Impact on the human body. Dosing of nutritional supplements

Drinks that increase human energy every year. The funds are especially popular among young people and students. They allow you to prepare for exams all night without getting tired, and dance in discos until the morning. What energy drinks consist of, and their effect on the body, scientists around the world have been trying to find out for several years.

Companies that produce the drink assure that energy does not bring significant harm to the human body. Anyone who drinks a jar of a miracle cocktail for several hours gets a charge of vivacity and good mood.

In the first minutes after drinking the drink, the brain begins to work in an enhanced mode, strength is felt in the arms and legs, the mood rises, you want to do something, move. But doctors warn that extra forces in the body are reserved for emergencies. Therefore, an unexpected surge of vivacity can provoke serious malfunctions in the work of some organs.

The composition of the drink

In order for a person to feel a surge of strength, stimulation of the nervous system with active ingredients that are present in energy drinks is required.

Caffeine is a brain stimulant. found in all drinks without exception.
Taurine - a substance that naturally accumulates in muscle tissue, has a cleansing effect on the liver.
Extract from ginseng and guarana - have a tonic effect, relieve pain during exercise.
Carnitine - normalizes metabolism.
Vitamin B and glucose - are used to normalize the nervous system.
Matein is a component that eliminates the feeling of hunger. Sometimes used in weight loss diets.
Carbon dioxide - increases the rate of absorption of the drink.

At first glance, all components are harmless enough. However, medicine officially recognizes energy drinks as harmful drinks, and their effect on the body is of concern.

Energy drinks and their effect on the body

positive:

contribute to vivacity and a surge of strength;
glucose with an increased amount of vitamins stimulates the work of all organs and the circulatory system;
the action of energy drinks lasts 4 hours;
convenient jars allow you to take a drink anywhere (on the dance floor, driving a car, in the gym).

negative:

An increased rate of the drink (more than 2 cans per day) will gradually lead to hypertension and diabetes mellitus due to the large amount of glucose.
Not in all countries energy can be purchased in the public domain. In Europe - only in a pharmacy. The ban is associated with frequent cases of death caused by an overdose of the drink.
An increased dose of vitamin B destroys nerve cells (weakness and trembling of the limbs, rapid heartbeat).
Caffeine is addictive and requires an increase in dose to get the desired effect, it also has a diuretic effect that removes beneficial salts from the body.
Carbon dioxide, together with taurine, irritates the lining of the stomach, provoking the development of gastritis and ulcers.

In addition, energy drinks combined with alcohol can lead to negative unpredictable consequences.

At what age can you drink energy drinks?

Invigorating drinks do not contain alcohol, however, their sale to minors in many European countries is prohibited. This is due to the destructive effect of the cocktail on the unformed organism. First of all, the fragile children's psyche suffers from an invigorating drink. There are cases when a small dose of a drink led teenagers to a "stupor" - a complete lack of motor functions and a lack of reaction.

Studies have influenced the ban on the sale of energy drinks to minors in several European countries. Scientists have proven that even 1 jar of the drink depletes the child's body and can lead to the following consequences:

irritability;
loss of strength;
insomnia;
depressive state;
of death.

Thus, to the question: “How old can you drink energy drinks?” The answer is an unequivocal "Never!". Such drinks, in fact, do not give either strength or energy. They only stimulate the central nervous system, which sooner or later will lead to its defeat.

How to use energy drinks correctly

People who can no longer do without invigorating drinks are advised to take precautions:

maximum 2 cans per day;
do not mix with alcohol;
do not take a cocktail after training, as the heart is already working in a rapid mode.

After taking energy drinks, a person needs time to restore the body. It is advisable not to drink alcohol during this period, eat well and rest.

Thus, power engineers and theirs have more minuses than pluses. But if in this situation you cannot do without a drink, it is recommended to study the rules for its use.

Irina Kruglova with Russian athletes at the Universiade in Kazan

Zozhnik talked to Irina Valentinovna Kruglova, Deputy Chief Physician at the Center for Sports Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, and asked several burning questions for us. The opinion of the editors of Zozhnik may not coincide with the opinion of the respondent.

How can a person independently measure his physical condition? Are there any tests, standards by type ?

Irina Valentinovna advised Zozhnik several tests for self-determination of his own functional state, which we put in a separate text - ““.

And she emphasized separately: The concept of “physical condition” is incorrect. There are concepts of physical development and functional state. Physical development is the correspondence of anthropometric data and a number of other parameters to the average values of groups of people divided by age and gender.

If we talk about the assessment of the functional state, then to determine it, a lot of tests are used that evaluate the response to physical activity of all interested body systems.

There is nothing criminal in exercises with free weights or weights. Subject to certain rules: initially, the amount of work should take no more than 10% of the training time; work should begin with small weights; gradual increase in weights, intensity of exercise. This approach avoids the consequences of inadequate strength work, which consists in damage to myofibrils, up to their destruction, the appearance of local inflammation and muscle pain.

Irina Valentinovna at the Universiade in Kazan

We read the text on one English-language site that more muscle - prolongs life. How justified is this statement?

All people have the same amount of muscle. Against the background of physical exercises, thickening or hypertrophy of muscle fibers occurs due to structural and contractile proteins. It is quite difficult to say that their number, or rather thickening, prolongs life. Most likely, we are talking about maintaining muscles in good tone and performance, which can be achieved by performing systematic exercises, that is, leading an active lifestyle.

Adynamia leads to a decrease in muscle size, a decrease in its strength, a metabolic disorder, and a deterioration in blood supply. With a weakening of muscle tone, the risk of injury increases both at home and during physical exercises.

Today, the problem of losing weight for people is especially relevant. How do you recommend dealing with excess weight to those who contact you?

Overweight in healthy people appears due to a mismatch between consumed and expended calories. Therefore, in order to lose weight, it is necessary to reduce the number of calories consumed. This can be achieved either by reducing calories and food intake, or by increasing energy expenditure. Active energy expenditure occurs only during physical activity.

Is it true that in order to lose weight, you just need to spend more calories than you consume - moreover, regardless of the time of their consumption - in the morning or at night? The ban on eating at night - a myth or has a scientific basis?

The statement about calorie intake and expenditure is correct. But the predominant use of food in the morning has a scientific justification. Human biorhythms are decisive here, on which the degree of digestibility of the consumed products depends. Simply put, after six o'clock in the evening, our body does not have the ability to fully digest the food consumed.

We assume that sport at a certain level of an athlete's development already works not for his health, but vice versa - against health, reduces the resources of the body and life. How can you define this line, at least in some sports. For example, running. How much running is useful, and how much running is already harmful to the body?

