The impact of scientific and technological progress on the development of the world economy. Scientific and technological progress: main directions and characteristic features

Scientific and technical progress- this is the interconnected development of science and technology, which determines the progress of the productive forces and society as a whole.

The main source of the development of scientific and technical progress lies not in itself, but in the essential forces of man. The need for scientific and technical progress is not due to the needs of the technique and technology itself, it is inherent in human nature, in the essence of human existence. It is people who, developing the productive forces and changing under their pressure, ultimately determine the basic principles and directions of scientific and technical progress. The modern stage of scientific and technical progress is the modern scientific and technological revolution.

Scientific and technological revolution: essence and main directions.

Scientific and technological revolution- intensive qualitative change in the productive forces and society as a result of the creation of new types of equipment and technologies as a result of the practical application of fundamental scientific discoveries.

The essence of scientific and technological revolution can be expressed by its following features. First of all, these are fundamental scientific discoveries in physics, chemistry, biology, primarily in physics, which has penetrated into the microcosm and, with its successes, has advanced the entire complex of natural sciences. New areas of knowledge emerged, among which cybernetics began to play a decisive role. New industries emerged: nuclear power, rocket technology, radio electronics. Automation and cybernetization of production are the core of modern scientific and technological revolution. As a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the place and role of man in the system of production and, consequently, the content of living labor is changing radically. A radical change in the content of labor entails a radical change in the entire system of social life, in the way of life as a whole.

The following main directions of scientific and technological revolution are distinguished:

1. According to Toffler

Search for new renewable energy sources

Electronics industry

space industry

Penetration into the depths of the sea

Genetic Engineering

2. According to Bell

Replacement of mechanical equipment with electronic

Miniaturization of production

Transition to numerical methods of information storage and processing

Software production

3. Other sources

Automation of production (unmanned production)

Alternative energy sources

astronautics

Artificial materials with predetermined properties

New technologies (biotechnology, genetic engineering)

Contradictions of modern scientific and technological progress.

Contradictions of NTP:

Science and technology in their development bring not only benefits, but also threats to man and mankind. This has become a reality today and requires new constructive approaches in the study of the future and its alternatives.

NTP allows a person to solve many problems. But what price do we pay for the development of science and technology? Production has a negative impact on human health, pollutes the environment. The acceleration of the pace of life leads to nervous diseases.

Already in the present, the prevention of undesirable results and negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution has become an urgent need for humanity as a whole. It presupposes the timely foresight of these dangers, combined with the ability of society to counteract them. This is what will largely determine which alternatives will ultimately prevail in the future for man:

Failure to foresee and prevent the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution threatens to plunge humanity into a thermonuclear, environmental or social catastrophe.

The abuse of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, even under certain control over their use, can lead to the creation of a totalitarian technocratic system in which the vast majority of the population can be under the rule of a privileged elite for a long time.

The suppression of these abuses, the humanistic use of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution in the interests of the whole society and the all-round development of the individual is accompanied by an acceleration of social progress.

It depends on the moral responsibility of scientists, on the political consciousness of the broadest masses, on the social choice of peoples, in line with which of these alternatives the scientific and technological revolution will shape the future of mankind in the coming decades. In the historical perspective, the scientific and technological revolution is a powerful means of social liberation and spiritual enrichment of man.

Technique means:

methods, methods of activity ("subjective technique") - for example, the technique of a musician or the technique of an athlete;

material devices, structures, systems ("objective technology") - for example, a machine tool, a car, a computer.

Technology is an artificially created means of human activity.

Technique is very diverse: industrial, transport, agricultural, medical, military, computing, management, household, communication technology, teaching aids, etc.

Technology occupies an intermediate place between man and nature. On the one hand, it is an invention of man and operates according to the principles laid down in it by man. On the other hand, it is a set of material things and processes that exist in accordance with the objective laws of nature. Each technical device is a kind of "wonder of nature", "focus": created according to the laws of nature "outside natural thing".

The development of technology has a huge impact on the life of society:

increases the productivity of human labor - by strengthening the physical (and computers - and mental) abilities of a person and replacing his actions with the work of a machine;

forms an artificial habitat (clothes, dwellings, household items, etc.), protecting a person from the dangers that may await him in the wild, creating comfortable living conditions for him. But at the same time, this alienates him from the natural conditions of existence and exposes him to new dangers arising from technical malfunctions or careless handling of it;

constantly increases human needs and creates means to satisfy them;

changes all types of human activity and, as it develops, gives rise to more and more new types of it.

In the development of technology, progress is clearly visible, determined by a number of criteria (Table 7.5).

Table 7.5

It is easy to see that the own, "internal" criteria of technical progress do not coincide with the general criteria of social progress. Consequently, technological progress that meets its own criteria may not meet or even interfere with the solution of the tasks of social progress. Therefore, technical achievements must be evaluated not only by its own, but also by the general criteria of progress, and to look for ways to resolve problems in the interests of man that arise when technical progress generates undesirable consequences for people.

The main danger is that the development of technology, which should be no more than a means of social progress, threatens to become an end in itself. Freeing a person from hard, monotonous work, technology at the same time requires him to work on its creation, maintenance, and care. To get rid of this work, a person is forced to create a new technique for its implementation. And the pace of such a process is accelerating with technological progress. This leads to the fact that now 80-90% of new equipment is created not to serve a person, but to service equipment. Thus, technical progress does not so much save human labor as it changes its direction: earlier, a person worked for himself, but now technology makes a person work more and more for it.

Technology serves man, but man also serves technology. It gives him dominion over nature, but on the other hand his dependence on her grows more and more. So who is man - the master of technology or its servant? Isn't technology turning from man's slave into his mistress?

