Every human activity has external and internal components. Internal component of human activity: anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the management of activity by the central nervous system, as well as psychological processes and conditions included in the regulation of activity. To external components can be attributed to a variety of movements associated with the practical implementation of activities.

The ratio of internal and external components of activity is not constant. With the development and transformation of activity, a systematic transition of external components to internal ones is carried out. He is accompanied by them interiorization and automation. If there are any difficulties in the activity, when it is restored, associated with violations of internal components, a reverse transition occurs -- exteriorization: abbreviated, automated components of activity unfold, appear outside, internal again become external, consciously controlled.

10. The concept of communication. The structure of communication.

Communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities. Communication includes the exchange of information between its participants, which can be characterized as the communicative side of communication. The second side of communication is the interaction of those who communicate - the exchange in the process of speech is not only words, but also actions, deeds. And, finally, the third side of communication involves the perception of communicating each other.

Given the complexity of communication, it is necessary to somehow designate it structure so that each element can then be analyzed. The structure of communication can be approached in different ways, as well as the definition of its functions. We propose to characterize the structure of communication by highlighting three interrelated aspects in it: communicative, interactive and perceptual.

The communicative side of communication, or communication in the narrow sense of the word, consists in the exchange of information between communicating individuals.

Interactive side consists in organizing interaction between communicating individuals, i.e. in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions.

Perceptual side communication means the process of perception and knowledge of each other by partners in communication and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis.

15. The concept of sensations, types of sensations.

Feeling - this is the simplest mental process, consisting in the reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world, as well as the internal states of the body with the direct impact of stimuli on the corresponding receptors.

The sense organs receive, select, accumulate information and transmit it to the brain, which receives and processes this huge and inexhaustible stream every second. As a result, there is an adequate reflection of the surrounding world and the state of the organism itself. On this basis, nerve impulses are formed that arrive at the executive organs responsible for regulating body temperature, the functioning of the digestive organs, organs of movement, endocrine glands, for tuning the sense organs themselves, etc. And all this extremely complex work, consisting of many thousands of operations per second, is performed continuously.

External (motor) and internal (mental) components of activity

Mental processes: perception, attention, imagination, memory, thinking, speech - act as the most important components of any human activity. In order to satisfy their needs, communicate, play, study and work, a person must perceive the world, pay attention to certain moments or components of activity, imagine what he needs to do, remember, think, and express judgments. Consequently, without the participation of mental processes, human activity is impossible; they act as its integral internal moments.

But it turns out that mental processes do not just participate in activity, they develop in it and themselves represent special types of activity.

Perception in the process of practical activity acquires its most important human qualities. In activity, its main types are formed: perception of depth, direction and speed of movement, time and space. The practical manipulation of the child with three-dimensional, nearby and distant objects reveals to him the fact that objects and space have certain dimensions: width, height, depth. As a result, a person learns to perceive and evaluate forms. Tracking movements of the hand and eye, accompanied by synergistic, coordinated contractions of certain muscle groups, contribute to the formation of the perception of movement and its direction. Changes in the speed of moving objects are automatically reproduced in accelerations and decelerations of contractions of certain muscle groups, and this trains the senses to perceive speed.

Imagination is also associated with activity. First, a person is not able to imagine or imagine something that has never appeared in experience, was not an element, subject, condition or moment of any activity. The texture of the imagination is a reflection, although not literal, of the experience of practical activity.

To an even greater extent, this applies to memory, and to its two main processes simultaneously: memorization and reproduction. Memorization is carried out in activity and is itself a special kind of mnemonic activity, which contains actions and operations aimed at preparing the material for better memorization. This is structuring, comprehension, associating material with known facts, including various objects and movements in the memorization process, etc.

Recall also involves the performance of certain actions aimed at recalling the material imprinted in memory in a timely and accurate manner. It is known that the conscious reproduction of an activity during which some material was remembered contributes to the fact that it is easier to remember.

Thinking in a number of its forms is identical to practical activity (the so-called "manual" or practical thinking). In more developed forms - figurative and logical - the activity moment appears in it in the form of internal, mental actions and operations. Speech is also a special kind of activity, so often, when characterizing it, the phrase “speech activity” is used. Since the internal mental processes in a person reveal the same structure as external actions, there is every reason to speak of not only external, but also internal action.

