Questions on astronomy. C) The point of intersection of the axis of the world with the celestial sphere

This page fulfilled the request of readers to place questions on a separate page, for the convenience of using the "Questions and Answers on Astronomy" section. The section will be constantly improved, for the most convenient presentation of information to readers.

Section 1.

A. Chepik. It is known that the shells of supernovae during the period of increased luminosity of the star scatter at a speed of 500 to 5000 km/sec. According to the aberration formula, the angular displacement of one visible edge of the shell from the opposite edge of the shell is from 10 minutes to 2 degrees, regardless of the distance to the star. Do the observed angular dimensions of supernovae at the beginning of the explosion really not exceed a few seconds? Do we see such angular dimensions of supernovae? The crux of the matter is that there is a discrepancy between science and reality. In this case, the following do not correspond: the velocity of the shell, the aberration formula, and the observed angular sizes of supernovae.
Vasiator. What constellation was the Sun in on April 10, 1978 AD? Starcalc5.7 shows - Pisces, why not Aries, as in horoscopes?
Vania. What is the structure of the Milky Way?
Max. What size will the satellites of Mars be visible from its surface, let's say from the equator? Will they stand out in the night sky of Mars?
Lena. What is a planet? The elementary school geography textbook says that this is a cooled star. Is this definition correct?
Vasiliy. How to open a comet?
Alexander. Please answer, does the star named after V.V. Mayakovsky exist? And if it exists, then in what year and under what circumstances was it discovered, and why was it named that way?
Tanya. I want to know everything about the configuration of the planets!
Dmitry. Tell me where you can get information about the cycles of the planets in the solar system, and detailed information about solar activity (flares on the Sun). And maybe, tell me what you can look for on the subject of the influence of the Sun on the Earth (scientific papers, etc.)

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Section 2

An ardent fan. A few questions to A.N. Kozlovsky. I apologize for a slight discrepancy with the astrological topic. Do you believe in God? If not, then what (what is the most unshakable thing in your life)?
An ardent fan. How do you feel about Nostradamus?
An ardent fan. Do you think a person has his own will, or can he be calculated on a calculator, like solar eclipses? After all, a person consists of the same atoms, molecules and other filth, like the rest of the universe.
An ardent fan. How do you understand the nature of feelings, thoughts?
Vitaly. Where do the neutral spectra of the sun come from?
Nikolay Khanenya. I have heard that all the major events in the universe happened in the first fraction of a second after the BIG bang, and now there is a smooth fading of "stormy life". But how can one talk about time, which is essentially an interval between processes, in such different environments, because even the time minimum depends on the speed of light in vacuum, which also changes, like sea level, which is considered zero.
Sergey. Could you tell the age of the planets in our solar system, in ascending order, i.e. from the youngest to the oldest, if, of course, such studies have ever been carried out.
Oleg. Hello. Is there a connection between cataclysms on Earth and flares on the Sun, and do any planets influence the Sun?
Vitaly. I read in one book about black holes that, theoretically, for very massive objects of this type, the "boundary" - the Schwarzschild radius (if I'm not mistaken) - can be very far from the center (for example, for an object comparable in mass to the Galaxy, the radius of Sh. can be compared with the radius of the Galaxy). How do you evaluate such an assumption? What, in your opinion, can happen to physical bodies that are "inside" such an object (as opposed to what, according to modern ideas, should happen near black holes)
Yura. Are there any questions that modern astronomy has not answered?
Vitaly. What are white holes?
Roma. Modern idea of the origin of stars?
Vitaly. What are the dimensions of the Magellanic Clouds?
Samantha. What are the characteristics of bluish stars?
Alexander. I can not realize the infinity of the universe, it just does not fit in my head. Are there wordings available?
Alexander. Probably a rhetorical question, but still - what is the meaning of life?
Daniel Mikhailovich. What would be on earth without the moon?
Daniel Mikhailovich. What is the inclination of the Moon's orbit to the Earth's equator?
Vasiliy. Is there a limit to the universe?
Alexander. The cataclysms of the Earth (global flood, etc.) are associated with the drift of the Earth's magnetic axis, which is always directed to one of the most distant planets in the solar system. The magnetic axis of the Earth is precessing like the axis of a spinning top. With a periodicity of approximately 3600 years, the Earth "tumbles" by 90 degrees (as the spinning top falls with an increase in the amplitude of the precession of its axis). At the same time, the North and South Poles of the Earth move sharply into the equatorial zone, and vice versa, two diametrically opposite points of the equator become the poles of the Earth. As a result of this, a sharp melting of the ice of the "former poles" occurs on Earth, the processes of mountain building, dismemberment and the formation of new continents are reanimated. This transition period takes about 20 years. Question: in what part of the time period of 3600 years are we now? That is, how many years are left before the next cataclysm on Earth?
Tanya. Two scientists argued. One of them believed that in order for them to always have a day in the city, it is necessary to stop the rotation of the Earth around its axis, while the other argued that the rotation speed should be reduced, but not stopped at all. Who is right and why?
Mango. In 1100 BC, Chinese astronomers measured the maximum height of the sun during the summer and winter solstices. In the first case, they received the value H1=79 gr. 7 minutes and H2=31g and 19 minutes. Both times the sun was south of Earth. Find the latitude of the area where the observations were made, as well as the angle of inclination of the ecliptic to the celestial equator at that epoch.
Evgeny. What can explain the sudden increase (from time to time) in the apparent magnitude of the star Proxima Centauri? After all, this is a red dwarf, with a very low luminosity (0.0055% compared to the Sun) P.S. Sorry if I'm not using scientific terms correctly.
Evgeny. What happens to comets at the final stage of their evolution?
Zmiter. Please tell me the web addresses of societies that study variable stars.

