Graphic analysis

1. Indicate the name of the letter (grapheme), its sound meaning in the given word (the number and quality of the designated sounds).

2. Determine whether the given sound value of the letter is the main (alphabetic) or secondary (non-alphabetic, substitutive) one.

3. Indicate the number of alphabetic values ​​of this letter (it is single-digit or two-digit in the alphabet).

4. Mark spellings that violate the syllabic principle of graphics.

Spelling parsing

1. Indicate all spellings available in the word (regardless of their degree of relevance).

2. Determine which morpheme each spelling is in.

3. Specify the type of writing (checked / unchecked / unchecked).

4. Determine the spelling principles and rules governing the spelling.

5. * Etymological commentary on traditional spellings.

Orthoepic analysis

1. Indicate a word that has an orthoepic variant.

2. Determine the type of orthoepic variant: pronunciation, accentological, morphological.

3. For pronunciation options, indicate the variety (actually orthoepic or orthophonic), determine the area of ​​pronunciation variation (pronunciation of vowels, consonants or combinations of sounds).

4. * An etymological, sociolinguistic or stylistic commentary on the reasons for the appearance of the variance of a given word.

Lexico-semantic analysis of LSV

1. Analyzed word form, LSV and dictionary form (vocabulary).

2. The meaning of the word form: lexical and grammatical.

3. Interpretation of the LZ and determination of the method of interpretation (through the generating basis, descriptive (definition), synonymous-antonymous, identifying, referential, mixed).

4. Characteristics of LZ

a) main (primary) - non-main (secondary), for non-main, indicate the method of formation of LSV: narrowing, expansion, shift, transfer of meaning;

b) motivated (having an internal form) - unmotivated;

c) nominative - non-nominative (emotive);

d) free - not free (phraseologically connected, syntactically conditioned, constructively limited);

e) direct - figurative (metaphor, symphora, metonymy, synecdoche).

Seminal structure of LZ

a) hyperseme (archiseme) - differential semes;

b) * denotative-referential, significative, connotative semes.

5. Syntagmatics of LSV: realization of obligatory (obligatory) or potential valences of LZ and GZ.

Lexical analysis of the word

1. Dictionary form of the word (vocabulary); * variant of the word (if any).

2. The place of the word in the lexical system of the language.

paradigmatics

a) thematic group and lexico-semantic group

b) lexico-semantic paradigm

c) homonymous paradigm

d) paronymic paradigm

e) synonymous series

f) antonymic pair

g) derivational nest

h) lexico-grammatical class and system of word forms (morphological paradigm)

Characteristic of the word from the point of view

a) origin (originally Russian or borrowed)

b) relevance of use (active or passive reserve)

c) areas of use (common or non-common, limited in use).

d) stylistic coloring (neutral or stylistically colored).

3. The functioning of the word as a component of a phraseological unit.

Analysis of phraseological unit (PU)

1. The meaning of phraseology.

2. Dictionary form and * variant of a phraseological unit (if any).

3. The type of phraseological unit in terms of the semantic unity of its components: phraseological fusion, phraseological unity, phraseological combination, phraseological expression.

4. Structural characteristics of phraseology.

5. Phraseological paradigmatics: polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy.

6. Characteristics of a phraseological unit in terms of origin, relation to active or passive vocabulary, sociolinguistic affiliation, stylistic coloring.

7. Phraseological syntagmatics and word-formation potential.

8. The syntactic function of a phraseological unit: replaces the position of any member of the sentence; is an analogue of the proposal; forms an indistinguishable sentence.

Morphemic parsing

Determine the lexical meaning of the analyzed word (according to the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language).

Carry out structural division of the word from the end in the following order:

1. The part of speech of the analyzed word is changeable / unchangeable.

2. Ending (inflection), its types:

- by the nature of the formal expression: materially expressed / zero;

- by function: inflectional / formative / syncretic;

- by the nature of the grammatical meaning (depending on belonging to a particular part of speech);

- according to the ability to reproduce in speech: regular / irregular.

3. Base, its types:

- by function: the basis of the word form / the basis of the word;

- by structure: segmented / non-segmented, simple / complex; intermittent / continuous.

4. Root, its types:

- according to the degree of independence in the expression of meaning: free / bound / semi-bound;

- by the nature of the variation;

- by the presence / absence of alternations.

5. Suffixes, their types:

- by the nature of the formal expression: materially expressed / zero;

– by structure: non-derivative / derivative;

- by the nature of the variation;

- by function: formative / derivational / syncretic;

- by value;

- by stylistic coloring.

6. Prefixes, their types:

– by structure: derivatives / non-derivatives;

- by function: formative / derivational / syncretic;

- by the nature of the meaning: grammatical / derivational (indicate which one);

- by stylistic coloring.

7. Postfixes, their types:

- by function: formative / word-forming;

- by the nature of the meaning: grammatical (plurality, passivity) / derivational (reflexivity, indefiniteness).

8. Interfixes, their types:

- by function: connecting / insignificant "pads" that contribute to the formation of the word.

Word-building analysis

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word.

2. Determine from which other word (the basis of a word, phrase or sentence) the given one is formed.

3. Establish the nature of the semantic and material relationship between the generating and derived words (the nature of motivational relations)

4. Indicate the means by which the word is formed.

5. Name the method and type of word formation.

6. Determine the degree of derivation of the parsed word.

Etymological analysis

1. Find out the origin of the word: original / borrowed.

2. Determine the meaning of the word in the modern language.

3. Determine the initial value by establishing what names of other objects and their features associated with this object formed the basis of its name.

4. Having established the previous family ties of the analyzed word, make its initial morphemic articulation.

5. * Mark (where possible) historical sound changes.

6. Make a morphemic and word-formation analysis of the word being parsed from the point of view of the modern Russian language.

7. Comparing the modern and original division of the analyzed word, identify the historical changes that have occurred in it - simplification, redistribution, complication, decorrelation, etc.

8. * If possible, indicate the reasons for these changes.

Morphological analysis

Noun

1. Initial form.

4. Genus, a formal indicator of the genus.

6. The form of the number.

7. Case form, * case meaning, ** variants of case endings, *** their use and origin.

8. Syntactic function, syntactic links and relations.

9. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

10. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

11. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

12. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Adjective

1. Initial form.

3. Lexico-grammatical category, grammatical features of this category.

5. Type of declension, its formal indicator, * characteristic of the paradigm.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic links.

Numeral

1. Initial form.

3. Discharge of the numeral in structure.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Pronoun

1. Initial form.

3. Lexico-grammatical categories: a) by semantics, b) by correlation with other parts of speech.

5. Features of declination, * characteristic of the paradigm.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic links and relations.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Verb (infinitive)

4. View (* paired, single-species, two-species), formal indicators of the species, method of speciation, * method of verbal action.

5. Transitivity, pledge and its formal indicators.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic links and relations.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Verb (conjugated form)

1. Dictionary form.

3. Lexico-grammatical category.

4. Generating verb stem, its formal indicator.

6. Type of conjugation, formal indicator.

7. View (* paired, single-species, two-species), formal indicators of the species, method of speciation, * method of verbal action.

8. Transitivity, pledge and its formal indicators.

9. Inclination, tense, number, person / gender, their formal indicator.

10. Syntactic function, syntactic connections and relations.

11. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

12. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

13. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

14. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

transcript

2 RYAZAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY them. S.A. Yesenina L.A. SERGIEVSKAYA GRAMMAR ANALYSIS (SCHEMES) Ryazan

3 Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Russian State Pedagogical University. S.A. Yesenina L.A. Sergievskaya. Grammar analysis (schemes). - Ryazan: Publishing house of RGPU im. S.A. Yesenina, p. Schemes of multidimensional analysis of the basic units of the language are proposed, which have a teaching and control purpose. Schemes contribute to mastering the skills of grammatical analysis of specific linguistic facts. Texts are given for the practice of analysis. Designed for students of philology as a practical guide for the course "Modern Russian". Scientific editor: P.A. Lekant, Doctor of Philology. Sciences, Professor (MPU) Ryazan State Pedagogical University. S.A. Yesenina, 2000 2

4 PHONETIC ANALYSIS Phonetic analysis is the analysis of syllables, sounds, phonemes of a particular word. 1. Phonetic transcription (in accordance with the rules of literary pronunciation). 2. Stress: its place in the word; movable or immovable; primary, secondary (if any). 3. The number of syllables in a word (the division into syllables is given in the transcription). Characteristics of each syllable in order: a) initial, middle, final; b) open or closed; c) covered or uncovered; d) shock or unstressed. 4. The number of sounds, phonemes, letters. 5. Characteristics of each sound in order: 1) vowel or consonant; 2) features: a) vowel sound - rise, row, labialized or non-labialized; b) the consonant sound is sonorous or noisy; deaf or voiced (paired or unpaired); labial or lingual (specify variety); stop, fricative, stop-passage (nasal, lateral), trembling; soft or hard (paired or unpaired). 3) position: a) strong (stressed) or weak vowel sound; b) the consonant sound is strong or weak (according to deafness and sonority); strong or weak (by hardness and softness). 6. Relation of sound to phoneme: the allophone of which phoneme is the given sound. 3