The higher the results in sports, the more intense and voluminous the training should be. Under the influence of the training process, the athlete's body learns to work more economically, to respond with the maximum mobilization of all systems to physical activity.

It is impossible to talk about the limit of acceptable values in any sport. Since it all depends on the level of training of a particular athlete. For someone, 100 meters will be impossible, and someone will run 42 kilometers with ease and pleasure. It must be understood that in order to achieve a result, an athlete trains for a long time and systematically.

Health problems in athletes begin when the ratio of load and recovery is disturbed. Under-recovery leads to increased morbidity and injury. A long under-recovery can lead to irreversible changes in the body.

Today, in gyms for new sports disciplines, such as CrossFit, barrels are installed so that you can pour the contents of your stomach into it, since nausea and vomiting come from excessive exertion. Is it normal? Is this medically acceptable?

The presence of barrels is more related to the field of the show than to the sport. Based on the physiological processes that occur in the body when exposed to excessive loads, the athlete is more likely to faint than to empty the stomach. But, I think, fainting is not so spectacular. ( Many professional CrossFit athletes and bodybuilders may object: there are cases of gastric emptying in the gym. Zozhnik also joins them).

People involved in crossfit actively and systematically train to develop the required qualities of their body and adapt to such loads. Otherwise, they would not be able to perform exercises consistently and with high intensity, since processes blocking muscle activity occur in the body when energy reserves are depleted and muscle fibers are damaged.

Excessive loads are loads that many times exceed the functional capabilities of the body and are stressful for the body of any person. And in the case of frequently repeated inadequate loads, the adaptation of the body is disrupted, which can lead to very disastrous consequences. Therefore, the attitude of medicine to loads that many times exceed the functional capabilities of the body is extremely negative.

There is a massive craze for anabolic steroids in the gym today. Moreover, given that these are illegal drugs, it can be said that there is no qualified information about their use at all. At the same time, consumers talk about their relative safety when used correctly. Tell us, what are the reasons for the prohibition of anabolic steroids, what harm can they do to the body, the development of this topic in the future? Are there legal substitutes for steroids, such as those used by professional athletes in preparation for world competitions?

The peak of anabolic steroid use was somewhere in the 90s.

There is a lot of information about them in the literature, on the Internet. A huge amount of scientific work has been done to study the effect on the body. Both positive and negative effects of this group of drugs were revealed. There is not a single system in the body that anabolic steroids would not have a negative impact on.

Therefore, such promoted effects of anabolic steroids as an increase in muscle mass (moreover, it is temporary), and an acceleration of recovery, cannot be compared with the list of side effects.

There are preparations based on plant and animal raw materials, the so-called natural adaptogens, which have an anabolic effect. Due to the fact that the use of prohibited substances by athletes is unacceptable, natural adaptogens and preparations based on them are widely used in sports.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER EDUCATION

"Saratov State Agrarian University

named after N.I. Vavilov

College of Finance and Technology

ESSAY

"Food additives and their effect on the human body"

Is done by a student

I course specialty

Grigoriev Nikita

Saratov 2016

Introduction

In today's world, we increasingly prefer industrial products, which means we absorb numerous, often artificial, substances marked "E" and three or four digit serial numbers.

The description of the composition of products on the labels begins with well-known words (sugar, oil, water, vinegar ...), and usually ends with one or more letters "E" with a set of numbers.

It is necessary to figure out whether chemicals are really so terrible for the human, and, in particular, for the child's body, since teenagers are an active consumer of chocolate bars, chewing gum, chips, crackers and many other products that contain the "E" index.

The purpose of the work: to study the main groups of food additives, and their effect on a living organism.

Tasks:

1 - identify the presence of food additives, indicated by the code E, in the composition of a number of food products;

2 - to find out the nature of the influence of these substances on the human body;

3 - to establish the degree of awareness of students about the food additives used;

4 - develop and conduct a cycle of explanatory conversations with schoolchildren

Object of research : foods most commonly consumed by children (sweets, confectionery, soda, chewing gum).

Research methods:

Analysis of information contained in various sources (reference literature, Internet, TV broadcast materials); comparison; systematization.

Observation and questioning of students;

Analysis of the composition of food products indicated on the labels.

Hypothesis: if you have information about the presence of food additives in food and the possible effects of these substances on the body, then the likelihood of maintaining health will increase.

Research methods.

1. Practical (packaging analysis).

2. Analytical (literature review).

Hypothesis: to find out the effect of food additives on the body of students.

The purpose of the project: to determine the possibility of students consuming frequently consumed foods.

Relevance: many students do not have enough time to eat normally and they buy various products in the canteen, without even thinking about the content of various food additives in them, my task is to determine the composition of the most frequently consumed products.

food supplement human body

On packages with products, usually in small, barely visible print, you can find the letters "E" and a numeric code. Everyone probably already knows this, food additives: preservatives, dyes, flavors, stabilizers, etc. - substances that help keep the product as long as possible. Currently, 250 food additives are allowed in Russia. Real space, "green light" for manufacturers!

The additive code E-250 is called "Color Stabilizer" and it is noted that it is approved by the EU and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation as a safe food additive, everything is fine and beautiful, but ... . if you look a little deeper, it turns out that the E-250 code is NaNo2, and it has very unpleasant side effects on the body. The most common is a serious violation of blood pressure. The popular sodium nitrite has also been linked to an increase in cardiovascular disease and stroke.

Dietary supplements labeled safe by the Department of Health may trigger an asthma attack or arrhythmia in some people. Almost all finished products are supplemented with the flavor improver E-621 or otherwise SODIUM GLUTAMATE (C 5 H 8 NO 4 Na * H2O). It creates the taste of meat. It is added everywhere: in instant soups and noodles, in canned food, sauces, seasonings, marinades, chips, sausages and sausages. This substance has a lot of side effects. In sensitive people, it can cause asthma attacks, hives, headaches. How common are these problems? In studies sponsored by interested people (manufacturers) of monosodium glutamate, they occur in only 1.8% of people, and in independent studies - in 33%. High consumption of products with monosodium glutamate can provoke the so-called "Chinese restaurant syndrome": headache, heart palpitations, nausea, chest pain, drowsiness and weakness.

Many people calm down when they read "natural product" or "environmentally friendly product" on the label. There is a "sanitary and hygienic standard". In other words, no one checks food products for "ecological cleanliness", because there are no such criteria. Wanted - and wrote. After all, creating such a product is almost impossible! To do this, it is necessary to observe "purity" in the entire technological chain: raw materials - production - distribution - consumption.

