Types of influence direct and indirect. Direct and indirect human impact on the plant world

Direct Impact Factors

The characteristics of interconnectedness, complexity, fluidity and uncertainty describe both direct and indirect impact factors. The characteristics of the environment are different, but at the same time related to its factors. This dependence will become apparent when considering the main factors in the direct impact environment: suppliers, laws and government agencies, consumers and competitors.

Suppliers

From the point of view of a systems approach, an organization is a mechanism for transforming incoming elements into outgoing ones. The main varieties of inputs are materials, equipment, energy, capital and labor. The dependency between an organization and a network of suppliers providing the input of said resources is an example of the impact of the environment on the operations and success of an organization.

In some cases, all organizations in a given region do business with one or almost the same supplier. For example, energy supply, when all organizations receive energy at prices set by the state. At the same time, changes such as price increases will affect the organization to the extent that it consumes energy.

Materials. Some organizations depend on a continuous flow of materials. At the same time, in some regions, for example, in Japan, it is possible to use methods of limiting stocks, i.e. firms assume that the materials needed for the next stage of the production process must be delivered just in time. Such a supply chain requires extremely close interaction between the manufacturer and suppliers. At the same time, in other regions, it may be necessary to seek alternative suppliers or maintain a significant amount of stocks. However, inventories tie up money that has to be spent on materials and storage. This relationship between money and supply of raw materials illustrates well the interconnectedness of variables.

Capital. For the functioning and development of an organization, capital is needed. Potential investors include: banks, federal loan programs, shareholders, and individuals who accept the company's bills or purchase its bonds. The better the company is doing, the higher its ability to get the required amount of funds.

Labor resources. For the effective operation of the organization, for the implementation of tasks related to the achievement of the set goals, it is necessary to provide it with personnel of the necessary specialties and qualifications. The development of a number of industries is currently constrained by the lack of the necessary specialists. Many sectors of the computer industry can serve as an example. Many firms were forced to look for cheap labor in other countries.

The main concern of the modern organization is the selection and support of talented managers. In the conducted studies, when ranking by the degree of importance of a number of factors, the heads of firms singled out in the first place: the involvement of highly qualified managers of the highest management level and the training of capable managers within the firm. The fact that managerial development has been more important than profits, customer service, and the payment of acceptable dividends to shareholders is a clear sign of the importance of the influx of this category of labor into the organization.

Laws and government bodies

Labor laws, many other laws and government agencies affect the organization. In a predominantly private economy, the interaction between

buyers and sellers of every input and every output is subject to numerous legal restrictions. Each organization has a specific legal status, whether it be a sole proprietorship, a company, a corporation, or a not-for-profit corporation, and it is this that determines how the organization can conduct its business and what taxes it must pay.

The state of legislation is often characterized not only by its complexity, but also by mobility, and sometimes even uncertainty. Codes of laws on safety and health at work, environmental protection, consumer protection, financial protection, etc. are being developed and revised almost continuously. At the same time, the amount of work required to track and comply with current legislation is constantly increasing.

State bodies. Organizations are required to comply not only with federal and local laws, but also with the requirements of state regulatory authorities. These bodies provide enforcement of laws in their respective areas of competence, as well as introduce their own requirements, often with the force of law.

Legislation of local governments. Local government regulations also complicate matters. Local governments require businesses to acquire licenses, limit their choice of where to do business, impose taxes on businesses, and, in the case of energy, telephone systems and insurance, for example, set prices. Some local laws modify federal regulations. An organization that conducts its business in dozens of subjects of the federation and dozens of foreign states is faced with a complex and diverse system of local institutions.

Consumers

Renowned management expert Peter F. Drucker argues that the only true purpose of a business is to create a customer. This implies that the very survival and justification of the existence of the organization depends on its ability to find a consumer of the results of its activities and satisfy its needs. The importance of consumers to business is clear. However, non-profit and government organizations also have consumers in this sense. Thus, the government of the state and its apparatus exist only to serve the needs of citizens. That citizens are consumers and deserve to be treated is, unfortunately, sometimes not apparent in everyday dealings with state bureaucracy, but during election campaigns citizens are seen as consumers to be “bought”.

Customers, by deciding what goods and services they want and at what price, determine almost everything related to the results of its activities for the organization. Thus, the need to meet the needs of customers affects the interaction of the organization with suppliers of materials and labor resources. The impact of consumers on the internal variables of a structure can be quite significant.

