Involves the infinitive. The infinitive of a verb in Russian is a complex phenomenon

The infinitive (from Latin infinitivus - indefinite), the indefinite form of the verb, is the form of the verb that names the action or the procedural state (watch, read, be) without indicating the time of the action, its relation to reality, the number of subjects of the action, and also the fact whether the subject of the action is the speaker, the interlocutor, or a third person. I. does not express the meanings of time, mood, number and person. It expresses only the meanings of the form (write - write), pledge (build - build), transitivity and intransitivity (paint, lie). Like the form they have in names, I. is the original form of the verb, which is given in dictionaries; I. consists of a stem and a suffix. Most verbs have a suffix -t in I., following the final vowel of the stem: weaken, crush, prick, blow. For several verbs, this suffix is found after consonants with or z: spin, put, fall, sit, eat, gnaw, climb (the same for prefixed verbs with the same roots). Some verbs have the suffix -ti: go, carry, crawl, graze, save, grow, lead, dawn, bloom, weave, revenge, carry, gnaw, pronounce, wander, row, scrape, observe, muck (bookish) , shake, prefixed verbs with the same roots, as well as the verb to get out (used in the Lithuanian language along with get out). The suffix -ti is always stressed; the exception is verbs with the prefix you-, which have an accent on this prefix: grow, fade, etc. Some of the verbs with the suffix -ti have parallel forms with the suffix -t, characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: weave - weave, bring - bring . Forms with the suffix -т were common in Lit. 19th century language along with the forms in -ty, cf.: “Saving the honor of my native land, I will have, without a doubt, to outweigh Tatyana's letter * (Pushkin); “She seemed like a sure shot of du comme and faut. (Shishkov, sorry: I don’t know how to translate) * (Pushkin).
Some verbs have a suffix -ch in I.: burn, lie down, clothe, draw, entertain, bake, call (obsolete), speak (obsolete and simple), doom (high), guard, flog, flow , neglect, shear, catch (along with catch), overtake (along with overtake), reach (along with reach), comprehend (along with comprehend), drag, crush, be able, and also in prefixed verbs with the same roots: ignite , roll over, bake, etc.
In vernacular and dialects, there are forms with the repetition of the suffix -ty after -ty: ittit, find, walk. These forms do not comply with the norms of lit. language, in which there is only one verb with such a repetition: to be lost.
In the vast majority of verbs, the basis of I. coincides with the basis of past. time. The exceptions are: 1) verbs, in which the basis of I. ends in -nu, and in the basis of prosh. time - well, may be absent, for example: perish, perish and perish-nu-l; fade, fade and fade-l; 2) verbs with the suffix -ch, in which the basis of I. ends in a vowel, and in the basis of past. time, this vowel is followed by a back-lingual consonant k or g, for example: take - shore, could - could, attract - attracted, bake - baked; 3) verbs, in which the basis of I. ends in -e or -i, and in the basis of past. time, these vowels are absent: tere-t - ter, re-t - per (simple), measure-t - measures, stretch-t - stretched, err-t-sya - err-sya, etc .; 4) verbs, in which the basis of I. ends in -s, and in the basis of past. time -s alternates with -b: scratch-ti - scraper, gres-ti - row, or is cut off: mes-ti - chalk, splash-ty - plaited, class-ty - cla-l, swear-ty - swear-l , es-th - e-l.
In the sentence, I. performs the syntactic functions of the subject (Smoking is harmful), a simple verbal predicate (“And the queen laugh, And shrug your shoulders ...”, Pushkin; The main thing is not to worry), the main member of the infinitive sentence (Open to him ?; Line up! ), the connective part of a complex verbal predicate (He wants to leave; I began to read), additions (I ask you to speak loudly), inconsistent definitions (“Impatience to get to Tiflis took possession of me *, Pushkin), goal circumstances (“The moon rose majestically in the sky shine for good people and the whole world *, Gogol).
I. also acts as part of the form of bud. difficult time: I will write. I., subordinate in the sentence to the personal form of the verb, can be subjective or objective. Subject I. denotes an action, the subject of which coincides with the subject of the personal form of the verb (He began to write). Objective I. denotes an action, the subject of which is the object of the personal form of the verb (He recommended that I write an article).

Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - an indefinite form of a verb that names an action or a procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relation to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.

As the most abstract, most generalized verb form, infinitive opposed to a complex of personal forms. is the most "pure" representative of the lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological features, which are constant for all verb forms: recurrence, transitivity, form, conjugation.