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Section 3

Alisa. Can you please tell me what this phrase "the universe is expanding" really means? Why does the distance between galaxies increase: because they "scatter" in different directions, having once received an initial impulse, or because the space itself is expanding? And in general, is space expanding? At what speed?
Tanya. Hypotheses of the origin of life in the Universe?
Kirill. Could you give full information about which institute you need to enter in order to become an astronaut. I live in Krasnodar. Which institutes closest to me train astronauts? Which faculty do you need to go to, what are the standards, payment? I really hope that you will help me, otherwise I went through the entire Runet, and did not find anything sensible, thank you in advance.
Pauline. Please tell us about volcanism on the terrestrial planets.
Alexander. Is it true that Jupiter's satellite Europa is experiencing the most severe radiation (in particular in the microwave range) coming from Jupiter, and therefore protein life on Europa is basically impossible?
Daniel Mikhailovich. What happens if the Moon breaks out of orbit and flies away from the Earth?
Alina. Tell us about the joint space exploration of the United States and Russia.
Ruslan. I have read denials in several sources that the Americans were on the moon. What do you say about this?
Andrei. How to accurately calculate the position of the planets (epheremis)?
Max. What size will the satellites of Mars be visible from its surface (let's say from the equator)? Will they stand out in the night sky of Mars?
Vasek. Where can I find the most complete astronomical dictionary? (I have a dictionary - The Penguin Dictionary of Astronomy taken from RedShift3 (it has about 2500 definitions). Is there anything more complete?
Lyudmila. Tell us about the Doppler effect and redshift.
Vania. What is the structure of the Milky Way?
Vany. Is it true that the star Sun will live for 5 billion years?
Ruslan. Which meteorite is currently flying towards the earth, and should, according to calculations, collide with the Earth?

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Section 4

Igor. Where can one find detailed information about "solar proton events" in history? Interested in dates and parameters.
Evgeny. I heard somewhere (sorry, but I can’t pinpoint the exact source (if it were really reliable, then I would hardly have asked you this question) that when we observe the Betelgeuse star through a telescope, the visible image of this star is itself gaseous sphere, namely the "surface" of this star. Whereas the disks of other stars are just an optical effect; such an image does not show us the real angular dimensions of the star. This can be explained by the ratio of the size of the star, and its distance from the solar system. Is this really so? If yes, at what magnification?
Vova. What can you say about non-spherical optics?
Kakha. Are there supermassive but compact objects (smaller than a black hole) that move at high speed?
Super. How to calculate sunrise and sunset?
Dmitry. Tell me where you can get information about the cycles of the planets in the solar system, and detailed information about solar activity (flares on the sun)? And maybe, tell me what you can look for on the topic of the influence of the Sun on the Earth (scientific papers, etc.)
Michael. Where is it possible to find (and on the Internet) mathematical calculations on the ballistics of space bodies?
Anastasia. Please tell me how long the glow will fade after a supernova explosion?
Kakha. What is dark matter (ordinary, but not radiating, or something else), and mirror matter (there was a lot of noise about the latter on astral pages)?
Anatoly. How is a laser used to study nearby astronomical objects?
Max. When else will the parade of planets take place?
Vitaly. Since the light from the stars goes to the Earth for many millions of years, it turns out that now we are observing a picture of the sky, which actually existed millions of years ago. In other words, what we see now has nothing to do with the true "state of affairs" in the universe at the moment. Is it so?
Sergey. Does Pluto have an atmosphere?
Maguri. What is the looping motion of the planets?

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Section 5

Peter. Please answer, what is a singularity point - that is, what happens there with time and space? And explain what is the gravitational collapse of the universe?
Alexei. What is the expansion of the universe? If possible, please elaborate.
Lyuba. What is the age of the universe? When will it start to shrink, and can it be seen?
Stanislav. I would like to know what you know about white holes?
Svetlana. I've read that astronomers have discovered in the solar system an object similar to a planet that revolves around the sun at a distance of one and a half billion kilometers from Pluto. What do you know about it?

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Section 6

Zabira. What lunar day was I born on December 18, 1960?
Vet. Can you please tell me what "lunar meteorite" means? Is its origin somehow connected with the Moon, and if so, how? Thanks.
Lera J. What is the critical density of matter in the Universe?
Lesya. How to convert degrees, minutes and seconds to hours? Thanks in advance.
Lakhno Vadim Vadimovich. Is it possible to fly to the planet Venus in 2015?
flycom. What is the nearest star that planets can revolve around?
Sergey. When will a scientific station on the moon be established?
Arsen. Why are rockets fired from west to east?
Sergey. Why are variable stars called "cepheids"?
Oleg Grubich. When will Halley's comet enter Earth orbit?
Slavik. Is it possible to decompose matter into anti under terrestrial conditions?
Nebula. Please tell me when will the great opposition of Mars?
Lesya. Why do we need galactic and ecliptic coordinates?
Elvira. What do you need to know to calculate the radius of the Earth?
Lydia. What is the Sun now - "calm" or "perturbed"?

