Speaking of such a concept as "human character", most of us mean a person's reactions to certain events in his life, as well as the people around him. In fact, this concept is much more complex. Today you will learn about the features of the human character, its main types and features.

Concept, manifestation of character

The concept of "character" in psychological terminology implies (translated from Greek - "seal") a set of personal characteristics of a person that are formed in the process of growing up and are clearly manifested in a person's life (both personal and public). As a result, stable and uniform behavior is formed in certain situations.

In fact, far from all the psychological characteristics of a person can be considered its permanent character traits. A simple and vivid example: a person in a rather stressful situation showed himself to be rude and unrestrained. Does this mean that such behavior is characteristic of him due to such a character? Not at all. Only the regular manifestation of such behavior can speak of a character trait.

The basis of a human character is formed by his nervous activity, or rather its type; the dynamics of its manifestation is the environment.

There are many deep definitions and interpretations of the set of concepts included in the word "character". In plain language, a person's character is most often understood as:

• a system of stable type of behavior that forms the type of personality;
• the line between the inner world of a person and the outer world in which he lives, or the way an individual adapts to the environment;
• a clearly defined system of human behavioral reactions to certain stimuli.

It is worth noting that the character cannot be called finally formed as long as a person lives, grows and develops. The formation of a person's character directly depends on the characteristics of his lifestyle, which includes not only the physical leaving, but also the spiritual: thoughts, feelings, motives, etc.

The character of a person in its content is a complex relationship between social influence and the orientation of the individual, consisting of spiritual / material needs, beliefs, interests, etc.

Traits

It should be noted that the direct formation of character occurs under the influence of certain social subgroups that include a person (for example, family, friends, work team, etc.). Depending on which of the groups is dominant for a person, such character traits will develop in him. In addition, the position of the individual in the group and the degree of his interaction with it will play a significant role in this process.

In general, several groups of character traits can be distinguished depending on the relationship of a person with the outside world:

1. The relationship of a person to other individuals. It implies the perception by the individual of his own family, colleagues, friends, just strangers. Here there is a human desire for active communication and, accordingly, character traits accompanying this desire, such as respect for others, collectivism, sensitivity, kindness towards others. The opposite manifestation is also possible - the desire for limited communication and, accordingly, the traits associated with it - callousness, restraint, contempt for others, etc.
2. The attitude of a person to his own work, achievements. As in the previous case, a person tends to show radically different emotions in relation to his own work. It all depends on his characteristic features: hard work, creativity, organization, responsibility - with a positive attitude towards his own work and laziness, dishonesty, carelessness, etc. - with a negative / indifferent attitude towards work.
3. Man's attitude towards himself. An important component in the character is the person's own "I". Such character traits as self-esteem, pride (healthy feeling), modesty, or opposite character traits are implied: conceit, arrogance, touchiness, selfishness.
4. Man's relation to things. Everything is simple here: a person either cares about the state of his (and not only) things (neatness, careful handling), or not (sloppiness, negligence, etc.).

The relationship of character and temperament

Many mistakenly believe that a person's temperament is initially akin to character and therefore identify these two concepts. In the scientific community, 4 main views on the interaction of character and temperament are officially accepted:

• Identification (character and temperament are considered equal concepts in meaning).
• Contrasting concepts, emphasizing the fundamental difference between them.
• Recognition of temperament as part of the character, sometimes even its core.
• Recognition of temperament as the actual foundation for character development.

Despite the radically different scientific views on the concept of character and temperament, one can single out their general dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, namely the characteristics of his nervous system. It is also worth noting that temperament is more firmly connected with the nervous system of the individual, therefore, in fact, it is the basis for character. Temperament has a decisive influence on the formation of such traits as balance, adequate perception of a particular situation, calmness of reaction, etc.

Nevertheless, temperament is not yet a predetermining factor in the formation of character. So, the formation of a radically different character with the same temperament is considered a fairly common occurrence.

Basic character types

There are many different theories according to which the character of a person can be divided into several types. To your attention are some of the most common in the scientific community.