In relation to personal forms, it is characterized by a high degree of regularity: in Russian there are almost no personal forms of the verb from which it is impossible to form an infinitive and vice versa.

opposed to the personal forms of the verb, because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write - write), grammatical meanings of recurrence ( build - build) and transitivity ( paint, lay) associated with the collateral category.

means of forming the infinitive, as a verb form are suffixes -т(do, sleep, live, saw) and -ti (carry, crawl, go).

Most infinitives with stems ending in a vowel have suffix -th. For some verbs, this suffix can also be placed after the consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ti(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant stem. This suffix is always stressed. Some forms from -ti have options with -t:carry - carry(were common in the literary language in the nineteenth century). Suffixes -th and -ty shaping and therefore are not included in the stem of the infinitive.

The Russian language has verb infinitives ending in on -ch(keep, guard, bake). In these verbs, -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -g, -k, -x with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, pekti. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.

In addition to the formative suffixes -ty and -ty, the infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, relax, etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.

The girl began to write poetry at the age of 6 at the same time in Russian, German and French (predicate).

And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders (predicate).

Smoking is prohibited (subject).

Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).

I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).

We went to some kind of ditch to shoot and to swim in a small river (a circumstance).

As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is in front of the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.

, included in the predicate, denotes the action of the person named subject.

An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverb goal, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced by a noun.

The infinitive as a complement denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.

All verb forms are formed from two stems: stems of the infinitive and stems of the present tense.

From the stem of the infinitive the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle, are formed, from present tense basics- present tense, imperative mood, participle and participle of the present tense.

To find the stem of the infinitive, from the feminine singular form of the past tense, we subtract the final -la: to say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.

To find the basis of the present tense, from the form of the 3rd person plural of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: to say, they will say - the basis of the present tense is say-.

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A special form of the verb - it is also called initial or indefinite - is the infinitive (from the Latin infinitivus - "indefinite").

It denotes a state and action that is not related to person, number, mood, or time.

This invariable form is easily recognizable by the suffixes TH, TI, CH, which are either at the end of the word or before the postfix SYA: walk, go, save, laugh.

In general, the infinitive can be called a "chameleon", it can be similar to nouns, to words of the state category. We can verify this when we analyze sentences with infinitives.

Do you need to know what an infinitive is? When will this knowledge be applied? Of course, it is important to have information about verb forms and apply them in practice. Firstly, when we do a morphological analysis of the verb, secondly, to determine its conjugation, thirdly, to choose the correct spelling of personal verb endings and, finally, to find out its syntactic role and not forget about putting a dash between the subject and predicate.

In addition, forms of the past tense (CHITA + L), forms of the conditional mood (WOULD DECIDE), some forms of participles (REVIEW + LOUS, CENSUS + NNY) and participles (WIN + IN, RETURN + LICE + S) are formed from the infinitive.

Every infinitive has only permanent signs:

view (perfect/imperfect),
transitivity,
recurrence,
conjugation.

When defining a view, we set questions: WHAT TO DO? (sing, carry, bake) and WHAT TO DO? (sing, bring, bake).

Transition the infinitive transfers the action to the subject, combined with nouns in Vin. case without a preposition (build a tower, take out tea, protect the homeland) and in Rod. case when negating or indicating a part of an object and a large amount (not finding a way, eating meat, picking berries).

Intransitive the infinitive can have the postfix СЯ / СЬ, then it is called reflexive (smile, take care, rush). The intransitive infinitive is combined with nouns in Dan., Creation., Proposition. cases (go to friends, chat with a friend, think about family), as well as in Vin. and Rod. cases with prepositions (enter the house, wait for a friend).

If we define the conjugation by the infinitive, then we do not forget about exception words. At I conjugation on IT: SHAVING and CUTTING; II has conjugations on ET and AT: see, look, twirl, offend, endure, hate, depend and drive, hold, breathe, hear) and in different conjugated forms (want, run, eat, give).

As a rule, we look at the last three letters: the I conjugation includes verbs in OT, UT, YTY (STICK, wither, blow, cover), where the verbal suffixes O, NU and even root vowels U, Y are in front of TH.

However, some of the verbs in AT, YAT, ET with the verbal suffixes A, I, E, which are usually referred to the first conjugation, are also characteristic of the second conjugation, for example: be silent - silent, STAND - stands, SIT - sits. The examples show that they can be recognized by the stressed personal endings of the conjugated forms. So, we use the check using the forms of the present tense.

The II conjugation mainly includes verbs in IT (repeat) and 11 exception verbs, which we have already listed above. But even here there are some features: the first conjugation includes a small group of infinitives with a root vowel AND (beat, drink, sew, rot).