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Section 7

Fred. Kazan. Could you answer what is the reason for the observed presence of declination of the planets, i.e. the presence of an angle of inclination of the axis of rotation to the plane of their orbits. What is the absolute value of the directions of the axes of rotation of the planets in space and relative to what it is determined. Also what is the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation of the Sun to the plane of its orbital motion in the Galaxy and (or) to the plane of the galaxy itself. Are there any hypotheses explaining the presence of these declinations. Thanks in advance.
Alexei. Hello! I read in a book that at noon the sun reaches its zenith and the shadow cast by it is the shortest, indicating the direction exactly to the north ... but today I was convinced that this is not so ... according to astronomical programs, today the sun reaches its zenith at 12.33 Moscow time. Yet, what causes this discrepancy, and how can one determine the direction to the north by the shadow?
A "Paul. Is it possible to move Mars into the orbit of the Earth and place it with a period lagging behind the period of rotation of our planet by 1/2?
Natalie. Tell me, please, when can you see MARS or Venus in the sky with the naked eye?
A. Grishaev. Dear friends! Regarding the radial velocities of stars - tell me, who knows:
- 1. Is it true that the reduction of the radial velocities of stars (not pulsars) to the orbital motion of the Earth improves the convergence of the results, i.e. without this reduction, would the radial velocities have annual variations with a range of up to 60 km per second? If true, where is it published?
- 2. The velocity vector of the Solar System, obtained from the anisotropy of the CMB background, does not coincide with the velocity vector obtained from the analysis of radial velocities. This is a bummer, isn't it? How do luminaries comment on it? Thanks in advance. A. Grishaev
Newbie. Since childhood, the question has been tormenting. WHERE DOES THE UNIVERSE END????? Is it really possible to talk about its size at all? What do scientists say about this?
Miha. Why doesn't the moon fall to earth?
Margarita. Tell me, please, what does \"double\" planet mean? And what is this planet? Please give the correct answer. Thanks in advance!
Shpilman. Could you clarify one question. If on the Moon craters and numerous dents arose as a result of the fall of meteorites, then where could these fallen meteorites go from the surface of the Moon? Something you can’t see them when viewing numerous photos ... Thank you in advance for your attention to the message!

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Section 8

Klykov Alexander. Question. Why is it warmer in summer than in winter, because in winter the sun is closer to the Earth?
Klykov Alexander. Question. Does the Earth move around the Sun along a certain trajectory (orbit), which never deviates even one millimeter, or does this trajectory change? If yes, how much?
Klykov Alexander. Question. Who and how measures the distances to the planets, etc. cosmic. objects, as well as the radii of the planets, masses, their internal structure and age?
Klykov Alexander. Question. Is it possible to see the planets of the solar system in the sky with the naked eye, and what does the Earth look like from Mars?
Klykov Alexander. Question. Is there an end to space?
Klykov Alexander. Question. What are the stars that I see in the sky made of?
Klykov Alexander. Question. Will it ever be possible for a simple worker like me to even fly to the moon?
Klykov Alexander. Question. Is there life elsewhere in space?
Klykov Alexander. Question. How much does a 300 mm telescope cost approximately and what can be seen through it, for example, on Mars?

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Grade 9 Astronomy.

1. Mercury in structure, relief, thermal conductivity is similar:

A) with Venus

AT) with the moon;

C) with Mars

D) with Jupiter;

E) with Neptune.

2. The pole of the world is ...

A) the North Pole of the Earth;

C) the South Pole of the Earth;

C) The point of intersection of the axis of the world with the celestial sphere;

E) The point of intersection of the plumb line at the top point with the celestial sphere;

E) The point of intersection of the plumb line at the lowest point with the celestial sphere;

3. The galaxy does not include...

A) stars

B) planets

C) the universe;

D) comets;

E) asteroids.

4. Equatorial coordinates:

A) declination and right ascension;

C) latitude and longitude;

C) altitude and azimuth;

D) azimuth and right ascension;

E) latitude and declination.

5. What is the name of the main instrument used in astronomy:

A) a microscope

B) a telescope

D) eyepiece;

E) binoculars.

6. Which of the planets does not belong to the terrestrial planets?

A) Jupiter

D) Mercury;

E) Venus.

7. Time in settlements located on the same meridian:

A) local

B) waist;

C) maternity leave;

D) summer;

E) Greenwich.

8. Astronomy originated…

A) out of curiosity

C) to navigate along the sides of the horizon;

C) to predict the fate of people;

E) for measuring time and for navigation;

E) to obtain new materials.

9. The moon has no atmosphere, because

A) there are no substances in the gaseous state on the moon;

C) At - 170 at night, all substances harden;

C) the force of gravity on the moon is less than that of the earth, it is not able to hold gas molecules;

E) the speed of molecules on the Moon is greater than that of molecules in the Earth's atmosphere;

E) Earth's gravity absorbs the Moon's atmosphere.

10. When is a lunar eclipse visible?

A) on a full moon

C) on a new moon

C) possible in any phase of the moon;

D) in the first quarter of the moon;

E) in the third quarter of the moon.

11. Time in the Republic of Kazakhstan is measured according to the calendar:

A) Gregorian

B) Julian

C) lunar

D) solar;

E) starry

12. The orbits of the planets of the solar system are:

A) ellipses

B) circles

C) parabolas;

D) ellipses and parabolas;

E) hyperbole.

