The reflexive pronoun self has no form. In specific languages

reflexive pronouns

reflexive pronouns- part of speech, type of pronoun, expressing the direction of the action on the person who produces it.

The group of reflexive pronouns is represented by the word "myself", indicating the person in question. The reflexive pronoun "myself" does not have an initial form, changes only in oblique cases, can refer to any of the personal pronouns of all three persons: "He took a book for himself.", "She took a book for herself.", "They took books for themselves." . In the sentence, the reflexive pronoun "myself" performs the function of an addition: "I would very much like to treat myself, give myself a small gift."; in the form of the dative case, the reflexive pronoun "yourself" should be distinguished from the pronoun, which is close in meaning to the particle: "He has found something to do.", "Goes to himself and does not think about anything.", "Help yourself.", "Performance turned out to be not very, so-so.", - in this case, the word "myself" is not distinguished as an independent member of the sentence, but is underlined along with the word to which it refers.

In specific languages

In different languages, some parts of speech (in this case, reflexive pronouns) have their own distinctive features in connection with the structure of the language.

In German, unlike the Russian reflexive pronoun "self", sich is used only with verbs in the 3rd person singular and plural and in Infinitiv (infinitive). Verbs with the reflexive pronoun "sich" are reflexive, reciprocal, or intransitive verbs. Examples:

Er bereitet sich auf die Prüfungen vor. (sich vorbereiten "prepare" is a reflexive verb)

Sie verstehen sich sehr gut. (sich verstehen "to understand each other" is a reciprocal verb)

Die Bibliothek befindet sich im dritten Stock, (sich befinden "to be" is an intransitive verb)

For verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural, the function of the reflexive pronoun "sich" is performed by the corresponding personal pronouns in Akkusativ: mich, dich, uns, euch. The replacement of the pronoun "sich" by a personal pronoun in Akkusativ also takes place when the verb with the pronoun sich enters as a non-conjugated part in a predicate, the conjugated part of which is a modal verb.

The reflexive pronoun "sich" can serve as an indirect object for transitive verbs, in which case it is also replaced by a personal pronoun if the verb is used in the 1st or 2nd person singular or plural.

In Old Norse, the reflexive pronoun has only forms: gender. "sín" (oneself), dat. "sér" (to himself) and wine. "sik" (oneself). The reflexive possessive pronoun is "sinn" (one's own). As a result of the suffixing of the pronouns "sér" or "sik" to the verb, the reflexive form of the verb was formed. The reflexive pronoun usually refers to the same person as the subject of the sentence: "Hann nefndi sik Ólaf." (She called herself Olaf.). However, in a subordinate clause it can mean the same person as the subject of the main clause: "Sigmundr biðr þá at þeir mundu hjalpa sér." (Sigmund asks them to help him.).

In Turkish (in addition to the six basic pronouns) there is a reflexive pronoun "kendi" (himself). Kendi + affiliation suffix (yelik eki):

ben kendi-m - myself

sen kendi-n - you yourself

o kendi-si - himself

biz kendi-miz - ourselves

siz kendi-niz - you yourself

onlar kendi-leri - themselves

The reflexive pronoun "kendi" is inflected like a personal pronoun:

Cases		Unit number / tekil			Mn. number / çoğul
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Nominative - YalIn	kendim	kendin	kendisi	candimiz	kendiniz	kendileri
Genitive - Ilgi	kendimin	kendinin	kendisinin	candimizin	kendinizin	kendilerinin
Accusative - Yukleme	kendimi	kendini	kendisini	kendimizi	kendinizi	kendilerini
Dative - Yönelme	kendime	kendine	kendisine	candimize	kendinize	kendilerine
Locative - Bulunma	kendimde	kendinde	kendisinde	candimizde	kendinizde	kendilerinde
Creative - AyrIlma	kendimden	kendinden	kendisinden	candimizden	kendinizden	kendilerinden

In Russian and Bulgarian, as closely related languages, they have a common origin and common grammatical indicators. In both languages, reflexive pronouns do not have the categories of gender, number, and person, do not have a nominative form, and cannot be subject in a sentence.