5 7. Features of pronunciation (if any). STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Structural analysis is a morphemic, derivational and etymological analysis of a particular word. MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS 1. Ending: zero or materially expressed. 2. Basis: derivative or non-derivative. 3. Root: morph, allomorph. One-word words. Specify historical alternation, if any. 4. Suffix: formative, derivational, syncretic. Meaning. 5. Prefix: formative, derivational, syncretic. Meaning. 6. If there is: postfix, interfix, affixoid (prefixoid, suffixoid). DERIVATIVE ANALYSIS 1. Base: derivative (motivated) or non-derivative (unmotivated); free or bound (on a non-derivative basis). 2. Producing (motivating) basis. 3. Word-forming affix (affixes). 4. Type and method of word formation: 1) morphological: a) suffixal; 4

6 b) prefix; c) suffix-prefix; d) without affix; e) addition; e) abbreviation; 2) non-morphological: a) lexical-syntactic; b) lexical-semantic; c) morphological-syntactic. ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1. Word: Slavic (Russian, East Slavic, Common Slavic) or borrowed (from which language: French, German, English, etc.). 2. The original structure and original meaning of the word. 3. The original form or resulting from any change in the morphological structure of the word: simplification, redistribution, complication, decorrelation, diffusion, substitution. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Morphological analysis is the analysis of a word as a part of speech: a consistent definition of the lexico-grammatical and grammatical categories of a particular word form, assigning them to permanent or non-permanent features. Morphological analysis schemes for 12 parts of speech are proposed. 1. Part of speech. 1. NOUN 2. Initial form (nominative singular). 5

7 3. Constant signs. 1) Own or common noun. 2) Animate or inanimate. 3) Abstract (abstract), concrete (including singular), real, collective. 4) Personal or impersonal. 5) Gender (male, female, neuter, common, has no gender). 6) Type and variant of declination. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Case: means of expression, case meaning, main and variant case endings. 2) Number: means of expression, features. 5. Function in a sentence. 2. ADJECTIVE 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 3. Constant signs. 1) Qualitative, relative or possessive. 2) Declension type (main, additional); declension variant (hard, soft, mixed, hissing and C). 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) For qualitative: the degree of comparison (simple or complex for a comparative or superlative degree). 2) For qualitative ones: full or short form. 3) Case. 4) Number. 5) Rod. 5. Function in a sentence. 6

8 3. NUMBER 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative case). 3. Constant signs. 1) Simple, complex or compound. 2) Discharge: quantitative, fractional, collective, ordinal; indefinitely quantitative word. 3) Features of declination. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Case. 2) Genus (if any). 3) Number (if any). 5. Function in a sentence. 4. PRONOUN 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative singular). 3. Constant signs. 1) Rank by value. 2) What part of speech does it correspond to. 3) Gender (in personal pronouns of the 3rd person). 4) Features of declination. 7

9 4. Inconsistent symptoms. 1) Case. 2) Number (if any). 3) Gender (for pronouns correlative with adjectives). 5. Function in a sentence. 5. VERB 1. Part of speech. CONJUGATED FORM OF THE VERB 2. Indefinite form (infinitive). 3. Constant signs. 1) View. 2) Return. 3) Transitivity. 4) Pledge; the shade of the value of the medium-return pledge. 5) Class (indicate the basis of the present or future simple tense and the basis of the infinitive). 6) Conjugation. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Inclination. 2) Number. 3) Time (if any). 4) Face (if any). 5) Genus (if any). 6) Features of the use of personal forms of the verb. 5. Function in a sentence. eight

10 NON-CONJUGABLE FORM OF THE VERB A. I N F I N I T I V 1. Part of speech. Indefinite form. 2. Permanent signs. 1) View. 2) Return. 3) Transitivity. 4) Pledge; connotation of meaning in the mid-recurrent voice. 5) Class (specify two bases). 6) Conjugation. 2. Function in a sentence. B. PRINCIPLE 1. Part of speech (special form of the verb). 2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 3. Constant signs. 1) Real or passive. 2) View. 3) Time. 4) Transitivity. 5) Return. 6) Pledge. A shade of medium-returnable pledge. 7th grade. 8) From what basis and how it was formed. 4. Inconsistent signs. 1) Full or short form (for passive participles). 2) Case (for participles in full form). nine

11 3) Declension type. 4) Number. 5) Rod. 5. Function in a sentence. V. D E E P I P H A S T I E 1. Part of speech (special form of the verb). 2. View. 3. Return. 4. Transitivity. 5. Pledge. A shade of medium-returnable pledge. 6. Class (specify two bases). 7. Time. 8. From what basis and how it was formed. 9. Function in a sentence. 6. ADVERB 1. Part of speech. 2. General meaning (a sign of an action, a sign or an object). 3. Rank by value. 4. Degree of comparison (if any). Source form. 5. Function in a sentence. ten

12 7. STATE CATEGORY 1. Part of speech. 2. Group by value (the state of the environment, the situation, the state of a person, living beings, etc.). 3. What part of speech does it correspond to. 4. Incline. Way of expressing inclination. 5. Time. Way of expressing time. 6. View. A way of expressing a view. 7. Degree of comparison (if any). Source form. 8. Function in a sentence. 1. Part of speech. 2. Rank by value. 8. MODAL WORDS 3. What part of speech does it correspond to. 4. Function in a sentence. 9. PREPOSITION 1. Part of speech. 2. Derivative or non-derivative. 3. Simple or compound (about derivative). 4. Meaning (relations expressed). eleven

13 5. With what case is it used? Can it be used with other cases (if so, with what)? 10. UNION 1. Part of speech. 2. Type by structure. 3. Composing or subordinating. Rank by value. 4. Type of use: single, repeated, double. 5. Function in a sentence. 11. PARTICLE 1. Part of speech. 2. Rank by value. 3. What word, phrase (or the whole sentence) refers to. 4. Position in speech: prepositive or postpositive. 12. INTERJECTION 1. Part of speech. 2. Rank by value. 3. Type by structure (primitive, derivative, composite). 4. Syntactic function. 12

14 SYNTAKING Parsing Syntactic parsing is a structural-semantic analysis of a specific syntactic unit: determining the structure, composition, function, meaning, establishing the type and means of communication of its components. 1. Phrase. PHRASE 2. Initial form (according to the initial form of the main word). 3. Simple or complex. About the complex, how is it educated? 4. Free or not free (whole). 5. Main and dependent word(s). 6. Nominal (substantive, adjectival, pronominal, with a numeral), verbal, adverbial or with the category of state. 7. Attributive, adverbial, objective, subjective or complex. 8. Grammatical meaning: subject + feature, action + subject, action + circumstance, subject + quantity. 9. Type of connection of words: 1) agreement is complete or incomplete; 2) control a) verbal, substantive, adjectival, adverbial; thirteen

15 b) prepositional or non-prepositional; c) strong or weak; d) case of the dependent word; e) the way words are connected (inflection, preposition, word order); 3) adjunction a) what part of speech adjoins; b) communication method (intonation, word order); c) strong or weak. SIMPLE SENTENCE 1. Simple sentence. 2. Narrative, interrogative or incentive. 3. Exclamatory or non-exclamatory. 4. Affirmative or negative (general negative or particular negative). 5. Two-part, one-part or indivisible. Type of one-part sentence: 1) definitely personal (form of the main member); 2) indefinitely personal (the form of the main member); 3) generalized-personal (the form of the main member); 4) impersonal (the form of the main member); 5) infinitive (form of the main member); 6) nominative (form of the main member, functional type, stylistic purpose); 7) vocative (its function). 6. Common or non-common. 7. Complete or incomplete. Type of incomplete: 1) contextual or situational; 2) monologue or dialogic; 3) elliptical. 8. Complicated or uncomplicated. fourteen

16 9. Analysis of the members of the proposal. MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE 1. The predicative basis of the sentence: subject and predicate (in a two-part sentence) or the main member (in a one-part sentence, with which it corresponds). 2. Subject: morphologized or non-morphologized. What is expressed? 3. Predicate: morphologized or non-morphologized. Predicate type: 1) simple verb (consistent or inconsistent); 2) complicated verb; 3) compound verb; 4) compound verb; 5) compound nominal; 6) complex (polynomial). What is expressed? 4. The composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. 5. Addition: 1) adjectival, verbal, adverbial; 2) what question is answered; 3) direct or indirect; 4) what is expressed; 5) morphologized or non-morphologized. 6. Definition: 1) agreed or not agreed; 2) what question is answered; 3) what is expressed; 4) morphologized or non-morphologized; 5) semantics. 7. Application: 1) semantics; 2) what question is answered; fifteen

17 3) agreed or not agreed; 4) what is expressed; 5) morphologized or non-morphologized; 6) punctuation marks at the application (if any). 8. Circumstance: 1) category by value (place, time, reason, etc.); 2) what question is answered; 3) what is expressed; 4) morphologized or non-morphologized. 9. Determinant: 1) indicators of the word form as a determinant (position in a sentence, undifferentiated attachment to other members of the structure, etc.); 2) semantic variety (objective, attributive, local, temporal, etc.); 3) than expressed. 10. Syncretic member of the proposal: combines the functions of 1) additions and definitions; 2) additions and circumstances; 3) definitions and circumstances; 4) additions, definitions and circumstances. Which function is dominant? COMPOUND SENTENCE 1. Compound sentence. 2. The number and boundaries of predicative parts. Each part is read in order. Binomial or polynomial. Parts are numbered in sequential order. 3. Open or closed structure. 4. Relations between parts: 1) connecting (enumeration, simultaneity or sequence of actions, causal relationships); 2) adversative (contradiction, comparison, inconsistency, etc.); 3) separating (alternation of phenomena, mutually exclusive 16

