feel calm and work productively. Emotional states in people of a melancholic temperament arise slowly, but differ in depth, great strength and duration; melancholics are easily vulnerable, they can hardly endure insults, grief, but outwardly these experiences are expressed in them weakly.

Representatives of the melancholic temperament are prone to isolation, avoid communication with unfamiliar, new people, are often embarrassed, show great awkwardness in a new environment. Melancholic people are often distinguished by softness, tact, delicacy, sensitivity and responsiveness: whoever is vulnerable himself usually subtly feels the pain that he causes to other people.

Types of VND.

The doctrine of the types of GNI. The doctrine of the types of GNI was first created by Pavlov I.P. This is the doctrine of the reactivity of the nervous system, in particular the cerebral cortex. GND type- this is a combination of congenital and acquired properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with the environment and are reflected in all functions of the organism. The behavior of different animals and people differs under the action of the same stimuli. Cause of individual behavior(according to I.P. Pavlov) is an unequal ratio of the properties of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition).

properties of nervous processes. Force nervous processes - this is the performance of cortical cells; if the processes are strong, the body is capable of long-term work; if the processes are weak, fatigue sets in quickly. Equilibrium nervous processes - this is the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition in strength; balanced processes are identical in strength, unbalanced - the excitation force prevails over inhibition. Mobility- this is the ability of cortical cells in various environmental conditions to quickly give an advantage to one process over another; if the processes are mobile (labile), one process is quickly replaced by another; if the processes are inert (immobile), there is a slow change of nervous processes. The set of properties of nervous processes is called type of VND.

Pavlov singled out general types of GNI(found in both animals and humans).

1. Weak type (greenhouse type) - nervous processes are weak, the body is not capable of prolonged labor, conditioned reflexes are developed with difficulty, the process of inhibition predominates, and there is a tendency to develop outrageous inhibition.

2. Strong unbalanced (unrestrained type) - in VND, the process of excitation predominates, which is prone to irradiation (spread), so hard work can often end in a breakdown of GND (neurosis); conditioned reflexes are developed quickly, but quickly fade away without reinforcement; all kinds of internal inhibition are difficult to form.

3. Strong, balanced, mobile (live type) - nervous processes are strong, the replacement is easy, the processes are identical in strength, positive and negative conditioned reflexes are developed easily, quickly become strong, induction is pronounced.

4. Strong, balanced, inert (calm type) - processes are equally strong, but their replacement is difficult, conditioned reflexes are developed slowly, induction is weak, alteration of a dynamic stereotype is very difficult.

All of the above types of GNI and properties of the nervous system are congenital in both animals and humans.

Special types of VND. In addition to general I.P. Pavlov singled out the group special types of VND that are unique to humans. The classification is based on relationship between 1 and 2 signal systems: Type I (artistic type) - 1 signal system is manifested to a greater extent, visual-figurative thinking is characteristic (professions - writer, artist, artist); Type II (thinking type) - the 2nd signal system prevails, abstract-logical thinking (professions - scientist, designer, engineer); Type III (middle type) - 1 and 2 signaling systems are equally developed.

Human behavior is studied by psychologists based on the types of GNI, because. they are the physiological basis of the human temperament (they correspond to the types of Hippocratic temperament). An individual approach to the child is based on the types of nervous activity. In the process of education, the negative features of one or another type of GNI are smoothed out, and positive features are taken into account.

Typological variants of the personality of children

With the help of psychological methods (observation behind behavior of students at school, individual conversation, characteristics of "teachers, a modified children's personality questionnaire by Ketella) E.M. Aleksandrovskaya and I.N. Gilyasheva (1985) identified six main typological variants of the personality of children of primary school age (7-10 years old). In total 269 ​​children studied in a public school were examined.The following personality traits were examined: sociability, intelligence, self-confidence, excitability, dominance, risk-taking, conscientiousness, social courage, sensitivity, anxiety, self-control, tension.

The main typological variants of personality were the following.

Harmonious type(about 36%). Children of this largest group learn easily and do not experience difficulties in school. Examination using a children's personality questionnaire reveals in them, along with a fairly high level of formation of intellectual functions, such personality traits as sociability, self-confidence, high self-control, conscientiousness, and the absence of anxiety. This group is divided into two subgroups, differing in the level of excitability: children of subgroup I (about 26%) are characterized by balance, children of subgroup II (about 10%) have pronounced motor activity. The practical orientation of these schoolchildren is manifested in the effective mastery of educational activities, the desire for good results. The combination of these properties is a stable personality structure that provides them with quick adaptation.

Conformal type(about 12%). The behavior of schoolchildren manifests a strong dependence on the situation, the desire to conform to the environment. High school motivation, the need to act in accordance with the established standards determine their focus on educational activities. According to the test survey, they are quite sociable, self-confident, conscientious, have good self-control, low levels of anxiety and tension. A characteristic feature of children with a conformal personality type is the underdevelopment of cognitive activity, which makes it difficult to master the curriculum.

dominant type(about 10%). A distinctive feature of these students is the desire for independence, domination, self-affirmation. They are sociable, active, self-confident, have social courage and a penchant for to risk. The practical orientation of these schoolchildren is especially evident in the organization of children's games. The combination of high activity and low self-control creates adaptation difficulties associated with the assimilation of school norms of behavior.

sensitive type(about 14%). These children are timid and shy, although friendly ties are persistent with those they are used to. Study diligently, diligently. The dominant property, according to the test survey, is sensitivity, which is combined with such qualities as sociability, conscientiousness, high self-control, dependence.

alarm type(about 10%). These children are characterized by extreme variability of the emotional sphere, increased impressionability; their actions are distinguished by excessive excitement, anxiety. They learn easily, they are especially good at reading and telling. According to test data, they combine a high level of anxiety with excitability, sensitivity, self-doubt, a sense of responsibility, and a good understanding of social norms.

The leading focus for children with sensitive and anxious types of personality formation is communication. It is this activity that serves as a source of emotional reinforcement, which is so necessary for them. The expectation of a positive assessment of one's actions and deeds from others determines the difficulties in the sphere of relationships. Dependence on the emotional state makes it difficult for some of them to master the curriculum.

introverted type(about 18%). A distinctive feature of these students is the focus on cognitive activity. A high level of intelligence development is combined in them with a reduced control over the surrounding reality. A test examination reveals their isolation, self-doubt, social timidity, low self-control. At the same time, they have excitability, anxiety, tension. Schoolchildren with this type of personality formation can be divided into two subgroups, which differ in the level of general activity. Children of the passive variant (about 6%) are distinguished by the poverty of the motivational sphere, the lack of initiative. Loneliness, isolation from others, increased sensitivity contribute to the emergence of difficulties, both in the development of social norms and in establishing contacts, and ultimately lead to a conflict, subjectively difficult situation in school.

Among children with pathological forms a special group of students with infantile type personality formation. The mental retardation noted in them is reflected both in the immaturity of the motivational-required sphere and in intellectual disorders. Their distinctive feature is the focus on the game. There are 2 options for the development of children with an infantile personality type: 1) motor-disinhibited children, which are characterized by increased excitability, a tendency to take risks, and low self-control; 2) apathetic children. The traumatic situation associated with the failure of these children in the conditions of a mass school determines their withdrawal into the game, which is a kind of compensation. Such behavior leads to a violation of adaptation and contributes to an even greater lag in development.

However, it should be noted that the physiological basis for the formation of typological personality variants, as we see it, is the strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition, studied in detail by I.P. Pavlov in experiments on animals. An important role in the formation of these properties of the nervous system is played by the environment (working and rest conditions, the situation in the family and the team, etc.), especially in early ontogenesis.