13. Why do meteorites burn up in the atmosphere of planets?

A) there is oxygen in the atmosphere;

C) the temperature of the atmosphere is higher than the temperature of outer space;

C) the temperature of meteorites due to friction during movement in the air rises to tens of thousands of degrees;

D) due to the high speed of meteorites;

E) meteorites do not burn up, they are dispersed upon entering the atmosphere.

14. The International Date Line is...

A) 180th meridian;

B) Greenwich meridian

C) 90th meridian;

E) 90th parallel;

E) equator.

15. Ancient astronomers saw the fundamental difference between planets and stars in the fact that the planets:

A) brighter than stars

C) more similar to the Earth;

C) “wander” among the stars;

D) closer to the Earth;

E) They move around the sun.

16. The angular diameter of a celestial body observed from the Earth has increased by 4 times. Therefore, the distance between the Earth and the body ...

A) increased by 4 times;

C) decreased by 4 times;

C) doubled

C) decreased by 2 times;

E) decreased by 8 times;

17. What is the name of the science that studies the phenomena occurring in various bodies or a system of bodies located in outer space?

A) physics;

C) astronomy;

D) biophysics;

E) geology.

18. Without which of the following statements is the heliocentric system unthinkable?

a) The sun is spherical

C) the planets revolve around the sun

D) The planets revolve around the Earth.

19. All statements, with the exception of one, characterize the geocentric system of the world. Specify an exception:

A) the Earth is located in the center of this system or near it;

C) The planets revolve around the earth.

C) The daily movement of the Sun occurs around the Earth;

D) the moon moves around the sun;

E) The daily movement of stars occurs around the Earth.

20. What is the name of a structure designed to monitor the movement of celestial bodies?

A) a conservatory

B) an observatory

C) an outpatient clinic;

D) laboratory;

E) water area.

21. The reason for the formation of numerous craters on the moon

A) the absence of the atmosphere does not prevent the fall of meteorites and the formation of craters;

B) the action of volcanoes;

C) the result of intralunar processes;

E) craters - the result of scientific research;

E) traces of a former civilization.

22. The angle at which the observer would see the light of the radius of the Earth, perpendicular to the line of sight, is called:

A) parallax

B) horizontal parallax;

C) vertical parallax;

D) basis;

E) parallax shift.

23. Which of the sciences listed below are branches of astronomy?

1) astronautics;

2) astrology;

3) cosmogony;

4) cosmology

C) 1,3,4;

24. In what state are the substances on Mars?

A) solid, liquid, gaseous;

B) solid and liquid;

C) solid and gaseous;

D) liquid and gaseous;

E) hard.

25. The duration of the change of phases of the moon

A) sidereal month

B) synodic month

C) decade;

D) new moon;

E) lunar time.

26. Number of planets in the solar system:

27. Which of the proposed formulas is the generalized Kepler's law?

A) =;

B) =;

WITH) = ;

D) =;

E) =;

28. What causes an eclipse of the Sun?

A) inclement weather

C) the rotation of the Earth around its axis;

C) the movement of the earth around the sun;

E) the relative position of the Sun, Moon and Earth, in which the Earth falls into the shadow of the Moon;

E) the relative position of the Sun, Moon and Earth, in which the Moon falls into the shadow of the Earth;

29. Which of the planets does not belong to the giant planets?

A) Jupiter

B) Saturn

C) Mars

E) Neptune.

30. The mass of the planets can be determined:

A) according to Kepler's first law;

C) according to Kepler's second law;

C) according to Kepler's third law;

D) according to the second and third laws of Kepler;

E) according to the generalized Kepler's law;

31. Which planet in the solar system does not experience diurnal temperature fluctuations due to the "greenhouse effect"?

A) Mercury

B) Venus

D) Jupiter;

E) Saturn.

32. What is the solar wind?

A) a continuous stream of hot rarefied plasma emitted by the Sun into outer space;

C) streams of warm air rising towards the sun.

C) the flow of emitted particles from the Sun to the Earth.

D) cosmic dust that enters the Earth's atmosphere under the influence of the Sun

E) convection movement of the layers of the solar atmosphere

33. What determines Kepler's second law?

A) the radius vector of the planet for equal periods of time describes equal areas

B) uneven movement of the planet in orbit around the sun

C) the uniformity of the movement of the planet in orbit around the sun

D) the sequence of movement of the planets in orbit around the sun

E) the radius vector of the planet for equal periods of time describes the same angle

34. What is called a constellation?

A) a section of the celestial sphere with strictly defined boundaries

C) the position of the stars in the sky

C) bright stars

D) a cluster of stars in the northern hemisphere

E) a cluster of stars at the equator

35. What concept is used to express the brightness of stars:

1. Apparent magnitude

2. Visible radiation

3. Luminosity

A) only 2;

C) only 3;

E) only 1

36. The duration of the change of phases of the moon is 29.53 days. This period is called:

1. synodic month.

2. sidereal month

3. tropical year.

A) only 2;

C) only 3;

D) only 1;

37. What formula expresses Kepler's third law?

A) =;

AT) ;

WITH) ;

D) ;

E) = ;

38. The relationship between what quantities does Pogson's formula express?

A) the relationship between the masses of stars

C) the relationship between the brightness of two stars and their magnitudes

C) the relationship between the brightness of two stars

E) the relationship between the brightness of three stars and their masses

E) the relationship between the magnitudes of two stars

39. The reason for the alternate change of day and night is:

A) the rotation of the earth on its axis.

C) the rotation of the earth around the sun.