Character types according to Kretschmer

According to the famous German psychologist Kretschmer, all individuals living on Earth belong to one of three main groups / types of character (the main role in determining a person into one type or another is his physiological data):

• Asthenics. People of thin build with thin long arms and legs, weak chest. Most often, people from this group have poorly developed muscles. Psychologically, this type corresponds to the schizotimic type of character: people with this type of character are characterized by isolation, stubbornness, and poor adaptation to changes in the environment.
• Athletics. People are quite strong, with well-developed muscles. This type corresponds to the ixothymic type of character: people with a similar type of character are characterized by calmness, practicality, restraint, authoritativeness, etc.
• Picnics. People are quite dense or even overweight, the head is large, the neck is short, the face with small features. The corresponding type of character is sociability, emotionality, quick adaptation to new conditions.

Classification of characters according to Carl Gustav Jung

The famous psychiatrist and psychologist from Switzerland created a seemingly simple, but rather deep classification of characters, since we are talking about the interaction of the conscious with the unconscious. So, K.G. Jung identified three main types of character: extrovert, introvert, ambivert.

So, the reactions and activities of an extrovert are more dependent on external impressions from events, people, etc. In an introvert, the opposite is true: he is more guided by his own experiences, sensations, etc.

Extroverts are sociable, pleasant interlocutors, open, cheerful, have a large number of friends. They always try to take everything from life, they care little about their own health

Introverts, on the other hand, are a special type of person who is quite difficult to understand. He is always closed, uncommunicative, tends to analyze everything, rather suspicious, has few friends.

Well, and, finally, an ambivert is a person who has learned, so to speak, all the best from the first two types. This person is a wonderful analyst with a subtle soul, prone to periodic “attacks” of loneliness and at the same time able to “stir up” a large company with his wit, humor and charisma.

Types of characters according to Hippocrates

Hippocrates is considered the founder of one of the key theories of human nature. True, in ancient times, the typology of temperament created by him was understood, rather, as the physical component of a person. And only a couple of centuries ago, the concept of four temperaments developed by him began to be studied from a psychological point of view.

So, there are 4 main types of character / temperament:

• Choleric; a rather passionate, quick-tempered, sometimes aggressive person who finds it rather difficult to control his emotional state and reactions to irritating external factors. The choleric is characterized by frequent outbursts of anger, mood swings and other sudden changes in behavior. Quickly consumes energy, depleting the reserve of forces.
• Sanguine. A very mobile and cheerful person, for whom, like a choleric person, sharp mood swings are characteristic, but at the same time a quick and stable reaction to external factors. Sanguine is a productive and purposeful person.
• Phlegmatic person. The person is very restrained, practically does not show emotions. Slow, has a balanced psyche, persistent and persistent in work.
• Melancholic. A very impressionable and easily hurt person, acutely experiencing his own failures. Reacts quite sharply to external stimuli.

That, perhaps, is all that you should know about the character of a person, his main types, features and manifestation in the world around him. From all of the above, we can draw a simple conclusion: each person is very individual, the personality is complex, multifaceted and unusual.

Traits

Character is an inseparable whole. But it is impossible to study and understand such a complex whole as character without highlighting individual aspects or typical manifestations (character traits) in it. Common traits of character are manifested in the relationship of the individual to social duties and duty, to people, to himself. The attitude to social duties and duty is primarily manifested in the attitude of the individual to social labor. In this regard, such character traits as diligence, conscientiousness, perseverance, frugality, and the opposite of them - laziness, negligence, passivity, wastefulness are revealed. A person's attitude to work has a decisive influence on the formation of his other personal qualities. D. I. Pisarev wrote: "Character is tempered by labor, and whoever has never earned his own daily food by his own labor, for the most part remains forever a weak, sluggish and spineless person." Attitude towards people clearly appears in such character traits as sociability, politeness, goodwill, etc. The antipodes of these traits are isolation, tactlessness, malevolence. As V. Hugo stated, "every person has three characters: the one that is attributed to him; the one that he attributes to himself; and, finally, the one that is in reality." In order to clarify the essence of his character, it is useful for a person to know the opinion of himself of the team in which he works and spends a significant part of his life. And above all, how orderly his relations with people are, how much people need him, how authoritative he is among them. Attitude towards oneself is manifested in self-assessment of one's actions. Sober self-assessment is one of the conditions for personal development, helping to develop such character traits as modesty, adherence to principles, self-discipline. Negative character traits are increased conceit, arrogance and boasting. A person with these traits is usually quarrelsome in a team, involuntarily creates pre-conflict and conflict situations in it. Another extreme in a person's character is also undesirable: underestimation of one's own merits, timidity in expressing one's positions, in defending one's views. Modesty and self-criticism must be combined with a heightened sense of self-worth, based on the consciousness of the real significance of one's personality, on the presence of certain successes in work for the common good. Principle is one of the valuable personal qualities that give the character an active orientation. Volitional character traits. Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes the activity of a person and awakens him to act in a directed way. Will is the ability of a person to overcome obstacles, to achieve the goal. Specifically, she acts in such character traits as purposefulness, determination, perseverance, courage. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and anti-social goals. To do this, it is important to determine what the motive of a person's volitional behavior is. "A brave act, the motive of which is to enslave another person, to seize someone else's property, to promote oneself, and a brave act, the motive of which is to help the common cause, of course, have completely different psychological qualities." According to volitional activity, characters are divided into strong and weak. People with a strong character have stable goals, are proactive, boldly make decisions and implement them, have great endurance, are courageous and bold. People in whom these qualities are weakly expressed or some of them are absent are classified as weak-character. They are characterized by a passive manifestation of their business and personal qualities. Often such people, having the best intentions, do not achieve significant results in work, study. Many of them sincerely experience their inability to act independently, persistently and decisively.