All living beings have memory, but it reaches the highest level of its development in humans. Subhuman organisms have only two types of memory: genetic and mechanical. The first is manifested in the transmission by genetic means from generation to generation of vital, biological, psychological and behavioral properties. The second appears in the form of the ability to learn, to acquire life experience, which cannot be preserved anywhere else but in the organism itself and disappears along with its death.

A person has speech as a powerful means of memorization, a way of storing information in the form of texts and all sorts of technical records. He does not need to rely only on his organic abilities, since the main means of improving memory and storing the necessary information are outside him and at the same time in his hands: he is able to improve these means almost indefinitely, without changing his own nature. Man has three types of memory, much more powerful and productive than animals: arbitrary, logical and mediated. The first is associated with a broad volitional control of memorization, the second with the use of logic, the third with the use of various means of memorization, mostly presented in the form of objects of material and spiritual culture.

There are several reasons for classifying the types of human memory. One of them is the division of memory according to the time of saving the material, the other - according to the analyzer that prevails in the processes of storing, saving and reproducing the material. In the first case, instantaneous, short-term, operational, long-term and genetic memory are distinguished. In the second case, they speak of motor, visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, emotional and other types of memory. I will not give their definitions here due to space limitations. In addition to this classification, according to the nature of the participation of the will in the processes of memorizing and reproducing material, memory is divided into involuntary and arbitrary. In the first case, they mean such memorization and reproduction, which occurs automatically and without much effort on the part of a person, without setting a special mnemonic task (for memorization, recognition, preservation or reproduction). In the second case, such a task is necessarily present, and the process of memorization or reproduction itself requires volitional efforts. Involuntary memorization is not necessarily weaker than voluntary, in many cases it surpasses it. It has been established, for example, that the material that is the object of attention and consciousness, acts as a goal, and not a means of carrying out an activity, is better remembered involuntarily. Involuntarily, material is also remembered better, which is associated with interesting and complex mental work and which is of great importance for a person.

It was experimentally proved that internal, i.e. mental processes, called higher mental functions, are activities in origin and structure. Theories have been developed and proven in practice, stating that mental processes can be formed through external activity organized according to special rules. External activity as a result of its special transformations aimed at reducing and automating individual links, their transformation into skills, gradually passes into internal, proper mental (internalization). Such internalized mental processes are voluntary and cognitive processes mediated by speech: perception, attention, imagination, memory and thinking.

On the other hand, none of the named mental processes proceeds as purely internal and necessarily includes some external, usually motor, links. Visual perception, for example, is inextricably linked with eye movements, touch - with hand movements, attention - with muscle contractions that determine its concentration, switchability and absent-mindedness. When a person solves problems, his articulation apparatus almost always works; speech activity without movements of the larynx and facial muscles is impossible. Consequently, any activity is a combination of internal and external, mental and behavioral actions and operations.

Activity- a specific type of human activity aimed at the knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one's existence.

In activity man creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, saves and improves nature building a society creates something that would not exist without its activity in nature

Creative naturehuman activity manifests itself in the fact that thanks to her he transcends its natural limits. Due to productive, creative nature of his activity, a person created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature .

Human activity is fundamentally different from animal activity. and in another respect.

If a animal activity is caused natural needs , then the activity person in mainly generated and supported artificial needs arising thanks to the appropriation of the achievements of the cultural and historical development of people present and previous generations.

This is - needs in knowledge (scientific and artistic), creativity, in moral self-improvement other.

Forms and methods The organization of human activity also differs from the activity of animals.

Almost All of them associated with complex motor skills and abilities that animals do not have, - skills and abilities acquired as a result of conscious purposeful organized learning.

Activity human has the following Main characteristics :

-motive, -goal, -object, -structure and -means.

motive activity is called what motivates it, for what it is carried out. Usually as a motive there is a specific need, which is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity.

Motives of human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual .

Activity type usually determined by her dominant motive(dominant because all human activity polymotivated , i.e. driven by several different motives).