Competitors

COMPETITORS are the most important factor, the influence of which cannot be disputed. The management of each enterprise is well aware that if the needs of consumers are not met as efficiently as competitors do, then the enterprise will not last long. In many cases, competitors, not consumers, determine what kind of performance can be sold and what price can be asked.

It is important to understand that consumers are not the only object of competition for organizations. Organizations may also compete for labor, materials, capital, and the right to use certain technical innovations. The reaction to competition depends on such internal factors as working conditions, wages and the nature of the relationship of managers with subordinates.

Factors of indirect influence

Indirect environmental factors usually do not affect the operations of organizations as noticeably as direct environmental factors. However, management should take them into account. The indirect impact environment is usually more complex than the direct impact environment. Management is often forced to rely on assumptions about such an environment, based on incomplete information, in an attempt to predict the possible consequences for the organization.

The main environmental factors of indirect impact include: technology, the state of the economy, socio-cultural and political factors, as well as relationships with local management organizations.

Technology is both an internal variable and an external factor of great importance. (One should take into account the very broad interpretation of the term technology, which refers to both processes, and methods, and techniques for carrying out any industrial, service, and even creative activities.) Technological innovations affect the efficiency with which products can be made and sold, the rate of product obsolescence, how information can be collected, stored, and distributed; and what kind of services and new products customers expect from the organization.

The rate of technological change has increased markedly in recent decades. Of the major technological innovations that have deeply affected the entire society and have had a strong impact on specific organizations, one can note computer, laser, microwave, semiconductor technologies, integrated communication lines, robotics, satellite communications, nuclear energy, synthetic fuel and food production, genetic engineering. etc. Renowned sociologist Daniel Bell believes that miniaturization technology will be considered the most valuable innovation in the future.

Obviously, organizations that deal directly with high-level technology, knowledge-intensive enterprises, must be able to quickly respond to new developments and propose innovations themselves. At the same time, today all organizations, in order to remain competitive, must keep pace with those developments on which the effectiveness of their activities depends.

The state of the economy

Management must also be able to assess how general changes in the state of the economy will affect the organization's operations. The state of the world economy affects the cost of all inputs and the ability of consumers to buy certain goods and services. For example, if inflation is predicted, management may increase the stock of resources and negotiate fixed wages with workers to keep costs down. It may also decide to make a loan, as the money will be worth less when the payments fall due.

The state of the economy can greatly affect the ability of an organization to obtain capital, since when the economic situation deteriorates, banks tighten the conditions for obtaining a loan and increase interest rates. Also, with tax cuts, there is an increase in the amount of money that people can spend on non-essential purposes and, thereby, contribute to business development.

A particular change in the state of the economy can have a positive impact on some organizations and a negative impact on others. Organizations doing business in many countries often find the state of the economy particularly challenging and important to them. Thus, fluctuations in the dollar against the currencies of other countries can cause instant enrichment or impoverishment of the company.

Socio-cultural factors

Every organization operates in at least one cultural environment. Therefore, socio-cultural factors, and above all, life values, traditions, attitudes, affect the organization. So, for example, in the value system of American society, giving a bribe to obtain a lucrative contract or political benefits, spreading rumors discrediting a competitor are considered unethical and immoral actions, even when they cannot be considered illegal. However, in some other countries this practice may be considered quite normal.

On the basis of special studies, it was shown that the value orientations of workers are also changing. In general, relatively young workers want more independence and social interaction at work. Many workers and employees aspire to work that requires more flexibility, has more content, does not infringe on freedom and arouses self-respect in a person. Many modern workers do not believe that they will spend their entire working life in one organization. These attitudes become especially important for managers in relation to their main function - motivating people, taking into account the goals of the organization. These factors also led to the emergence of a position on public affairs of the corporation.

Sociocultural factors also influence the products or services that are the result of the company's activities. A good example is the clothing industry. Another example is the passion for nuclear power, which has had a dramatic negative impact on many of the firms associated with it.

Sociocultural factors also influence how organizations conduct their business. For example, public opinion may put pressure on a firm that has ties to socially disapproved organizations, groups, and possibly countries. Consumer perceptions of quality service affect the daily practices of retail stores and restaurants. The result of the sociocultural impact on organizations has been a growing focus on social responsibility.