Volitional qualities can be cultivated in a person. IP Pavlov emphasized that a person is the only system capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, it can improve itself. Weak-willed people with thoughtful pedagogical work with them can become actively active. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person, for example, his temperament. So, it is easier for a choleric person to develop activity and determination than for a melancholic person. A person himself must train his will from a young age, develop such qualities as self-control, activity, courage.

The most objective and irrefutable data about a person's character is provided not by his passport data, not by the features of his external appearance, not by his involuntary actions, but by his conscious behavior. It is precisely by the fact that a person chooses not from possible actions in a given situation that his character is assessed. The nature of a person is quite multifaceted. This can be seen already in the process of activity: one does everything quickly, the other slowly and thoroughly, thinks carefully, acting for sure, and the third immediately grabs work without thinking, and only after a certain period of time, without solving the problem from a swoop, looks around and coordinates its actions, taking into account the circumstances. These features, distinguished in human behavior, are called traits, or sides, of character. Any trait is some stable stereotype of behavior.

However, character traits cannot be pulled out of the typical situations in which they appear, in some situations even a polite person can be rude. Therefore, any a character trait is a stable form of behavior in connection with specific, typical situations for this type of behavior.

According to Yu.M. Orlov, along with situations in which a certain trait of a person is found, its essential characteristic is the probability that a given type of behavior in a given situation will take place. One can speak of any trait as a stable characteristic of a person if the probability of its manifestation in a certain situation is high enough. However, the probability means that this feature is not always manifested, otherwise it would just be a matter of mechanical behavior. Such an understanding of character traits is very similar to the manifestation of a person's habit: in certain conditions, to act in a certain way. A character trait includes a certain way of thinking, understanding. In the performance of a characteristic act, volitional mechanisms are turned on, feelings are involved. Conditioning a person's behavior, a character trait in behavior is formed. The formation of character traits cannot be divorced from the formation of behavioral motives. The motives of behavior, being realized in action, being fixed in it, are fixed in the character. Each effective motive that acquires stability, according to S.L. Rubinstein, is potentially a future character trait in its origin and development; in motives, character traits appear for the first time in the form of tendencies, the action then leads them into stable properties. The path to the formation of character traits lies, therefore, through the formation of proper motives for behavior and the organization of actions aimed at consolidating them.

The most common properties of character are located along the axes: strength - weakness; hardness - softness; integrity - inconsistency; breadth - narrowness. If strength of character is understood as the energy with which a person pursues goals, his ability to get passionately carried away and develop a great effort of strength when meeting difficulties, the ability to overcome them, then weakness of character is associated with the manifestation of cowardice, indecision, “asthenicity” in achieving goals, instability of views, etc. Firmness of character means rigid consistency, perseverance in achieving goals, defending views, etc., while softness of character is manifested in flexible adaptation to changing conditions, achieving a goal through some concessions, finding reasonable compromises. The integrity or inconsistency of character is determined by the degree of combination of leading and secondary character traits. If the leading and secondary harmonize, if there are no contradictions in aspirations and interests, then such a character is called integral, but if they contrast sharply, then contradictory.