As goals activity advocates her product . It may represent real physical thing , created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, creative result (thought, idea, theory, work of art).

Subject activity is called what does she deal with. So, for example, the subject cognitive activities - all kinds information, subject educational activities - knowledge, skills and abilities , subject labor activities - created material product.

Every activity has a certain structure - actions and operations to ak main components activities.

action called part of the activity, which has a completely independent human goal .

Operation are called way of doing the action. How many different ways to perform an action, so many different operations can be distinguished

As funds about the existence of activities for a person those instruments, which he uses doing one or the other actions and operations. The development of the means of activity leads to its improvement, as a result of which the activity becomes more productive and of high quality.

Every human activity has external and internal components.

To internal relate anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the management of activities from the central nervous system, as well as psychological processes and states, included in the regulation activities. To external components can be various movements related practical implementation activity.

As the and transformation activities carried out systematic transition of external components into internal ones.

The main differences between human activity and animal activity are as follows:

1. Human activity is productive, creative, constructive character. The activity of animals has a consumer basis; as a result, it does not produce or create anything new in comparison with what is given by nature.
2. human activities associated with material and spiritual things culture, which are used by him either as tools, or as objects of satisfaction of needs, or as means of his own development. For animals, human tools and means of satisfying needs do not exist as such.
3. human activities transforms himself, his abilities, needs , living conditions. The activity of animals practically does not change anything either in themselves or in the external conditions of life.
4. Human activity in its various forms and means of implementation is a product of history. The activity of animals acts as a result of their biological evolution.

5.The objective activity of people from birth is not given to them.. Such activities are necessary form and develop in education and upbringing . The same applies to internal, neurophysiological and psychological structures managing the external side of practical activity. The activity of animals is initially set, genotypically determined and unfolds as the natural anatomical and physiological maturation of the organism

Theme Human activity, its main forms

Activity- a way of a person's relationship to the outside world, consisting in the transformation and subordination of his goals to a person.

Activity- this is a way of interacting with the outside world inherent only to a person, in the process of which he consciously changes the world and himself, creating something that was not in nature.

Human activity has a certain similarity with the activity of an animal, but differs in a creative and transformative attitude to the world around.

human activities	Animal activity
Adaptation to the natural environment through its large-scale transformation, leading to the creation of an artificial environment for human existence. Man keeps his natural organization unchanged, while at the same time changing his way of life.	Adaptation to environmental conditions primarily by restructuring one's own organism, the mechanism of which is mutational changes fixed by the environment
Goal setting in activity	Expediency in behavior
Conscious setting of goals related to the ability to analyze the situation (discover cause-and-effect relationships, anticipate results, think through the most appropriate ways to achieve them)	Obedience to instinct, actions are initially programmed

Main components of activity (structure of activity)

Subject of activity - is the one who carries out the activity (individual, collective, society)

Activity object - this is what the activity is aimed at (object, process, phenomenon, internal state of a person). Lightning object. Installing a lightning rod. Lightning rod - a device installed on buildings and structures and serving to protect against lightning strikes. The object is the atmosphere, the earth.

motive - a set of external and internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine the direction of activity. This is what motivates us to work. What is the need for the activity? The following can act as motives: needs; social attitudes; beliefs; interests; drives and emotions; ideals.

Purpose of activity - this is a conscious image of the result, to achieve which the action of a person is directed. What is the desired outcome of the activity?

Methods, means. How, with the help of what is the activity carried out?

Process.

Result (product). What happened after all the actions?

An activity consists of a chain of actions. Action is a process aimed at achieving the goal.

Social action includes two points: the subjective motivation of the individual; orientation toward others, which Weber calls "expectancy" and without which action cannot be considered as social.

