Uprisings in the era of Peter 1 table. Popular unrest in the Petrine era

History of the USSR. Short course Shestakov Andrey Vasilievich

27. Soldiers of Peter I and popular uprisings

The war with the Turks and the journey of Peter I abroad. At the very end of the 17th century, the son of Alexei, Peter I, became the Russian tsar. Upon entering the kingdom, the smart and active young tsar soon began to establish new orders. He completely ceased to reckon with the Boyar Duma and became very friendly with the foreigners who lived in Moscow. He attracted them to his service and brought in new troops in a foreign way, removing the archers, as a force of antiquity.

In 1695, Peter began a war with Turkey in order to clear the way to the Black Sea. He built a fleet of 29 ships on the Don and, with an army trained by foreigners, attacked the Turkish fortress of Azov and took it. During this war, Peter became even more convinced of the need to rebuild the whole life in the country and adopt from the Europeans their military and naval techniques.

Peter went abroad. In Western Europe at that time the leading countries were Holland and England. In Holland, he worked with an ax in his hands at shipyards. In England, he studied shipbuilding to perfection. Peter I spent about two years abroad and learned a lot. In Russia, an uprising of archers began, dissatisfied with the new order instituted by Peter, and demanding a return to the old. It was a reactionary uprising. Peter returned from abroad and personally supervised the massacre of the rebel archers, who were pulling Russia back. Streltsy regiments were disbanded.

Peter I (1672–1725).

The beginning of the war with the Swedes. In 1700, Peter I began a war with the Swedes over the coast of the Baltic Sea. The Swedes had the best army in the world and a good navy. Charles XII was the king of Sweden at that time. Charles attacked the troops of Peter, besieging the Swedish fortress of Narva, defeated them utterly, took all the artillery and many prisoners.

Peter, however, was not taken aback. He ordered the church bells to be taken down and poured into cannons. 250 young people were planted to study literacy and the beginnings of mathematics in order to make artillerymen and craftsmen out of them. A new army was recruited from the serfs and trained in military affairs.

AT 1703 Peter occupied the swampy mouth of the Neva River, built a fortress and the city of Petersburg (now Leningrad), which under Peter became the capital of the state. To build a fortress and a city, Peter drove a mass of serfs from all over Russia. Thousands of them died here from hunger and disease. The people responded to these torments with uprisings.

Popular uprisings. Under Peter I, the Bashkirs, Tatars, and Udmurts revolted. AT 1707 In the same year, an uprising of Cossacks and peasants on the Don arose. The rebels were led by the Cossack Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin. The rebels took a number of cities. Peter sent an entire army against Bulavin. At this time, the rich Cossacks plotted and attacked the farm where Bulavin lived. Ataman fired back to the last bullet. Not wanting to give himself into the hands of enemies, Bulavin fired the last bullet into himself.

The last minutes of Bulavin.

For two years the rebels fought against the troops of Peter. The rebellious villages of peasants on the Don were burned. The captured rebels were almost without exception executed. Many thousands of fugitives were returned to the landlords.

The reasons for the defeat of Bulavin were the same as in the previous uprisings of peasants and Cossacks.

Having suppressed popular uprisings, Peter concentrated all his forces on the fight against the Swedes.

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Exorbitant taxes fell on the people, forced labor was not much different from hard labor, and a long period of military service.

Hundreds of thousands of ordinary people fled from such unbearable conditions. Some hid in the forests, others made their way to the Old Believers, who settled in the northern lands. But the bulk of the fugitives stayed in the steppes of Ukraine and the Volga region, where the lands of the Cossacks were located, where the fugitive people of the young Russian state traditionally settled. The tsarist decrees on the return of tax evaders and military duties were not carried out by the Cossacks.

The uprisings under Peter 1 took place precisely in the southern regions - the discontent of the masses in Astrakhan, Bashkiria and the Don.

Astrakhan uprising

Located at the mouth of the Volga River near the Caspian Sea, Astrakhan grew dissatisfied with the taxable estates, on which the burden of various duties fell. In addition, it was here that the fugitive and “walking” people flocked, becoming the main labor force in the port and fish and salt industries.

The families of the archers who survived the executions, their widows, sons and brothers, were exiled here, who at night dreamed of the horrors of the massacres of 1698 against the archers for trying to raise an uprising. The growing tension of the people led to the fact that in 1705 Astrakhan became the site of the first powerful uprising.