At the same time, the unity, versatility of character does not exclude the fact that in different situations the same person manifests different and even opposite properties. A person can be both very gentle and very demanding, soft, compliant and at the same time firm to the point of inflexibility. And the unity of his character can not only be preserved in spite of this, but it is precisely in this that it manifests itself.

Of great importance for characterological manifestations is the relationship of intellectual personality traits. The depth and sharpness of thought, the unusual posing of the question and its solution. Intellectual initiative, confidence and independence of thought - all this constitutes the originality of the mind as one of the sides of character. However, how a person uses his mental faculties will depend significantly on character. Often there are people who have highly intellectual data, but do not give anything of value precisely because of their characterological features.

The real achievements of a person do not depend on some abstractly taken mental capabilities, but on a specific combination of his features and characterological properties.

However, most of the individual manifestations that form the character of a person are complex and practically cannot be classified according to individual properties and states (for example, vindictiveness, suspicion, generosity, etc.). At the same time, individual qualities of the volitional (decisiveness, independence, etc.) and intellectual (depth of mind, criticality, etc.) spheres can be considered as components of a person’s character traits and used for his analysis. All character traits have a natural relationship with each other.

In the most general form, character traits can be divided into main, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main ones.

Knowledge of the leading features allows you to reflect the main essence of the character, to show its main manifestations.

Although every character trait reflects one of the manifestations of a person's attitude to reality, this does not mean that every attitude will be a character trait. Only some relationships, depending on the conditions, become character traits.

From the totality of the relationship of the individual to the surrounding reality, it is necessary to single out the character-forming forms of relations that are the decisive, paramount and general vital importance of those objects to which the person belongs. These relationships simultaneously serve as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits. The character of a person is manifested in the system of relations:

1. In relation to other people (at the same time, such character traits as sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tact - rudeness, etc. can be distinguished)

2. In relation to the case (responsibility - dishonesty, diligence - laziness, etc.).

3. In relation to oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, etc.)

4. In relation to property (generosity - greed, thrift - extravagance, accuracy - slovenliness, etc.). It should be noted a certain conventionality of this classification and a close relationship, the interpenetration of these aspects of relations.

5. Despite the fact that these relationships are the most important from the point of view of character formation, they do not simultaneously and immediately become character traits. There is a certain sequence in the transition of these relations into character traits, and in this sense it is impossible to put in one row, for example, the attitude towards other people and the attitude towards property, because their very content plays a different role in the real existence of man. A decisive role in the formation of character is played by the attitude of a person to society, to people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the collective, without taking into account his attachments in the form of camaraderie, friendship, love, etc.

The relationship of a person with other people is decisive in relation to activity, giving rise to increased activity, tension, rationalization or, on the contrary, calmness, lack of initiative. The attitude to other people and to activity, in turn, determines the attitude of a person to his own personality, to himself. The correct, evaluative attitude towards another person is the main condition for self-esteem.

The attitude towards other people is not only an important part of the character, but also forms the basis for the formation of the consciousness of the individual, necessarily including the attitude towards oneself as an actor, which depends primarily on the very form of activity. When an activity changes, not only the subject, methods and operations of this activity change, but at the same time the attitude towards oneself as an actor is restructured.

A painful condition accompanied by a syndrome of motivational insufficiency, hypochondria, and periodically arising acute feelings about one's laziness. A character trait that reflects the ease of generating emotions of anger, which often turn into verbal and other types of aggression. Particularly brutal ways of committing crimes, to indicate certain properties of the nature of the crime. Cruelty can be deliberate and involuntary, realized in certain actions, verbal behavior (inflicting torment with words) or in the imagination - fantasizing, operating with images of torture, torment of people or animals.

As Victor Hugo used to say, a person has as many as three characters: one ascribes to him the environment, the other he ascribes to himself, and the third is real, objective.

There are more than five hundred character traits of a person, and not all of them are unambiguously positive or negative, a lot depends on the context.

Therefore, any person who has collected certain qualities in individual proportions is unique.

