Internal and external prerequisites for Peter's reforms. Reasons for Peter's reforms

XVII century - the time of Russia's study from Western Europe "German settlement" "German settlement" - a settlement of foreign specialists in Moscow (in Kukuy) German Sloboda" in vogue foreign languages, dances, clothes the Dutch are building factories and ships failed to return the coast of the Gulf of Finland, to stop the raids of the Krymchaks reforms are needed

Reforms of Fedor Alekseevich (): Abolition of localism 1682; The increase in the regiments of the "new order"; Strengthening the power of governors in the field; Orders that duplicated each other's activities have been abolished.

Basilian monk, spiritual writer, theologian, poet, playwright, translator. He was a mentor to the children of Alexei Mikhailovich from Miloslavskaya: Alexei, Sophia and Fedor. Basilian monk, spiritual writer, theologian, poet, playwright, translator. He was a mentor to the children of Alexei Mikhailovich from Miloslavskaya: Alexei, Sophia and Fedor.

Ordin-Nashchokin Afanasy Lavrentievich (near Pskov), Russian statesman and military figure, diplomat and economist in the middle and second half of the 17th century. Born in the family of a Pskov nobleman, he grew up in Opochka, received a good education (he studied foreign languages, mathematics, rhetoric). From 1622 in military service in Pskov, from the beginning of the 40s. involved in the diplomatic service. During the Russian-Swedish war, he participated in the assault on Vitebsk, the campaign against Dinaburg, and led the assault on Drissa. In 1656 he signed a treaty of friendship and alliance with Courland and established relations with Brandenburg. In 1658 he led successful negotiations with the Swedes, culminating in the signing of a truce.

Yuri Krizhanich (Croatian Juraj Križanić; around September 1683) Croatian theologian, philosopher, writer, polyglot linguist, historian, ethnographer, essayist and encyclopedist, missionary priest, advocated the union of the Catholic and Orthodox churches and for the unity of the Slavic peoples. Horv September 1683 Croatian theologian, philosopher, writer, linguist, polyglot historian, ethnographer, publicist, encyclopedia of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches Arrived in Moscow in 1661, was accused of supporting the Uniates and sent into exile in Tobolsk, where he spent 16 years. In Tobolsk, Krizhanich wrote his main works: “Politics”, “On Divine Providence”, “Interpretation of Historical Prophecies”, “On Holy Baptism”, “Grammatical Research on the Russian Language (the Idea of ​​the Pan-Slavic Language)”. After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, on March 5, 1676, Krizhanich received royal forgiveness and permission to return to Moscow, and then leave Russia.

By the end of the XVII century. The Russian state came up with a heavy load of problems.

Russia's economic and military lag behind the advanced European countries was growing, which posed a great threat to national sovereignty. The vast expanse of the country was sparsely populated. At the end of the 17th century, the population of Russia was about 13 million people. Most people were located in the center of the European Plain on marginal lands, because. the chernozems of the Black Sea region and the Kuban have not yet been developed. From the inhabited areas of the center, part of the population moved to the outskirts of the country.

The technical and economic backwardness of Russia was the result of severe trials that fell to its lot. The development of the state was slowed down by the Mongol-Tatar yoke for a long time. The country was cut off from communication with Europe for centuries.

In the era of flourishing international trade and colonial conquests, our country found itself far from world trade routes. Its foreign trade was entirely in the hands of foreign merchants. Intermediaries (Dutch, British) received huge profits from the resale of Russian goods. Russia did not have convenient access to the seas. It was necessary to achieve access to the sea.

The service estate, in its socio-political and cultural level, did not meet the requirements of the country's social development, remained a patriarchal social community of the medieval era, which had a vague idea of ​​its class interests.

Social instability gave rise to the need to strengthen the position of the ruling class, its mobilization and renewal, as well as the improvement of the state administration apparatus and troops.

A backward economy was also matched by backward social relations.

Russia developed on the principles of serfdom, where subsistence farming still dominated, workers were attached to the land and the peasant was personally dependent on the landowner. The land cultivated with simple tools gave a poor harvest, most of which ended up in the hands of secular and spiritual feudal lords. Serfdom fettered the economic initiative of the peasants, stifled everything new, and retarded the country's movement along the path of progress.

In these difficult conditions, Tsar Peter I, having become an independent ruler of Russia, directed all his remarkable energy to reform the country.