Reflexive pronouns in Russian: to itself, itself, by itself, by itself, by itself, by itself, by itself, to (by) itself, from itself, etc. Examples: "Know thyself", "I took my tea", "Don't slander yourself".

In English, reflexive pronouns are formed by adding the possessive pronouns my, our, your, the personal pronouns him, her, it, them, and the indefinite pronoun one to the endings -self (in the singular) and -selves (in the plural). Examples:

1st person singular numbers myself

2nd person singular numbers yourself

3rd person singular numbers himself

3rd person singular numbers herself

3rd person singular numbers itself

1st person pl. numbers ourselves

2nd person pl. numbers yourselves

3rd person pl. numbers themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used with verbs in the meaning of the recurrence of the action, as well as in the meaning of "yourself" and often correspond to the ending -sya (abbreviated "yourself") of Russian reflexive verbs (to wash, shave, dress, ...):

(You) Help yourself -> Help yourself. I hurt myself -> I "ve hurt myself.

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When we want to say that we did something ourselves, in Russian we say: I put on makeup, he cut himself, she introduced herself. In English, to talk about such actions, you need to use reflexive pronouns. In this article, we will look at:

What are reflexive pronouns and what are they
Use of reflexive pronouns in English

What are reflexive pronouns?

Reflexive pronouns show us that a person performs an action in relation to himself. Why are they returnable? Because the action is directed at the one who performs it, that is, returns to him.

In Russian, we most often show this with the help of -sya and -s, which we add to actions. For example: cut Xia(himself), introduced Xia(himself), made up camping(herself), broke camping(on its own).

In English, there are special words for this, which are formed by adding a tail to the pronouns my, your, our, them, her, him, it:

-self (if it is about one person/object);
-selves (if we are talking about several people/objects).

Let's look at the table:

Singular
I I	myself me/myself
you you	yourself you/yourself
he is he	himself he/himself
she she is	herself she/herself
it it	itself it/itself
Plural
you you	yourselves you/yourself
they they	themselves they/themselves
we we	ourselves we ourselves / ourselves

Now let's find out when and how we use these pronouns.

Use of reflexive pronouns in English

We use reflexive pronouns in 2 cases:

1. To show that a person's action is directed at himself
For example: I got dirty with paint (dirty myself) while painting the wall.

In this case, our pronouns are put after action that a person does to himself. We translate this action into Russian by adding -sya, -sya to it or adding the word "myself". The educational scheme will be as follows:

Actor + action + reflexive pronoun

Examples:

Don't touch it, you can cut yourself.
Don't touch it, you might cut yourself (cut yourself)

She introduced herself when entered into the room.
She introduced herself (introduced herself) when she entered the room.

they warmed up themselves in the sun.
They basked (warmed themselves) in the sun.

We divided ourselves into three groups.
We divided (divided ourselves) into three groups.

2. To emphasize that the person did something on their own
For example: I painted this wall myself.

In this case, the reflexive pronoun we put:

after man who committed it;

Actor + reflexive pronoun + action + subject

at the end of a sentence , after the object in relation to which the action is performed.

Actor + action + subject + reflexive pronoun

Both options will be correct. When translating into Russian, we add the word "sam".

Examples:

I can read it myself.
I can read it myself.

We ourselves cooked the dinner.
We cooked this dinner ourselves.

He found out the truth himself.
He found out the truth himself.

They themselves do their homework.
They themselves did their homework.

Words not used with reflexive pronouns

In English, there are actions that usually do not need to be followed by a reflexive pronoun. Simply because it is so clear that they are directed at the person who commits them. For example:

dress - dress
hide - hide
wash - wash / wash
bathe - to bathe
shave - to shave
feel - feel
relax - relax

Not right: She washed herself and dressed herself.
She washed and dressed.