The character of a person is a specific combination of personal, ordered psychological traits, features, nuances inherent only to him. It is formed, meanwhile, for a lifetime and manifests itself during labor and social interaction.

Soberly assessing and describing the character of the chosen person is not an easy task. After all, not all of its properties are shown to the environment: some features (good and bad) remain in the shadows. Yes, and to ourselves we seem somewhat different than seen in the mirror.

Is it possible? Yes, there is a version that this is possible. Through long efforts and training, you are able to appropriate the qualities you love, becoming a little better.

The character of a person is manifested in actions, in social behavior. It is visible in the attitude of the individual to work, to things, to other people and in her self-esteem.

In addition, the qualities of character are divided into groups - "volitional", "emotional", "intellectual" and "social".

We are not born with specific traits, but acquire them in the process of upbringing, education, exploration of the environment, and so on. Of course, the genotype also influences the formation of character: the apple often falls very close to the apple tree.

At its core, character is close to temperament, but they are not the same thing.

In order to relatively soberly assess yourself and your role in society, psychologists advise you to write out your positive, neutral and negative traits on a piece of paper and analyze them.

Try to do this and you will find examples of character traits below.

Positive character traits (list)

Negative qualities of character (list)

At the same time, some qualities are difficult to attribute to good or bad, and you can’t call them neutral either. So, any mother wants her daughter to be shy, silent and bashful, but is this good for the girl?

Again, a dreamy person can be cute, but completely unlucky due to the fact that he is always in the clouds. An assertive individual looks stubborn for some, unbearable and stubborn for others.

Is it bad to be gambling and carefree? How far has cunning gone from wisdom and resourcefulness? Ambitiousness, ambition, purposefulness lead to success or to loneliness? It will probably depend on the situation and context.

And what to be to you, you decide!

Today we will touch on the consideration of types of human character. Why is this needed? If you learn to classify yourself and others correctly, you will be able to improve your communication skills. You will know their pros and cons. You will learn how to effectively manage yourself and others. I will not paint a long introduction, I will tell you right away in more detail about the types themselves:

Schizoid type - Distracted from Basseinaya Street

• Schizoid type- people of this type are in the eternal struggle for security. It is she who is the main value. Such people perceive the world around them exclusively as a hostile environment.

People of this type are overly active, very emotional. They look like real weirdos and freaks. They can search all their lives for a person close in spirit and not find, due to the fact that they do not trust anyone and they expect a dirty trick from any person, although loneliness brings them enormous suffering. The life of such people is a struggle between what they would like to achieve and a cozy comfort zone in which, in principle, it is not so bad to stay and do nothing. People around are treated with contempt. Words of gratitude or a compliment from them will not wait. Great philosophers and theorists, but only in their imagination. The people around them do not understand.

Which protection mechanism use:

If they do not find a response in the external environment, they go into themselves (always introverts) and live in their own imagination. Those. - someone is actively engaged in creativity, someone in science, etc. High risk of addiction to alcohol and drugs.

A person belongs to the schizoid type of character, if it has at least a few of the following qualities:

- It is difficult for those around him to please him with something;
- A person is emotionally closed and cold to others;
- Poorly shows both positive and negative emotions (cannot express dissatisfaction, will silently endure);
- Does not react in any way to a compliment or criticism;
- Likes to work alone with himself, does not endure collective tasks;
- Spends a lot of time in his own imagination and fantasies;
- Lack of trusting relationships even with the closest people;
- Rejects social norms, intentionally boycotts them.

Depressive type - Donkey Eeyore

• depressive type- (we are not talking about temporary depression or depression as a disease, we are talking about a permanent state of a person) a type of human character in which a person completely and constantly lacks interest in life and always and everywhere only negative aspects are seen.

Even at the most joyful (seemingly) moment of life, they will find a reason for discontent and frustration. Acutely and severely react to life's difficulties. They are constantly in anticipation of these very difficulties. Stingy on emotions. All negative emotions are internally directed at themselves, for others they are non-aggressive. Speech, gestures, facial expressions are inhibited. They quickly get tired of absolutely any work. Most often, people of this type are very kind, although sometimes they do not recognize this quality in themselves due to low self-esteem. But others are often overestimated and attributed to them non-existent positive qualities.

Which protection mechanism use:

They do not use protection mechanisms. They blame themselves for the slightest misconduct, go into themselves headlong, engage in self-flagellation.