To contemplation. Back in 1818, the English writer M. Shelley in her novel Frankenstein described a monster that was created by man and got out of his power. Will technology become such a monster? The theme of "rebellion of machines", "rebellion of robots" is widespread in modern science fiction literature. Maybe science fiction writers foresee the future in some way? Wouldn't it really turn out, for example, that in the end, through the efforts of man on Earth, a huge all-planetary technical system with a single information network - the carrier of artificial intelligence, will be created, and man will suddenly see that he has become just a modest "cog" that performs in this system certain service functions?

In modern philosophy, two opposing attitudes to technological progress have arisen:

technism, whose supporters insist on the need for further technical progress, are confident in the beneficence of its results for mankind and look optimistically into the future, believing that the negative consequences of technical progress are eliminated by themselves on the basis of its new achievements;

anti-technicalism, which expresses disappointment in technological progress, criticizes its achievements and develops the idea that humanity has “lost its way”, has gone “in the wrong direction” in its development and, therefore, it needs to go back to choose a different, “non-technological” path development.

To contemplation. Analyze these opposing philosophical positions and try to determine your own point of view.

Of particular concern are the environmental consequences of modern scientific and technological progress.

At present, the technical power of man has increased so much that the changes he makes to nature have reached a critical value: the natural environment has begun to irreversibly collapse and become unsuitable for the existence of mankind. This is expressed as follows:

non-renewable natural resources consumed by society (oil, coal, ores, etc.) are approaching depletion;

nature does not have time to restore the damage that its naturally renewable resources (atmospheric oxygen, flora, fauna) suffer as a result of human activity;

traces of human technical activity irreversibly pollute the natural environment (air, water, soil), which undermines the conditions necessary for the preservation of life on Earth;

human energy consumption reaches levels that disrupt the energy balance of the planet;

as a result of technological progress, unforeseen changes occur in nature, causing deviations from its stable state that are dangerous for humans (“the ozone hole” in Antarctica, the growth of golden algae and “red tides” in the North Sea ... and, perhaps, many others, as yet unknown phenomena).

According to most demographic forecasts made in the middle of the 20th century, the population of the Earth by the beginning of the 21st century. was to reach 9 billion people. Today there are just over 6 billion of us. Why didn't the forecasts come true? In 1999, radiobiologist Rosalia Bertel calculated the effects of radio exposure:

cancer from radiation claimed 240 million people;

genetic damage - 223 million people;

catastrophes in nuclear production - 40 million people;

miscarriages and stillbirths - 500 million people;

congenital malformations - 587 million people.

And in total, 2 billion 886 million people became victims of radiation. Here they are - those who were supposed to live in the XXI century.

Thus, a person himself creates a threat to his existence.

The dangers posed by technological progress have long been predicted by philosophers and have attracted general attention over the past 3-4 decades. There have been several different approaches to assessing the environmental prospects awaiting mankind.

environmental pessimism. Technological civilization has come to a standstill. The death of nature as a result of technological progress is inevitable, and consequently, the death hour of mankind is approaching. In this regard, religious-eschatological ideas about the “end of the world”, etc., are filled with new meaning.

Neo-Russianism. Rousseau was right when he argued that the development of science will not bring happiness to mankind. It is necessary to abandon technical civilization, move on to a simple natural life in nature, return to the "golden age" - "back to nature!"

environmental optimism. There is no reason to panic. It is only necessary to limit the harmful consequences of technical progress, strengthen the protection of nature, develop measures against environmental pollution, etc. All this can be done in the process of further continuation of technical progress and on its basis.

Technocratic utopianism. Technological progress cannot be stopped, and the scale of human impact on nature will increase at an increasing pace. Sooner or later, this will finally make the natural conditions on earth unsuitable for life. But there is no need to fall into despair: humanity, on the basis of technological advances, will be able to create for itself an artificial technical environment (underground cities, space colonies), organize the production of everything necessary for life (air, food, etc.) and will live in the new conditions no worse than than now.

To contemplation. All these positions express some of the moods that really exist in the modern public consciousness and, perhaps, contain some grains of truth. Assess their importance for solving environmental problems.

No matter how we treat these points of view, one cannot but admit that they testify to the crisis of traditional ideas about the nature of the interaction of society with nature. Man's old dream of dominating nature is crumbling. It becomes clear that a person must move to a fundamentally different type of attitude towards it.

A century ago Vl. Solovyov wrote that three types of man's relationship to nature are possible:

obedience to her is in the past;

the conquest and use of it - from the beginning of civilization;

affirmation of its ideal state—what it should become in the future with the help of man.

The solution of modern environmental problems lies in the transition to the third type indicated by Solovyov.

Indeed, now we have to abandon attempts to "conquer" nature, as has been done until now. But it hardly makes sense to strive to "preserve" nature, to preserve it as it is now. It would be wrong to think that the solution of environmental problems should be reduced simply to measures to protect nature. Firstly, nature does not remain unchanged, and the changes taking place in it do not always go in the way that people want (for example, the advance of the sea on land in Holland). Secondly, in nature there are many processes that harm people (natural disasters). Finally, thirdly, we will not stop technological progress, and no measures will be able to completely eliminate its growing impact on the natural environment.

To cope with the environmental threat, humanity must organize a global (on the scale of the entire planet) management of environmental processes. The condition for this is, obviously, the peaceful cooperation of all the countries of the Earth. It is necessary not only to use rational nature management, which implies the protection of nature and ensuring the environmental safety of production (closed cycles, waste-free technology, etc.), but also the intensive development of new sectors of the economy - the industry of restoration, improvement and enrichment of nature. An important ecological role should be played by the transfer of part of the production processes (especially harmful and dangerous industries) into space.

Recently, the concept of co-evolution of man and nature, their joint, conjugated mutually coordinated development, has received increasing recognition.

Mankind should not oppose itself to nature, but form a single integral system with it. Reasonable human activity becomes in such a system a factor ensuring its preservation and further evolution, the result of which is the emergence of the noosphere on Earth, i.e., according to V. I. Vernadsky, a new, higher stage of development of the biosphere on earth, arising on the basis of intelligent activity humanity.