Since the city is located on the outskirts of Russia, a 3,000-strong garrison of archers was quartered in it. The reason for the outbreak of unrest among the townspeople was the greed and incompetence of the actions of the local governor Timofey Rzhevsky. The sale of bread was farmed out, which led to a sharp rise in prices for it and a reduction in the grain salary in the streltsy garrison. In addition, the taxable population was taxed, which were often higher than sales. The last humiliation was an innovation in relation to the male and female image: in the middle of the streets, the beards of the peasants were cut off by force, women's and men's dresses were shortened in an "obscene" way.

On the night of July 30, 1705, archers, servicemen, townspeople and workers took the Kremlin. The unrest was led by the Yaroslavl merchant Yakov Nosov, the zemstvo steward Gavrila Ganchikov and the archer Ivan Sheludyako. Their actions led to the abolition of numerous taxes, the confiscation of public funds, which were used to pay salaries to the archers.

On March 13, 1706, the uprising was brutally suppressed by the army of B.P. Sheremetev and a detachment of Kalmyk horsemen. Later, in 17077 in Moscow, more than three hundred rebels were executed on Red Square. Most of the participants in the uprising went to Siberian exile.

Bashkir uprising

The year 1705 was the beginning of the revolts of the Bashkirs and Muslims who inhabited the steppe expanses from the banks of the Volga to the Urals. They were nomadic tribes grazing cattle, goats and sheep. In the 17th century, following the Russian explorers of the eastern lands, colonists came, building settlements on their lands and plowing their pastures.

Also, the Bashkirs were subjected to exorbitant taxes in the amount of 72 taxes, including a tribute for black and gray eyes. From the beginning of 1708, the uprising gained immense strength, began to expand and spread to the North Caucasian and Volga regions, where the Tatar, Udmurt and Mari peoples joined the rebels.

The Bashkir unrest stopped in 1711, when a 10,000-strong army of Kalmyk and Buddhist warriors advanced against them.

The uprising of the Don Cossacks

The most dangerous uprisings under Peter I took place during the period of opposition to the Swedes, when the Don Cossacks, led by Kondraty Bulavin, rebelled. The reason for the uprising was the attempts to return runaway soldiers and peasants who had taken refuge in the Don lands.

The Bulavin uprising swept 43 districts between the Volga and the Dnieper, including Zaporozhye, where the descendants of the peasants of Ivan the Terrible, Alexei Mikhailovich, recruits who did not want to serve for a quarter of a century, the working people of Azov, Taganrog and the shipyards of Voronezh found refuge. The Cossacks gave them a warm welcome, and all decrees on the extradition of the fugitives were ignored.

To take control of the situation, in the early autumn of 1707, the 1200th detachment of Yuri Dolgoruky went to the Don. In the late autumn of 1708, the uprising was finally crushed. The punitive measures were horrendous: the breeders were executed, others were sent to hard labor, the rest were sent to assigned places, and the settlements were burned. 200 gallows with hanged rebels were installed on rafts, which, in intimidation, were launched down the Don, speaking of the omnipotence of the autocratic right hand.

At the same time, by order of the autocrat, the Zaporozhian Sich was destroyed, forcing the Cossacks to settle near Oleshki on the Dnieper.

Peter I Alekseevich the Great

(1682-1725)

gg. - Azov campaigns of Peter I.

The first Azov campaign in 1695.

Commanders: P. Gordon, A.M. Golovin and F. Lefort.

Second Azov campaign in 1696.

Commanding: A.S. Shein.

Governor Shein for merits in the second Azov campaign became the first Russian generalissimo.

Treaty of Constantinople 1700- concluded in 1700 between Russia and Turkey. It was the result of the Azov campaigns of Peter the Great.

result The Azov campaigns were the capture of the fortress of Azov, the beginning of the construction of the port of Taganrog, the possibility of an attack on the Crimean peninsula from the sea; and was exempted from the annual payment of "tribute" to the Crimean Khan.

gg. - The Great Embassy of Peter I to Europe.

v In March 1697, the Great Embassy was sent to Western Europe, the main purpose of which was to find allies against the Ottoman Empire. Grand Ambassadors were appointed F.Ya. Lefort, F.A. Golovin. In total, up to 250 people entered the embassy, among which Tsar Peter I himself was under the name of the constable of the Preobrazhensky Regiment Peter Mikhailov.

v Peter visited Riga, Koenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria.

v The Grand Embassy did not achieve its main goal: it was not possible to create a coalition against the Ottoman Empire.