The person belongs to depressive type

- Once I experienced the loss of a very close person and after that became withdrawn and uncommunicative;

- A person cannot get rid of a constant feeling of guilt;

- If a person falls in love, he very much idealizes the object of his love;

- A person practically cannot fully express the emotion of anger (aggression at a low level);

- Low self-esteem;

- Negative perception of the world and the eternal expectation of a "trick".

Manic type - Carlson

• manic type- (mania from Greek "passion", "madness", "attraction") - highly effective, positive and energetic people, sometimes rude and inflexible, with quick intelligence, lively facial expressions and gestures, well-placed expressive lively speech. Irreconcilably relate to the shortcomings of people and their own. They are prone to cruelty in moments of strong emotional shock (which they, of course, carefully hide).

They ignore all the negative and turn any troubles into a joke. They often act like children. Someone acquires this type of character due to being spoiled in childhood, while someone, on the contrary, due to too difficult childhood and lack of attention during this period. They believe that everyone should live only the way they live, according to the same rules. They are critical of others and no less critical of themselves. In short: rigidity, inflexibility, conservatism, perfectionism and pedantry. Good leaders and thought leaders. Due to this type of character, even the closest people are often rejected from themselves because they object and do not agree with any “truths” of this type.

Which protection mechanism use:

Negation. Denial of emotional experiences and difficulties. Negative denial. Everyone is joking or pretending they don't care.

The person belongs to manic type if it has at least a few of the following qualities:

— Activity and initiative;

- Irritability and irritability;

— Love for risk and getting pleasure from it;

— Optimism;

— Tendency to leadership and promotion of "ideas" to the masses;

— Inflexibility and uncompromising attitude in disputes;

- Accelerated thinking and speech.

Manic-depressive type - Kesha's parrot

• Depressive-manic type- a type of character in which a person "throws" from deep sadness to complete euphoria.

A large number of creative people belong to this type: Kurt Cobain, Marilyn Monroe, Gogol, etc. They are often addicted to drugs, promiscuous bisexual sexual intercourse. Prone to eating mental disorders (anorexia, bulimia) and suicidal ideation. In fact, these are big children who are sad because they cannot achieve something, but as soon as there is a chance to do what they have planned, a state of euphoria and fun sets in.

Which protection mechanism use:

Switching from one state to another is a defense mechanism.

Man relates to manic depressive

- Change from a state of depression to a state of mania;

- Difficulty enjoying life

- Unstable self-esteem;

— Sensitivity to criticism;

- Fear of loneliness and the desire to have a partner (but at the same time it is difficult to build long-term relationships);

- Helplessness and lack of independence in domestic matters.

Narcissistic type - Julian

• Narcissistic type- a type of character in which a person achieves self-esteem solely by obtaining confirmation of his uniqueness from the outside.

People of this type have deep internal problems, live with the feeling that they are unloved. Afraid of being weak or funny in public. They set themselves inflated goals, suffer from perfectionism. People of this type do not have the ability to love. Many people have a desire for fame and fortune. They consider criticism unacceptable in their address, they become furious from it or pretend that they do not care about it at all. The needs and emotional state of loved ones are of little concern to them. They may be envious of those who live a rich social life (have a wide circle of acquaintances or are respected by family members). We are ready for a lot for the sake of glory.

Which protection mechanism use:

Idealization and devaluation. Or they idealize and praise themselves in front of everyone. Or, on the contrary, they humiliate their dignity and expect a refutation of their words from others.

Man relates to the narcissistic type, if it has at least some of the following qualities:

- Waiting for a positive assessment of others without any adequate reason;

- Obsession with money, power, love or other "criteria" of success;
- Conviction in one's uniqueness and unlimited talent (and only the chosen one can appreciate this talent);
- Using others to achieve their own goals;
- Unwillingness to delve into the problems of others;
- Convincing yourself that everyone around you is jealous (although they themselves are prone to envy);

- Arrogant behavior.

Paranoid type - Shapoklyak

• paranoid type- a type of character in which a person is dominated by rigidity (sometimes even cruelty), determination and distrust of the world around him.