Science and technology. The concept was introduced in the 20th century. in the context of substantiation, using the consumer to nature, and the traditional scientific and engineering picture of the world. The goal of technological progress is defined as the satisfaction of constantly growing human needs; way to meet these needs - the achievements of the natural sciences and technology. Technological progress distinguishes between the prerequisite stage of slow experimental and independent development of science and technology and the stage of scientific and technological revolutions, the first of which falls on the 16th-17th centuries. The concept of technological progress is being seriously criticized in connection with the general rethinking of the values ​​of modern technogenic civilization.

V. M. Razin

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

See what "TECHNICAL PROGRESS" is in other dictionaries:

Technical progress- see Scientific and technological progress, as well as: Autonomous technical progress, Materialized technical progress ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary

- (technical progress) Improving knowledge of achievable technical capabilities. This knowledge can lead to more output at the same cost, or the same output at less cost, or... ... Economic dictionary

See Scientific and technological progress ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

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See Scientific and technological progress. * * * TECHNICAL PROGRESS TECHNICAL PROGRESS, see Scientific and technological progress (see SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

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- ... Wikipedia

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Scientific and technical progress- (Scientific and technical progress) History of scientific and technical progress Scientific and technical revolution, world economic leaders of technical progress Contents Contents Section 1. Essence, scientific and technical revolution. Section 2. World ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor

scientific and technical progress- - [L.G. Sumenko. English Russian Dictionary of Information Technologies. M .: GP TsNIIS, 2003.] scientific and technical progress of NTP Development of technology and production technology, as well as growth in the organization of production, raising the technical level ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Introduction

Scientific and technological progress in our time has become a factor of global importance. Scientific and technological progress largely determines the face of the world economy, world trade, relationships between countries and regions. On a large scale, scientific discoveries and inventions materialize in the production apparatus, in the production of products, in the consumption of the population, constantly changing the life of mankind. Scientific and technological progress, the scientific and technical potential of any country is the main engine of the countries' economies. In the conditions of a new stage of scientific and technological revolution, in the conditions of the restructuring of the world economy, the issue of scientific and technical potential, the trend towards intensification of development, self-development based on the accumulated industrial and scientific potential is becoming crucial. As a result of scientific and technological progress, all elements of the productive forces develop and improve: means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production. The direct result of scientific - technological progress are innovations or innovations. These are changes in engineering and technology in which scientific knowledge is realized. To solve such problems as the creation of high-tech products, the formation of a sales market, marketing, and the expansion of production, only those teams that knew how to solve specific scientific and technical problems, and who mastered the complex process of introducing technology in production, were ready. No country in the world today can solve the problem of growing incomes and consumption of the population without the cost-effective implementation of world achievements in scientific and technological progress. The scientific and technical potential of the country, along with natural and labor resources, forms the basis for the effectiveness of the national economy of any modern country.

The purpose of the work is to identify areas of influence of scientific and technological progress on the development of the world economy.

The implementation of this goal involves the solution of the following tasks:

consider scientific and technological progress, its essence and problems of reproduction by the economic system;

analyze the features of the current stage of scientific and technological progress;

consider the economic potential of countries, which provides for the development and preservation of scientific and technical potential;

identification of problems of scientific and technological progress;

The object of research in this paper is scientific and technological progress as the main factor in the development of the economy.

The subject of the study is economic relations that have arisen in the process of scientific and technological progress.

The work used textbooks on the world economy, international economic relations of domestic and foreign authors, as well as Internet resources.

When preparing the course work, statistical and analytical methods were used.

The course work consists of two chapters, sequentially revealing the topic of the work, conclusion-conclusion and a list of references.

1. Scientific and technological progress as an important factor in the development of the world economy

.1 The concept and role of scientific and technological progress in the modern world

Scientific and technological progress is the basis of modern civilization. He is only about 300-350 years old. It was then that industrial civilization began to emerge. Scientific and technological progress is a twofold thing: it has both positive and negative features. Positive - improvement of comfort, negative - environmental (comfort leads to an environmental crisis) and cultural (due to the development of means of communication there is no need for direct contact). Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of discovering new knowledge and applying it in social production, allowing - to connect and combine existing resources in a new way in order to increase the output of high-quality final products at the lowest cost.

Figure 1.1 - Scientific and technological progress as a factor in the formation of ME

NTP comes in two main forms:

A) evolutionary, involving the gradual improvement of technology and technology. Economic growth comes at the expense of quantitative indicators;

B) revolutionary, manifested in the qualitative renewal of technology and a sharp jump in labor productivity.

Scientific and technological progress leads to significant resource savings and reduces the role of natural materials in economic development, replacing them with synthetic raw materials. The use of modern equipment and technologies in combination has led to the creation of flexible production systems that are widely used in production.

Scientific and technological progress is recognized throughout the world as the most important factor in economic development. Increasingly, both in Western and domestic literature, it is associated with the concept of the innovation process. The American economist James Bright noted the scientific and technical progress as a one-of-a-kind process that combines science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. It consists in receiving innovations and extends from the birth of an idea to its commercial implementation, thus uniting the whole complex of relations: production, exchange, consumption.

In these circumstances, innovation is initially aimed at a practical commercial result. The very idea that gives impetus has a mercantile content: it is no longer a result pure science , obtained by a university scientist in a free, unrestricted creative search. The practical orientation of an innovative idea is its attractive force for companies.

J.B. Sei defined innovation in the same way as entrepreneurship - that is, as a change in the return of resources. Or, as a modern economist would say in terms of supply and demand, as changes in the value and satisfaction that a consumer receives from the resources he uses.

Today, purely pragmatic considerations have come to the fore in the world. On the one hand, such problems as the rapid growth of the world's population, the decline in population growth and its aging in industrialized regions, the depletion of natural resources, and environmental pollution have become more acute and global in nature. On the other hand, certain prerequisites have appeared for solving many global problems based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and their accelerated introduction into the economy.