1. Carefully read the labels, know the decoding of the codes;

2. Do not buy products with unnaturally bright, flashy colors. Most likely, they are stuffed with dyes.

3. Do not buy products with a long shelf life;

4. Choose fresh vegetables and fruits. But be aware that imported fruits and vegetables (apples, lemons, etc.) are treated with special substances for better preservation and shine;

5. The smaller the list of ingredients in finished products, the fewer additives;

6. Instead of buying ready-made juices, make them yourself;

Below is a general breakdown of the codes for these additives with the main harmful and dangerous ones:

E100-E199 (dyes) - substances that give the product a new color or hide its natural shade;

E200-E299 (preservatives) keep the product from rotting, fermentation and other decay processes;

E300-E399 (antioxidants) prevent the oxidation of the product (for example, the burning of the fats contained in it or the decomposition of light-sensitive natural dyes);

E400-E499 (stabilizers / thickeners) maintain the desired consistency of the product or provide the product with a certain viscosity;

E500-E599 (emulsifiers) provide a uniform appearance of the product;

E600-E699 enhance the natural taste and smell of the product;

Rospotrebnadzor experts consider the following additives dangerous: , E405, E501, E503, E620. The list of very dangerous includes: E123, E510, and E527

Suspicious additives are named: E104, E122, E141, E150a, b, c, d, E171, E173, E241 and E477.

Crustaceans - E131, E210-217, E240, E330.

Causing intestinal upset - E221-226.

Harmful to the skin - E230-232, E239.

Causing pressure disorders - E250, E251.

Provoking the appearance of a rash - E311, E312.

Increasing cholesterol - E320, E321.

Causing indigestion - E338-341, E407, E450, E461-466. (6)

Today, the modern food market is characterized by a very wide range of choices, both in assortment and in price categories. This development is determined, first of all, by the growth of consumer demand. But does supply justify demand, and is freedom of choice really as absolute as it seems?

The choice of this or that kind of food is determined today by several factors:

consumer lifestyle;

its solvency;

health status and related dietary restrictions.

I would like to focus on the last point. Human health problems today are not always characterized by genetic heredity or predisposition to a particular type of disease, as well as the influence of environmental factors on the body. Recently, the state of the body and its performance have been increasingly affected by food products included in the daily diet of consumption, or to be more precise, their composition, which in turn is replete with a list of all kinds of so-called food additives, the most common of which are ingredients with index E.

Is it safe to consume such products?

E-standards

The letter "E" on the label of the composition of a particular food product indicates compliance with the European nutrition standard, and the digital index indicates the type of supplement itself. Once, the names of these chemicals were indicated in the composition of the products in full, but due to the volume of the names, they were replaced with an alphanumeric code.

To date, not only in the Russian Federation, but also in Europe, the use of E-additives in food production is prohibited. But only some.

The European Commission enjoys the right to ban, and on-site inspections, that is, on the territory of food enterprises and shops, are carried out by the so-called inspection of the food and veterinary service, and even then not everywhere.

How does this system work?

E-supplements are tested on animals and humans in accredited European laboratories. Given the absence of negative consequences and effects on the body, additives are included in the list of permitted. Otherwise, if inspectors of the food and veterinary services detect those containing prohibited E-components during the inspection of food products, they are confiscated. The frequency of such checks falls on once every six months. That is, in the intermediate six months, in the absence of data on the dangers of a particular supplement, based on research, people consume an unknown amount of food.

The irony of such a "nourishing scenario" does not end there. E-components are prohibited in the presence of a threat to life, for example, those that lead to death. A large mass of others remain in the shadows, either little studied or not characterized as "dangerous". That is, if preservatives are not globally recognized as lethal for food consumption, then they can be considered harmless. And this is not the only example that causes, at least, doubts.

Here are some examples of such E-elements being added to the composition of food produced today:

E102 - tartrazine - dye. It is allowed on the territory of our country, but prohibited on the territory of the European Union.

Impact on the body:

food allergy.

Food products containing tartrazine: confectionery, sweets, ice cream, drinks.

E128 - red dye Red 2G with a carcinogenic effect, used in the production of sausages with a grain and legume content of more than 6% and minced meat products and giving a pink color to the product. It is a genotoxic compound, that is, it has the ability to cause changes in genes. E128 is prohibited for use in Russia!

Impact on the body (long-term period of manifestation of the reaction after the moment of use):

Oncological diseases;

Anomalies in the development of the fetus;

Congenital pathologies.

Products containing Red 2G dye: sausages and sausages (especially cheap ones).

E216 and E217 - preservatives (propyl ether and sodium salt). Banned in Russia!

Impact on the body:

Food poisoning.

Foods containing this type of preservative: sweets, filled chocolates, meat products, jelly-coated pates, soups and broths.

E250 - sodium nitrite (NaNo2) - a dye, seasoning and preservative used for dry preservation of meat and stabilization of its red color. E250 is allowed for use in Russia, but banned in the EU.

Impact on the body:

Increased excitability of the nervous system in children;

Oxygen starvation of the body (hypoxia);

Decrease in the content of vitamins in the body;

Food poisoning with a possible fatal outcome;

Oncological diseases.

Foods containing sodium nitrite: bacon (especially fried), corned beef, sausages, ham, smoked meat and fish.

E320 - an antioxidant to slow down the oxidative process in fat and oil mixtures (allowed in Russia, but considered hazardous to health).

Impact on the body:

Foods containing antioxidant E320: some foods containing fat; chewing gums.

E400-499 - thickeners, stabilizers to increase the viscosity of the product (most of them are prohibited in the Russian Federation).

Impact on the body:

Diseases of the digestive tract.

Products containing these types of E-additives: yogurt and mayonnaise.

E510, E513 and E527 (from the group E500-599) are emulsifiers that create uniformity when combining immiscible products, such as water and oil.

Impact on the body:

Malfunctions in the liver.

E951 - aspartame - a synthetic sweetener.

Impact on the body:

Depletion of serotonin reserves in the cerebral cortex;

The development of manic depression, panic attacks, violence (with excessive use).

Products containing aspartame: chewing gum, carbonated drinks (especially imported ones).

Prohibited E-additives

At the moment, we can only give an approximate list of E-supplements that are prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation based on regulations based on research by the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences:

E121 - citrus red dye;

E123 - red amaranth dye;

E240 - formaldehyde preservative, classifying which can be attributed to the same group of substances as arsenic with hydrocyanic acid - deadly poisons;

E116-117 - preservatives actively used in the production of confectionery and meat products;

E924a and E924b are so-called "flour and bread improvers".