C) the rotation of the earth on its axis and the sun.

D) sunrise and sunset

E) the rotation of the moon around the earth.

40. Terrestrial planets with satellites

A) Mercury, Earth

B) Venus, Mars

C) Earth, Venus

D) Mars, Mercury

E) Earth, Mars

41. A large circle of the celestial sphere, along which the visible annual movement passes:

A) Zodiac belt;

B) the ecliptic

C) the celestial equator;

D) the main celestial meridian;

E) True horizon

42. The world's first astronaut

A) T. Aubakirov;

C) Yu. Gagarin;

C) T. Musabaev;

E) N. Armstrong;

E) E. Aldrin.

43. Dust storms and hurricane winds up to 100 m / s - natural phenomena occurring on ...

A) Mars

C) Venus

D) Mercury;

E) on Earth and Venus

44. To determine the type of starry sky on any day and time for a selected location, use:

A) an atlas of the celestial sphere;

C) astronomical calendar;

C) a telescope

E) a moving map of the starry sky;

E) a catalog of stars.

45. The ecliptic is ...

A) the zodiac belt of constellations;

B) the orbit of the planet;

C) the annual path of the Sun in the celestial sphere;

D) the line along which the moon moves;

E) the trajectory of the planet.

46. Polar caps exist on the planets:

A) Mercury and Venus

C) only on Mercury;

C) only on Venus;

D) on Earth, on Mars;

E) only on Earth.

47. The highest position of the luminary relative to the horizon, achieved when it passes through the celestial meridian:

A) upper climax;

C) height;

D) right ascension;

E) declination.

48. Founder of the heliocentric system of the world:

A) K. Ptolemy;

C) D. Bruno;

C) N. Copernicus;

D) I. Kepler;

E) Tycho Brahe.

49. A terrestrial planet whose direction of rotation around the Sun is opposite to other planets:

A) Mercury

B) Venus

50. How is the celestial equator relative to the horizon, if the observer is on the earth's equator?

A) in parallel

C) at an angle of 30;

C) perpendicular

D) coincides with the horizon;

E) at an angle of 45.

51. On the surface of which planet in the solar system is the magnitude of the force of gravity acting on the body maximum?

B) Jupiter

C) Saturn

D) Neptune;

52. The change of seasons of the year occurs on the planets:

A) Mercury and Earth

B) Venus and Earth

C) Mars and Earth;

D) Venus, Mars and Earth;

E) On all planets.

53. Knowing that Astana is in the 5th time zone, calculate according to local time, what geographical longitude does Astana time correspond to?

A) 60 east longitude;

B) 75east longitude;

C) 60 west longitude;

E) 75 west longitude;

E) 120 east longitude;

54. Why do solar eclipses occur?

A) other planets sometimes pass between the Sun and the Earth;

C) this is the result of the fall of the shadow from the comet to the Earth;

C) this is the result of the fall of the shadow from the Earth to the Moon;

E) this is the result of the fall of the shadow from the Moon to the Earth;

E) this is the result of the deviation of the sun's rays from a rectilinear direction under the influence of the attraction of the moon

55. What determines the appearance of the starry sky and the picture of the daily rotation of the celestial sphere?

1. From the geographic latitude of the observer's location.

2. From the climaxes of the luminaries.

3. From the azimuth and height of the star.

C) only 3;

D) only 2;

E) only 1.

56. Without which of the following statements is the heliocentric theory unthinkable:

a) The sun is spherical

C) The earth is spherical

C) planets revolve around the sun

D) planets revolve around the earth

E) The earth rotates on its axis.

57. The radius of the orbit of Mars is 1.66 AU. The orbital period of Mars is ( R h = 1 a.u., T h = 1 year = 365 days)

A) 365 days;

C) 687 days;

C) 201 days;

58. Planet behind Saturn:

A) Uranus

C) Jupiter

D) Venus;

59. The period of revolution of Jupiter is 12 years. Jupiter orbit radius ( R h = 1 a.u., T h = 1 year = 365 days)

A) 9.57 a.u.;

C) 5.4 a.u.;

E) 14.1 a.u.;

60. The upper planets are called

A) planets whose orbits are located inside the orbit of the Earth. These include Mercury and Mars.

C) planets whose orbits are located outside the orbit of the Earth. These include all the planets except Mercury and Venus.

C) planets whose orbits are located inside the orbit of the Earth. These include Mercury and Venus.

D) planets whose orbits are located outside the orbit of the Earth. These include Mercury and Venus.

E) planets whose orbits are located outside the orbit of the Earth. These include Mars and Venus.

61. The point of the celestial sphere, which is indicated by the same sign as the constellation Cancer, is the point

A) autumnal equinox

B) summer solstice

C) parade of planets;

D) spring equinox;

E) winter solstice.

62. Astronomy is a science that studies ...
A) the movement and origin of celestial bodies and their systems.
C) the development of celestial bodies and their nature.
C) movement, nature, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems.
63. A telescope is needed in order to ...
A) collect the light and create an image of the source.
C) collect light from a celestial object and increase the angle of view from which the object is visible.
C) get an enlarged image of a celestial body.