Correctly: She washed and dressed.
She washed and dressed.

Examples:

I am feeling ill now.
I feel sick now.

He shave every week.
He shaves every week.

You should relax.
You need to relax.

However, you can use them with reflexive pronouns, in cases where you need to emphasize that the person did it himself, made an effort to do something.

Her arm is broken but she can dress herself.
Her arm is broken, but she can dress herself.

Using by with reflexive pronouns

Very often reflexive pronouns are used together with by:

by myself - one / myself
by yourself - one / yourself
by themselves - one / himself
by ourselves - one / himself
by herself - alone
by himself - one / himself
by itself - one / himself

We use this combination to say that a person doing something alone or unaided. Usually this phrase is placed at the end of the sentence.

Examples:

She cleaned the house by herself.
She cleaned the house alone.

He likes to have dinner by himself.
He likes to dine alone.

Children can't go to the cinema by themselves.
Children cannot go to the cinema alone.

I am going to live by myself.
I'm going to live alone.

So, reflexive pronouns show us that the action is directed at the one who performs it or he does it on his own. Be sure to complete the task to consolidate the theoretical knowledge gained in practice.

Reinforcement task

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. I baked this cake myself.
2. He will go to the cinema alone.
3. She hurt herself yesterday.
4. I won't be able to cook dinner alone.
5. She bought this car herself.
6. They heard it themselves.
7. He alone ate this cake.
8. I took a hot pot and burned myself.

Leave your answers in the comments below the article.

One of the most difficult parts of speech in Russian is the pronoun. It has nine digits and a special declination system. The easiest to learn is the reflexive pronoun "myself", which exists in a single copy. However, it also has its own characteristics. Which? Find out in this article!

Concept definition

A reflexive pronoun is a part of speech that expresses an action directed directly at the actor. This pronoun can be used in a sentence in combination with the personal pronouns of any person. For example: "I went to my place"; "You went to your place", etc.

The reflexive pronoun "self" in Russian does not have a plural. It always stands only in the singular form.

In addition, this type of pronoun is associated with the category of voice of the verb. It was this pronoun that gave rise to the postfix "sya" - the reflexive affix of verbs. For comparison:

"He dressed himself" - "He dressed himself." Both sentences have the same meaning.

Reflexive pronouns in Russian are studied in the 6th grade of secondary school.

Among philologists, there is an opinion that the pronoun “one’s own” belongs to reflexive ones. However, such a judgment is not generally accepted. This pronoun answers the question "whose?" and indicates not the direction of action, but the belonging of the object to a specific person.

For example, "He was proud of his son." "His" is a possessive pronoun, not a reflexive one.

Some other scholars refer to the reflexive and the pronoun "himself". However, this point of view is also debatable. "Sam" belongs to the category of definitive pronouns, indicating the special nature of the speaker's actions, and not their direction.

For example, "He did everything himself." "Sam" here answers the question "how?" and determines how the action is to be performed.

The reflexive pronoun in Russian does not have an initial form, category of gender, person and number, and is also inclined only in oblique cases, that is, in everything except the nominative.

The declension of the pronoun "myself" is very easy to remember:

There is no nominative.
Genitive (of whom?) - yourself.
Dative (to whom?) - to yourself.
Accusative (of whom?) - yourself.
Creative (by whom?) - by himself. Sometimes a more outdated form is used - by itself.
Prepositional (about whom?) - about yourself.

Examples of sentences with reflexive pronouns, sorted by case forms, are the following:

Anna has not seen (who?) herself in the mirror for a long time.
Andrey took (to whom?) himself a sandwich and a glass of compote.
The friends saw (whom?) themselves the heroines of the book they were reading.
Alexander decided to take care of (who?) himself and his figure from tomorrow.
Irina spoke (about whom?) Little about herself.