18 value, uncertainty, etc.); 4) connecting relations; explanation; clarification; 5) gradation relations. 5. Means of communication of predicative parts. 6. Specificity of punctuation (if any). 7. Scheme. COMPLEX PROPOSITION 1. Complex sentence. 2. Two-term or polynomial (parts are numbered). 3. Two-part sentence: 1) undivided or divided structure; 2) the main sentence (read out); 3) subordinate clause (read out); a) what does it refer to? b) what question is he answering? c) type (according to three classifications: school, traditional and university); d) syncretism (if any) in determining the type of clause; 4) flexible or inflexible structure; 5) single-functional or multi-functional; 6) means of communication of parts; 7) the specifics of punctuation (if any). 4. Polynomial sentence: 1) the number and boundaries of predicative parts (each unit is read in order); 2) the main sentence; 3) subordinate clauses (each in order): a) what question does it answer; b) type (according to three classifications); c) a means of communication with the main sentence; 4) the type of connection of subordinate clauses with the main one: a) sequential subordination (how many degrees?); b) homogeneous subordination; c) heterogeneous subordination. 17

19 5) punctuation specifics (if any). 5. Scheme. UNION-FREE COMPOUND PROPOSITION 1. Associative compound sentence. 2. The number and boundaries of predicative parts. Each part is read in order (parts are numbered). Binomial or polynomial. 3. Homogeneous, heterogeneous or complex composition. 4. Structural-semantic type: 1) homogeneous composition a) the general meaning of the enumeration (simultaneity, sequence, compatibility of actions); b) the general meaning of the comparison (opposition, effectiveness); 2) inhomogeneous composition a) the overall value of conditionality (direct or inverse conditionality); b) the general meaning of cause-and-effect relationships (cause in the second part or effect); c) explanatory type; d) connecting type; 3) complex composition; structural-semantic relations between all parts are determined. 4. Flexible or inflexible structure. 5. Means of communication of predicative parts: 1) intonation; 2) the order of the parts; 3) the index word in the first part; 4) incompleteness of the first part; 5) aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates; 6) structural parallelism; 7) typed lexical elements. eighteen

20 6. Punctuation marks. 7. Scheme. COMPLEX POLYNOMIC SENTENCE WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 1. A complex polynomial sentence with various types of connection: 1) with composition and subordination; 2) with an essay and union-free communication; 3) with subordination and union-free communication; 4) with composition, subordination and non-union communication. 2. The number and boundaries of predicative units. Each part is read. 3. Structural and semantic parts of a complex sentence, characterized by a closer semantic connection of predicative parts. The type of sentence according to the dominant connection between the parts. 4. Structural-semantic relations between simple sentences as part of a complex structure: 1) sentences with a coordinative connection are analyzed according to the scheme for parsing a compound sentence; 2) sentences with a non-union connection are analyzed according to the scheme for parsing a non-union complex sentence; 3) sentences with a subordinate relationship are analyzed according to the scheme of parsing a complex sentence. 5. Scheme. Notes: 1. Parts of a complex sentence are numbered in order. The analysis uses serial numbers of predicative units. 2. In the scheme of a complex sentence, all the main 19

21 features of the analyzed structure. 3. In the analysis of phrases and members of the sentence, generally accepted conventional graphic designations are used. EXERCISE 1. For phonetic analysis. I met you and all the past In the obsolete heart came to life; I remembered the golden time And my heart felt so warm (FI Tyutchev) Clouds of heaven, eternal wanderers! Steppe azure, a chain of pearls Rush you, as if, like me, exiles, From the sweet north towards the south. (M.Yu. Lermontov) The golden grove dissuaded the Birches with a cheerful tongue, And the cranes, sadly flying, Do not regret anyone else. (S.A. Yesenin) 2. For structural analysis. Painlessness, prioksky, zoo, correspondent, develop, embellish, sender, productive, get stronger, snowdrop, embroidery, foothills, quiet, delivery, dried up, delivery, fleeting, read, co-authorship, overload, crazy, shattered, savvy, canteen, exhale, attention, ice cream, drink, apology, delinquent, retraining, signboard, addition, evergreen, running start, schedule, pour, predawn, count, calculation, reality, charming, turn, find, covered, 20

22 form, focus, listen, army, agreement, truthful, reach, reddish, rejoice. 3. For morphological analysis. The secret of character is, after all, the secret of behavior, the key to that complex that affects us in another person, inspires confidence and respect for him, a thirst to follow him; and this is not born by the mind, it is deeper than the mind, and it is somehow connected with what you yourself should now strive to be (M. Shahinyan). 1) Determine the conjugation, pledge, class: fight, live, hold, sleep, pour, dress, shave, hold up, roll, make friends, want, run away, line up, draw, melt, dress, end, succeed, dream, achieve, stop , speak, squeal, slander, weave, lay, prick, catch up, draw, grow wiser, turn. 2) Form participles and gerunds from verbs: restrain, restrain, restrain, restrain; read, read; limit, limit; burn, burn; decide, decide; teach, teach. 3) Decline numerals: three hundred and eighty-five, five hundred and sixty-seventh. 4) Give an analysis of the words of the state category: Now it’s hard for me to fall in love, It’s embarrassing and funny to sigh, It’s reckless to believe in hope, It’s a sin to deceive husbands. (A.S. Pushkin) 5) Give an analysis of modal words: you will guess, of course, 21

23 Who was this unexpected guest? A little, maybe hastily The brave lover acted; But, however, taking into consideration His past patience And judging, you can easily understand Why young people take risks. (M. Lermontov) 6) Give an analysis of interjections: Farewell, free element! (A. Pushkin); Well, follow me (A. Pushkin); Ah, if the day had come sooner (I. Krylov); Oh, children, children! (A. Pushkin); Yeah, now I understand (F. Krivin); Alas, she is no more (A. Pushkin); Guard! Catch, catch (A. Pushkin); Hey, comrade, do not delay for a long time (V. Mayakovsky); Ah, youth does not come again (A. Pushkin). 7) Use and analyze the words "difficult", "quiet", "good" as an adverb, a short adjective, a word of the state category. 4. For a general analysis. It was still winter, but the sun began to rise higher and at noon, when the detachment that had set out early in the morning had already covered ten versts, it warmed so much that it became hot, and its rays were so bright that it was painful to look at the steel of the bayonets and at the sparkles that suddenly guns flashed on copper like small suns (L. Tolstoy). The outskirts of the Ryazan villages often merge with each other, the villages are densely scattered, and there is no such place where one, or even two or three still surviving bell towers (K. Paustovsky) would not be visible on the horizon. Liza admitted that her act seemed frivolous to her, that she repented of it, that this time she did not want to keep her word, but that this meeting would be the last and that she asked him to stop the acquaintance, which

24 can lead them to nothing good (A. Pushkin). PROPOSALS FOR ANALYSIS 1. If you want to be argued with and understood as you should, then you yourself must be conscientiously attentive to your opponent and accept his words and evidence exactly in the sense in which he addresses them to you (B Belinsky). 2. Lermontov, wherever he turns his thought, always remains on the solid ground of reality, and this is what we owe to the exceptional accuracy, freshness and truthfulness of his epic poems, as well as the merciless sincerity of his lyrics, which is always a truthful mirror of his soul (A. Herzen). 3. When I see around me how people, not knowing where to put their free time, are looking for the most miserable activities and entertainment, I look for a book and say inwardly: this alone is enough for a lifetime (F. Dostoevsky). 4. When I first had to deal with the work of actors, I did not understand why the actor, who played a secondary person (two or three phrases were assigned to him in the play), pestered me with questions about what environment this hero came from, who his parents were, what he has a character, what habits and tastes and why he has a hoarse voice (K. Paustovsky). 5. No matter how powerful Chekhov's talent was, his works would never have reached such perfection of the classical form, if by the mid-eighties he had not become the owner of a subtle, sophisticated taste, which none of his contemporaries possessed (K. Chukovsky) . 6. Zhenya liked me as an artist, I won her heart with my talent, and I passionately wanted to write only for her, and I dreamed of her as my little queen, who, together with me, would own these trees, fields, fog, dawn , this nature, charming, but among which I still felt hopelessly alone and unnecessary. 23

25 7. My dear Jim, among your guests there were so many different and different ones. But the one that is quieter and sadder than all, didn’t accidentally come here? 24

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1. The concept of "Particle" as a service part of speech

2. Homonymy: particles with independent parts of speech

3. Particles with auxiliary parts of speech

Introduction

The relevance of the study is due to the recently increased interest in functional words in linguistics, including particles as a means of providing semantic, structural and communicative organization of the text.

In connection with the discovery of implicit elements of meaning in the semantic structure of particles, the communicative properties of particles receive a new interpretation in the scientific literature.

The works of L.Vezhbitskaya, E.V.Paducheva, G.E.Kreidlin, T.M.Nikolaeva are devoted to this problem.

In all studies, it is undeniable that the information content of most particles is wider than the content of a single statement, since the specifics of the functioning of particles in the text is their rigid dependence on the implicit semantic component that is included in the semantics of the statement as a fund of general knowledge that unites the addresser and addressee of speech. .

However, the analysis of the specialized literature on the communicative properties of particles indicates that the role of the particle in revealing implicit meanings in a literary text is insufficiently covered. Linguists pay more attention to such particles as the same, too, even, only.

The particle now remains on the periphery of the study of linguistic means involved in the actualization of implicit textual meanings. The active use of the particle here in written texts is explained, in our opinion, by the ability of this linguistic unit to interact with ""behind the text"" information and serve as a means of ""compression"" of information.