Let's try to determine the conjugation of the verbs to be, go, sit down, go out, children, wander, go, reap. We form the plural forms of the present tense: to be - they will, to go - they go, to sit down - they sit down, to get out - they will go out, to children - denUt, to wander - they wander, to go - they go, to reap - they reap or press (meaningfully!). All of them have I conjugation, but their personal endings can be unstressed and stressed.

How does the infinitive behave in a sentence? In different ways, being not only a predicate, but also a subject, an addition, a definition and a circumstance. It denotes the subject of speech in a two-part sentence and acts as a subject: Smoking is harmful to health (compare: Smoking is harmful to health).

How to recognize the infinitive in this role? The first sign is the position in front of the predicate. The second is the absence of any dependence on other members of the proposal. The third sign - the infinitive can be replaced by a synonymous noun.

Consider examples:

1) Hunting on skis is very tiring. 2) It's not easy to please you.

The infinitive "to hunt" is in the first place in the sentence, does not depend on other words, is easily replaced by a noun: Hunting on skis is very tiring. But in the second example, such a replacement is impossible! We ask a question from the predicate, expressed by the category of state EASY, to the subject: it is easy (what?) to please.

It is not difficult to define the infinitive as a simple verbal predicate. Here we take into account that the form of such a predicate has the meaning of the future tense: I will ask you for help. The predicate consists of two words I WILL and ASK. This is a challenging future!

When defining a compound verbal predicate (it is also called "infinitive"!) we start from the principle: the infinitive carries the main meaning, and the auxiliary part consists of conjugated forms of modal words and phase verbs.

MODAL verbs, adjectives and words of the state category: be able, want, be able, prepare, decide, love, follow; must, must, ready, glad; it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is time.

PHASE verbs denote the beginning, continuation or end of an action: start, become, accept, continue, stop, end.

Let's analyze the examples:

1) She shouldn't think about him. 2) The girl stopped crying and wiped away her tears.

In the first case, a MODAL WORD is used, expressed by a short adjective, in the second case, a PHASE verb "stopped".

The most dangerous thing is to confuse the compound verb predicate with the addition, which is the infinitive! In this case, he answers questions of indirect cases, is associated with an auxiliary verb with the meaning of a request / demand: asked, advised, helped, forced, ordered, persuaded, demanded. It can be replaced by a noun as an object.

In the examples (Grandfather forbade me to walk in the rain. He taught me to save words.) we replace auxiliary verbs with nouns and ask questions of indirect cases: forbade (vin. case: what?) walks; taught (Dan. case: what?) savings.

And besides this, we take into account that with the infinitive as a complement, actions are performed by different persons, and not by one person:

1) I decided to go to the village. 2) My grandfather told me to go to the village.

In the first sentence, "I" decided and I will leave myself, in the second - my grandfather ordered, and "I" will go.

The infinitive in the role of an inconsistent definition depends on the noun and is associated with it by adjunction: The habit of wandering overcame him. She asked to help her parents. We make a synonymous replacement: the habit (what?) of wandering; with a request (what?) for help. In this case, the connection between the words is control.

The infinitive as a circumstance expresses the meaning of the goal and answers the questions FOR WHAT PURPOSE? WHY? He is attached to an auxiliary verb with the meaning of movement: he went to freshen up, hurries to get dressed, gathered to meet, sat down to write, went for a swim, invited to have dinner.

You can rebuild the sentence and make a synonymous replacement with the help of the adjective part of the NGN: I went to freshen up; hurries to get dressed; gathered to meet; sat down to write; left to bathe; invited to dinner.

Suppose, for syntactic analysis, sentences are given in which you need to find the infinitive and determine its syntactic function:

1) It was difficult to speak. 2) It was difficult to solve the problem. 3) It was decided to go to the village. 4) Waiting for an answer is not ordered. 5) Given to repair.

In the first two-part sentence, the infinitive "to speak" is at the very beginning, acting as the subject of the predicate "it was difficult."

In the second and third one-part impersonal sentences, the infinitives "decide" and "go" are included in the compound nominal predicate.

In the fourth "I" I decided to go myself, of my own free will. Here the infinitive "wait" is an addition: waiting is not ordered (what?), "I" am waiting, but I am not ordered to wait.

In the fifth, the infinitive "repair" is a circumstance of the goal: given (why?) for repair.

As you can see, it is difficult to determine the roles of the infinitive, but it is possible. Let's move on to training. We propose to complete the task to determine the syntactic role of the infinitive. Then you can check your answers!

TASKS

1. What member of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

I told the driver to go. I advise you to return home. You asked me to tell about my project.

2. What member of the sentence is the infinitive? Write your answer in words.

Mtsyra had one desire to win. I got the opportunity to get to know my fellow traveler better.