The concept of scientific and technical potential is closely connected with the concept of scientific and technical progress. From the point of view of the development of the world economy, it seems appropriate to consider the scientific and technical potential in the broad sense of this concept. It is in this sense that the scientific and technical potential of the state (industry, a separate industry) can be represented as a set of scientific and technical capabilities that characterize the level of development of a given state as a subject of the world economy and depend on the quantity and quality of resources that determine these capabilities, as well as on the availability of a fund ideas and developments prepared for practical use (introduction into production). In the process of practical development of innovations, the materialization of scientific and technical potential takes place. Thus, the scientific and technical potential, on the one hand, characterizes the ability of the state to apply the objective achievements of scientific and technological progress, and on the other hand, characterizes the degree of direct participation in it. The result of the participation of any scientific research in the creation of socially useful use value is such scientific or technical information, which, embodied in various technical, technological or any other innovations, turns into one of the necessary factors for the development of production. However, it is a mistake to consider scientific and technical creativity and its connection with production only as a process of supplying the information necessary for production activities. Scientific research, especially in the field of natural and technical sciences, by its nature and dialectical purpose, is increasingly becoming a direct component of the process of material production, and applied research and experimental design can practically be considered an integral part of this process.

In the process of globalization, the importance of scientific and technological progress becomes decisive. On its basis, in the world economy there was a differentiation of countries into two groups. The first group represents a special, higher, elite layer of the world economy. This is a kind of superstructure over the rest of the economic system. Its role is determined by the fact that 90% of the scientific and technical potential of the planet is concentrated here, the scientific, industrial and intellectual elite, the latest equipment and technologies are concentrated here.

The role of this superstructure is constantly growing, and scientific and technological progress is turning into an integration, connecting factor in the development of the world economy. It determines the functioning of various elements of the world economy: trade, migration of labor and capital, international division of labor. Thus, flows of the most qualified labor force rush to highly developed countries. In the US and Western Europe there is a "brain drain" from Africa, Asia, Russia. Scientific and technological progress causes the movement of the most qualified workforce to the centers of human civilization. It is attracted by the concentration of the latest equipment and technology in the highest integration scientific and technical layer, high spending on science, R&D, higher wages and living standards.

The formation of a scientific and technical superstructure based on the development of scientific and technological progress leads to the fact that it becomes a defining element of the world economy and acts as a "locomotive" of the world economy, its main driving force. Over the past 50 years, the GMP (Gross World Product) has grown 5.9 times. A huge contribution to this process was made by the developed countries, which have the greatest scientific and technical potential. These states account for more than 50% of the IGP. They consume 70% of mineral resources. This is due to the enormous productivity, energy intensity of the latest technology, technology, equipment, concentrated in these countries.

A significant role in the growth of the world gross product is played by new industrial countries: their decisive contribution to the MVP is explained by the fact that these countries are increasingly specializing in the field of the latest technologies, mastering science-intensive and technically complex industries.

Scientific and technological progress not only ensures the creation of an ever-increasing MVP, but is also a determining factor in the development of the international division of labor. The production of new machinery, equipment, new materials and finished products is concentrated in various regions and countries, which become "growth points" of MRI.

Scientific and technological progress is the most important factor in the formation of a modern science-intensive structure. Under its influence, the share of agriculture is being reduced. The labor force and other resources freed up as a result of the intensive growth of scientific and technical progress led to a proportional increase in the service sector, including trade, transport, and communications.

The role of scientific and technological progress is manifested in the fact that at present, on its basis, there is an increase in globalization and internationalization. Previously, this process was held back by the presence of the USSR and other socialist countries. This put serious and often insurmountable obstacles to the development of planetary cooperation in the field of improving modern science and technology, solving the acute tasks and problems facing humanity.

1.2 Main and priority directions of development of scientific and technological progress in the world economy

The main directions of scientific and technical progress are those directions of development of science and technology, the implementation of which in practice ensures maximum economic and social efficiency in the shortest possible time.

There are national (general) and separate (private) areas of scientific and technical progress. National - areas of scientific and technical progress, which at this stage and in the future are a priority for a country or a group of countries. Branch directions - directions of scientific and technical progress, which are the most important and priority for certain sectors of the national economy and industry.

In scientific and technological progress, two main directions have been identified:

) traditional, providing satisfaction, growing in scope and diversity of human and social needs in new technology, goods and services;

) innovative, aimed at the development of human potential, the creation of a comfortable living environment, as well as the development of saving technologies.

The main characteristic, the content of scientific and technical progress, which ensures the further progress of civilization, will undoubtedly be its increasingly pronounced humanization, the solution of universal problems. Already now we can talk about the emerging system based on this approach for selecting priorities for scientific research and development of new technologies, management of the technosphere and ecosphere. Technology and social progress, science, technology and democratic transformations, technogenic culture and education problems, computer science, artificial intelligence, socio-economic opportunities and consequences of its use, science and technology as a civilizational phenomenon - this is not a complete list of problems discussed in the forecasting process directions of scientific and technological progress.

Priority areas for the development of science and technology - areas of science and technology that are of paramount importance for achieving current and future goals of socio-economic and scientific and technological development. They are formed primarily under the influence of national socio-economic priorities, political, environmental and other factors; are distinguished by intensive rates of development, higher concentration of labor, material and financial resources.

In the world economy, such knowledge-intensive industries as the electric power industry, the nuclear and chemical industries, the production of computers, mechanical engineering, precision instrumentation, the aviation industry, rocket science, shipbuilding, the production of CNC machine tools, modules, and robots are of great importance. It can be said that at present the development of scientific and technical progress is embodied in the intensive process of the formation of a world science-intensive structure that determines the long-term nature of structural changes in the world economy.