The aim of the work is the analysis of derived particles in modern Russian.

To achieve the goal of the work, the following tasks were set:

give the concept of "Particle" as a service part of speech;

study homonymy: particles with independent parts of speech;

consider particles with service parts of speech;

to study adverbial particles based on the materials of the National Corpus of the Russian Language;

consider homonymous particles with service parts of speech, with non-significant parts of speech.

When analyzing the material, we used the following methods:

statistical processing, material observation;

descriptive;

comparative (in particular, comparing the data of the Explanatory Dictionaries and Grammar about the lexical and grammatical nature of this and our own observations on the functional and semantic specificity of this);

linguistic experiment (synonymous replacement of vot or its exclusion from the composition of the syntactic construction).

The study of the functional and semantic features of the word vot and its derivatives within the boundaries of a closed speech work at all levels of its syntactic system makes it possible to explain the modifications of the lexical and grammatical invariant meaning of the word vot by the influence of functional contexts and the author's manner of writing M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.

The theoretical significance of scientific research is due to the fact that a new approach to the analysis of function words allows us to expand the information available in linguistics about the lexical and grammatical properties of a word and its derivatives.

1. The concept of "Particle" as a service part of speech

The term particle (lat. particula), like most of the grammatical terminology, was inherited by Russian grammar from ancient, which, in turn, adopted it from Eastern grammars (cf. Arabic harf - particle). This term is used in two senses - general and particular. Particles in the broad sense of the word are the same as "particles of speech." "Particles of speech", which include, among other things, conjunctions and prepositions, are opposed to "parts of speech".

This general concept of "particles" embraces all classes of so-called "functional", "formal" or "partial" words. Particles are classes of such words that usually do not have a completely independent real or material meaning, but mainly introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words, sentences, or serve to express various kinds of grammatical (and, consequently, both logical and expressive) relations. The lexical meanings of these words coincide with their grammatical, logical or expressive-stylistic functions.

Therefore, the semantic volume of these particles is very wide, their lexical and grammatical meanings are very mobile, they are in the power of syntactic use. “These are, as it were, affixes torn off from the bases, freely moving on the surface of the language (although historically it is just the opposite: the affixes themselves come from such words, clinging to full words).”

The grammatical development of the question of particles of speech in modern times is an inalienable merit of the Fortunatov school (if we include A. M. Peshkovsky in it). But especially A. A. Shakhmatov introduced a lot of new things into the understanding of particles. The term particles in the broad sense (or "partial words") corresponds to the concept of "connective words" ("words-syntaxemes", to use the term of academician I. I. Meshchaninov).

Linking words are very numerous and productive. Statistical calculations of stenographers show that the largest place among the most common words is occupied by prepositions, conjunctions, particles and pronouns. Thus, the French stenographer Estu calculated that in a French text of 20,000 words, 12 words (members and prepositions) are repeated 8,000 times (that is, they make up 40% of the entire text); in a text of 30,000 words, 23% of new words were in the second thousand, 9% in the tenth, and 4% in the thirteenth. Keding, who studied the frequency of use of different words and categories of words in the German language, found that in the material he examined of 11,000,000 words, the member der, die, das, the union und and the prepositions zu and in are repeated 1292149 times and thus make up 12 % of the total composition of German speech. Russian linguistic word language

In relation to the Russian language, preliminary statistical calculations show that out of 54,000 words (54,338 words) in the text (of variously selected fragments of the book and spoken language), prepositions are most often found: in (1881 times), on (770 times), with (578 times ), to (267 times), for (259 times), for (236 times), from (202 times), from (174 times), to (108 times), at (80 times). N. A. Morozov in the article “Linguistic Spectra” also came to the conclusion that in Russian prepositions are most often used in, on, p. Of the unions, they are distinguished by the frequency of use and (1963 times in a text of 54,000 words) and a (740 times). Conjunctions and prepositions, especially as part of book speech, play an enormous organizing role.

Thus, among the connective words, among the particles of speech, two sharply defined categories stand out most clearly - prepositions and conjunctions; and besides, there are still several small groups of words that are united by common properties of a hybrid-semi-grammatical, semi-lexical type and an intermediate position between adverbs and modal words, on the one hand, and conjunctions, on the other hand. It is behind these groups of "partial" words that the title of "particles" in the proper sense is usually retained. There is no particular need to replace this traditional term with some kind of neologism, although the internal inconsistency of dividing "particles of speech", or auxiliary words, into prepositions, conjunctions and particles is obvious. According to Acad. A. A. Shakhmatova, particles include “words that reinforce or emphasize grammatical forms or a predicate in one way or another.” The overwhelming majority of particles in the Russian language reveal modal shades in their meaning and gravitate towards the category of modal words.

V. N. Sidorov in the "Outline of the Grammar of the Russian Literary Language" made an attempt to oppose particles to functional words (prepositions, conjunctions, copula). "Depending on what kind of formal meanings - syntactic or non-syntactic - are expressed by non-independent words, they are divided into two categories - service words and particles." “Unlike auxiliary words, particles express non-syntactic formal meanings, adding additional semantic shades to the real meaning of independent words of various kinds (he will come; only he will come; he will come, etc.). Consequently, in their grammatical role and meaning, the particles come close to derivational affixes-prefixes and suffixes, which also add additional meanings to the real meaning of independent words. But here the distinction between syntactic and non-syntactic meanings is devoid of fundamental depth and certainty: it is internally contradictory. This internal inconsistency and indivisibility of the concept - "syntactic meaning" in the grammar of V. N. Sidorov - immediately affects the definition of particles and their classification.

Particles are called "non-independent words, usually expressing various shades in relation to the speaker to what is expressed in the sentence." Further, the use of interrogative (is it, really, whether), exclamatory (how, what for), amplifying (that, even, here, after all), excretory (only, only, only) and negative particles is noted. Thus, here all ways of expressing modal relations in the structure of a sentence are taken out of the scope of syntax. The superficial formalism and ill-conceivedness of this point of view come out very clearly even in those illustrative examples that explain the functions of particles: “not a friend, but an enemy”; "because you know it"; "do you know that?"; "not far, but not close"; "What a strange case!" etc.

The syntactic nature of the functions of all these particles is beyond doubt. There is no similarity, no analogy, no parallelism between them and word-forming affixes. Particles (no matter how vague this term) have to be considered as a special type of words, but in the same grammatico-semantic circle, which includes prepositions, conjunctions and connectives.

In modern Russian, the following eight main categories of particles are especially clearly and sharply distinguished:

amplifying-restrictive, or excretory;

connecting;

defining;

index;

indefinite;

quantitative;

negative;

modal verbs.

Interrogative and exclamatory words are also close here, but these discharges are more closely related to the category of modal words. The class of particles is deeply embedded in the category of modal words, and here new, hybrid types of particles are formed and developed. The history of the Russian dictionary provides vivid examples of the transformation of modal words into particles.

However, it is impossible to associate all particles, minus prepositions and conjunctions, with the category of modality. The fact is that some of these particles are close to unions, the functions of others sometimes go beyond the limits of modal relations. Therefore, the opinion that particles do not carry any syntactic functions and grammatically oppose conjunctions and prepositions must be recognized as erroneous and accidental.

“Particles include auxiliary words that serve in speech to express various semantic shades of a single word or a whole sentence” [Grammar-1960, vol. 1, p. 639].

“In the class of particles, unchangeable non-significant (functional) words are combined, which, firstly, participate in the formation of morphological forms of words and sentence forms with different meanings of irreality (inducement, subjunctive, convention, desirability); secondly, they express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics and evaluations of the message or its individual parts; thirdly, they participate in the expression of the purpose of the message (questioning), as well as in the expression of affirmation or negation; fourthly, they characterize an action or state according to its course in time, according to the completeness or incompleteness, the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation” [Russian Grammar-1980, vol. 1, p. 723].

The term particle is the Russian translation of the Latin particula. It is used in a broad and narrow sense. Particles in the broad sense of the word include classes of words that do not have an independent real meaning, but serve to express different grammatical relationships and introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, phrases, sentences (“link words”). “These are affixes, as it were, torn off from the bases, freely moving on the surface of the language (although historically it is just the opposite: the affixes themselves come from such words, clinging to full words)” [Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. - M., 1938. - S. 67].

The term particle in the broad sense of the term was used by linguists as early as the 18th century, and primarily in the works of M.V. Lomonosov. This interpretation continued into the 20th century. in the works of V.V. Vinogradov and some other linguists.

In modern linguistics, a narrow understanding of the term "particle" is accepted as a service part of speech on a par with prepositions and conjunctions. Prepositions indicate the syntactic dependence of names on other words. Conjunctions combine words, phrases and sentences. Particles have a special function: they serve to convey different semantic shades of words, phrases and sentences. Therefore, some linguists talk about the grammaticality of prepositions and conjunctions and the semantics of particles.

In modern linguistics, particles are one of the most controversial parts of speech.

In the Russian Grammar-1980, particles are distinguished by function: 1) formative (come on, let it, let it, let it, yes); 2) negative (not, neither); 3) interrogative (and, whether, really, perhaps, what for, what, what, how); 4) characterizing the action in terms of the flow in time or in terms of effectiveness (it was, it happened, almost, like, just not, no-no (yes) and, and so); 5) modal (and, after all, out, here, everything, yes, yet, and, or, namely, only, well, it, simply, directly, to you, only, really, this, give, come on (those), yes, they say, only, still, exclusively, well, the very thing, for yourself, etc.); 6) affirming or denying remarks (yes, no, exactly, so, really, exactly, here, well, okay, it’s coming, well, etc.).