It should be noted that even before Peter the Great, an integral reform program was carried out, which in many respects coincided with the reforms of Peter. Reformation was being prepared in general, which, with a calm course of affairs, could stretch over a number of generations. The external dangers of the state overtook the natural growth of a people lagging behind in its development.

New phenomena, albeit slowly, made their way. In the economy, the natural character of the economy was gradually disturbed, handicraft and small-scale production developed.

Of no small importance for the development of productive forces was the emergence of manufactory-type production: Kashira, Olonets, Tula and other ironworks. Glass and tanneries were built near Moscow, the state-owned linen manufactory in Moscow turned into a large enterprise. In the Urals, initial steps were taken to establish large metallurgical plants. All this said that the state and private entrepreneurs began to carry out the transition from handicraft workshops to large manufactories, which were based on the use of machines, the division of labor and new technologies in production processes. Gradually, the social and geographical division of labor increased, which formed the basis of the emerging all-Russian market. Since the second half of the 17th century, the number of cities in Russia has increased, the city is increasingly separated from the countryside. The division of labor was reflected in the allocation of fishing and agricultural areas. Near Tula, Ustyuzhna, Kargopol, handicraft and handicraft ironworks are being formed. In Kostroma, Belozersk, Yaroslavl, Kazan, cloth, leather, linen, and other crafts are developing. Trade relations are established between the cities. According to customs books, Vyazma traded with 45 cities, Tikhvin - with 30. City markets are growing, fairs are emerging (Makarievskaya, Irbitskaya, Arkhangelskaya). Siberia supplied furs, the North - timber, tar, blubber, resin, Ryazan land - bread, the Volga region - fish, salt, potash, etc. The development of crafts and crafts, the appearance of the first manufactories, the growth of domestic and foreign trade - all this could not but affect the economic policy of the Russian government. An interesting document of that time is the Novotrade Charter, compiled under the leadership of the boyar A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin in 1667. The charter spoke of a unified customs policy, and the charter also determined the tariffs and rules of trade that were beneficial to Russian merchants. The Novotragovy Charter testified to the emergence of a policy of mercantilism in Russia. It should be noted that Ordin-Nashchokin advised Russian merchants to establish trading companies in order to protect themselves from arbitrariness and competition from foreign merchants. The isolation of Russia from Western Europe was gradually overcome. Elements of Western European culture and scientific knowledge spread more and more. Trade and diplomatic relations were established, mutual exchange of experience was carried out. A German settlement was opened in Moscow, foreigners began to visit Russia more often, and Russians began to travel abroad. Thus, by the end of the 17th century, the main changes in the economic life of the country were outlined, the former natural-economic relations were replaced by commodity-money ones, internal exchange began to resume, and closer trade relations with foreign markets were emerging. In the second half of the 17th century, there were changes in the system of state government. autocracy was consolidated, state centralization was carried out. There was a process of gradual transition from estate-representative to absolute monarchy. Zemsky sobors, which were once assembled frequently, which consisted of elected representatives from the nobility and from the urban population, as well as from among the members of the Boyar Duma and the higher clergy, cease to gather. The last Zemsky Sobor was convened in 1653. Another sign of the foundation of absolutism was the change in the composition of the Boyar Duma. In this once aristocratic education, people began to appear whose career was directly dependent on personal abilities, and not on origin. The Boyar Duma became more and more subject to the tsar. The command system also changed, revealing its imperfections more and more. Separate innovations appeared in military affairs. Instead of the noble militia and the archery troops in the army, the regiments of the new system - Reiter, Reiter dragoons, and soldiers, anticipating the regular army of the beginning of the 18th century, were gaining more and more importance. Changes also affected the field of culture. The penetration into the culture of secular principles began. The educated sections of the townspeople and the nobility began to express their interest in scientific knowledge more and more, and the advanced educated nobles of that time already began to comprehend the significance of the reforms.

All this indicated that in the second half of the 17th century Russia was on the verge of transformation.

The transformation of Russia could not be left to the gradual, calm work of time without forcibly pushing it forward.

The reforms of Peter I affected literally all aspects of the life of the Russian state and the Russian people, but the main ones include the following transformations: military reform, reform of government and administration, transformation of the estate structure of Russian society, church reform, as well as transformations in the field of culture and life .