Scientific and technological progress determines the global, innovative nature of economic growth. This trend, which is decisive in the world economy, is embodied in the development of experimental work on genetic engineering, the use of radioactivity in biotechnologies; cancer genesis and prevention research; application of superconductivity in telecommunication systems, etc. This is becoming the dominant trend in the development of science and technology. At the beginning of the XXI century. the most important areas of science and scientific and technological progress are:

) human sciences (medicine, the creation of a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic equipment, the search for treatments for AIDS, organ cloning, the study of the human gene, gerontology, psychology, demography, sociology);

) computer and information technologies (creation, processing, storage and transmission of information, computerization of production processes, the use of computer technologies in science, education, healthcare, management, trade, finance, everyday life, convergence of computer and telecommunication technologies);

) creation of new materials (development of new ultralight, superhard and superconducting materials, as well as materials immune to aggressive environments, replacement of natural substances with artificial ones);

) alternative energy sources (development of thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes, creation of solar, wind, tidal, geothermal installations, high power);

) biotechnology (genetic engineering, biometallurgy, bioinformatics, biocybernetics, creation of artificial intelligence, production of synthetic products);

) ecology - creation of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies, new means of environmental protection, complex processing of raw materials using waste-free technology, recycling of industrial and domestic waste.

) information technology is one of the main, decisive factors that determine the development of technology and resources in general. The use of electronic computers and personal computers led to a radical transformation of relations and technological foundations of activity in the economic sphere.

Thus, in modern conditions, the position of a country in the world economy is largely determined by its scientific and technological achievements, and to a lesser extent by natural resources and capital.

There are other progressive production technologies, but all of them are characterized by one very important circumstance - higher productivity and efficiency.

Some researchers note the emergence of a new trend in the development of scientific and technological progress: in the context of globalization, the priorities of scientific and technological progress are shifting from automation of production processes to the creation of resource-saving and life-supporting technologies. In this regard, in recent years, the forecasting of scientific and technological progress has been closely linked to the assessment of its consequences for the social sphere.

To summarize the above: the main directions of scientific and technological progress are integrated mechanization and automation,

chemicalization, electrification of production. All of them are interconnected and interdependent.

In many countries of the world, the development of scientific and technical potential is turning into one of the most active elements of the reproduction process. In industrialized and newly industrialized countries, science-intensive industries are becoming a priority for economic development.

Table 1.1 shows the share of spending on research and development in the gross world product

Table 1.1

1980 1990 1991 2005-2007 2008 1.852.551.82.31.7

The extent to which a particular country pays attention to the development of scientific and technological potential can be judged by such indicators as the size of absolute expenditures on research and development work and their share in GDP.

Most of the funds for the development of scientific and technical potential in the early 90s were spent in the USA and Japan, Germany, France, and Great Britain. The total spending on R&D in these countries was greater than the total spending on similar purposes in all other countries of the world.

Country million USDCountriesmln. USD1US1584528Sweden74152Japan1098259Netherlands55543Germany4910310Switzerland50704France3110211Spain48935UK2245412Australia39746Italy1691617…China26007Canada8517…24Russia901

In terms of the share of spending on research and development work, the leaders are mainly industrialized countries, in which an average of 2-3% of the gross domestic product is spent on research and development.

The volume of the world market of science-intensive products today is $2 trillion. 300 billion. Of this amount, 39% are products of the United States, 30 - Japan, 16% - Germany. The share of Russia is only 0.3%.

2. Analysis of the impact of scientific and technological progress on economic growth in the world economy

.1 Analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress in the global economy

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is directly related to the problem of a comprehensive assessment of capital investments, since scientific and technological progress measures are considered as investment objects.

In economic calculations, the concepts of economic effect and economic efficiency are distinguished. The effect of scientific and technological progress is understood as the planned or obtained result of scientific, technical and innovative activities. An economic effect (result) is called, leading to the saving of labor, material or natural resources, or allowing to increase the production of means of production, consumer goods and services, in value terms. So, on the scale of the national economy, the effect is the increase in national income in value form, at the level of industries and industries, the effect is either net production or part of it - profit. The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is understood as the ratio of the economic effect obtained from the introduction of scientific and technological achievements to the total costs of their implementation, i.e. efficiency is a relative value that characterizes the effectiveness of costs.

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress cannot be expressed by any one universal indicator, since in order to determine the economic effect, all results and costs must be presented in value terms, and this is not always possible if the activities of scientific and technological progress are aimed at solving global economic problems. and environmental problems, development of the social sphere, etc. Therefore, for an objective assessment, it is necessary to use a fairly extensive system of indicators.

When calculating and analyzing economic efficiency, it is necessary to take into account:

comparability of options;

the correct choice of standard for comparison;

comparability of technical and economic indicators;

bringing the compared options to an identical effect;

the complexity of the analysis;

time factor;

scientific validity, objectivity and legality of conclusions, conclusions and recommendations.

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is characterized by a system of economic indicators that reflect the ratio of costs and results and make it possible to judge the economic attractiveness of the industry for investors, the economic advantages of some industries over others.

Depending on the level of assessment, the volume of the effect and costs taken into account, as well as the purpose of the assessment, several types of efficiency are distinguished: general and particular.

A generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of scientific activity is considered to be the value obtained as the ratio of the actual annual economic effect from the introduction of scientific developments in the national economy to the actual costs incurred for their implementation.

Particular indicators of the effectiveness of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies are represented by quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative indicators include:

Number of introduced CNC machines; machining centers, industrial robots; computer technology; automatic and semi-automatic lines; conveyor lines.

Introduction of new, more promising technologies (quantity, capacity and volume of products manufactured using the new technology).

The coefficient of renewal of production equipment (in terms of quantity and cost).

Equipment replacement rate.

Average age of equipment.

Commissioning of new capacities.

The cost per unit of power.

The cost of one workplace.

The number of new types of products created (new equipment, devices, new materials, medicines, etc.).

The number of new jobs created.

Qualitative indicators.

The number of relatively released workers as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies.

The growth of labor productivity as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technology.