More convincing is the classification set forth in the grammar of N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov. The authors distinguish the following categories of particles according to their meaning.

Particles that have semantic meanings:

demonstrative: here, out, it, etc.;

definitive-clarifying: exactly, precisely, exactly, just, truly, almost, approximately, almost, etc .;

excretory-restrictive: only, only, everything, exclusively, only, at least, at least, etc.

Amplifying particles adjoin this group, which can also act as a selection function: even, even and, the same, and after all, not, not, yet, then, simply, directly, positively, definitely, decisively, etc.

Emotionally expressive particles: what for, how, that's how, where, that, that, that, about, etc.

Modal particles:

affirmative: yes, so, exactly, definitely, how, yeah, yeah, etc .;

negative: not, neither, no, not at all, not at all, etc.;

interrogative: whether, really, really, really, what, but, yes, etc .;

comparative: as, as if, as if, as if, exactly, like, etc .;

particles indicating someone else's speech: -de, they say, they say, supposedly.

The traditionally distinguished word-forming particles (- that, - either, - something, not -, none-, something -), according to N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov, should be considered in word formation; formative particles (let, let, yes, would, come on) - when studying the grammatical category of mood; the postfix - in the form-forming function - in morphology (as a voice-forming morpheme).

This classification is based on the achievements of linguistics in this area, but also needs to be improved.

Let's name another classification - A.M. Shelyakin. He distinguishes the following semantic categories of particles:

1. Particles that serve to express the relationship of the whole or in particular the statement to reality:

affirmative (confirming) (yes, so, okay, good, so exactly, that's it);

negative (no, no, no, no way);

interrogative (whether, really, really);

incentive (let, letting, come on (those), well, come on);

subjunctive mood (would);

excretory-restrictive (only, only, precisely);

excretory-indicative (here (here), here (there));

excretory-enhancing (after all, even, and, well, already, and);

definitive-characterizing (just, almost, almost, completely);

comparative (as if, as if, as if, as if);

particles of certainty (supposedly, they say, de, they say).

II. Particles that express the attitude of the speaker to the reported.

Particles with the meaning of doubt, uncertainty (hardly, sort of, sort of);

expressing preference (better);

emotional assessment (well, that's it, just, what the hell).

[Shelyakin M.A. Reference book on Russian grammar. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1993. - S. 216-217].

3. Classification of particles by structure, use and location

All particles can be divided into two groups according to their structure:

simple (well, after all, simply, not, etc.): Well, how are you, treasure? (A.Kron);

composite (well, almost, as it were, etc.): Yes, as you can see. Excellent ... (A. Kron).

Particles by use may include:

a) to the whole sentence as a whole: I'm just used to telling the truth (K.S.);

b) to the word: We went along a slightly noticeable path, went to the hay road (K.P.). Only sometimes, flashing past the late dawn fading over the forest, a flock of wild ducks sit down on the lake with a whistle, with a splash (Yu.B);

c) to the phrase: Tkalenko was only twenty-three years old (K.S.). And in this sense, the Oryol land comes out almost in the first place (V. Pes.);

e) can be used as inseparable sentences: - Allow me to fly. - Sokolov, not sitting down, put his hand to the helmet. - Come on (K.S.).

By location, the particles are divided into:

a) prepositive: (yes, well, come on, let, let, not, etc.): I asked the Taganrog flower growers about the moonflower, but none of them knew about it (K.P.). A purely business relationship with the boss (K.S.). What, showed up again? (K.S.);

b) postpositive: (well, whether, would, -ka): You don’t listen to me! If only you knew how wonderful the evenings are in the Crimea!;

c) particles, the place of which is not constant: (after all, already, perhaps, etc.): But can it really matter now? (K.P.).

According to the formation of particles can be divided into two groups:

antiderivatives (non-derivatives): well, not, neither;

derivatives formed by transition from other parts of speech: simply, decisively, that, to itself, it, etc.

The pronouns it, everything, everything, like, what, this, itself, etc. have passed into particles; For example:

- Who came from the regional museum? (D. Gr.).

- This is not how these issues are resolved, - he said more and more annoyed, looking at her burnt hair (D. Gr.).

He just wanted to see how the guys rejoice (D.Gr.). Let him go to his dacha… (Yu.G.). Oh, this youth to me! (K.P.);

Adverbs literally, quite, in general, only, still, exactly, okay, definitely, genuinely, simply, directly, exactly, decisively, exactly, only, really; for example: ... there was literally nowhere to sit down (K.S.).

Then in the afternoon I talked for quite a long time with several sailors of our timber carrier (K.S.). It was not just a dugout, but a large two-room building (K.S.). ... there was absolutely nothing in the studio in order to shoot the fight scene (K.S.);

There were verbs, it happened, because (to know), you see (you see), give, come on, they say, they say, let it, let it, perhaps, etc .; for example: Let one of them, but come (D. Gr.). Figurovsky was about to go, but he stopped (D. Gr.). In your places, - she smiled, - read all your life (Yu.N.);

Nouns good; for example: Welcome, come, we are waiting for you;

The names are numerals alone; for example: The workers left, the building was empty, some cleaners were hardworkingly cleaning, washing, removing everything unnecessary.

Particulation as a process of replenishment of particles due to the transition of words from other parts of speech can be called a productive process, if we keep in mind the quantitative ratio of particles in general and particles formed by diachronic transformation. When passing into a particle, the original word loses its significance (the ability to have a nominative or pronominal way of reflecting reality), the ability to change (if it had it), to be a member of a sentence or its component, etc.; acquires the ability to express different shades of meaning (emotionally expressive, modal, etc.).

2. Homonymy: particles with independent parts of speech

It is also necessary to take into account the derivative nature of some particles, their correlation with other parts of speech (pronouns, numerals, adverbs, verbs, conjunctions, interjections). When establishing the part of speech, you can use the method of posing questions and the method of synonymous replacement. You can ask a question to the word of the significant part of speech, but not to the particle. The particle can be replaced by another particle, the word of the significant part of speech - by the word of the corresponding part of speech.

For example: The cart was going straight, but for some reason the mill began to go to the left.(A. Chekhov) and It was scary: my heart just stopped(S. Smirnov).

In the first sentence, the word straight - adverb, as it denotes a sign of action, indicates the direction of movement, answers the question where?, is replaced by the adverb forward and in the sentence is an adverb of place.

In the second sentence, the word straight - the particle, since it serves to emphasize the semantic expressiveness of the statement, allows its removal from the sentence.

In a sentence Everywhere you look - everything sparkles, everything sparkles(D. Zuev) word all- a pronoun, as it points to an object, answers a question what?, replaced by a noun (for example, snow), plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

In a sentence Through the brown leaves, the high sky over the steppe spread the canvas, and the sun descended lower and lower.(A. Sofronov) word all - the particle, since it serves to emphasize the semantic expressiveness of the statement, introduces an additional meaning of reinforcement, it can be removed from the sentence, and can also be replaced by another particle (for example, same).

Particles must be distinguished not only from significant, but also from service parts of speech, in particular from unions.

Wed: As soon as the sun sweeps splashes - again the thunder hides at the gate ...(S. Ostrovoy) and Lightning flashes above water occurred only in the upper layers of the atmosphere, between clouds(V. Ardamatsky).

In the first sentence, the word only- union, since it serves to connect parts of a complex sentence, is replaced by a union when. In the second sentence, the word only - particle, since it serves to highlight, limit, is replaced by a particle only.

In addition, one should distinguish between the homonymy of the particle not (don't know, wasn't) And prefixes not- (not stupid, nowhere); particles neither (no penny) prefixes none (no one, never) and union neither (no wind, no snow outside); particles - then. (Have you learned the words?) union then (it rains, then it snows) and postfix -someone (someone, somewhere).

Many particles are associated in origin with significant words. For example, the particle ish (an earlier form - vis) is historically related to the verb to see, and the particle -s, widely used in the 19th century to express respect (yes, no-s, etc.), was formed as a result of contraction of the noun sir .

In these cases, the formation of the particle was accompanied by significant transformations of the phonetic form of the original word; but there are also many such particles, which coincide in sound with the original significant words, are their functional homonyms.

For example, the particle itself emphasizes the free nature of the action, independent of external circumstances: “Yes, you, in general,<...>Don't bother yourself with these questions. Live for yourself, walk ”(M.A. Bulgakov). This particle is homonymous with the form of the dative and prepositional cases of the reflexive pronoun: "Sergey Lvovich coldly replied that<...>brother Vasily decided to keep the money with him ”(Yu.N. Tynyanov).

The particle simply has the meanings “indeed, in fact”, “only; nothing more than ":" There will be no hope for this "(M.A. Bulgakov); "You're just a fool, let me tell you" (N.V. Gogol). This particle is homonymous with the adverb simply: “And I didn’t guess how to open it: but the chest just opened” (I.A. Krylov).

This particle indicates the connection of the predicate with the subject, for example: “Literature is the conscience of society, its soul” (D.S. Likhachev), and also emphasizes and strengthens one or another word in the sentence: “It was because of you that Ikonnikov left, because of you they drove him away ”(Yu.N. Tynyanov). This particle should be distinguished from the homonymous pronoun: “It is enough that he kept a decent calm all this time” (N.V. Gogol).