According to R. Jones, former chairman of the board of General Electric, organizations must be able to anticipate changes in society's expectations and serve them more effectively than competitors. And this means that the corporation itself must change, consciously transforming itself into an organization adapted to the new environment.

Political factors

Certain aspects of the political environment are of particular importance to leaders. One of them is the position of the administration, legislative bodies and courts in relation to business. This position influences government actions such as taxation of income, the establishment of tax breaks or preferential trade duties, requirements for labor practices, consumer protection legislation, standards for safety, environmental cleanliness, price and wage controls, etc. P.

Another element of the political environment is special interest groups and lobbyists. All institutions of state regulation are the objects of attention of lobby groups representing organizations that are affected by the decisions of these institutions.

Of great importance for companies with operations or markets in other countries is the factor of political stability. For a foreign investor or for product exports, political changes may lead to restrictions on property rights for foreigners (or even nationalization) or the imposition of special duties on imports. The balance of payments or problems with external debt servicing can make it difficult to receive money exported as profit. On the other hand, the policy may change in favor of investors when there is a need for capital inflow from abroad. Establishing diplomatic relations may open the way to new markets.

Relations with the local population

For any organization, as a factor in the environment of indirect impact, of paramount importance is the attitude of the local population, the social environment in which the organization operates. Organizations must make a concerted effort to maintain good relations with the local community. These efforts can be expressed in the form of funding for schools and public organizations, charitable activities, support for young talents, etc.

International Factors

The external environment of organizations operating at the international level is characterized by increased complexity. This is due to the unique set of factors that characterize each country. The economy, culture, quantity and quality of labor and material resources, laws, government institutions, political stability, and the level of technological development differ from country to country. In carrying out the functions of planning, organizing, stimulating and controlling, these differences must be taken into account.

International factors should also be taken into account:

Changes in exchange rates;

Political decisions of investor countries;

Decisions made by international cartels

Direct influence consists in the open presentation of claims and requirements of the consultant to the client: direct communication, prescription.

Direct communication involves the open presentation of one's thoughts, feelings about an event or phenomenon. In advisory practice, it can be used both to receive feedback from the client, and as a technique to initiate the client to greater frankness, to create a trusting atmosphere. Direct influence is prescriptions.

prescriptions present tasks for the client (or clients, if the reception is a married couple or family), which he performs in between meetings with a consultant.

Orders differ from advice in that the counselor insists on following them.

Allocate two types of orders: direct and indirect.

direct instructions are given when the consultant has sufficient authority to comply with the instructions.

Hailey identifies the following situations for the application of prescriptions:

1) prescriptions are given with the aim of acquiring a new subjective experience by the client;

2) prescriptions are used to intensify the relationship between the family and the counselor (for the duration of the prescription, the counselor is present in the client's life);

3) prescriptions serve to collect information (client's reactions to the prescription itself, its fulfillment or non-fulfillment).

In order for the prescription to be fulfilled, it must be given in a clear and understandable form for the client. In addition, before giving an order, it is necessary to motivate the client to carry it out. To do this, the consultant must explain to the client that the implementation of the prescription is consistent with his goals. If a prescription is given to a family and the goals of the family members are not the same, then it is necessary to explain to everyone how this prescription is connected with the achievement of its goal.

In the event that the task is difficult, then it is necessary to ask the client to repeat it, and also discuss with him how he will remind himself of its completion. “First of all, the therapist should consider that the hardest thing is to insist that a person stop doing what he is doing. This is possible only if the therapist's authority is very high and the problem is very small. The therapist will achieve more if he directs family members to behave differently from the way they behaved before. For example, if the therapist during the session asks the father to intervene and help the mother and daughter, then the fulfillment of this instruction during the next week will be perceived simply as a continuation. The therapist needs to select tasks suitable for the family. For example, some families are better off presenting prescriptions as something small and easy to do. This may be appropriate in the case of a reluctant family. Other families love crises, they have a strong sense of the dramatic, and they should present the injunction as something big and significant. In some cases, it is better for the therapist not to give any motivation at all. It will work if he has a family of intellectuals who find fault with every word and debunk every idea. In this case, he can simply say: “I want you to do “something and chill.” I have my reasons for this prescription, but I prefer not to discuss them. I just want you to do it within the next week; besides, "many people will be willing to follow any prescription, only to prove that the therapist was wrong and his method did not work" 91 . At the end of the session, the date of the next meeting is set, which begins with checking the completion of the task. There are three possible options: fulfillment of the prescription, partial fulfillment, non-fulfillment. In the event that the last two options are present, then the consultant, according to Haley, should take this seriously. He can, depending on the situation, choose one of two possible ways of behavior in this situation. "Pleasant" for the client, consisting in an apology from the consultant: "I must have misunderstood you or your situation, otherwise you would have completed the task." "Unpleasant" to the client - The counselor expresses his displeasure by blaming him for "failing" as the task was important to the client's resolution.