Savings from reducing the cost of certain types of products after the introduction of new technology

Decrease in material intensity, including energy intensity (fuel intensity, electrical intensity, heat capacity), wage intensity as a result of innovative activities.

Increasing the yield of finished products from raw materials due to its deeper processing.

Dynamics of capital productivity and capital intensity, capital, energy and electric labor.

World practice shows that business structures play a key role in the development and implementation of innovations. The share of corporate R&D expenditures in national R&D expenditures exceeds 65%, and the average for the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) approaches 70%

Figure 2.1 - Sources of funding for research and development work in Russia and abroad, % of the total costs for them

Most large companies conduct not only applied but also fundamental research. Thus, in the United States, private investment accounts for more than 25% of the total expenditure on basic research. In Japan, the corporate sector costs reach almost 38% of total spending on basic research, and in South Korea - about 45%.

In Russia, the picture is reversed, with R&D funding from the corporate sector accounting for just over 20% of total R&D investment.

Large Russian business is significantly inferior to large foreign corporations, both in absolute and relative R&D spending. Thus, Russia is represented by only three participants in the ranking of 1,400 largest companies in the world in terms of absolute R&D costs, which is compiled annually by the EU Joint Research Center. They are OJSC Gazprom (83rd position), AvtoVAZ (620th) and Lukoil (632nd position). For comparison: in the FortuneGlobal 500 rating, among 500 world companies in terms of revenue, there are twice as many Russian companies - 6, and among the 1,400 leading global companies in terms of revenue, there are several dozen representatives of Russia.

The total amount of expenses of the Russian corporate sector for research and development work is more than 2 times less than that of Volkswagen, the largest corporation in Europe in terms of research and development expenses (2.2 billion against 5.79 billion euros) .

On average, foreign companies spend on R&D from 2 to 3% of their annual income. For leaders, these indicators are significantly higher. According to the EU Joint Research Centre, the average intensity of R&D spending (the ratio of R&D costs to revenue) of the 1,400 largest companies in terms of investment in research and development in the world in 2009 was 3.5%.

Despite the reduction in R&D funding due to the crisis, the intensity of spending on innovation by the largest corporations, on the contrary, has increased. According to the consulting company Booz, the cost of 1,000 largest corporations in the world for R & D in 2010 compared to 2009 decreased by 3.5%, but the average cost intensity increased from 3.46 to 3.75%. In other words, in the context of a falling market and reduced sales, the world's largest corporations were far from reducing the costs of their own research and development (for example, capital investments of the corporations in question decreased in 2010 by 17.1%, and administrative expenses - by 5.4% ), and the share of R&D expenditures in the total costs of corporations has been increased. On the contrary, the acceleration and expansion of the R&D front is considered by world business leaders as a priority task for ensuring the sustainable post-crisis development of companies.

According to a study by the Expert RA rating agency, before the crisis, the volume of R&D expenses in the revenue of the largest Russian companies from the Expert-400 rating was about 0.5%, which is 4-6 times lower than that of foreign companies. In two years, in 2009, this figure more than halved to 0.2% of the companies' total revenues.

Machine-building companies are the leaders in terms of investment in R&D in Russia, but even their ratio of R&D costs to revenue does not exceed 2%. In less technological sectors, the lag is even greater.

For example, the ratio of Severstal's R&D expenses to the company's revenue in 2009 was 0.06%. At the same time, the similar indicator of the metallurgical corporation ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg) amounted to 0.6%, that is, 10 times more; NipponSteel (Japan) - 1%; Sumitomo Metal Industries (Japan) - 1.2%; POSCO (South Korea) - 1.3%; KobeSteel (Japan) - 1.4%; OneSteel (Australia) - 2.5%.

According to estimates, in 2010 corporate spending on R&D began to recover rapidly, but the innovation activity of big business will return to the pre-crisis level - this will only mean the conservation of the gap with technologically advanced companies in the world.

2.2 Problems of scientific and technological progress and proposals for their solution

The key problem is, first of all, the low demand for innovations in the Russian economy, as well as its inefficient structure - an excessive bias towards the purchase of finished equipment abroad to the detriment of the introduction of its own new developments. The balance of Russia's balance sheet in technology trade from the positive in 2000 ($20 million) has steadily decreased and in 2009 amounted to minus $1.008 billion. Around the same time, the leading countries in the field of innovation achieved a significant increase in the surplus of the technological balance (USA by 1.5 times, Great Britain by 1.9 times, Japan by 2.5 times). In general, it could not be otherwise, given the difference in the number of innovatively active companies. In 2009, the development and implementation of technological innovations was carried out by 9.4% of the total number of Russian industrial companies. For comparison: in Germany their share was 69.7%, in Ireland - 56.7%, in Belgium - 59.6%, in Estonia - 55.1%, in the Czech Republic - 36.6%. Unfortunately, not only is the share of innovatively active enterprises low in Russia, but also the intensity of spending on technological innovation, which is 1.9% (the same indicator in Sweden is 5.5%, in Germany - 4.7%).

Figure 2.2 shows a chart of indicators.

Another important problem is the imitative nature of the Russian innovation system, which is focused on borrowing ready-made technologies, and not on creating its own breakthrough innovations. Among the OECD countries, Russia has the dubious honor of occupying the last place in terms of the share of leading innovative companies - there are only 16% of such innovative Russian enterprises compared to 35% in Japan and Germany, 41-43% in Belgium, France, Austria, 51- 55% in Denmark and Finland. It should be noted that the most numerous type of passive technological borrowing in Russia (34.3%) is on the verge of extinction in the economically developed countries of Europe (about 5-8%). At the same time, in addition to the quantitative lag of Russian companies in terms of the level of innovative activity, there are also significant structural problems in the organization of innovation management at the firm level. According to the indicator "the ability of companies to borrow and adapt technologies", calculated by the World Economic Forum, Russia in 2009 was in 41st place out of 133 - at the level of such countries as Cyprus, Costa Rica, and the United Arab Emirates.