G. - uprising of archers in Moscow.

End of the 17th century - accession of Kamchatka to Russia.

Military reforms of Peter I.

v funny troops- a special formation of troops and forces for the training and education of soldiers of the "army of the new system" and their commanders from the subjects of the Russian kingdom.

v In 1698, the old army was disbanded, except for 4 regular regiments (Preobrazhensky, Semyonovsky, Lefortovsky and Butyrsky regiments), which became the basis of the new army.

v Preparing for the war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to produce a general recruiting kit.

v B 1715 Petersburg was opened Marine Academy.

v B 1716 was published Military Charter, strictly defining the service, rights and duties of military personnel.

v Peter opens many weapons factories, the most famous of which were Tula arms factory and Olonets artillery plant.

gg. - North War.

After returning from the Grand Embassy, the tsar began to prepare for a war with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. In 1699 was created northern union against the Swedish king Charles XII, which, in addition to Russia, included Denmark, Saxony and the Commonwealth.

Commanders: B.P. Sheremetev, A.D. Menshikov, M.M. Golitsyn, A.I. Repnin, F.M. Apraksin, Ya.V. Bruce.

1703- the foundation of St. Petersburg.

1705- introduction of recruitment.

Battle of Lesnaya- a battle during the Northern War, which took place near the village of Lesnoy in 1708 As a result of the battle, the corvolant (flying corps) under the command of Peter the Great defeated the Swedish corps of General A.L. Lewenhaupt. This victory, according to Peter the Great, became the "mother of the Poltava battle."

Commanders: Peter I, A.D. Menshikov, R.Kh. Baur.

1709 – Poltava battle. The defeat of the main forces of the Swedes by the Russian army under the command of Peter I.

Commanders: B.P. Sheremetev, A.D. Menshikov, A. I. Repnin.

Prut campaign– trip to Moldova in summer 1711 Russian army led by Peter I against the Ottoman Empire during the Russian-Turkish war of 1710-1713.

With an army led by Field Marshal General B.P. Sheremetev, Tsar Peter I personally went to Moldova. The hopeless situation of the army forced Peter to negotiate, and as a result, a peace agreement was concluded, according to which Azov, conquered in 1696, and the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov departed to Turkey.

1714 - battle at Cape Gangut. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish squadron (the first naval victory of the Russian fleet in the history of Russia).

Commanding: F. Apraksin.

Battle of Grengam- a naval battle that took place in 1720 in the Baltic Sea near Grengam Island, was the last major battle of the Great Northern War.

Commanding: M. Golitsyn.

1721– Peace of Nystadt (end of the Northern War).

Main provisions of the agreement:

· Full amnesty on both sides, with the exception of the Cossacks who followed Mazepa;

· The Swedes concede into the eternal possession of Russia: Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland, part of Karelia;

· Finland returns to Sweden;

Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea.

1721- the proclamation of Russia as an empire (after the victory in the Northern War).

Reforms of Peter I.

1702- the beginning of the publication of the newspaper "Vedomosti".

1708- Provincial reform. The division of Russia into 8 provinces.

Moscow, Ingermandland, Kyiv, Smolensk, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk and Siberia.

1711- the establishment of the Senate, which replaced the Boyar Duma.

1714- adoption of the Decree on single inheritance (the decree eliminated the difference between the estate and the estate; eliminated the difference between the boyars and the nobility).

1720- publication of the General Regulations - an act regulating the work of state institutions.

1721- the abolition of the post of patriarch and the establishment of the Spiritual College - the Governing, then the Holy Synod.

1722- publication of the Table of Ranks.

1722- the adoption of the "Charter on the succession of the throne", which gave the king the right to appoint his successor.

Boards- the central bodies of sectoral management in the Russian Empire, formed in the Petrine era to replace the system of orders that had lost its significance.

v College of foreign (foreign) affairs - was in charge of foreign policy.

v Military Board (Military) - staffing, weapons, equipment and training of the land army.

v Admiralty Board - naval affairs, fleet.

v The patrimonial board - was in charge of noble land ownership

v Chamber College - collection of state revenues.

v State-offices-collegium - was in charge of the state's expenses.

Education reform.

v In 1701, a school of mathematical and navigational sciences was opened in Moscow.

v At the beginning of the 18th century. artillery, engineering and medical schools were opened in Moscow, an engineering school and a naval academy in St. Petersburg, mining schools at the Olonets and Ural factories.

v In 1705, the first gymnasium in Russia was opened. The goals of mass education were to serve, created by decree of 1714, digital schools in provincial cities, called "to teach children of all ranks to read and write, numbers and geometry."