The indirect “lute” can manifest itself in two ways: firstly, according to the direction, in the case when the influence has a direct focus, but not on the client himself, but on his environment; secondly, when the influence is directed at the client, but in indirect ways of influence. Examples of indirect influence include paradoxical prescriptions and metaphorical messages.

Paradoxical prescriptions belong to the type of indirect prescriptions. Indirect prescriptions are used if the personal characteristics of the client require it or the consultant is not sure of his authority. As a result, he has to work by indirect methods in order for those
changes that he defines as favorable for the client.

The meaning of paradoxical prescriptions is that clients resist them and, resisting, change. They are effective with clients who are "struggling" with the consultant. “For example, the mother is overprotective of the child, so that he cannot make his own decisions and take responsibility for what he does. If the therapist tries to convince her to do less for the child, she will respond by doing more and saying that the therapist does not understand how helpless her child is. The therapist may use a paradoxical approach and instruct the mother to devote a week to caring for the child. She needs to watch him, protect him and do everything for him. The therapist may give various reasons for her prescription, for example, he might say that she needs to do this in order to understand how she really feels in this situation, or so that she can observe herself and the child. For this approach to work well, the therapist must insist on even more extreme behaviors than the original. For example, a mother needs not only to take care of her child, but also to devote an hour a day to warn the child of all the dangers that he may face in life. If this approach is successfully applied, then the reaction of the mother will be to protest against the therapist's prescriptions and she will begin to patronize the child less” 92 . Stages of the paradoxical approach:

1. The consultant establishes a relationship with the client, defining it as a relationship that leads to a solution to the problem.

2. The consultant clearly defines the problem and goals.

3. Offers his plan of work, offering reasonable justifications for his plan and paradoxical prescriptions.

4. In the case of family counseling, disqualifies other "experts" on the issue (one of the family members),

5. The consultant gives a paradoxical prescription.

6. Observes the client's reaction and encourages him to continue his problematic behavior or expresses doubt about the stability of the changes.

7. Changes are stabilizing, but the consultant does not recognize this as his merit.

91 Konner R.V. Strategic family therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001. Part I. S. 21-22.

92 Konner R.V. Strategic family therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001. Part II. pp. 7-8.

Example

“A similar approach was taken in a family who went to a therapist about their son’s problems: he refused to defecate in the toilet, and therefore soiled clothes and bed.” The therapist expressed his concern about what might happen if the child learns to go to the toilet and becomes normal. He questioned the parents' ability to bear a normal child and a normal married life. In fact, the therapist even asked the parents to write down a list of undesirable consequences of this change. The couple could not think of any undesirable consequences and rejected all the consequences proposed by the therapist. But the therapist continued to express doubts. In the next session, the family announced that they had solved the problem, and then the therapist, as one should do in this case, expressed his surprise and doubt that this change would continue, and the family had no choice but to change forever, so that prove to the therapist that he was wrong.This approach requires a definition unified skills, as the therapist transmits several messages at the same time. He reports: "I want you to get better" and "I am full of goodwill and concern for you." And at the same time, he says things to the family that are on the verge of insults: he. says that, in his opinion, family members can actually endure “normality”, but at the same time he says that they cannot” 93:

Metaphorical messages are part of our thinking. Mankind thinks, perceiving itself, the world, itself in the world and the world in itself, with the help of symbols. It is enough to recall any kind of art to be convinced of this, since art is a symbolic representation of what is commonly called objective reality through the prism of subjectivism. A symbol in a cube. In the psychotherapeutic practice of metaphor, symbols can be used both as an element and as an independent type of influence. In the latter case, one speaks of metaphor therapy, the basic principles of which are outlined in the next chapter.