And also such additives are prohibited: E103, E107, E125, E127, E128, E213-219, E140, E153-155, E166, E173-175, E180, E182, E209, E213-219, E225-228, E230-233, E237, E238, E240, E241, E252, E253, E264, E281-283, E302, E303, E305, E308-314, E317, E318, E323-325, E328, E329, E343-345, E349, E350-352, E355-357, E359, E365-368, E370, E375, E381, E384, E387-390, E399, E403, E408, E409, E418, E419, E429-436, E441-444, E446, E462, E463, E465, E467, E474, E476-480, E482-489, E491-496, E505, E512, E519-523, E535, E537, E538, E541, E542, E550, E552, E554-557, E559, E560, E574, E576, E577, E579, E580, E622-625, E628, E629, E632-635, E640, E641, E906, E908-911, E913, E916-919, E922-926, E929, E942-946, E957, E959, E1000, E1001, E1105, E1503, E1521.

And this is not the whole list. In addition, where is the guarantee that E-elements prohibited for production are not used?

E-additives allowed in Russia, but considered dangerous

Food additives E105, E126, E130, E131, E143, E152, E210, E211, E330, E447 - are factors that cause the growth of malignant tumors.

E221-226, E320-322, E338-341, E407, E450, E461, E466 - provoking the formation of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Food additive E239 may cause an allergic reaction.

E171, E320-322 - additives that cause liver and kidney disease.

In addition, the following additives are prohibited in the European Union, but the following additives are still allowed in Russia: E102, E104, E110, E111, E120, E122, E124, E126, E141, E142, E150, E212, E250, E251, E311-313, E477 .

Food market analysis

An analysis of the state of the modern food market for the content of food E-components hazardous to human health and life showed that most of the proposed assortment contains, to a greater or lesser extent, the above substances.

As an example, we can cite a list of brands of the modern food market, among which E-elements were found that pose a danger to the life of an individual:

1. Among carbonated drinks:

- Fruktime Duchess, as well as Fiesta Duchess, derivatives from Coca-Cola (contain aspartame E951);

All other subsidiaries of Coca-Cola;

- "Lemonade" (Greatly);

- "Raspberry" (Salyut-Cola);

- "Barberry" (Assorted);

- "Sitro" (Salyut-cola), etc.

2. Among chewing gums that are especially popular these days:

- "Dirol" (contains in its composition the thickener E414, which provokes diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; antioxidant E330; preservative E296; dye E171; emulsifier (as indicated on the package) E322, which is an antioxidant, as well as E321 and glazing agent E903);

- "Orbit" (contains sorbitol E420, belonging to the group of emulsifiers and stabilizers; maltitol E965 (antifoaming agent-antiflaming, and how dangerous it is - to judge the consumer); stabilizer E422; thickener E414; dye E171; sweetener aspartame E951, etc.).

Which of these chewing gums is less dangerous and whether it is worth consuming at all is a personal matter for everyone!

3. Among some alcoholic energy drinks:

- "ABSENTER ENERGY" (contains stabilizer E414; acidity regulator, also known as antioxidant E330; preservative E211);

- "JAGUAR" (contains preservative E211; dyes);

The majority of non-alcohol energy drinks can also be attributed to this group, even if the letter code “E” does not appear in the composition, the Ministry of Health advises paying attention to the name of the contents of the components, otherwise how is the “energy” effect on the body justified ?!

4. Among chips and crackers:

- "Lays" in a small package (contains E951 aspartame);

- "Pringles" (contains E471 emulsifier);

Croutons "Kirieshki" (contains flavor enhancer E621, E627, E631, E551, dye E100, etc.).

5. Among fermented milk products:

- "Activia" with the addition of something, whether it be fruits or cereals (as part of the thickener E1442);

- "Rastishka yogurt with fruit puree" (the same thickener E1442; dyes, etc.) - baby food!

- "Danissimo" (thickener E1442, acidity regulators).

6. Among the sausages:

Sausage "Kyiv Servelat" of the sausage factory "Kanevskoy" (in which stabilizers and preservative sodium nitrite E250 were found);

- "Amateur" boiled from the same manufacturer (contains a color preservative fixative, as well as sodium nitrite E250);

7. Among the brands of ice cream:

As an example, we can cite the products of "La Fam", where the dye E102, E133, stabilizers E407, E410, E412, E466, E471 were found. And that's what our students eat!

8. Among the well-known chocolate manufacturers:

- "Sweet" and "Alpen Gold" (contain E476, stabilizers);

- "Nesquik" (E124 and E476 were found in the composition).

The consumer today should be more than vigilant in his choice and take into account at least the results of the latest research in this area, as well as coordinate his diet with the list of harmful and dangerous substances.

History reference

Nutritional supplements-- Substances that are added to foods during production, packaging, transportation or storage to give them desired properties, such as certain flavors (flavors), colors (colors), shelf life (preservatives), taste, texture, etc. .

At the beginning of the century, the very concept of "food additives" was rather conditional, and even more conditional was the control over their use. Suffice it to mention that cocaine was added to soft drinks for quite legal reasons, for example, Coca-Cola, now famous all over the world. The first part of the name is nothing but coca - a shrub from the leaves of which cocaine (drug) is obtained.

And if today doctors say that it is necessary to register nutritional supplements according to the same rules as drugs, then at the beginning of the last century, even the drugs themselves were treated "condescendingly". For example, one of the patented drugs called "heroin" (nakotik) was simply treated for coughs.

In the 1960s, methamphetamine was considered a harmless stimulant. Only after 5 years of its widespread use, doctors, and after them all citizens, learned about the deadly side effects of this drug, which is now classified as a group of "hard" drugs. It is quite possible that in another 50 years, some dye, generously added to candy now, will be perceived in the same way as heroin is today.

The history of such food coloring as cochineal, also known as carmine (E120), resembles a detective novel. People learned to receive it in ancient times. Biblical legends mention a purple dye obtained from a red worm, which was used by the descendants of Noah. Indeed, carmine was obtained from cochineal insects, also known as oak bugs, or kermes. They lived in the Mediterranean countries, met in Poland and Ukraine, but the most famous was the Ararat cochineal.

In the 16th century, a new type of cochineal appeared on the world market - Mexican. They brought her from the New World. In a matter of years, a new type of carmine conquered all of Europe, while the Ararat cochineal was simply forgotten for many years. It was only at the beginning of the 19th century that the recipes of the past were restored. Cochineal even tried to breed on an industrial scale. However, the appearance at the end of the 19th century of cheap aniline dyes discouraged domestic entrepreneurs from messing around with "worms".

In the 1930s, the Soviet government decided to reduce the import of imported food products and start producing domestic cochineal. The expedition to Armenia was crowned with success. A valuable insect was found. However, the war prevented its breeding. The project for the study of Ararat cochineal was resumed only in 1971, but it never came to breeding it on an industrial scale.

Where do nutritional supplements come from?