Popular uprisings under Peter I.

· Astrakhan uprising- the uprising of archers, soldiers, townspeople, workers and fugitives, which took place in Astrakhan in 1705-1706

Cause: increased arbitrariness and violence on the part of the local administration, the introduction of new taxes and the cruelty of the Astrakhan governor Timofey Rzhevsky.

· 1707-1709 – uprising of the Don Cossacks led by Kondraty Bulavin.

Cause: attempts to limit Cossack self-government, forced use of people in the construction of the fleet and fortifications

· Bashkir uprising of 1704-1711

Cause: the introduction of additional taxes and a number of measures affecting the religious feelings of the Bashkirs.

Astrakhan rebellion

Remark 1

The beginning of the Northern War was the most difficult time for the country. In addition to the costs of the war, Peter I launched broad reforms, and it all lay on the population. Taxes and the total number of duties increased, in addition, the enterprises had the most severe conditions and many other things caused great discontent among the people.

In $1705$, riots began in Astrakhan, resulting in a full-fledged uprising. In this port city, the population was very ethnically diverse, merchants of many eastern nationalities lived, and free people and fugitives, attracted by the opportunity to feed themselves by fishing, rushed there.

Simultaneously with the atmosphere of the eastern bazaar, Astrakhan had a different side: due to the border position, there were many soldiers and archers in it. The military authorities, as elsewhere, were distinguished by arbitrariness in relation to their subordinates. One of the military officers who exceeded his authority was the governor Rzhevsky T.I.

The situation in Astrakhan escalated, as it did throughout the country, due to the deterioration in the standard of living and living conditions of the ordinary population, and also because of the rude breaking of traditions, expressed in the fact that people could cut off their beards and long clothes of the old cut right on the street. In addition, in the city, someone started a rumor that all the girls would be married off to foreigners.

$30$ July $1705$ $100$ weddings were held in Astrakhan. On the same day, the archers raised an uprising. $300 people were executed (command, foreigners). Led the uprising

Grigory Artemiev
Gury Ageev
Ivan Sheludyak

The wealthy played an active role in the uprising. Old Believers. Ordinary townspeople participated in the uprising much less actively than the archers, who organized it. The rebels managed to establish the rhythm of a full life in the city.

Peter I entrusted the suppression of the uprising to Boris Sheremetev, but tried to settle everything in peace by meeting with a representative of the archers. This gesture of the king caused remorse, but Sheremetev took Astrakhan by storm anyway. More than $300 people were executed.

Rebellion of Kondraty Bulavin

With the development of the southern borders - the capture of Azov, construction along the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Lower Don - the Don ceased to be freemen for fugitive and free people, the investigation began to work in full force.

A huge problem was that people had nothing to live on. The war with Turkey was pushed back, it was difficult to feed on fisheries.

Remark 2

Also an important factor for the uprising was the exhaustion of people from mobilization for the construction of the fleet - near Voronezh, then Azov. In addition, as elsewhere, duties and taxes have increased, prices have risen, and life has become very difficult.

Prince Yu.V. Dolgoruky with a detachment searched for the fugitives. $9$ October $1707$ his unit defeated Ataman Kondraty Bulavin. This happened near Shulgin-town.

Soon, however, Bulavin was defeated with the support of the Kalmyks and fled to the Zaporozhian Sich. From there, he sent out calls for an uprising. Unrest spread to many counties, incl. Voronezh, Tambov. In the spring of $1708, the rebels defeated the pro-government Cossack army and occupied Cherkassk.

After that, the uprising was divided into detachments. Part went to Saratov, Bulavin moved to Azov, but suffered a serious defeat there. In Cherkassk, noble Cossacks, meanwhile, organized a conspiracy and killed the ataman Kondraty Bulavin $7$ July $1708$

The uprising continued for some time, but was crushed.

Other unrest

Remark 3

After the suppression of the Bulavin uprising, the people continued to worry for a long time in certain regions, not resigning themselves to a hard life. So, the remnants of the Bulavin rebels acted until the spring of $1709$.

Peasants spoke out Ustyug, Kostroma, Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and many other counties. For only $1709-1710$. uprisings broke out in $60$ counties.

Workers of numerous new enterprises, ascribed and sessional peasants revolted. In the $20$-ies. riots took place Olonets factories, on the Moscow Cloth and Khamovny yards and other companies in the country.