The use of metaphorical messages will be helpful at any stage of the counseling process.

At the stage of collecting information about the problem, when the client finds it difficult to start talking about his difficulties, the consultant can offer him to choose any object attractive to him in the surrounding space and speak on behalf of this object.

17. Direct and indirect impact

One way to define the environment and make it easier to take into account its impact on the organization is to divide external factors into two main groups - the forces of direct and indirect influence. Direct impact environment includes factors that directly affect the operations of the entity and are also directly affected by the operations of the entity. These factors include suppliers, workforce, government laws and regulations, customers, and competitors. Under the environment of indirect influence refers to factors that may not have a direct immediate impact on operations, but nevertheless affect them. We are talking about such factors as the state of the economy, scientific and technological progress, socio-cultural and political changes, the influence of group interests and events in other countries that are significant for the organization. DIRECT EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENT Suppliers . From the point of view of a systems approach, an organization is a mechanism for transforming incoming elements into outgoing ones. The main varieties of inputs are materials, equipment, energy, capital and labor. The dependency between an organization and a network of suppliers providing the input of said resources is an example of the impact of the environment on the operations and success of an organization. MATERIALS. Some organizations depend on a continuous flow of materials, i.e. firms assume that the materials needed for the next stage of the production process must be delivered just in time. Such a supply chain requires extremely close interaction between the manufacturer and suppliers.

CAPITAL. For the functioning and development of an organization, capital is needed. Potential investors can be: banks, shareholders and individuals. The better the company is doing, the higher its ability to get the required amount of funds.

LABOR RESOURCES. For the effective operation of the organization, for the implementation of tasks related to the achievement of the set goals, it is necessary to provide it with personnel of the necessary specialties and qualifications. The main concern of the modern organization is the selection and support of talented managers. A clear sign of the importance of the influx of this category of labor into the organization. Consumers . The very survival and justification of the existence of an organization depends on its ability to find a consumer of the results of its activities and satisfy its needs. The importance of consumers to business is clear. Customers, by deciding what goods and services they want and at what price, determine almost everything related to the results of its activities for the organization. Thus, the need to meet the needs of customers affects the interaction of the organization with suppliers of materials and labor resources. The impact of consumers on the internal variables of a structure can be quite significant. Competitors . This is the most important factor, the influence of which cannot be disputed. The management of each enterprise is well aware that if the needs of consumers are not met as efficiently as competitors do, then the enterprise will not last long. In many cases, competitors, not consumers, determine what kind of performance can be sold and what price can be asked. Organizations may also compete for labor, materials, capital, and the right to use certain technical innovations. The reaction to competition depends on such internal factors as working conditions, wages and the nature of the relationship of managers with subordinates.

INDIRECT ENVIRONMENT Indirect environmental factors usually do not affect the operations of organizations as noticeably as direct environmental factors. However, management should take them into account. The indirect impact environment is usually more complex than the direct impact environment. Management is often forced to rely on assumptions about such an environment, based on incomplete information, in an attempt to predict the possible consequences for the organization. The main environmental factors of indirect impact include: technology, the state of the economy, socio-cultural and political factors, as well as relationships with local management organizations. Technology is both an internal variable and an external factor of great importance. Technological innovation affects the efficiency with which products can be made and sold, the rate at which a product becomes obsolete, how information can be collected, stored, and distributed, and what kind of services and new products customers expect from an organization.