Natural nutritional supplements are obtained from vegetable raw materials: thickeners - from seaweed; dyes - from fruits and vegetables, as well as some living beings; acidifiers - from fruits, such as citrus fruits, emulsifiers - derived from edible oils and organic acids.

But with the development of food chemistry, natural additives could not compete with synthetic ones and basically lost their former practical significance.

Nutritional supplements are not an invention of our high-tech age. Salt, soda, spices have been known to people since time immemorial. But the true flowering of their use began nevertheless in the twentieth century - the century of food chemistry. There were high hopes for supplements. And they lived up to expectations. With their help, it was possible to create a large assortment of appetizing, long-lasting and at the same time less labor-intensive products. Having won recognition, "improvers" were put on stream. Sausages have become soft pink, yoghurts have become fresh fruit, and muffins have become magnificently non-stale. The “youth” and attractiveness of the products were ensured by the additives that are used as dyes, emulsifiers, thickeners, thickeners, gelling agents, glazing agents, flavor and odor enhancers, preservatives…

Natural dyes - organic compounds that are produced by living organisms and stain animal and plant cells and tissues. Mostly compounds of yellow, brown, black and red colors of different shades, very little blue and purple, green, as a rule, are absent. A number of natural dyes: alizarin, indigo, etc., have been extracted from ancient times from plants, less often from animal organisms.

Until the 2nd half of the 19th century. natural dyes are the only substances for dyeing textiles and perfumes, leather, paper, food, etc. With the development of the aniline-dye industry, natural dyes could not compete with synthetic dyes and basically lost their former practical significance. In small quantities, natural dyes are used in restoration work. They are also used in the food and perfume industries. Many natural dyes are often used as medicines. Some natural dyes are plant growth regulators, as well as signal substances that attract pollinating insects and repel pests.

Natural dyes are widely distributed in nature and are very diverse.

Who controls the safety of food supplements?

The mechanism for the emergence of a new food additive is as follows: first, an additive designed to improve certain qualities of a product is developed by microbiologists, then it is tested for compliance with its real properties declared by the inventors, and is allowed for experimental use.

Initially, experts evaluate all available information about the additive, including its shelf life, stability in various food products (with a high content of fat, fat-free, liquid, pasty, etc.), purpose. When sufficient information is obtained to assess the safety of a nutritional supplement, an acceptable daily intake is calculated, i.e. the safety factor is determined. The safety factor is then used to establish the amount of food additive that can be used in the production of a particular product. The calculation takes into account the person's likely consumption of foods and beverages that will contain a given additive, as well as the amount of additives needed to achieve their functions.

It is important to consider that since the safety factor is calculated based on shelf life data, it has some “margin of safety”, so the consumption of foods with nutritional supplements slightly above this level is not a cause for concern.

In connection with the trials and tests for harmlessness, another inscription began to appear more and more often: Nottestedonanimals. No animal derivatives. The first part indicates that animals were not used in development and testing, the second - that this component does not contain substances derived from animals. The popularity of these inscriptions is the merit of the struggle of the "Greens" and the defenders of animals.

The growing need for healthy food has increased the demand for sugary substances and fat substitutes, natural and organic food products that contain many additives, natural flavors and dyes, preservatives (stabilizers, dispersions, antioxidants).

In order for an additive to be approved for use in Russia, it must be approved by Rostest and the food quality laboratory at the Research Institute of Nutrition. And in order to prevent products containing unauthorized food additives from appearing on the shelves, Rostest conducts its own examination of products at least once a quarter. Manufacturers are required to submit for examination all the products requested by Rostest.

In accordance with the laws in force in different countries, including Russia, the use of food additives is allowed only with the permission of the health authorities. Internationally, the safety of food additives is regulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The permissible level of food additives in a particular type of food is established and included in its lists, acting within the framework of the FAO / WHO.

The European rules for the registration of biologically active substances (food additives), with the designation "E", are quite strict. International research centers commissioned by the European Union carefully check all these substances for safety. In this case, for example, a flavoring additive imitating the smell of strawberries should be not only non-toxic, but also hypoallergenic, i.e. does not cause an allergic reaction even in those who are allergic to real strawberries.

What does the "E" symbol on food packaging mean?

From time to time, the media publish materials about mysterious numbers with the “E” index on imported products, allegedly indicating the content of substances hazardous to human health in them.

In the countries of the European Union (EU), a system of indexes of nutritional supplements has been introduced. These indexes begin with the letter "E" and have three or four digit numbers assigned to each additive. For example, citric acid has an index of “E 300” and activated carbon has an index of “E 152”. In our country, the European system of indexes of food additives has been adopted as a basis. The given labeling is needed in order to inform the buyer about the properties and composition of a particular food product, which is required by the Russian Laws “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” and “On the Quality and Safety of Food Products”.

Classification of additives

According to their purpose, food additives are conditionally divided into several classes:

	Function class	Application
	Dyes	Coloring some foods in different colors
	preservatives	Long-term food storage
	Antioxidants	Slowing down oxidation and protecting products from spoilage
	Stabilizers	Product retention
	Emulsifiers	Maintaining a certain structure
	Amplifiers	Enhancement of taste and aroma
	Spare Indices
	Defoamers	Foam reduction
	Glazing agents

Characteristics of classes of food additives

Dyestuffs

Coloring agents (pigments) are commonly used in the food industry to improve the appearance of food products. However, some food colorings can be dangerous to human health, so their use is under strict control. Dyes are meant to be natural and synthetic. Natural dyes (carotenoids, anthocyanides, chlorophylls) are considered harmless to human health. Synthetic food colors can cause an allergic reaction.

Such substances include, for example, tartrazine.

preservatives

Adding preservatives increases the shelf life of the product. Preservation methods are widely known - salting, smoking or pickling with vinegar. However, when using these preservation methods, the natural taste of the product is greatly changed. Over the past 100 years, many different preservatives have been invented. Some of them had to be abandoned due to their harmful effects on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined which substances can be used as preservatives. All over the world, sorbic acid, dioxide and sulfites, as well as formic and propionic acid are used for food preservation. Preservatives are added to many foods, such as bread, fruit juices, soft drinks, cookies, fruit yoghurts, margarine, mayonnaise, wines, dried fruits, and sausages.