To distinguish between particles and significant words, the analyzed word is replaced by a word synonymous with it, which would clearly indicate what part of speech it is, or by a phrase indicating that the replaced word is a member of the sentence (since the particle cannot be a member of the sentence). For example, in the sentence "Excuse me for being indiscreet," Rudolfi continued, "but how do you do that you have such a parting?" (M.A. Bulgakov) the adverb how can be replaced by the phrase how. In the sentences "How the Cossacks jumped up! How everyone got it! How the ataman Kukubenko boiled when he saw that the best half of the kuren was gone! (N.V. Gogol) such a replacement is impossible; here the word as is a particle that characterizes the intensity of the action.

Along with the homonymy of particles and significant words, the homonymy of particles and unions is widely represented in the language, since unions, losing their connecting function, can turn into particles. Comparative particles are especially characteristic in this respect. Coinciding in form with comparative conjunctions (except for the particle like, which coincides in form with the preposition), comparative particles, unlike unions, do not introduce separate turns or subordinate clauses; these particles warn that the words following them should not be understood literally, but as a means of figurative characterization based on similarity: “A steep climb up the mountain, on clay; here, streams flow with noise in winding ditches, the water seems to have gnawed the road” (A.P. Chekhov). Very often, these particles lose the meaning of comparison and indicate the speaker’s uncertainty in what is being communicated, the presumption: “I definitely saw your eyes somewhere ... yes, this cannot be!” (F.M. Dostoevsky).

Homonymous relations with unions are also characteristic of many other particles (for example, a, and, yes). In syntactic analysis, it is necessary to distinguish between conjunctions and particles homonymous to them, without which it is often impossible to correctly understand the structure of a sentence. So, in the sentence “When you wander, you return home, and the smoke of the Fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us” (A.S. Griboedov), the first is an intensifying particle (this is evidenced by the possibility of replacing it with a particle even), the second is a union.

3. Particles with auxiliary parts of speech

Service parts of speech are words that play an auxiliary role in significant parts of speech and serve significant words. Service words are characterized by a set of specific features:

do not have nominative semantics;

immutable;

are not part of the utterance.

But service words are used quite often in speech and make up about 25% of the total number of words in speech.

The service parts of speech include prepositions, conjunctions and particles.

Service parts of speech are categories of words that serve to express the relationship between concepts that express significant words, and are used only in conjunction with them. They are not members of the proposal.

Functional parts of speech include:

prepositions, conjunctions, particles.

1. A preposition is an auxiliary word that, in combination with indirect cases of nominal parts of speech, expresses various relationships between the forms of a name and other words.

According to their origin, prepositions are divided into:

antiderivatives (unmotivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language): in, on, before, etc.;

derivatives (one can trace word-building connections with significant words from which these prepositions are formed).

Derivative prepositions, in turn, are divided into:

adverbial (along, around),

denominative (like, like),

verbal (excluding, thanks).

By structure, derivative prepositions are divided into:

simple (except for)

composite (during, for a reason).

Almost all prepositions are used with one specific case, but they can express different relationships:

spatial (live in the village),

temporary (wait in the morning),

objective (tell about what happened),

causal (to die from a wound),

target (to give for repair), etc.

2. Unions are service words that express grammatical relationships between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, or individual sentences in a text.

Union ranks

By origin, unions are divided into:

non-derivatives (unmotivated in modern Russian): and, or, yes;

derivatives (one can trace the spoo-formative connections with the significant words from which these unions are formed): so that, as if.

By structure, derivative unions are divided into:

simple (as, as if)

composite (because, in order to).

By use, unions are distinguished:

single (or non-repeating): but, however;

repeating: and...and, neither...nor;

double (or paired): if ... then, how ... so.

Coordinating conjunctions and subordinating.

According to the syntactic function, unions are divided into:

a) - coordinative (connect syntactically equal units: homogeneous members of a sentence, simple sentences as part of compound sentences).

By meaning, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

connecting (express enumeration relations): and, yes (in the meaning of and), and ... and, too, also;

adversative (express relations of opposition): but, but, however, the same;

separating (express relations of mutual exclusion): or, or ... or, then ... then;

explanatory (express relations of explanation): exactly, like that;

joining (express the relationship of joining) yes and, as well.

b) - subordinate (connect syntactically unequal units: the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence, members of a simple sentence).

By value, subordinating conjunctions are divided into:

temporary: when, as soon as, not yet;

explanatory: how, what, to;

causal: because, because;

consequences: so;

concessive: let, although, despite the fact that;

comparative: as if, as if;

target: to, in order to;

conditional: if, times.

3. Particles are auxiliary words that give sentences additional semantic or emotional shades.

The particles are divided into:

demonstrative: here, there, this;

qualifying: exactly, exactly,

restrictive: only, only;

amplifying: even, after all,

negative: not, neither; c) modal: yes, no;

interrogative: really, whether;

formative: would, let it, -ka, etc.

4. Interjections, onomatopoeic words

An interjection is a special part of speech that combines unchanging words that express our feelings, expressions of will, etc., without naming them. This is neither an independent nor a service part of speech, interjections do not have lexical or grammatical meanings, they are not members of a sentence.

Ranks of interjections:

emotional (express feelings of joy, sadness, anger, etc.): Oh! Oh! Aral;

imperative (express orders, greetings, prohibitions, etc.): Hey! Stop!

By origin, interjections are divided into:

primitives: Ah! Hooray! Ogol;

derivatives: Trouble! Lid! Kaput!

A special group is made up of onomatopoeic words, which are imitations of sounds; they are distinguished from interjections by the fact that they do not express any feelings: qua-qua, woof-woof.

Functional parts of speech, unlike independent ones, do not have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning, do not change, are not separate members of a sentence, they perform only auxiliary functions in a sentence.

Prepositions serve to express the relationship of a noun, numeral, and some pronouns to other words in speech. Prepositions help to connect words in a phrase, clarify the meaning of the statement, and add adverbial meanings. So, in the proposal I will come to Moscow five in the evening, there are no pretexts for the train to be late. Although the phrase is generally understandable, nevertheless, the prepositions from (expresses spatial relations - from Moscow), to (expresses temporal relations - at five in the evening), due to, due to (express circumstantial, causal relations - due to being late) would help comprehend what was said faster and more accurately.

The use of a preposition, taking into account grammatical norms, is a prerequisite for good and correct speech. So, the preposition in corresponds only with the preposition from, and the preposition with - with the preposition on. You can say (came) to school - from school (but not "from school"), (came) from the Caucasus - to the Caucasus (but not "from the Caucasus"); you can't say "thanks to being late" - just because of being late.

It must be remembered that prepositions according to, contrary to, thanks to are used with nouns in the dative case: according to the order, contrary to criticism, thanks to a friend. Prepositions are usually found before | the word with which they are used. Conjunctions are service words that connect homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. Coordinating conjunctions (and, no, no, too, also, but, but, however, or, or, this or that) connect homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence: A light breeze either woke up or subsided. (I. Turgenev.) Only the heart beats, but the song sounds, but the string quietly rumbles. (A. Surkov.) Coordinating unions are divided into three categories according to their meaning:

1) connecting (“and this and that”): yes (= and), and - and, neither - nor, also, also, not only - but also, how - so and;

2) adversatives (“not this, but this”): but, but, yes (= but), but, however; 3) dividing (“either this or that”): or, or, this - that, not that - not that.

Subordinating conjunctions (what, to, because, as if) connect parts of a complex sentence: The sun was already high when I opened my eyes. (V. Garshin.)

Subordinating conjunctions are divided by value into categories:

1) explanatory (indicate what they are talking about): what, in order, as if, as if to others;

2) temporary: when, barely, how, as soon as, before, etc .;

3) causal: because, since, etc.;

4) target: in order to, in order to, etc.;

5) conditional: if, times, if, etc.;

6) concessive: although, despite the fact that and others;

7) investigative: so;

8) comparative: as, as if, as if, etc.

In complex sentences, the role of a union connecting parts of a sentence can be performed by relative pronouns (who, whose, what, who, what, how much) and adverbs (where, where, when, where, why, why, why). They are called allied words. Unlike unions, allied words are members of a sentence: We approached the house in which a friend lives.

Particles serve to form the forms of words and to express various shades of meaning in a sentence: The same word, but I would not say so. (Proverb.) - the particle would (say) forms the form of the conditional mood of the verb; What a delight these stories are! (A. Pushkin.) - a particle that expresses delight, introduces an exclamatory meaning; Let everyone be happy! -- let the particle form the imperative mood of the verb to be.

Particles involved in the formation of verb forms are called formative.

Particles that convey different meanings are called modal. Modal particles can express*:

1) negation: not, neither;

2) amplification: even, after all, after all;

3) question: is it, really;

4) exclamation: so what for;

5) doubt: hardly, hardly;

6) clarification: exactly, just;

7) allocation, restriction: only, only;

8) indication: out, here.

Particles are not and are not often found in our speech. The particle does not convey negation: not you, could not, not a friend, but in double negation (could not know) and in interrogative-exclamatory sentences (Who does not know Pushkin's fairy tales!, i.e. everyone knows) the particle does not lose its negative meaning .

The particle neither most often has an intensifying meaning, it strengthens the negation when it is expressed by the particle not or by words in the meaning of “no, you can’t”:

Neither rain nor snow stopped us, that is, neither rain nor snow stopped us; There is not a cloud in the sky, that is, there are no clouds in the sky. The particle is neither found in set expressions (neither alive nor dead), in the subordinate part of a sentence like

No matter how many times I have read this book, I am always interested, that is, although I have read this book many times, I am still interested. Particles neither and nor are written separately from the words they refer to.