All their lives they can search for a hidden meaning in everything. They do not trust people, they see a traitor in everyone. They control everyone and everything. Difficulties with self-determination and goal setting. They can promise and not do or shift the responsibility to another person (but do not require the fulfillment of a promise from others). Good analysis and discussion. Resentful. They love to be alone with themselves. Often they find non-standard niches for work or creativity. Not obsessed with meeting their needs. Often smart, well-read and quick-witted.

Which protection mechanism use:

"Hunting down a traitor", i.e. they expect a dirty trick from any person, even the closest one, in advance. They are not very upset about this when someone betrays them, because it was not a surprise and they are only once again convinced that "enemies are around."

Man relates to the paranoid type, if it has at least some of the following qualities:

- They are vindictive and leave for a long time after a quarrel;
- Excessive suspicion;
- Protection from others even in those moments when no one attacks;

- Disobedience in the team;
- Unreasonable jealousy of a partner;
- Feeling that others can not stand him and gossip behind his back;
— Irresponsible attitude to their promises.

Obsessive Compulsive Type - Leopold

• obsessive-compulsive type- a type of character in which the paramount for the individual is - highly moral behavior, goodwill, responsibility.

They perceive the world around them safely, and they consider new people to be nice and friendly. Sometimes perceived by others as boring. Obsessive personalities are those for whom "thinking" is the highest value, and compulsive ones are those for whom "doing" is more important. They are afraid of public condemnation. They are good at hiding their true emotions. Anger is kept under control (i.e. they show it, but do not cross the boundaries of what is permitted). It's hard to make a choice. In relations with people, they are rigid, incapable of compromise and intolerant of everything that, from their point of view, threatens orderliness and perfection; the resulting anxiety they try to control by increasing pedantry.

Which protection mechanism use:

Obsessionals have isolation, seclusion from others. For compulsives, the destruction of what has been done.

The person belongs to obsessive-compulsive type if it has at least a few of the following qualities:

- Difficulties with choice;

- Striving for excellence and wasting time on double-checking completed cases;

- Excessive pedantry in work;

- Stubbornness;

- Inability and unwillingness to delegate their duties to others;

- Inflexibility when doing work (they always do it the way it should be and invented before them).

Hysterical type - Jessica Rabbit

• hysterical type- a type of personality in which a person is in a state of overstimulation, unconscious anxiety and fear of indifference from society.

People with a hysterical personality structure are characterized by a high level of anxiety, tension and reactivity, especially in interpersonal terms. These are cordial, "energetic" and intuitively "human" people who tend to get into situations associated with personal drama and risk. Due to the high levels of anxiety and conflict they suffer from, their emotionality may seem superficial, artificial, and exaggerated to others. Many researchers believe that hysterically organized people are tense, hypersensitive and sociophilic personalities (McWilliams, 1998). Often capricious, arrogant and reckless. Experiencing problems with logic and analysis.

Which protection mechanism use:

dissociation mechanism. As a result of the operation of this mechanism, a person begins to perceive what is happening to him as if it is happening not to him, but to someone else.

The person belongs to hysterical type of character if it has at least a few of the following qualities:

- A strong desire to be in the center of attention and arouse admiration of the opposite sex;

- ostentatious character, theatrical behavior or exaggerated expression of feelings;

- Suggestibility, easy falling under the influence of surrounding or situational influences;

- External manifestation of excessive sexuality (revealing outfits, vulgar behavior, bright makeup in women).

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Trait - it is a stable form of behavior in connection with specific, typical situations for this type of behavior. One can speak of any trait as a stable characteristic of a person if the probability of its manifestation in a certain situation is high enough. However, the probability means that this feature is not always manifested, otherwise it would just be a matter of mechanical behavior. A character trait includes a certain way of thinking, understanding. In the most general form, character traits can be divided into main, leading, setting the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and secondary, determined by the main ones.

Volitional character traits of a person. The group of volitional traits includes those character traits that are associated with manifestations of a person's will. On the one hand, this includes such character traits as purposefulness, perseverance, determination, confidence, perseverance, the desire to solve problems and overcome obstacles - all these qualities relate to the character of a person with a strong will. On the other hand, character traits corresponding to people with a weak will are also included here. This is spinelessness, compliance, lack of life goals, lack of will, unpredictability, inconsistency, etc.