64. The highest point of the celestial sphere is called ...
A) north point.
B) zenith
C) nadir
D) east point.
65. The line of intersection of the plane of the celestial horizon and the meridian is called ...
A) noon line.
C) true horizon.
C) right ascension.
66. The angle between the planes of great circles, one of which passes through the poles of the world and a given luminary, and the other through the poles of the world and the vernal equinox, is called
A) right ascension.
B) stellar magnitude.
C) decline.
67. What is the declination of the Sun during the equinoxes?
A) 23 0 27
C) 0 0 .
C) 46 0 54
68. The third planet from the Sun is ...
A) Saturn.
B) Venus.
C) earth.
69. What are the orbits of the planets around the Sun?
A) in circles.
C) along ellipses close to circles.
C) along the branches of parabolas.
70. The point of the planet's orbit closest to the Sun is called ...
A) perihelion.
B) aphelion.
C) eccentricity.
71. When the observer moves away from the light source, the lines of the spectrum ...
A) are shifted to its purple end.
C) are shifted to its red end.
C) do not change.
72. All giant planets are characterized by ...
A) fast rotation.
B) slow rotation.
73. Asteroids rotate between orbits ...
A) Venus and Earth.
C) Mars and Jupiter.
C) Neptune and Pluto.
74. What substances prevail in the atmospheres of stars?
A) helium and oxygen.
C) nitrogen and helium.
C) hydrogen and helium.
75. What class of stars does the Sun belong to?
A) supergiant.
B) a yellow dwarf.
C) a white dwarf.
D) a red giant.
76. How many constellations is the sky divided into?
A) 108.
C) 68.
C) 88.
77. Who discovered the laws of planetary motion around the Sun?
A) Ptolemy.
B) Copernicus.
C) Kepler.
D) Bruno.

78. What layer of the Sun is the main source of visible radiation?
A) the chromosphere.
C) the photosphere.
C) the solar corona.
79. Express 9 h 15 m 11 with in degrees.
A) 112 0 03 11
B) 138 0 47 45
C) 9 0 1511
80. Parallax of Altair 0.20. What is the distance to this star in light years?
A) 20 St. years.
C) 0.652 St. of the year.
C) 16.3 St. years.
81. How many times is a star of 3.4 magnitude weaker than Sirius, which has an apparent magnitude of 1.6?
A) 1.8 times.
C) 0.2 times.

C) 100 times
82. What time zones is Kazakhstan in?

A) 4 and 5;

83. What does astronomy study?

A) The science that studies the structure of the universe.

C) The science that studies the structure and development of stars.

C) The science that studies the movement, structure and development of celestial bodies
and their systems.

84. Which stars in the constellations are assigned a letter α ?

A) hottest

B) the largest

C) the brightest.

85. In what constellation is the brightest star named DENEB?

B) swan

C) dragon.

86. What is the name of the brightest star in the sky?

A) Altair

C) Sirius.

87. What causes the daily rotation of the stars?

A. This is due to the rotation of the Earth around the Sun

B. This is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis.

C. This is due to the rotation of Our Galaxy.

88. What causes the Sun to make its annual movement along the ecliptic?

A. This is due to the rotation of the Earth around the Sun

B. This is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis

C. This is due to the rotation of our Galaxy

89. Is it possible to distinguish a star from a planet in the sky?

Can i. According to the shape of the trajectory of the annual movement

B. You can. By the brightness of the light.

C. In the evening and in the morning - it is impossible, at night - it is possible.

90. Which diagram depicts the Copernican system of the world?

BUT. AT.

91. He was the first to use a telescope to study the stars:

A) Tycho Brahe

C) N. Copernicus;

C) G. Galileo.

92. Which diagram shows the outer planets of the solar system?

BUT. Venus Mercury B.

93. From any point on the surface of the Earth in the sky with the naked eye you can see about:

A) 10,000 stars;

C) 3,000 stars;

C) 7,000 stars.

94. In the northern hemisphere of the sky is located:

A) 31 constellations;

C) 48 constellations;

C) 9 constellations.

95. Which of the astronomers began to designate the bright stars of each constellation with the letters of the Greek alphabet in descending order of their brightness?

A) Tycho Brahe

C) N. Copernicus;

C) G. Galileo;

D) I. Bayer

96. Who first introduced the division of stars according to their brightness and introduced the apparent stellar magnitude?

A) Aristotle

B) Hipparchus

C) Ptolemy

97. In the middle of the 19th century, the English astronomer Norman Pogson proposed the modern magnitude scale. In this scale, a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponds to a change in the brightness of a star in ...

C) 100 times;

C) 1000 times.

98. What is the brightest star?

A) Siriusm = - 1,58;

C) Polaris, m = 2.02;

C) Vega, m = 0.03;

E) Altair, m = 0.77;

E) Arcturus, m = - 0.05.

99. On what day and constellation does the vernal equinox fall?

100. What day and constellation falls on the point of autumn equinoxes?

101. On what day and constellation does the point of the summer solstice fall?

102. On what day and constellation does the winter solstice fall?

103. The time interval between two successive lower culminations of the center of the solar disk, which moves uniformly along the celestial equator, making a complete revolution during the year, is called ...

A) average solar days;

B) sidereal days

D) sidereal time;

E) standard time.

104. The duration of the average solar day is ...

A) 12 hours;

C) 24 hours;

C) 10 hours;

D) 48 hours.

105. The surface of the Earth is conditionally divided by meridians into

A) 12 time zones;

C) 24 time zones;

C) 48 time zones;

106. The time interval between two consecutive upper climaxes of the vernal equinox is called...

A) average solar days;

B) sidereal days

C) local solar time;

D) sidereal time;

E) standard time.