Smoking of foodstuffs also refers to the canning method. However, during smoking, carcinogens can be formed, although in small quantities, that contribute to the emergence of malignant tumors. In addition, substances harmful to human health can get into products with smoke. To date, there are special technological smoking, with the use of which, it is possible to control the preservation of the resulting harmful substances. Therefore, smoked foods are not hazardous to health. However, the consumption of smoked foods should be moderate.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants (antioxidants) - substances that can delay the oxidation of organic substances, protecting products from spoilage. This is especially important for fats and oils. In animal and plant cells, other substances protect them from oxidation. Antioxidants have a high chemical group. The best known and widely used antioxidants are vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherol) and beta carotene. Antioxidants, which include synthetic substances, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (E 320), are added to soups, broths, sauces, as well as dry potato products, chewing gum, ice cream, cookies, margarine, fats and vegetable oils.

Thickeners and stabilizers

In the confectionery industry for the production of jellies, puddings, jams, creams, sweet fillings for pastries and ice cream, special thickeners and stabilizers are used. For these purposes, natural food additives are used, for example, Chilim, carrageenan, Arabic resin, pectins, semolina, xanthine and starch. The raw materials for these nutritional supplements are most often apples, citrus fruits (lemons, oranges), wheat, corn, red and brown seaweed, resin of some plants. All these substances in their chemical composition belong to polysaccharides.

Emulsifiers

If it is necessary to mix substances that are not miscible with each other, for example, fats and water, then most often a third emulsifying substance is used. This is especially important in the production of margarine, mayonnaise, creams and sauces. In addition to lecithin, various organic acids are used as emulsifiers.

Flavoring substances

There are many flavoring substances. For example, the smell of one food product is determined on average by 100 to 500 different substances contained in it. In the food industry, such substances are added to most products due to the fact that the smell is somewhat lost during their production. The amount of added flavoring substances is so small that it is considered harmless. Each package usually lists the flavor content, but this is not required. It is enough just to note - "natural flavoring substances" or "artificial flavoring substances". They can be found in soft drinks, puddings, jellies, cookies, creams, pasta, fillings, minced meat, dairy products, sweets, leavening products, meat and sausage products, chocolate, liquor.

Substances that enhance taste

Flavor enhancers, unlike flavoring agents, enhance the natural taste of a food product. Most often, monosodium glutamate is used - a salt of glutamic acid - which enhances the brackish-sweet taste of meat or fish. Such substances are added to soups, sweet dishes, syrups and juices. The content of such substances is very small.

"Black and white" lists: pros and cons

Dangerous Additives.

Some additives that were previously considered harmless (for example, formaldehyde E240 in chocolate bars or E121 in soda water) were later found to be too dangerous and banned; in addition, additives that are harmless for one person can have a strong harmful effect on another. Therefore, doctors recommend, if possible, to protect children, the elderly and allergy sufferers from nutritional supplements.

E250 (sodium nitrite) is commonly used in sausages, although sodium nitrite is a general toxic substance, including for mammals (50 percent of rats die at a dose of 180 milligrams per kilogram of body weight), but in practice it is not banned, since it “the least evil”, which ensures the presentation of the product and, consequently, the volume of sales (it is enough to compare the red color of a store-bought sausage with the dark brown color of a home-made sausage). For smoked sausages of high grades, the nitrite content norm is set higher than for boiled sausages - it is believed that they are eaten in smaller quantities.

From time to time there are "black lists", which provide evidence that some "E" can cause allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disorders and even lead to the development of malignant tumors. On the other hand, some food hygienists claim that synthetic food additives are even healthier than natural ones.

Among the food additives that cause the development of malignant tumors, a number of publications include benzoic acid (E210), its salts and compounds (E214-217). To date, there is no scientific work on their carcinogenicity. In addition, in any reference book it is written: “Benzoic acid is used in the production of medicinal and aromatic substances as a food preservative.” Nature itself took care of preserving, for example, lingonberries: the presence of benzoic acid in it allows the berry not to deteriorate for many months.

Approximately 50 nutritional supplements are medicinal or formulated in medicinal products, in significantly higher quantities than are used as dietary supplements.

Periodically, new studies are conducted on food additives that have long been introduced. And the previous data is either completely refuted or changed. For example, in the 70s, amaranth dye was actively used in products. Then, when its side toxic effect was revealed, the drug was banned in Russia. However, it is still used in some countries.

The same substance under certain conditions can be poison, but slightly reduce the dose - and it will become neutral. Let's say that boiled sausage was pink in color, nitrite plus myoglobin is added to it. If you eat a tablespoon of one nitrite, you can get poisoned. But the dose used in sausage production is absolutely harmless. Food supplements are only dangerous in case of overdose. And it is very difficult to exceed the norm - a person is simply not able to eat so much product.

Some additives, such as certain dyes, of course, can cause an allergic reaction. But only if you are hypersensitive to these substances. After all, natural flavors also have allergenic properties. In general, many absolutely natural products - berries, fruits, citrus fruits - are contraindicated for some people.

A list of dangerous and allegedly prohibited food additives with the “E” index has been circulating in the media for a long time. He, like any self-respecting chronicle, has several options and even editions. This creation is completely anonymous.

Useful nutritional supplements: lecithin (E322) promotes the release of cholesterol from the body, and phosphates (E388-341, E450) are necessary for our bone system. As for the surface preservatives that are used to treat imported fruits, it is enough to wash the fruits with water to remove them.

For example, a combination of E260, E334, E620, E160a, E375, E163, E330, E363, E920, E300 and E101 is contained in the most ordinary crispy apple and is “translated” into Russian as a combination of acetic, tartaric and glutamic acids, carotene, cysteine , vitamin C and vitamin B.

At the same time, experts discovered that preservatives so unloved by the people, it turns out, can have a detrimental effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen that causes diseases of the urinary tract, eyes, skin and soft tissues and is considered one of the most dangerous and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Preservatives cause genetic changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and make it much more susceptible to drugs.

Only three food additives are banned in Russia: E121 (citrus red-2 dye), E123 (amaranth dye) and E240 (formaldehyde preservative). Interestingly, just a few years ago, banned additives, such as E240, were used quite legally. In particular, such indices were on the wrappers of MARS chocolate bars, and formally, the manufacturing company acted absolutely correctly - at that moment there was no ban on this additive in Russian legislation. There are no forbidden indices on the wrappers of the current "MARS".

Potentially harmful supplements are supplements that may be harmful to people with chronic diseases.

To provoke attacks in asthmatics can: E102, E107, E122-124, E155, E211-214, E217, E221-227;

Indigestion can cause: E338-341, E407, E450, E461, E463, E465, E466.

Food additives undesirable for young children: E249, E262, E310-312, E320, E514, E623, E626-635.

People with high blood cholesterol levels are not recommended: E320.

The cause of thyroid dysfunction can be: E127.