The state of the economy . Management must also be able to assess how general changes in the state of the economy will affect the organization's operations. The state of the world economy affects the cost of all inputs and the ability of consumers to buy certain goods and services. A particular change in the state of the economy can have a positive impact on some organizations and a negative impact on others. Organizations doing business in many countries often find the state of the economy particularly challenging and important to them. Thus, fluctuations in the dollar or euro against the currencies of other countries can cause instant enrichment or impoverishment of the company. Socio-cultural factors . Any organization operates in at least one cultural environment. Therefore, socio-cultural factors, and above all, life values, traditions, attitudes, affect the organization. The values ​​of workers are also changing. young people want independence. Many workers and employees aspire to work that requires more flexibility, has more content, does not infringe on freedom and arouses self-respect in a person. Sociocultural factors also influence the products or services that are the result of the company's activities. Sociocultural factors also influence how organizations conduct their business (connections with organizations condemned in society, groups, and possibly countries. The result of the sociocultural impact on organizations has been a growing attention to social responsibility. Political factors . Certain aspects of the political environment are of particular importance to leaders. One of them is the position of the administration, legislative bodies and courts in relation to business. This position influences government actions such as taxation of income, the establishment of tax breaks or preferential trade duties, requirements for labor practices, consumer protection legislation, standards for safety, environmental cleanliness, price and wage controls, etc. P. Of great importance for companies with operations or markets in other countries is the factor of political stability. Relations with the local population . For any organization, as a factor in the environment of indirect impact, of paramount importance is the attitude of the local population, the social environment in which the organization operates. Organizations must make a concerted effort to maintain good relations with the local community. These efforts can be expressed in the form of funding for schools and public organizations, charitable activities, support for young talents, etc. International Factors . The external environment of organizations operating at the international level is characterized by increased complexity. This is due to the unique set of factors that characterize each country. The economy, culture, quantity and quality of labor and material resources, laws, government institutions, political stability, and the level of technological development differ from country to country. International factors should also be taken into account: Changes in exchange rates; Political decisions of investor countries; Decisions made by international cartels.

Traditionally, in psychological science, two main types of pedagogical influence are distinguished; persuasion and persuasion.

Persuasion is a psychological impact addressed to the consciousness, the will of the child. This is a logically reasoned impact of one person: or a group of people, which is accepted critically and carried out consciously.

The purpose of persuasion is the desire to ensure that the pupil consciously accepts views, attitudes and follows them in his activities. The art of persuasion consists in the ability to find strong arguments (facts, examples, patterns) and connect them with the student's personal experience. The effectiveness of persuasion depends on the authority of the teacher, on his own conviction in what he is talking about, on the degree of emotional saturation of persuasion, since the emotional sphere of the pupil should also be involved in the process of persuasion. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to know the personality and individual characteristics of the child well.

Suggestion is a psychological impact, which is characterized by reduced argumentation, is accepted with a reduced degree of awareness and criticality.

The essence of suggestion is that a setting is introduced into the psyche of the suggested (suggerend) aimed at changing mental activity, which becomes his internal setting that regulates mental and physical activity with varying degrees of automatism.

V.N. Kulikov considers the following types of suggestion: intentional and unintentional, positive and negative, direct and indirect.

The suggestor (in this case, the teacher acts as his role) intentionally, purposefully, consciously inspires, knowing exactly what he wants to inspire. With unintentional suggestion, the teacher does not aim to inspire this or that thought, action, deed. Such suggestion often takes place in the activities of teachers and parents and does not lead to the results that they set for themselves. Let's give examples. Fear for the health of the child sounds in the remarks: “Step away from the window, you will catch a cold!” (physical weakness, ill health is suggested, the child can actually get sick). Often the teacher, reproaching the child for laziness, stubbornness, or slow-wittedness, inspires him with these qualities. It has been noted that the result of unintentional suggestion is the stronger, the higher the child's predisposition to what is suggested.

Distinguish between positive and negative suggestion, depending on what psychological properties in terms of content from the point of view of morality are suggested. Most often, negative properties are instilled unintentionally, positive attitudes are deliberately introduced. According to the method of influence, direct and indirect suggestion are distinguished. Direct suggestion is a suggestion in which the suggestor gives his orders directly, openly. The purpose of suggestion, just as with persuasion, is not hidden (“I think you will always diligently prepare your lessons now”). In school practice, two types of direct suggestion are used: command, order, and inspiring instruction. Orders are used in situations requiring unconditional acceptance and execution: "Get up!", "Remove textbooks from the table!". Such phrases are pronounced in a tone that does not allow objections.

Suggestive instructions are used in the form of concise phrases, the so-called suggestion formulas, which are spoken by the teacher, introducing the mindset of the student: "I can and want to study well!". As the results of experiments show, inspiring instruction can change the attitude of schoolchildren, give the first impulse to overcome passivity, laziness, and indifference.

With indirect suggestion, the goal of suggestion is closed from the suggestible (suggerend). In pedagogical practice, there are more often situations in which it is more expedient to influence the student not by an explanation or a categorical requirement, but by using indirect suggestion. It is considered more effective than direct suggestion. Varieties of indirect suggestion: suggestion through prohibition, suggestion through opposition and suggestion by trust.