107. The duration of the change of phases of the moon is called .... and is equal to...

C) synodic month, 29.53 days;

E) sidereal month, 27.32 days;

108. A complete revolution of the Moon around the Earth in relation to the stars is called .... and is equal to...

A) synodic month, 27.32 days;

C) sidereal month, 29.53 days;

C) synodic month, 29.53 days;

E) sidereal month, 27.32 days;

109. The time during which the Earth passes its way in orbit around the Sun is called ... and is equal to ...

A) synodic month, 29.53 days;

C) tropical year, 365.2422 days;

C) sidereal month, 27.32 days;

110. The shortest distance from the Earth to the Moon or to an artificial satellite of the Earth is called

A) an astronomical unit

B) apogee

C) perigee;

111. The greatest distance from the Earth to the Moon or to an artificial satellite of the Earth is called

A) an astronomical unit

B) apogee

C) perigee;

112. Kepler's first law:

113. Kepler's second law:

A) The squares of the sidereal periods of revolution of two planets around the Sun are related as cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits.

C) The orbit of each planet is an ellipse, in one of the focuses of which is the Sun.

C) Radius - the vector of the planet for equal periods of time describes equal areas.

114. Kepler's third law:

A) The squares of the sidereal periods of revolution of two planets around the Sun are related as cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits.

C) The orbit of each planet is an ellipse, in one of the focuses of which is the Sun.

C) Radius - the vector of the planet for equal periods of time describes equal areas.

Since ancient times, the boundless starry sky has attracted the gaze and thoughts of man, fascinated not only with its majestic beauty, but also with its secrets and mysteries. It awakened in the souls of people eternal philosophical questions about the universe, the place of man in it, about the essence and purpose of being. The study of celestial bodies has no less long history than the history of other basic sciences - mathematics, physics. It developed in parallel with them.
The 20th century is the time of a grandiose breakthrough in the field of obtaining new knowledge about our planet and the solar system, the time of the appearance of astronautics. This is the time of the first flight into space, the exit of man into open space, the launch of manned spacecraft and artificial satellites.
The beginning of the space age gave rise to the need to train specialists in this field. Therefore, the study of astronomy began at school. In the Soviet school curriculum there was a subject "Astronomy". The study of this science was given only 35 hours in the senior class, but this was enough for schoolchildren to gain basic knowledge about the Universe, about the outer space around us.
Astronomy left the school curriculum along with perestroika. The modern state standard of education does not provide for the obligatory study of astronomy in high school, but only allows the inclusion of this subject in the number of additional students of choice. However, the training of astronomy teachers is now also in a deplorable state. The astronomical illiteracy that has set in in our country leads to the fact that young people confuse astronomy with astrology, do not know about the relationship between the temperature of stars and their spectrum, and cannot visually distinguish stars from planets.
This section of our site was created on the basis of the book of the same name by Vasily Fedorovich Orlov, published by the Prosveshchenie publishing house half a century ago, in 1966. Most of the questions in this book are the result of a critical reading of literary works and the discovery of inaccuracies and errors in them from the point of view of an astronomer. You are invited to find these inaccuracies and errors. This is a very exciting activity, which we invite you to see for yourself. The knowledge that was given in the lessons of astronomy in Soviet schools was quite enough to solve the problems in this book. If acquaintance with them prompts any of you to find some old textbook on astronomy and read it, we can consider the mission of this section completed.

Quiz about space for preschoolers 6 - 7 years old "Journey to the Kingdom of the Sun"

Kovalchuk Valentina Nikolaevna Educator. Kindergarten №90. city of Tyumen.
Description: This quiz allows you to consolidate and expand the knowledge of children in astronomy among preschoolers of the preparatory group and elementary school. It is very important that children receive the scientific foundations of astronomy in a language they can understand.
Target: Develop a cognitive interest in astronomy.
Tasks:
To consolidate, clarify children's ideas about the planet Earth, about the planets of the solar system, stars, about some cosmic phenomena and objects moving through the Universe.
Enrich and activate children's vocabulary of astronomy.
To develop a coherent dialogical speech of children.
Develop visual-figurative thinking.
To cultivate a culture of communication, the ability to listen without interrupting.
Training: Reading books, looking at illustrations, observing, memorizing poems, guessing riddles.

Quiz progress

Questions and answers

1. What is the sun? The sun is a star in the solar system. The Earth and other planets of the solar system revolve around the Sun.
Child:
The sun is a coin, - the miser grumbled.
No, frying pan! - the glutton cried out.
No, loaf, - the baker said.
Compass, - said the sailor with conviction.
The sun is a star, the astronomer announced.
Good heart, - the dreamer decided.

2. Is it possible to walk on the Sun? No. The sun is a star, a huge hot ball of gas. If something falls on the sun, it immediately turns into gas. What an incredible heat in the sun!
3. Why do people affectionately call the sun "sunshine"? Because people love the sun. It shines, warms, there is a whirlpool of water in nature, plants produce oxygen, solar power plants generate electricity.
Child:
Our sun has a hundred worries:
Warm up our garden
Dissolve all the flowers
Stay on the veranda
After the rain, on the run
Make a rainbow arc.
And Natasha the laughter
Throw hemp on the nose.
4. Where does the sun spend the night? Our planet Earth rotates around its axis all the time and exposes the sun's rays to one side (then day comes), then the other side (then night comes).
Child:
Why, in the evening, the sun
Rushing to run away?
Probably the sun
Desire to lie down?
Probably the sun
Is there a soft bed?
Probably the sun
Terribly soft to sleep!
Maybe just the sun
We get tired of shining
And I really need the sun
Recharge yourself?
Good night, sunshine!
We can wait
And tomorrow with the first ray
You will come to us again!