Food supplement	Harmful action	Food supplement	Harmful action	Food supplement	Harmful action	Food supplement	Harmful action

Symbols for the harmful effects of additives:

O!--dangerous

OO!!--very dangerous

(Z)--forbidden

RK--causes intestinal disorders

RD--disrupts blood pressure

With--rash

R--crustacean

RJ--causes stomach upset

X--cholesterol

P--suspicious

VK--harmful to the skin

Bibliography

1. T.S. Krupin. Nutritional supplements. M.: Sirinprema, 2006

2. Buldakov A. Food additives. M.: "DeLi print" 2005

3. Lidina L.V. New additives for various areas of the food industry. Zh-l - Food, taste, aroma, issue 3, 2007.

4. Burdun N.I. Who's afraid of the letter E? Food additives in food. Zh-l - Food, taste, aroma, issue 1, 2008.

5. http://www.rosapteki.ru/arhiv/detail.php?ID=949

6. http://www.motherclub.info/2007/01/01/pishhevy

7. http://www.pazanda.uz/node/376

8.http://neways.kzd.ru/articles.php?articlesid=65

9..htt://www.narodvlast.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=321&Itemid=38

Hosted on Allbest.ru

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The impact of bad habits on human health

In psychology, a habit is a regularly repeated action, without which a person can no longer (or thinks that he cannot) do. Of course, such a concept has great practical benefits: by developing one or another useful habit, you can significantly improve the quality of life, improve or simply maintain your own health, become one step higher on the path of self-development, improve the general condition of the body and the quality of life in general.

It is believed that in order to form a habit, it is necessary to repeat the same action for 21 days. However, practice shows that this rule applies mainly to good habits, and bad habits, unfortunately, are formed much faster. Sometimes just one time is enough for the body to have a persistent craving for repeating a destructive act that artificially brought temporary satisfaction. This is precisely the main danger of the negative impact of bad habits on the body: the strongest psychological or physiological dependence develops unreasonably quickly, but getting rid of it is much more difficult than it seems at first glance. Let's look at the most common of them "under the microscope" to see how dangerous they are.

Psychotropic drugs and health are incompatible concepts

Perhaps the most talked about, serious and deadly addiction is drug addiction. The pursuit of new sensations, "chemical" happiness and a pseudo-sense of freedom pushes a person to try illegal drugs "only 1 time", and this is the main trick of such a destructive habit. Unfortunately, “only 1 time” most often ends with a persistent craving for psychotropic drugs, which is almost impossible to defeat without outside help.

The chemical composition of drugs of this kind artificially stimulates the release of dopamine, as a result of which mood rises for a while, stress is relieved and all problems and worries fade into the background. However, after the removal of the narcotic substance from the body, the compensation stage begins, when the blues and despondency roll in with renewed vigor. At this moment, an algorithm is formed in the subconscious: "Drugs = pleasure." And if at first, willpower and awareness of the perniciousness of this destructive habit will help to suppress such thoughts, then the problem will be aggravated further.

The self-deception of novice drug addicts lies in the fact that in most cases they deny the existence of a problem as such and do not seek help, believing that they can safely refuse the next dose at any time. If awareness of the problem comes, which, however, does not always happen, a person needs a long rehabilitation in order to give up addiction and restore lost health. And even qualified medical care is far from always effective, because the damage caused to health by drugs can reach enormous proportions:

The brain is the first to suffer from drug addiction - it is the substance that enters the body that affects it. Gray matter cells can no longer adequately perceive reality and form cause-and-effect relationships, which is why drug addicts think that psychotropics are not a problem, but rather a solution.
Very little time is required for the destruction of the brain to affect the state of the internal organs. Since neural circuits regulate the activity of the whole organism, the emergence of an addiction will affect all systems without exception: cardiovascular, respiratory, genitourinary, endocrine, etc.
As a rule, for the complete destruction of the body with a fatal outcome, a drug addict needs from 1 to 10 years. However, the main cause of death is not even multiple organ failure, since many simply do not live up to it - a blurred reality and a constant desire to feel "high" sooner or later leads to overdoses.

That is why you should not forget that there are no harmless drugs - any mind-altering substance is a poison, and even one time can be enough to permanently lose your human appearance!

Why is alcoholism dangerous?

Discussing bad habits and their impact on health, it is impossible not to mention the pathological craving for alcohol. Unfortunately, today this problem affects both men and women, and even adolescents. In modern society, it is considered bad form to come to visit without a bottle of elite alcohol, and growing schoolchildren, copying their parents and older comrades, begin to try alcohol as early as 12-13 years old. Despite the active fight against alcoholism, all kinds of prohibitions and formal restrictions, this problem not only remains relevant, but is also gaining momentum, perhaps due to the availability of “liquid poison”, or perhaps because of the stereotype of “safe moderation”.

There is an opinion that small doses of alcohol are absolutely not harmful, and in some ways even beneficial for the body. A glass of wine at dinner, a glass of beer at gatherings with friends, one or two missed glasses during a feast - and the person himself does not notice how he is gradually drawn into alcohol addiction. At the same time, neither in medicine, nor in any other science, there is a concept of "therapeutic dose of alcohol", since these concepts are in principle incompatible.

Once in the body, alcohol primarily affects the human brain. The memory lapses that appear in the process of drinking strong drinks are the “first bell” of brain destruction, because, according to studies, each glass drunk takes about 1000-2000 brain cells. However, the effect of alcohol on the body is not limited to brain tissues - the symptoms of regular alcohol consumption affect the entire body:

Ethanol is able to penetrate inside the neuron, which affects the state of the nervous system. If at first drinking causes a slight euphoria and relaxation, then over time these same processes become the cause of permanent inhibition of the functions of the nervous system, and hence the work of the body as a whole.
Psychological instability, coupled with nervous disorders, leads to the loss of a person's social appearance. Uncontrollable behavior, outbursts of aggression, absolute inadequacy and loss of reality of what is happening are classic symptoms of alcoholism.
Decaying ethyl alcohol is excreted from the body mainly with the help of the liver. The high loads that fall on this organ cause various diseases, from physiological jaundice to cirrhosis.
The main problem that people who abuse alcohol face is the pathology of the cardiovascular system. Ethyl alcohol causes red blood cells to stick together, resulting in the formation of plaques in the vessels, completely or partially blocking the blood flow and worsening the blood supply to the organs. This process can cause the development of aneurysms, which, in turn, develop into hemorrhagic strokes.

Alcoholism clearly demonstrates that bad habits and their impact on a person are one of the most important problems of our time. Moreover, addiction affects not only the alcoholic himself, but also his relatives, who live next to him in constant stress. And if it’s not out of love for yourself, then at least for the sake of loved ones, it’s worth keeping a sober mind and giving up drinking once and for all.