Its main subject is the individual. Action types(Classification of the German sociologist, philosopher, historian M. Weber (1864-1920) depending on motives):

View	His essence
Value-rational action	It is characterized by a conscious determination of its direction and a consistently planned orientation towards it. But its meaning is not in achieving any goal, but in the fact that the individual follows his convictions about duty, dignity, beauty, piety, etc. (Saving a person from a sense of duty, understanding the value of human life, the need to help people) . A captain who drowned after refusing to leave his ship in a wreck.
Affective (lat. affectus - emotional excitement) action	It is due to the emotional state of the individual. He acts under the influence of passion if he seeks to immediately satisfy his need for revenge, pleasure, devotion, etc. (A fighter entered the battle against an enemy superior in strength under the influence of a desire to avenge the death of his comrades in war). The mother may hit the child because the child behaves unbearably.
traditional action	Based on a long habit. The action is performed under repetitive conditions and according to a firmly established model (ceremonies, rituals). Often this is an automatic reaction to a habitual irritation in the direction of a once learned setting.

Affective and traditional actions are not in the strict sense social, since we are not dealing here with the awareness of the meaning of affective and traditional behavior.

The activity of people unfolds in various spheres of society, its direction, content, means are infinitely diverse.

Activities, which inevitably includes each person in the process of his individual development: play, communication, teaching (knowledge), work.

A game is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself is entertainment, recreation.

Characteristic features of the game: takes place in a conditional situation, which, as a rule, changes rapidly; in its process, so-called substitute objects are used; is aimed at satisfying the interest of its participants; contributes to the development of the personality, enriches it, equips it with the necessary skills (through the game, the development of social roles, norms - compliance with the rules of the game, the formation of personal qualities - the development of patience (follow the goal for a long time) when playing hide and seek, concentration of attention, honesty).

Communication is an activity in which ideas and emotions are exchanged. It is often expanded to include the exchange of material items. This broader exchange is communication [material or spiritual (informational)].

comparison lines	Communication	Information communication
1. General	Information exchange
2. Differences	The recipient of the information is a person	Recipient of information - human, animal, machine
Mutual exchange with the active participation of each subject	Unidirectional flow of information in the absence or formal nature of feedback
Strengthening the community of participants	Members remain separate
			Subject - the one who initiates communication (individuals, groups, communities, humanity as a whole)
		A goal is something for which a person needs to communicate.
Structure of communication		Content is the information that is transmitted in interpersonal contacts from one to another.
			Means are ways of transmitting, processing and decoding information transmitted in the process of communication (using the senses, texts, drawings, diagrams, radio-video equipment, the Internet, etc.)
		Recipient of information

Exist several classifications of communication.

By means of communication used:

Immediate- with the help of natural organs - hands, head, vocal cords, etc.

mediated- with the help of specially adapted or invented means - a newspaper, a compact disc, a footprint on the ground, etc.

direct- personal contacts and direct perception of each other

indirect- through intermediaries, which may be other people

By subjects of communication:

Between real subjects

Between a real subject and an illusory partner, to whom qualities of the subject of communication that are unusual for him are attributed (these can be pets, toys, etc.)

Between a real subject and an imaginary partner, it manifests itself in an internal dialogue (“inner voice”), in a dialogue with the image of another person

Between imaginary partners - artistic images of works

Communication functions

In modern science, there are several approaches to the relationship between activity and communication.

Communication is an element of any activity, and activity is a necessary condition for communication; one can put an equal sign between them;

Communication is one of the types of human activity along with play, work, etc.;

Communication and activity are different categories, two sides of a person's social existence: labor activity can proceed without communication, and communication can exist without activity.

Doctrine- this is a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person.

Teaching can be organized (carried out in educational institutions) and disorganized (carried out in other activities as their secondary additional result).

Teaching can take on a character self-education

On the question of what is work, there are several points of view:

- work is any conscious human activity. Where there is human interaction with the outside world, one can speak of labor;

- work- one of the activities, but not the only one.

Work is a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Characteristic features of work: expediency; focus on achieving programmed expected results; availability of skills, abilities, knowledge; practical usefulness; getting a result; personality development transformation of the human environment.

Labor provides a livelihood, allows you to feel needed by society (significant), allows you to develop abilities, maintains intellectual health, brings the joy of communicating with other people.

In each type of activity, specific goals, tasks are set, a special arsenal of means, operations and methods is used to achieve the set goals. At the same time, none of the types of activity exists outside of interaction with each other, which determines the systemic nature of all spheres of public life.

Every human activity has external and internal components.