The essence of suggestion through a ban is that the pupil is forbidden to perform any action without indicating the reason for the ban. As a result, the opposite action is performed. The effectiveness of suggestion through prohibition depends on the degree of negativism of the suggested person.

In pedagogical practice, suggestion through opposition is used. The suggerend is opposed to another person with whom he competes in this or that matter. The formula of influence says something opposite to what the suggestor actually wants. For example, a timid and insecure teenager needs to be inspired with courage and confidence to ski down the mountain. Here, the suggestion formula may look something like this: “This mountain is not very high ... But you are unlikely to have the courage to go down ... Here X. (our subject competes with him) probably would not be afraid and would go down ... "

In experimental works [it is shown that in working with "difficult", pedagogically neglected children, when other methods of influence do not help or are ineffective, the so-called relaxation therapy can be used. This is a verbal suggestion that uses relaxation to increase the degree of influence.

For didactic purposes, mainly for learning a foreign language, suggestopedia is used. However, the use of suggestopedia is effective only for certain individual characteristics of students, in particular, those who have an intuitive-sensory warehouse, labile, with a predominance of the first signal system, auditory modality of perception and involuntary memorization. For students with a rational-logical mindset, inert, with a predominance of voluntary memorization and visual modality of perception, the suggestopedia method is ineffective.

An indirect impact on a person is an impact that is not carried out through direct contact, but through a change in the abiotic and biotic environment.

An indirect effect is expressed in the fact that diseases can occur as a result of a violation of the natural balance.

So, with the latest insecticides In Africa, in the Sahel eon, large areas were spared from the tsetse fly, the carrier of the Nagant disease, which prevented the development of pastoralism. The number of livestock increased dramatically, which led to cattle overgrazing the scarce savannahs; then, when the drought came, hundreds of thousands of cattle fell victim to it, and people starved to death by the thousands.

Evaporation of dichlorvos is perhaps the most convenient method used to completely free living quarters from insects. Tapes used in the household to control textile pests that evaporate this substance are considered

The United States is toxic: they “cause birth injuries and death of embryos in rats, and therefore are unsafe for humans.”

Long-range transport of technogenic substances has an indirect effect on humans. In the Moscow region, the average pH value in precipitation is 3-3.5 (with a norm of 5.6). For example, acid precipitation, especially in the form of snow, is regularly observed in the Istra region. Such precipitation is dangerous for humans not so much by its direct action as indirectly. They worsen its physico-chemical properties and disturb the nutrition of plants, and therefore adversely affect the health of animals, increase the toxic effect of other pollutants, etc.

The main pollutants, their classification. Terrestrial plantations as a means of human protection

Pollutant - the subject of environmental impact, the amount of which is higher than the natural level. Pollution can be caused by any agent, including the cleanest, i.e. pollution is everything that is in the wrong place, at the wrong time and in the wrong amount that is natural for nature, which brings it out of balance .

As already noted, by origin they distinguish natural and anthropogenic pollution . natural pollution occurs as a result of natural, as a rule, catastrophic processes. Anthropogenic pollution arises as a result of human activities, including their direct or indirect influence on the intensity of natural pollution.

Atmospheric pollutants. Air pollutants are mechanical, chemical, physical and biological.

Mechanical contaminants - dust, rubbish. They are formed during the combustion of fossil fuels and during the production of building materials. With this type of pollution, the most harmful are particles with a diameter of up to 0.005 mm. Many diseases are associated with dusty air: tuberculosis, allergic diseases of the bronchi, etc.; a high concentration of dust in the air causes atrophy of the mucous membranes of the nose, bleeding.

Green spaces purify the air of dust and weaken the effect of other harmful impurities. For example, a spruce plantation

collects from the air 32 tons of dust per 1 ha, pine - 36.4 tons, beech - 68 tons per 1 ha. The forest, being able to filter out annually up to 50-70 tons of dust on an area of ​​1 hectare, reduces the risk of contracting both these and many other diseases.

Chemical contaminants - these are substances alien to it that have penetrated into the ecosystem or are present in it, but in concentrations exceeding the norm.

The most common toxic substances polluting the atmosphere are the following.