Business personality traits. Business character traits are manifested in the area where human activity is carried out. This can be an attitude to work, to one's duties, to business or any other type of activity. These character traits can also be attributed to two poles: positive and negative. The positive pole of business traits will correspond to diligence, responsibility, conscientiousness, accuracy, dedication, etc. The negative pole includes: laziness, negligence, irresponsibility, dishonesty, slovenliness, etc.

Communicative traits of a person's character. Communicative character traits are those features of a person that are manifested in relationships with other people. The range of this type of human character traits is extremely wide. These are all the properties that are revealed when people communicate with each other. These are honesty and adherence to principles, kindness and disinterestedness, responsiveness and gentleness, sociability and attentiveness, modesty and restraint, calmness and rationality. At the same time, these are deceit and anger, callousness and selfishness, isolation and resentment, aggression and neglect, impulsiveness and cunning, vindictiveness and contempt. All this is manifested through the expression of emotions, through communication with others.

E. Kretschmer singled out and described the three most common types of body structure or constitution of a person, each of which he associated with character types:

1. Asthenic type characterizes a small thickness of the body in profile with an average or above average height. Asthenik is usually a thin and thin person, who, due to his thinness, seems to be somewhat taller than he really is. The asthenic has thin skin of the face and body, narrow shoulders, thin arms, an elongated and flat chest with underdeveloped muscles and weak fat accumulations. This is basically the characteristic of asthenic men. Women of this type, in addition, are often small.

2. Athletic type characterized by a strongly developed skeleton and muscles. Such a person is usually medium or tall, with broad shoulders, a powerful chest. He has a thick, high head.

3. picnic type differs in highly developed internal cavities of the body (head, chest, abdomen), a tendency to obesity with underdeveloped muscles and musculoskeletal system. Such a man of average height with a short neck sitting between his shoulders.

Asthenic and athletic types are distinguished by aristocracy, subtlety of feelings, alienation, coldness, selfishness, dominance, dryness, lack of emotions.

The picnic type is characterized by gaiety, talkativeness, carelessness, sincerity, energy, easy perception of life.

Character types. As shown above, there are a large number of character traits, each of which, to one degree or another, may or may not be present in a person. In connection with such a variety, it is clear that it is rather difficult to single out the types of characters, since they are completely different for different people. Nevertheless, in psychology there are various typologies of characters, which are based on one fact: the totality of traits that is included in the structure of a person’s character is not random. All traits of a person's character form quite definite combinations, which just the same make it possible to single out the types of people's characters.

One example of the classification of characters by type is their division into extroverts and introverts. The basis of such a classification of types of characters is the predominance of external or internal interests in a person's life. Extraversion and introversion how types of characters are manifested through the openness or isolation of a person in relation to the world around him and the people around him.

Personality type: extrovert. The extrovert character type corresponds to sociable people, who clearly show interest in the outside world, in everything that happens around them. Usually these people are active, energetic, inquisitive. They live by what surrounds them, their world is connected with what is around them. The life of people with this type of character is determined by their external interests, by the events that take place in the outside world. For an extrovert, the external world is above his internal subjective state.

Personality type: introvert. The introvert type of character is characteristic of closed people, whose attention is directed to themselves, to their own inner mental experiences. Such a person usually sooner or later becomes the sole center of his own interests. People with an introverted type of character put their individual inner world above what is happening in the world around them. Often they manifest such character traits as alienation, detachment, anxiety. At the same time, they are usually independent and practical individuals, whose life is based on the dynamics of their own internal mental state.

As mentioned above, there are many other options for distinguishing different types of characters. There is no single strict classification here - the variety of character traits, the formation of which begins from early childhood, is too great.

The second typology, the founder of which is K. Jung, connects characters with the orientation of the personality and identifies a number of psycho-sociotypes. Psychosociotype, from the point of view of C. Jung, is an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange of a person with the environment.

K. Jung identifies four types of character:

1. Extraverted - introverted;

2. Rationalistic - irrationalistic;

3. Thinking (logic) - emotional;

4. Sensing (sensory) - intuitive.

Each of these four types can be combined with any other to form new types of character.

Recently, a typology of character has become widespread, linking its features with accentuation - the excessive severity of individual character traits and aggregates. (K. Leonhard, A. E. Lichko and others)