To internal include anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the management of activity by the central nervous system, as well as psychological processes and conditions included in the regulation of activity (planning in an apartment).

The internal component of activity is a structure consisting of 3 complexes:

1. motivational complex (substructure) is at a) mental level individual "I" person and is expressed through "I want", "I need". It can be conscious and unconscious. In addition to the individual I (immediate desire), this complex includes: b) subjective component representing the interests of the surrounding people. These interests may coincide, conflict, or be replaced. And also c) supra-individual activity, which is subject only to the personal goals of a person, includes the knowledge of the universal I. d) spontaneous, natural activity;

2. target includes activity aimed at achieving specific goals by the subject. These goals can be final and intermediate, and activity, respectively, can be folded, mechanical or expanded, mental;

3. the instrumental substructure of internal activity includes tools of a specific kind developed on the basis of natural functions (organs of the human body, psychophysiological functions associated with these organs, operations associated with motor activity).

To external components can be attributed to a variety of movements associated with the practical implementation of activities.

The external organization of activity includes 3 substructures:

1. activity itself is the largest unit of activity analysis, determined by motivational activity.

2. Action - associated with goals and is responsible for the processes of behavior.

3. Operations are conditioned by the instrumental basis of activity. That is, on the 3rd substructure, the external and internal coincide.

The ratio of internal and external components of activity is not constant. With the development and transformation of activity, a systematic transition of external components to internal ones is carried out. It is accompanied by their internalization and automation. When difficulties arise in activity, during its restoration associated with violations of internal components, a reverse transition occurs - exteriorization: reduced, automated components of activity unfold, appear outside, internal again become external, consciously controlled.

Skills, abilities, habits

Skills- elements of activity that allow you to do something with high quality (accurately and correctly perform an action, oration, a series of actions). Skills include automatically performed parts called skills, but in general represent consciously controlled parts of the activity, at least in the main intermediate points and the final goal.

Skills- fully automated, instinct-like components of skills, implemented at the level of unconscious control.

Skills and abilities are divided into several types:

1. Motor includes a variety of movements, complex and simple, that make up the external, motor aspects of activity. (in sports activities)

2. Cognitive skills include abilities related to the search, perception, memorization and processing of information.

3. Theoretical skills and abilities are associated with abstract intelligence, express the ability to analyze, generalize material, build hypotheses, theories (in creative work).

Exercises are of great importance in the formation of all types of skills and abilities. Thanks to them, the automation of skills, the improvement of skills, activities in general. Exercises are necessary both at the stage of developing skills and abilities, and in the process of their preservation. Without constant, systematic exercises, skills and abilities are lost, lose their qualities.

Another element of activity is habit. It differs in that it is an unproductive element of activity. If skills and abilities are related to solving a problem, involve obtaining a product and are quite flexible, then habits are an inflexible part of an activity that a person performs mechanically and does not have a conscious goal or a clearly expressed product. Unlike a mere habit, a habit can be consciously controlled to a certain extent. But it differs from skill in that it is not always reasonable and useful. Habits as elements of activity are the least flexible parts of it.

Bibliography

Main literature:

1. Introduction to psychology / Under the general. Ed. A.V. Petrovsky. - M., 1997.-S.262-276, 407-417.

2. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. Lecture course. - M., 1996.- S. 99-114, 114-134.

3. Nemov R.S. Psychology. In 3 books. Book 1. General foundations of psychology. - M., 1995.- Ch. 6, 19.

4. Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. - St. Petersburg, 1999.- Ch.13, 14, 15.

Additional literature:

5. Godfroy J. What is psychology.: In 2 vols. - T. 1. - M .: Mir, 1992. - S. 264.

6. Hekhauzen H. Motivation and activity. - M .: Pedagogy, 1986. - S. 33-34.

Basic concepts: motivation, need, need cycle, motive, goal, shift of motive to goal, orientation, attitude, interest, belief, worldview, activity, subject, activity, internal activity, internalization, exteriorization; structure of activity, action, operation, psychophysiological functions; need, basic needs, goal, motive, classification of motives, hierarchy, subordination of motives, motivation; the content of the activity, game, teaching, work, skill, habit, habit.