In a sentence, such a pronoun performs the function of an object, as it answers questions of indirect cases.

Examples of sentences with reflexive pronouns:

She really wanted to please herself.
Egor was able to put himself in his place.
Marina lived only for herself.
Ivan only cared about himself.

In all cases, "self" and its case forms are complements and refer to the predicate from which we ask a question to the reflexive pronoun.

The form of the dative case for such pronouns - “to oneself” - is similar in meaning and form to the particle “to oneself”. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish between these two parts of speech in sentences.

For example:

"She quickly found a job." In this situation, "myself" is an object expressed by a reflexive pronoun. From the predicate we ask the question "to whom?".
"Masha goes to herself and does not think about anything." Here, “myself” is a particle or an auxiliary part of speech, to which it is impossible to ask a question of the dative case. In such a sentence, "myself" is not singled out as an independent and separate member of the sentence, but is adjacent to the word to which it refers. In this case, to the verb "goes".

Not only in Russian you can find a similar part of speech. Many languages of the world have their own examples of reflexive pronouns. And in each specific case, the structure of the language determines the various features of this category of pronouns.

Deutsch

In German, a similar word looks like sich and is put in one sentence only with an infinitive or with a verb that has a 3rd person singular. h. In addition, such pronouns give the verb the concept of recurrence, reciprocity and intransitivity.

For example, "Sie verstehen sich sehr gut" translates as "They understood each other well." In this sentence, sich gives the verb the meaning of reciprocity.

Old Norse

In Old Norse, there was a similar form of a similar part of speech, which looked like this: gender. sin (oneself), dat. sér (to himself) and wine. sik (oneself). These pronouns gave reflexivity to the verbs of this language, they were an independent part of speech, as in Russian.

For example, "Hann nefndi sik Ólaf" translates to "He called himself Olaf." Sometimes, when a given pronoun was in a subordinate clause, it could become personal, expressing the same person as the subject in the main clause.

For example, "Sigmundr biðr þá at þeir mundu hjalpa sér" translates as "Sigmund asks them to help him."

Turkish

In Turkish, the reflexive pronoun is translated as "himself" - Kendi. In addition, the suffix of belonging will join it. For example, "ben kendi-m" - "I myself" or "biz kendi-miz" - "ourselves".

The declension of the reflexive pronoun "myself" in Russian does not have a nominative case, and the Turkish equivalent of Kendi changes in the nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, instrumental and special Turkish case - locative.

English

In English, such pronouns are formed as a result of an alloy of possessive and personal. The endings self and selves are also added to them, denoting the singular and plural, respectively.

An example of reflexive pronouns in English is "I've hurt myself" translates as "I hurt myself."

In English, as in German, this part of speech always makes verbs reflexive and is not translated separately.

Phraseological combinations

Examples of reflexive pronouns are often found in phraseological units or set phrases. The most famous phraseological units with the pronoun "myself" are:

Overjoyed - "to experience great excitement."
Take on - "promise to do or do something".
Pull yourself together - "overcome your excitement."
Good behavior - "behave well."
To piss off - "to make angry."
To lose one's temper is "to be very angry."
To give yourself away with your head - "to discover your feelings."
Contain - "to contain".
Control yourself - "don't worry and stay calm."
Come to your senses - "begin to understand the environment and feel."

So, now we know that, according to the rule, reflexive pronouns can be used with any person and number. This pronoun does not have an initial form, it changes only in indirect cases, and in a sentence it is an addition. It is important to distinguish such a part of speech from particles and other pronominal discharges. In different languages, reflexive pronouns can either be an independent part of speech and be included in the translation, or give the verb in sentences reflexivity, reciprocity of action and transitivity.

In this lesson, you will get acquainted with a selfish pronoun that lives alone in a huge mansion and alone makes up a whole category. This selfish pronoun has no relatives. It is the only surviving representative of an old aristocratic family. The focus is on the reflexive pronoun.