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FOREWORD

The assimilation of the material in the course "Morphology of the Modern Russian Language" implies not only the possession of deep theoretical knowledge of the traditional and modern interpretation of linguistic phenomena, but also the ability and solid skills of practical analysis of the language, the formation of students' creative independent understanding of linguistic facts, taking into account their development.

Manuals on the morphological analysis of the word as a model of one or another part of speech are a necessary component of educational literature for the philological faculties of higher educational institutions. Morphological analysis is included in some practical textbooks for higher education, as well as in existing Russian language textbooks for secondary schools. There are also special works containing schemes and samples of the analysis of all parts of speech (see literature).

The need for this manual is dictated primarily by the fact that the existing system of morphological analysis requires further development and refinement both in terms of its scientific and theoretical basis, and in terms of the analysis methodology, and hence the construction of the scheme itself.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR IT

Morphological analysis in the classroom at the university is used as a technique for teaching a student to see linguistic facts in the text, correctly, deeply and comprehensively analyze them, and forming solid skills and abilities necessary for a future linguist, as well as a technique that helps the teacher to control and assess these skills and abilities.

The effectiveness of this type of work depends directly on the scientific and theoretical basis laid down in the analysis scheme, as well as on the structural organization of the scheme, its construction. As for its scientific basis, the scheme of analysis should require the student to have a good (strong and extensive) knowledge of scientific theory (including the concepts that have received recognition regarding ambiguous grammatical phenomena), the ability to prove or disprove its validity in practice, to see its strengths. and weaknesses, to argue their own position. It should contain all the necessary scientific arsenal of information that allows you to give a comprehensive, exhaustive description of the analyzed form.

The following set and order of features in the scheme of analysis of significant parts of speech is traditional in the university and school: 1) part of speech, 2) initial form, 3) lexical and grammatical categories, 4) morphological categories, 5) syntactic features (4, 55; 5.55 ;15, 275)

The absence of a word-formation feature in this list, apparently, can be explained by the fact that the word-formation analysis of a word exists as an independent type, and secondly, by the fact that this characteristic is present only in motivated words. However, following the features underlying the division of significant parts of speech, the word-formation feature must be included in the morphological analysis scheme (20, 2; 22, 65). word-formation characteristic in morphological analysis means the search for a formant and its meaning as indicators of part-of-speech semantics of the analyzed word form (cf. the means of expressing part-of-speech semantics in single-root words: black, blackness, blacken, in black). In many cases, this type of work will help the student, who has retained a formal approach to the definition of parts of speech from school, to understand in practice what place this feature occupies in distinguishing different parts of speech, to make sure that the so-called basic parts of speech are distinguished among the significant parts of speech, to realize the close connection between word-forming and formal means of the language.

It seems appropriate to include in the scheme one more feature that underlies the division of words into significant and non-significant. This is the semantic aspect of the word, revealing its connection with the concept, the presence of a nominative function in the word. In addition, the distinctive features of the connection with the concept, along with other features, underlie the allocation of pronouns into a special part of speech and into a special class of proper nouns.

The presence in the scheme of all the features underlying the classification of the words of the language makes it possible to make sure that the existing system of parts of speech as a whole is distinguished on the basis of different features, that this is dictated by the properties of the words themselves, and that certain elements of hierarchical relations are noted in the system of parts of speech.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE ANALYSIS SCHEME

The existing practice of constructing a scheme is based on the grammatical properties of words: lexical and grammatical features, morphological categories, the nature of the change and the syntactic function, located in the scheme, taking into account their interdependence and belonging directly to the field of morphology (which is why the syntactic function always completes the morphological analysis), and sometimes and taking into account whether this or that feature of the word is permanent. It is quite natural that the scheme for analyzing the words of different parts of speech differ (sometimes significantly) from each other in the number of categories and categories, their essence, and the nature of the change in the word. As a result, a practice has developed, according to which each part of speech has its own scheme of analysis, which, in principle, is naturally understandable.

Without opposing the existing tradition as a whole, we will nevertheless note some of its negative aspects. First of all, the student gets the impression that it is necessary to memorize as many patterns as there are parts of speech. In addition, compiled taking into account all the features inherent in a particular part of speech, which is justified by the task of repeating or testing knowledge of the material, schemes sometimes force and allow you to abstract from the properties of the analyzed word form and approach the analysis formally (for example, determining conjugation when analyzing the form of the past time shouted, answered requires focusing either on the form of the present/future tense ( screaming), or on the infinitive ( answer - reply), and in addition, name a feature that the analyzed form does not have).

In our opinion, the scheme should be focused specifically on the analysis of a specific word form used in speech. With this approach, its analysis should be carried out on the basis of the features underlying the classification of significant words (the second step in the division, the first is the distinction between significant and non-significant), taking into account the interdependence of these features, as well as taking into account the grammatical features and specific properties of the analyzed word form. The scheme for the analysis of significant word forms is a kind of general “grammatical framework”, in its most general abstract basis, uniting word forms of different parts of speech into a class of significant ones, and in a particular, specific content, delimiting these word forms.

The structure of the scheme should be carried out taking into account the tasks facing the analysis, as well as the nature of the analyzed features. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the place of word-formation and syntactic features in the system of morphological analysis, since in essence they go beyond the scope of directly morphological properties, such as lexico-grammatical, categorical, and inflection characteristics. This can explain the absence of syntactic features in the new edition of the morphological analysis scheme proposed by L.D. Chesnokova (18, 58 and next cf.: 24 18). Undoubtedly, syntactic and derivational features should logically "weave" into the canvas of analysis and be in this case, as it were, "in the service" of morphology. Both of these features are united by one important property for morphological analysis - the ability to detect in many cases the part-of-speech status of the analyzed word form, which is very important and even necessary. It is no secret that the weak school linguistic base of the majority of students, the lack of skills in a reasoned approach to the definition of linguistic phenomena, insufficient attention or inattention to the text cause gross errors in determining parts of speech, grammatical forms, grammatical meanings.

The close relationship between categorical semantics and the syntactic properties of the main parts of speech was written by such prominent Russian linguists as A.A. Potebnya, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov, L.V. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky. So, L.V. Shcherba was inclined to believe that “nevertheless, the function of a word in a sentence is every time the most decisive moment for the perception” of it as a part of speech (26, 79). according to A.M. Peshkovsky, a significant role in determining the parts of speech is played by the “syntactic beginning” (12.58), by which he meant, first of all, the environment of the word form. It should also be remembered that, in general, the study of the morphological properties of a word form is carried out on a syntactic basis, because "the word acts as a system of forms and meanings, only correlative with other semantic units of the language" (6, 14). indicative in this regard is that A.A. Shakhmatov put the connection between a word and a sentence as the basis for the definition of the part of speech (25, 420).

That "there is no form presence(highlighted by V.S.) and whose function would be recognized otherwise than by meaning. i.e. By connection with other words and forms in the speech of the language ”(13, 36), it manifests itself especially clearly in cases where, first of all, syntactic properties help a) to distinguish between fufunctional homonyms: how quiet all around. - Quietly murmuring stream. - The rooms are quiet and warm.; b) detect the transition from one part of speech to another: The girl bought a blue dress. - blue suits you; in) note the use of one part of speech in the position of another: Tomorrow we are going to the theatre. - I know your tomorrow. In addition, an isolated word form can be multi-valued (cf.: forest- it is 1) "area of ​​land overgrown with trees", and 2) "cut trees as a building material") and multifunctional (for example, the word form daughters in a sentence it can express different grammatical meanings - r.p. units, d.p. units, pr.p. unit, im.p. plural). and only the environment will help determine the specific form and its meaning.

All of the above convinces that the syntactic properties of the word form must be present in the morphological analysis. Syntactic features involve the analysis of the compatibility of the analyzed word form and the definition of its function. The syntagmatic aspect, first of all, should reveal whether the analyzed word form occupies a dependent position, what part of speech word it depends on and what is the relationship between them (cf .: write about the trip). This material is a preparation for functional analysis. It begins with the formulation of a semantic (not formal, although the semantic may coincide with the formal) question from the word form being defined ( write) to the analyzed ( trip), as a result of which its function in the sentence is determined. Return to the analysis of the syntagmatic characteristics of the analyzed word form as a defined one ( about your trip) will make it possible to discover new signs of its part-speech essence. For example, the categorical semantics of a noun presupposes that engo has, first of all, an adjective as a dependent (in the broad sense of understanding), only a noun is combined with a preposition, etc. This aspect of the syntagmatic characteristic can be called the term environment, understanding its conditionality and justifying it only by the necessity and importance of distinguishing the connections of the analyzed word form with other word forms either as a dependent or as a main (defined). In addition, the environment is sometimes a position, for example, the position of an adjective between a noun and its preposition.