Carbon compounds: carbon dioxide CO 2 , which is not harmful in small concentrations; carbon monoxide (CO), highly toxic but diffuses rapidly in the atmosphere; unburned hydrocarbons or oxidized substances (aldehydes and acids).

Sulfur compounds: sulfurous anhydride (SO 2), which can turn into sulfuric anhydride (SO 3) and in the presence of water or its vapor forms sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4).

afforestation can serve both as a mechanical barrier to gas and as a protection against chemical pollution of the atmosphere.

One hectare of forest plantations absorbs in 1 hour all the carbon dioxide emitted during this time by 200 people, that is, 8 kg. One broad-leaved tree with a crown projection of 150 m 2 gives in 10 years the amount of oxygen needed for 2 years of the life of one person.

Physical contaminants - these are excess sources of energy entering the biosphere from technogenic causes.

One of the unfavorable factors of the urban environment is noise, which is random non-periodic sound vibrations of various physical nature. It has been established that noise within 30-40 dB is a comfort zone, above 120 dB is a pain threshold for a person.

Green spaces can provide protection from noise sources. More reliable noise protection is achieved by installing noise barriers from noise sources.

Biological contaminants - species of organisms alien to the ecosystem. Contamination by microorganisms is also called bacteriological.

Particularly dangerous is the special or accidental pollution of the atmosphere. strains of pathogenic microorganisms

mov, created in the laboratories of the armed forces of some countries.

Ecosystem plants are able to fight alien species with the help of specific substances they secrete, which are called phytoncides. For example, 1 m 2 of air in a pine forest contains only 200-300 bacteria, that is, 2 times less than in a mixed forest.

Water pollutants. The situation with drinking water in Russia is characterized as critical - it is a direct threat to public health. The impurities on which the safety of drinking water resources depends are divided into the following categories.

inorganic chemicals, which include mercury, cadmium, nitrates, lead and their compounds, as well as chromium and copper compounds. Toxic substances in sewage are toxic to hydrobionts and often cause their death. For example, arsenic for planktonic crustaceans, daphnia and cyclops is lethal at concentrations of 0.25-2.5 mg/l, and for fish -10-20 mg/l.

organic contaminants may be of plant, animal or chemical origin. Vegetable residues include the remains of paper, fruits and vegetables, vegetable oils, and other pollutants of animal origin - the physiological secretions of people, animals, the remains of fatty and muscle tissues, adhesive substances, etc. Organic chemical pollutants include oil and oil products, pesticides; wastewater; waste from leather, pulp and paper, brewing industries.

Bacterial and biological contaminants are various microorganisms, yeasts and molds, small algae and bacteria, including pathogens of typhus, paratyphoid, dysentery, as well as helminth eggs that come with human and animal secretions. Self-purification agents are bacteria, fungi and algae. It has been established that during bacterial self-purification, no more than 50% of bacteria remain after 24 hours, and 0.5% after 96 hours. The process of bacterial self-purification is greatly slowed down in winter.

Radioactive pollutants pose a great threat to the life of water bodies as ecosystems and human health. Their sources are tests of thermonuclear weapons under water, plants for the purification of uranium ore and for the processing of nuclear fuel for reactors, nuclear power plants, and locations of radioactive waste.

Soil contaminants. The main soil pollutants are:

pesticides, used to control weeds, insects and rodents - pests of agricultural crops;

fertilizers;

oil and refined products;

industrial emissions . Soils around large cities and large enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering, thermal power plants at a distance of several tens of kilometers are contaminated with heavy metals, lead compounds, sulfur and other toxic substances;

landfills for household and industrial waste. A special problem in the urban environment, associated exclusively with a high population, is the elimination of household waste, especially inorganic. Disposal of industrial and domestic wastes to landfills leads to pollution and irrational use of land, pollution of the atmosphere, surface and ground waters, an increase in transport costs and the irretrievable loss of valuable materials and substances.

Questions for self-examination

In what forms does the impact of biosphere pollution on the human body manifest itself?

What are the sources of pollution of the biosphere?

What is the direct impact of biosphere pollution on humans?

What diseases are caused by pollution of the biosphere?

What is the indirect impact of biosphere pollution on humans?

Give examples of the indirect impact of biosphere pollution on humans.

Name the main air pollutants.

What protective measures are used to reduce at-

atmospheric pollution?

Name the main soil pollutants.

What types of economic activities lead to soil pollution?