5. Why is there winter and summer? The imaginary axis of the planet Earth is tilted. The planet Earth moves in orbit around the Sun for a whole year. When the northern hemisphere, in which our country is located, turns away from the sun, winter sets in. At this time, it is summer in the southern hemisphere. The Earth runs further in its orbit, and slowly the northern hemisphere turns towards the Sun and spring comes here, and then summer. In the southern hemisphere, autumn comes first, and then winter.

6. On which planet does the day last for a whole year, and the night last for a whole year? On Mercury. Why? Mercury rushes around the Sun in its orbit much faster than a spaceship, and rotates around itself very slowly: a year is a day, a year is a night.

7. How many planets are there in the solar system? Eight. What order are they in from the sun?
Child:
All the planets in order
Call any of us:
Once - Mercury,
Two - Venus,
Three - Earth,
Four is Mars.
Five - Jupiter,
Six - Saturn,
Seven - Uranus,
Behind him is Neptune.
Author: Arkady Khait

8. Why is Mars red? Red-brown earth on Mars.
9. What is the largest planet? Jupiter.

10. What is the name of the star, which is visible even during the day? This is the planet Venus. It looks like a shiny silver ball, but it does not glow itself, but simply reflects the sunlight. Near its surface is reddish-brown.

11. Why does everything fall to Earth? The force of gravity is at work.

12. Why doesn't the moon fall to the earth? The Moon is a satellite of the Earth (revolves around the Earth in its orbit). Like the Earth and other planets of the solar system - satellites of the Sun (revolve around it).

13. Why is the Moon in the evening sky sometimes full, round, sometimes only a half is visible, sometimes a thin sickle? The moon makes a circle around our planet in 28 days. And the part of the Moon that is illuminated by the Sun is bright.

14. Which planets do not have satellites? Mercury and Venus.
Which planet has the most satellites? Jupiter is now known to have 60.

15. Each planet has something of its own,
What makes her stand out the most.
You will certainly recognize Saturn by sight -
It is surrounded by a large ring.
It is not continuous, from different bands.
Saturn has the most developed ring system. What are the rings of Saturn made of? Saturn's rings of dust and ice.

16. What are stars?
Child:
What are stars?
If they ask you -
Answer boldly:
Hot gas.
And also add
What is always
Nuclear reactor -
Every star!
Author: Rimma Aldonina

17. Is it possible to count the stars in the sky? No.
18. Can stars fall from the sky? No. These are small solid meteoric bodies, falling from outer space, they heat up and, burning up, begin to glow like stars.
19. What have astronomers done to better navigate the sky? Astronomers divided the sky into regions, and the stars into groups, constellations. They connected the brightest stars in the group with imaginary lines and looked at what it looked like. So Cancer, Cygnus, Cassiopeia, Hercules, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor appeared in the sky ...

20. What are the names of astronomical buildings in which scientists observe and study the stars? observatories. They are located far from settlements or in the mountains. equipped with telescopes. After all, you can only watch the stars when the sky is clear.

21. What are the names of the devices in which you can observe the stars? Telescopes.
22. Milky way. What is it?
Child:
black velvet sky
Embroidered with stars.
light path
Runs across the sky.
Edge to edge
Creeps easily
Like someone spilled
Milk across the sky.
But no, of course, in the sky
No milk, no juice
We are a star system
We see ours from the side.
This is how we see galaxies
Native distant light -
space for astronautics
For many thousands of years.
Author: Rimma Aldonina.

Mobile game "Collect the stars"

The teacher in the group lays out multi-colored stars. You need to collect the stars in different baskets, sorting by color.

Third from the sun
Not the largest of the planets.
But of all the planets, she is the only one
on which there is life.
(Earth)

A large bucket is visible in the sky.
Children dream of drinking from it.
(Big Dipper)

Looking into the darkness at night
Through a huge pipe.
He wants to open his
A very distant star.
(Astronomer)

There is a special pipe
In it the universe is visible,
See the stars in a kaleidoscope
Astronomers in …(telescope).

They shine in the sky in the dark,
Although no one turns them on.
(Stars)

You are coming to us from outer space,
Pull your long tail behind you.
some of you
They inform us more than once.
(Comet)

You are the empty parts of the universe
Outside the celestial bodies.
You are darkness, almost a vacuum,
Excite the minds of scientists.
(Space)

Born twelve times a year
It loses weight, then it gets better.
Illuminates the clear night
But it doesn't warm up.
(Moon, month)

Solid body from outer space
Weighing from grams to tons.
Flies through the atmosphere
It hits the earth.
(Meteorite)

A wide white strip across the sky ran
Night sky splitting in half.
(Milky Way)

Child:
black velvet sky
Embroidered with stars.
light path
Runs across the sky.
Edge to edge
Creeps easily
Like someone spilled
Milk across the sky.
But no, of course, in the sky
No milk, no juice
We are a star system
We see ours from the side.
This is how we see galaxies
Native distant light -
space for astronautics
For many thousands of years.
Author: Rimma Aldonina
Above the forest, above the mountains, a carpet is spread.
It is spread like a tent over you and over me,
Now it is gray, then it is blue, then it is bright blue.
(Sky)