Taking into account the specifics of the features underlying the classification of significant parts of speech, as well as the fact that morphological analysis is aimed at developing the student's solid skills of practical analysis, excluding annoying mistakes, at the formation of skills, according to F.F. Fortunatov, "to think correctly" (21, 433), on the development of linguistic vigilance, which will help to learn the "secrets" of the grammatical structure of the language, we believe that the scheme can be represented in the form of two semantic parts, each of which includes a circle of features united by the theme of the corresponding parts of the schema. The purpose of the first is the definition and argumentation of the part-verbal status of the analyzed word form. It does not consider such signs that give grounds for concluding what part of speech the word form proposed for analysis represents. These are the semantic aspect, formal features, word-building formant (or method of formation) and syntactic properties. The second part includes an analysis of the actual morphological features of the word form - lexical and grammatical categories, morphological categories of the character of inflection. Each sign is characterized according to the plan. If everything that has been said is presented in full in the form of a diagram, then it will take the following form:

Analyzed word form:

semantic

formal

derivational

syntactic: a) syntagmatic functional environment

Part of speech

Lexico-grammatical ranks: their semantic and grammatical characteristics;

Morphological categories: a) a category member and its formal indicator, b) grammatical meaning, c) category characteristics in terms of quantity and quality (word forms or different words) of its members;

Paradigmatic: a) a particular paradigm, of which the word form is a member, b) the nature of inflection.

As a result, we can propose to formulate a more complete definition of the part of speech, taking into account the morphological categories described in the second part, since the so-called school definition is given in the first. The full definition emphasizes the importance of morphological categories, the grammatical essence of part-of-speech semantics.

When getting acquainted with the scheme of analysis, it may seem redundant to search for an argument for the part-of-speech status of the analyzed word form. Indeed, in most cases, students learn parts of speech in the same way that, according to O. Jespersen, “we distinguish a cow from a cat at first sight” (9, 67), however, a philology student has to deal with more difficult cases when the real and the grammatical in a word are not symmetrical, when the power of the material meaning, like the flow of a river that carries away some object, will be obvious, and the power of the formal meaning, like the wind blowing against the current and holding the same object, will require special methods of investigation. Such cases are of particular interest to the student, as they make one think, help to make sure of the difference between the concepts of subject and objectivity, sign and procedural sign. They also reveal the mechanism of interaction between part-of-speech meaning and the essence of grammatical categories in general, as well as grammatical categories among themselves; they reveal the connection between the real meaning and the grammatical meaning of individual categories, as well as the influence of the context on the grammatical meaning of the word form.

NOUN

As already noted, the word form of any significant part of speech is analyzed according to one scheme, the specific content of which depends on the part-of-speech belonging of the word form and its individual characteristics.

SCHEME OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE WORD FORMS OF THE NOUN

The scheme corrected for the analysis of the noun takes the following form:

The main signs that reveal the partial status analyzed word form:

semantic: connection with the concept and nominative function;

formal: a) a formal (partial) question to a word form, b) an initial formal question and an initial form, c) an indicator of the analyzed form, d) its formation and structure;

derivational: a) motivated word, b) motivating word, c) derivational formant and its meaning;

syntactic: a) syntagmatic: dependence of the word form, its connection with the defined, b) functional: semantic question, function in a sentence, c) environment: the presence in the text of indicators of part-of-speech attribution of the word form;

Part of speech: its definition on the basis of the identified features (part-of-speech semantics, part-of-speech question, primary syntactic function).

Lexico-grammatical, categorical and paradigmatic features:

Lexico-grammatical ranks: a) concrete (or material, collective, abstract), its semantic and grammatical features, b) common noun or own, its semantic and grammatical features, c) animated or inanimate, its semantic and grammatical features;

Morphological categories: genus: a) a category member and its formal indicator, b) grammatical meaning, c) category characteristics in terms of quantity and quality (word forms or different words) of its members; number: case: a) a member of the category and its formal indicator, b) grammatical meaning, c) characteristics of the category in terms of quantity and quality (word forms or different words) of its members;

Paradigmatic: a) a particular paradigm, of which the word form is a member, its completeness, b) the type of declension, the nature of the stem, c) the concordant class.

SAMPLES OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE WORD FORMS OF THE NOUN

The analysis of the word form must be preceded by a presentation in the sentence. In it, you need to find the predicative stem, the word on which the analyzed word form depends, and the word form itself:

I remember the sea before a thunderstorm ... (P.)

We believe that it is useful and interesting to compare patterns of analysis of different nouns.

The mazurka rang out. used to

When the mazurka thundered,

Everything in the great hall was trembling,

The parquet cracked under the cable,

Shaking, rattling frames ...(P.)

The main signs that reveal the partial status analyzed word form ( under) heel:

semantic

formal: a) formal question (under) what?, b) initial question what? and initial form heel -om, compare: heel, heel, heel...

derivational: there is no indicator, since the word is unmotivated;

syntactic: a) syntagmatic functional: semantic question (screeching) why?, performs the function of the circumstance of the cause with a touch of complement, c) environment: used with a preposition under, with it an adjective is possible ( under a strong heel);

Part of speech what?, the primary function of the underlying (heel broke) or additions ( fix heel).

Lexico-grammatical, categorical and paradigmatic features:

Lexico-grammatical ranks: a) concrete, since it denotes an object, it is combined with a pronominal collective numeral ( both heels), varies by numbers (heel - heels), b) common noun, since it has a connection with a concept out of context, serves as the name of both a single and a whole class of homogeneous objects, changes in numbers, c) inanimate, since it denotes an inanimate object, has the form of c.p. pl., similar to the form im.p. plural ( repaired the heels - heels knock);

Morphological categories: genus: a) male, the indicator is zero inflection in im.p. unit when based on a hard consonant (not sibilant), as well as an inflection of a possible adjective ( strong heel), b) the value is non-nominative, c) the category is three-member, classification; number: a) the only one, the indicator is inflection -om, b) it has the meaning of a set of objects, c) the category is binomial, inflectional (heel - heels); case: a) instrumental verbal, indicator - inflection -om and preposition under, b) circumstantial (reasons) and objective meaning, c) the category is polynomial, inflectional;

Paradigmatic: a) a member of the case-number paradigm, the paradigm is complete, b) 2nd substantive declension, based on a solid consonant, c) 1st concordant class.

I can't admire

And the abyss would not want to gl at sh and,

But, probably, forever I have

The tenderness of the sad Russian soul.(Ec.)

The main signs that reveal the partial status analyzed word form ( in the backwoods:

semantic: has a connection with the concept and a nominative function and out of context - a significant word;

formal: a) formal question (c) what?, b) initial question what? and initial form wilderness, c) an indicator of the analyzed form - inflection -and, compare: mute, mute, mute..., d) formed by flexion, synthetic;

derivational: a) word motivated, b) motivating word deaf (place), c) derivational formant - a zero suffix with the meaning "name of a place according to the attribute named in the motivating basis", that is, objectivity;

syntactic: a) syntagmatic: depends on the verb, the connection with it is management, b) functional: semantic question where?, a function of the circumstance of place with a touch of complement (in what?), in) environment: used with a preposition in, with it a pronominal adjective is possible ( in such a wilderness);

Part of speech: noun, as it denotes objectivity, answers the question what?, the primary function of the subject (I remember this wilderness) or additions ( I remember this wilderness.

Lexico-grammatical, categorical and paradigmatic features:

Lexico-grammatical discharges: a) abstract, as it denotes an abstract concept, does not combine with cardinal numbers, does not change in numbers, b) common noun, since it has a connection with the concept out of context, there are no other signs of a common name, c) animate/inanimate neither grammatically nor lexically defined;

Morphological categories: genus: a) female, indicator - flexion - and r.p. singular, as well as inflection of a possible adjective (such a wilderness), b) non-nominative value, c) three-member category, classification; number: a) the only thing, the indicator is zero inflection in im.p., as well as inflection -th of a possible adjective (such a wilderness), b) singularia tantum, non-nominative meaning, c) binomial category, here classification, case: a) prepositional verbal, indicator - inflection -i, preposition in, as well as a formal question in what?, b) adverbial meaning (places) with a touch of the object, c) the category is polynomial, inflectional;

Paradigmatic: a) a member of the case-number paradigm, the paradigm is incomplete, since there is no particular plural paradigm, b) 3rd substantive declension, based on a hard consonant (hissing), c) 3rd concordant class.

Part of speech.

The analysis can be completed with a more detailed definition of the word form as a part of speech. A noun is a significant part of speech that denotes objectivity and expresses it in the classification category of gender, the mixed category of number and the inflectional category of case, has the primary function of the subject and object.

Morphological analysis should be preceded by preparatory work on the text, without which annoying mistakes happen. It begins with a careful reading of the sentence (rarely a wider context) and the selection of a predicative stem in it. After that, it is determined on which word the analyzed word form depends and whether it has a preposition, adjective (pronominal adjective, participle, ordinal number). All this can be visualized in the text of the proposal:

I was born for life and peace(P.)

The word form for analysis is written out together with the preposition, enclosed in brackets. It is present in the formal question to the word form and participates in the expression of case relations, but is not an element of the analyzed word form of the noun (the preposition is the official part of speech). The word being defined can also be placed in brackets, it will be necessary to search for a semantic question when determining the syntactic function of the word form - (born) (for) life.

The semantic aspect of the word form. You should pay attention to proper names, most of which, unlike common nouns, acquire a connection with the concept in speech, used with common nouns (cf .: Vladimir - the old city, it was founded by the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh), which should be pointed out in the analysis.

Formal signs part-of-speech belonging of the word form. A formal question to the analyzed word is its part-of-speech question. It is determined by the word form itself and, if there is a preposition, can be put to an isolated word form: in the table - in what ?, on the table - in what ?. In its absence, the question is posed from the word being defined ( afraid of who? - dogs, whose house? - father) since out of context the word form can be multifunctional: books - what? what?. For a formal question, it is easy to find the initial part-of-speech question, and for it, the initial form.

Analysis used to implement epidigmatic, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis.

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