Subject: Pronoun

Lesson: Reflexive Pronouns

We will select synonyms-phraseological units for the following expressions and find this unique pronoun in their composition.

What phraseological units do we use when we want to say: « be extremely nervous." "Lose temper». "B be beside yourself."

What phraseological unit can be used to characterize very cunning person? "B be on your mind."

What idiom do we use when we ask someone to calm down? "Pull yourself together».

As you can see, in all the phraseological units we have named, the word is repeated myself. It is a pronoun.

Pronoun myself in all these examples indicates that the person performing the action directs or returns it to himself. That is why the pronoun myself called return.

Take a close look at this pronoun and remember what verbs it looks like and why? reflexive pronoun myself resembles verbs with the suffix - Xia (For example wash, dress). In grammar, these verbs are called returnable, since they denote an action that is directed at oneself, that is, at the actor himself. Let's remember what the suffix - Xia different from all other suffixes?

Suffix -sya differs from other suffixes in that it comes after all morphemes, including after the ending: learn-ish- Xia . This is a special property of the suffix -sya due to historical reasons. In the Old Russian language, there were two forms of the reflexive pronoun: yourself(later myself) and Xia. Both forms were independent words. Gradually pronoun Xia lost its independence, merged with verb forms, turning from an independent part of speech into a verbal suffix. So the reflexive pronoun myself remained the only surviving representative of the old aristocratic family of reflexive pronouns.

R. p. yourself

D. p. to yourself

V.p. yourself

T. p. by yourself (-oy)

P.p. (About Me

As you can see, the reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form. It also has no plural forms. It does not change by gender.

Let's try to guess which part of the sentence can never be a pronoun myself, given the fact that it does not have the Nominative case form.

Definitely a reflexive pronoun myself can never be a subject in a sentence, since the subject in Russian is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case.

Let's analyze the following examples and draw a conclusion about what secondary members a reflexive pronoun can work in a sentence myself. In other words, we define its syntactic function.

Olya found a lost notebook.

Kolya went to his house.

If you are asked to help complete the Linguistic Reflexive Pronoun Passport myself, then what personal, biographical data will you enter there?

reflexive pronoun myself changes in cases. It has all case forms except the nominative case. It does not change in numbers and genders. In a sentence, it is most often an addition and less often a circumstance.

Homework

Write down, explain the meaning of proverbs; determine the case of the reflexive pronoun.

1. Cut a tree for yourself.

2. The Frenchman burned himself,froze himself.

3. Everyone is a feast for the eyes.

4. He won't let you step on his foot.

5. Every Aksen is smart about himself.

6. A smart head feeds a hundred heads, but a thin one will not feed itself.

7. A smart person blames himself, a stupid one blames his friend.

8. A fool's will that a smart share; destroys himself.

9. Smart on others, stupid on himself.

10. In prosperity, a person forgets himself.

11. Every hand rakes towards itself.

12. You can't jump above yourself.

13. To have a friend - do not feel sorry for yourself.

14. You will force yourself to be afraid, but you will not force yourself to love.

Read the following passages from poems and proverbs, complete the tasks:

1. find phrases with a pronoun myself ,

2. determine the case of the pronoun, the number and fill in the table,

3. Underline the pronoun as a member of the sentence.

Today the lark has sprung up early.

The ice has not yet melted at the gate,

Still in the snow river meadow,

And the lark - hear! - sings.

That from a height breaking reserved,

Then flashing over the blue river,

It goes up, a copper bell sounds

And he lifts the earth behind him.

Rami Garipov. "Lark"

I forgot about myself when it came to the benefits for the Fatherland(A. Suvorov)

Take a sample of a hero, watch him, follow him(A. Suvorov).

Don't judge others, look at yourself(Proverb).

Chop the tree by yourself(Proverb).

Literature

1. Russian language. Grade 6: Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.

2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells: V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.