Figure 2.2 - Share of Russian companies implementing technological innovations

The problem of the low level of innovation activity in Russia is further exacerbated by the low return on the implementation of technological innovations. The growth in the volume of innovative products (by 34% in 1995-2009) does not at all correspond to the rate of increase in the costs of technological innovation (triple over the same period). As a result, if in 1995 the ruble of innovation costs accounted for 5.5 rubles of innovative products, then in 2009 this figure dropped to 2.4 rubles.

Figure 2.3 - The share of innovative goods, works, services, in the total volume of shipped goods, work performed, services of organizations

As one of the important factors, it is necessary to note the overall low level of costs for research and development work. Expenses for them in 2008 in Russia are estimated at 1.04% of GDP against 1.43% of GDP in China and 2.3% in OECD countries, 2.77% of GDP in the US, 3.44% of GDP in Japan.

Figure 2.4 shows this quite clearly.

Figure 2.4 - Scale of R&D spending by country, % of GDP

Scientific and technological progress shows a complex and contradictory impact on global processes in modern conditions. On the one hand, scientific and technological development and scientific and technological progress are directly related to socio-economic progress. There is no doubt that their result was rapid economic growth based on increasing social productivity and saving natural resources, strengthening the internationalization of the world economy and the interdependence of the countries of the world. On the other hand, contradictions, including economic ones, are growing and deepening.

Among them is the growth of unsatisfied demand, as scientific and technological development stimulates new high-speed needs; negative consequences associated with the unpredictable results of the introduction of certain achievements in production (pollution, accidents, disasters); the adverse impact of the intensification of production and information on the human body; underestimation of the importance of the human factor; the growth of moral and ethical problems (heredity manipulation, computer crimes, total information control, etc.). The problem of feedback between scientific and technological progress and its already realized possibilities has become aggravated. There was a complex of questions of so-called technical safety of application of the created innovations.

The growing remoteness from sources of raw materials and energy, the depletion of natural sources of raw materials both in quantitative terms and in terms of their physical properties have become important problems on a global scale. In addition, the resource intensity of production and lifestyle (as a result of scientific and technological development) increases the natural limitations of our habitat. You can practice this style only at the expense of other people living on Earth, and at the expense of descendants.

One of the important consequences for the whole world may be the loss of responsibility for individual results of scientific and technical progress. This is expressed, on the one hand, in the contradiction between the human instinct for self-preservation and the growth of needs and profit, on the other.

Finally, another important aspect of scientific and technological progress is its cyclical, uneven nature, which intensifies socio-economic problems in different countries and makes them common. There are periods when the deterioration of the general economic conditions of reproduction (for example, the rise in the cost of energy resources) slows down or postpones the receipt of the economic effect of scientific and technological development, switches it to the task of compensating for emerging structural constraints, thereby exacerbating social problems. The unevenness of economic development is growing. International competition is intensifying, which leads to an aggravation of foreign economic contradictions. Its consequences were the growth of protectionism, trade and currency wars in relations between developed countries.

Scientific and technological development rationally changes the existing character of the international division of labor. For example, new forms of automation are depriving developing countries of the benefits associated with the availability of cheap labor. The growing export of scientific and technical information and scientific and technical services is used by developed countries as a new instrument of "technological neo-colonialism". It is enhanced by the activities of TNCs and their foreign affiliates.

An important aspect of the global problems associated with scientific and technological development is the problem of education. However, without those colossal changes that have taken place in the field of education, neither the scientific and technological revolution, nor the huge achievements in the development of the world economy, nor those democratic processes in which an increasing number of countries and peoples of the world are involved would be impossible. Nowadays, education has become one of the most important aspects of human activity. Today it covers literally the entire society, and the cost of it is constantly increasing.

scientific technological progress funding

Table 2.2 - Expenditure per capita in education

USD Worldwide188Africa15Asia58Arab States134North America1257Latin America78Europe451Developed countries704Developing countries29

A problem for underdeveloped countries remains the "brain drain" when the most qualified personnel seek to find work abroad. The reason is that the training of personnel does not always correspond to the real possibilities of their use in specific socio-economic conditions. Since education is associated with a certain socio-cultural sphere, its problems enter into the most complex interaction with universal problems, such as economic backwardness, population growth, living security, etc. In addition, education itself requires constant improvement and reform, i.e., firstly, improving its quality, which has deteriorated due to its rapid development; secondly, solving problems of its effectiveness, which depends on specific economic conditions; thirdly, to meet the need for normative knowledge, which is associated with continuous adult education, and hence the development of the concept of continuous education that would accompany a person throughout life. That is why the volume of professional development and adult education services is growing rapidly all over the world, especially in developed countries.

Education affects not only the assimilation of advanced technologies and the adoption of effective decisions, but also the way of life, forms a system of value orientations, as the history and experience of a number of countries show, ignoring these circumstances leads to a sharp decrease in the effectiveness of educational policy and even to destabilization of society.

The problems of scientific and technological progress are among the global problems of mankind, so their solution can be expressed in a generalized form.

The global problems of human development are not isolated from each other, but act in unity and in interrelation, which requires radically new, conceptual approaches to their solution. There are a number of obstacles on the way to solving global problems. The measures taken to solve them are often blocked by the economic and political arms race, regional, political and military conflicts. In a number of cases, globalization is slowed down by the lack of resource support for the planned programs. Separate global problems are generated by the contradictions concluded in the socio-economic conditions of life of the peoples of the world.

The necessary prerequisites and opportunities for a truly humanistic resolution of global contradictions are being created by the world community. Global problems must be solved through the development of cooperation between all states that form the system of the world economy.