Consequences of smoking

One of the most insidious bad habits is smoking. On the one hand, tobacco smoke has become so commonplace and everyday that it is not always subconsciously perceived as a toxic poison. Fellow travelers at the bus stop, work colleagues, a neighbor in the stairwell smoke, and even on the TV screen, despite the warnings of the Ministry of Health, no, no, and the main character will flash by, sipping a cigarette ... Yes, the harm from addiction to nicotine is not as obvious as from alcohol or psychotropics, but this does not mean that this habit is less dangerous!

The negative impact on the body does not manifest itself at one moment, gradually accumulating and aggravating the problem that has arisen. That is why smoking is extremely dangerous - when the consequences begin to be felt, as a rule, the habit is already deeply formed. At the same time, the statistics are not at all comforting: about 5 million people die every year from the consequences associated with smoking, and every year this figure is steadily growing. Moreover, it is not even nicotine itself that causes the greatest harm to the body, but the tars and carcinogens that make up cigarettes, of which there are about 300 varieties. Each cigarette is a cocktail of cyanide, arsenic, hydrocyanic acid, lead, polonium and hundreds of other dangerous poisons that smokers and their loved ones inhale daily.

Smoking causes the greatest harm to the respiratory system. Toxic smog settles on the lungs and gradually causes irreversible destructive processes in the lung tissue. This can cause or exacerbate pre-existing asthma, obstructive disease, and other respiratory problems. Smokers are much more likely to have oncological diseases of the trachea, larynx, lungs and esophagus, ending in death.

Another deadly consequence of smoking is the pathology of the cardiovascular system. Each cigarette smoked provokes vasospasm and a jump in blood pressure, resulting in ischemia, thromboembolism, impaired blood supply to organs, strokes and dozens of other extremely dangerous consequences. And this is just the tip of the iceberg! The harm of smoking affects all organs and systems, gradually destroying the body from the inside, reducing the duration and quality of life in general.

We reduce the impact of bad habits on the body in stages

A gradual and systematic approach will allow you to rid your life of absolutely any bad habit, however, the main thing in this is the awareness and acceptance of the problem. Any path of self-development, cleansing your life of extraneous garbage and poisonous addictions can be divided into three stages:

Rejection of bad habits. Realizing the full extent of the negative impact of bad habits on human health, it is much easier to abandon addictions that poison the body. It will take tremendous willpower, and possibly the support of like-minded people, but in no case should you give up - only a complete refusal, without any half-measures and indulgences, will allow you to defeat the formed habit.
Crucial moment. The removal of toxic substances from the body is somehow accompanied by a kind of "breaking", when the desire to return to the usual way of life is felt at the physiological level. If the habit is strong and irresistible, it is worth resorting to medical help - special cleansing therapy and work with a psychologist will allow you to overcome this difficult stage.
Recovery. Having cleansed itself of toxic substances, the body begins to gradually restore lost functions. The work of organs and systems improves, vitality, vigor and full activity return. This will also take time, but nothing is impossible!

No matter how trite it may sound, it is much easier to bring addiction into your own life than to get rid of it. Knowing what harm such habits do to the body, one should not even allow the thought of their occurrence - just one glass or cigarette can be decisive in the formation of addiction. Therefore, it is better not to even touch poisonous substances, because the path of recovery is long and thorny, and it is extremely difficult to regain lost health!

Significant in the spread of AIDS among drug addicts is the fact that these people, after filling the syringe with a drug, insert a needle into a vein and then draw some of their own blood into the syringe to check the position of the needle. In medical institutions, when such manipulation is carried out, syringes are washed and disinfected by boiling or autoclaving. In the case we are considering, almost immediately after the injection, the syringe, without any treatment, is immediately transferred to the next drug addict, who performs a similar procedure. At the same time, the blood of the previous person, preserved in the syringe and the lumen of the needle, penetrates with a new portion of the intoxicating substance into the body of another person, and enters directly into his blood.

Naturally, if one of the drug addicts is infected with the AIDS virus, this infection is very easily transmitted to people who used the same syringe with him. Moreover, there are no natural protective barriers (in the form of skin or mucous membranes) in the path of the pathogen in this case; moreover, the virus immediately gets the opportunity to contact with blood cells that have receptors for this pathogen on their surface.

In 1999, 18,218 new cases of HIV infection were registered among Russian citizens. In total, for the period from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 1999, the Russian Scientific and Methodological Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS registered 29,190 HIV-infected citizens of Russia. As of June 11, 2000, the number of registered HIV-infected people in Russia amounted to 45,006 people.

* From 1991 to 1993 In Russia, not a single case of HIV infection of drug addicts has been registered.

Consequently, in modern conditions, against the background of drug addiction, dangerous and complex diseases appear that negatively affect the gene pool of the whole society, and can lead to its degradation.

When it comes to addiction, the following should be noted:

Drug addiction is a socially dangerous phenomenon in the life of society. Drugs not only negatively affect human physiology, but also destroy him as a person.

The teenage and youth environment is especially susceptible to drugs. The increase in the number of homeless children and low-income and disadvantaged families with drinking parents creates favorable conditions for the growth of drug addiction and substance abuse.

Directly related to drug addiction is the increase in the number of criminal offenses of adolescents and young people, as well as the spread of a deadly infection for humans - AIDS.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that drug addiction is a scourge against which society must erect a permanent barrier.

The future will be able to give, instead of the poisoned flowers of today's drugs, the fruits of a civilization in which the fresh air of scientific achievements will dispel the thick smoke of dope that pollutes the atmosphere and destroys the health of people in many countries of the world.

Bibliography:

Site Narkomaniya.com, article “Faces of “happiness”.

Site Narkomaniya.com, article "Dependence - what is it?"

Diagrams provided by the Research Institute of Narcology.

D. Baboyan "Travel to hell".

Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V. I. Pokrovsky "Popular Medical Encyclopedia".

A.V. Voropay "Attention: danger!"

ABSTRACT ON BIOLOGY

Subject: DRUGS AND THEIR DAMAGE EFFECT ON THE ORGANISM.

Work completed

Pupil 9 "G" class of school No. 296

Konakova Snezhana

Teacher: Khairetdinova G. L.

Introduction

Classification

Exciting agents:

Small stimulants

amphetamines

Cocaine

Marijuana

Neurodepressants:

Alcohol

Nicotine

Hypnotic

Heroin and other opiates:

Opiate dynasty

First offspring: morphine

Heroin

Hallucinogens

Today's day:

Social danger of drug addiction

Drugs among youth

"Professional" diseases of drug addicts

Conclusion

Bibliography

Impact on the human body. Dosing of nutritional supplements

The composition of the drink

Energy drinks and their effect on the body

At what age can you drink energy drinks?

How to use energy drinks correctly

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