Life does not stand still, society develops, people develop, the economy and production develop. Any person understands that at present the development of science and technology is taking place by leaps and bounds. Modern scientific and technological progress is aimed at strengthening the role of environmental protection measures, biocompatible technologies that do not harm the environment, closed technologies that do not produce waste, energy-saving technologies. Manufacturing is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive. Therefore, the role of statistics of scientific and technological progress is growing, which finds reserves for accelerating these processes, helping to speed up the introduction of new promising technologies into production.

findings

Scientific and technological progress covers all aspects of human activity, facilitates human labor. However, scientific and technological progress also affects the resource potential of both the world economy and each country in particular. As the resources of the world economy are numerous, so is the impact of scientific and technological progress on each of them.

The resource effect of scientific and technological progress is associated with its ability to compensate for the scarce resources of the national economy, release them for expanded production, and also involve previously unused resources in circulation. Its indicators are the release of labor power, savings and replacement of scarce materials and raw materials, as well as the involvement of new resources in the national economic turnover, the complexity of the use of raw materials. Closely related to resources is the ecological effect of the scientific and technological process - a change in the state of the environment. The social effect of the scientific and technological process is to create more favorable conditions for the use of the creative forces of workers, for the comprehensive development of the individual. This is manifested in the improvement of working conditions and labor protection, the reduction of heavy physical labor, the increase in free time, and the raising of the material and cultural standard of living of the working people.

Thus, the formation of scientific and technological progress within the framework of the world economy has become a factor that changes the nature of the existing system of international economic relations. Under its influence, the nature of property relations, the labor process changes, competition is overcome, the consolidation of scientific and technical potential is formed, MRT and cooperation relations between states are developed. The regulatory role of the state, which determines the main directions for the development of scientific and technical progress, the formation of a knowledge-intensive structure, is increasing more and more.

The role of scientific and technological progress is determined not only by its present, but also by its future. It should be expected that the development of this process will continue the formation of the internationalization of the world economy. On its basis, the formation of new interstate integration associations will be carried out, the further development of the international division of labor and world trade in finished products produced on the basis of "high technologies" will take place. Under these conditions, new forms of transport will be developed: monorails, supersonic aircraft, hydrogen-powered vehicles. The creation of transnational railway systems, as well as transoceanic steamship transport, will continue. Biocompatible and superconducting materials are being developed, satellite communications are being developed, and photonic technologies are being introduced. These processes make the world economy more and more unified, integral, whole. State borders become transparent, because they impede the deepening of integration processes, and, consequently, the development of the world economy as a whole.

Without state support, it is impossible to develop and maintain scientific, technical, and innovative potential. State policy is a set of forms, methods, directions of state influence on production with the aim of releasing new types of products and technologies, as well as expanding, on this basis, markets for domestic goods.

In a post-industrial society, R&D becomes a kind of branch of the economy that plays a significant role. The most advanced are such science-intensive and super-science-intensive industries as the creation of computer software, biotechnological production, the creation of composite materials with desired properties, fibroplastics, analytical instruments and machines. The moral depreciation of traditional products far outstrips their physical depreciation, while at the same time the market value of research results, various industrial know-how, advanced industrial products themselves are not subject to fall. The constant reproduction of the results of scientific research, the thoughtful trade in them and the export of unique super-science-intensive products can enrich any country in the world.

Bibliography

1.Spiridonov I.A. World economy: textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: INFRA-M, 2008. - 272 p.

.Khlypalov V.M. World economy, Krasnodar: Amethyst and K LLC, 2012. - 232 p.

.Lomakin V.K. World Economy - 4th ed., Revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012. - 671 p.

.Makeeva T. Macroeconomics, - M.: New Time, 2010. 468s.

.Alyabyeva A.M. World economy, - M.: Gardarika, 2006, 563c.

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SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS (STP)- the progressive and interconnected development of science and technology, characteristic of large-scale machine production. Under the influence of the growth and complexity of social needs, scientific and technological progress is accelerating, which makes it possible to put more and more powerful natural forces and resources at the service of man, to turn production into a technological process for the purposeful application of data from natural and other sciences.

The continuity of scientific and technical progress depends primarily on the development of fundamental research, which reveals new properties and laws of nature and society, as well as on applied research and experimental design, which make it possible to translate scientific ideas into new equipment and technology. Scientific and technological progress is carried out in two interdependent forms: 1) evolutionary, meaning a relatively slow and partial improvement of the traditional foundations of science and technology; 2) revolutionary, proceeding in the form of a scientific and technological revolution, which gives rise to a fundamentally new technique and technology, causes a radical transformation of the productive forces of society. Under capitalism, scientific and technological progress is carried out in the interests of the bourgeoisie, is used by it to intensify the exploitation of the proletariat, for militaristic and misanthropic purposes, and causes mass unemployment.

Under socialism, scientific and technological progress contributes to the dynamic development of the productive forces and the steady improvement of the people's well-being. The 27th CPSU Congress set the task of accelerating scientific and technical progress in every possible way as a decisive means of qualitatively transforming the productive forces, transferring the economy to the tracks of all-round intensification, and decisively improving the quality of products. For the period up to the year 2000, measures have been outlined that will make it possible to bring the national economy of the country to the forefront of science, technology and technology through the effective use of the forms and methods inherent in socialism for the implementation of scientific and technical progress. A deep technical reconstruction of the national economy is being carried out on the basis of modern scientific and technological achievements.

The leading role in accelerating scientific and technical progress is played by mechanical engineering, which ensures the introduction of new generations of equipment, fundamentally new technologies. The industries on which the implementation of large-scale comprehensive programs in the strategic areas of scientific and technical progress and the technical renovation of production depend are developing more rapidly. The integration of science and production is growing, new effective forms of their interaction are emerging, organization is improving, and the time for developing and mastering technical innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions in the national economy is being reduced.
As a result of the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the historical vocation of socialism is realized more fully - to put the achievements of advanced science, the most perfect and powerful technology, and the growing force of creative collective labor into the service of communist construction.

The tasks of accelerating scientific and technological progress are carried out through a unified technical policy, restructuring of structural policy and investment policy (see also Scientific and technological revolution).