Harmful effect on humans. How to deal with negative energy influences

To create normal working conditions, it is necessary to provide not only comfortable meteorological conditions, but also the necessary air purity.

As a result of production activities, a variety of harmful substances that are used in technological processes can enter the air environment of the premises. Substances are considered harmful. which, upon contact with the human body, in case of violation of safety requirements, can cause work-related injuries, occupational diseases or deviations in health status.

Harmful substances can enter the human body through the respiratory system, the digestive system, as well as the skin and mucous membranes. Vapors, gaseous and dusty substances enter through the respiratory tract, mainly liquid substances through the skin. Harmful substances enter the gastrointestinal tract when they are swallowed or put into the mouth with contaminated hands.

In sanitary and hygienic practice, it is customary to separate harmful substances into chemicals and industrial dust.

Chemicals are classified into:

Industrial poisons used in production (organic solvents, fuels, dyes)

Pesticides used in agriculture (pesticides)

Medicines

Household chemicals (sanitary products, cosmetics, vinegar, etc.)

Poisonous substances (sarin, soman)

Almost all substances can exhibit toxic properties, but only those that exhibit their harmful effects under normal conditions and in relatively small quantities are classified as poisons.

Industrial dust is a fairly common hazardous and harmful production factor. High concentrations of dust are typical for the mining industry, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, the textile industry, and agriculture.

The harmfulness of industrial dust is due to its ability to cause occupational lung diseases, primarily pneumoconiosis.

Substance Hazard- this is the ability of a substance to cause negative health effects in industrial conditions, in the city or at home.

The danger of a substance can be judged by the toxicity criteria (MAC (maximum permissible concentration) in air, water, soil, etc.)

Harmful substances are divided into the following classes according to the degree of danger:

1 - extremely dangerous MPC 0.1 mg/m3 (lead, mercury)

2 - highly hazardous substances, MPC = from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/m3

3 - moderately dangerous, MPC = from 1.0 to 10 mg/m3

4 - low-hazard, MPC 10 mg/m3 (carbon monoxide)

Poisoning is the most unfavorable form of the negative impact of toxic substances on humans. They can occur in acute and chronic forms.

Acute poisoning occurs as a result of accidents, equipment breakdowns, violation of safety requirements; they are characterized by the short duration of the action of poisons (no more than during one shift), by entering the body in large quantities.

Chronic poisoning occurs gradually, with prolonged intake of poison into the body in relatively small quantities. Poisoning develops due to the accumulation of a mass of a harmful substance in the body (benzene, lead).

With repeated exposure to the same poison in a near-toxic dose, sensitization or addiction may develop.

Sensitization is a state of the body in which the repeated action of a substance causes a greater effect than the previous one, i.e. increases the sensitivity of the body to the substance.

The opposite phenomenon is the weakening of the effects of the action - addiction.

In order to develop habituation to the chronic effects of poison, it is necessary that its concentration is not excessive.

According to the nature of the impact on the human body, chemicals (harmful and dangerous) are divided into:

General toxic, causing poisoning of the whole organism (mercury, carbon monoxide, toluene, aniline)

Irritant, causing irritation of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes (chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide)

Sensitizing, acting as allergens (aldehydes, solvents and varnishes based on nitro compounds)

Carcinogenic, causing cancer (aromatic hydrocarbons, amino compounds, asbestos)

Mutagenic, leading to a change in hereditary information (lead, radioactive substances, formaldehyde)

Influencing reproductive (reproduction of offspring) function (benzene, lead, manganese, nicotine).

In production, an isolated effect of harmful substances is rarely encountered, usually an employee is exposed to a combined effect of negative factors of a different nature (physical, chemical) or a combined influence of factors of the same nature, more often a number of chemicals.

Combined action is the simultaneous or sequential action of several poisons on the body with one route of entry.

The complex action of poisons, when poisons enter the body at the same time, but in different ways (for example, the respiratory system and the skin).

Ways to neutralize poisons in the body are different:

1. The first and main one is a change in the chemical structure of the poison in the human body as a result of metabolism (it is most often subjected to oxidation, breakdown, etc. - as a result, it leads to the appearance of less harmful ones)

2. Removal of poison through the respiratory system, digestion, kidneys, sweat and sebaceous glands, skin.

The requirement for the complete absence of harmful substances in the breathing zone of workers is often unrealistic. Introduce hygienic rationing I.e. limiting the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area to MPCrz

Rationing of water quality in reservoirs is carried out in the interests of public health. The standards are set for the following water parameters: the content of floating impurities, smell, taste, color, turbidity, water temperature, pH value, composition and concentration of mineral impurities, MPC B of chemicals and pathogenic bacteria.

MPC B is the maximum permissible pollution of water in reservoirs, at which safety for human health and normal conditions for water use are maintained.

Rationing of chemical soil pollution is carried out according to MPC P

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GBOU VPO IvGMA Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia

Department of Extreme, Military Medicine and Life Safety

Guidelines for independent work of students

on Life Safety

for 2nd year students of medical, pediatric and dental faculties

Negative environmental factors and their impact on humans

Lecturer at the Department of EVMiBZH

A.M. Loshchakov

Content

Introduction
7. Vibration
8. Noise
9. Electric current. Permissible values of currents and voltages
10. Electromagnetic fields. Rationing and measures for protection against exposure to electromagnetic fields
11. Infrared (IR) radiation
13. Ionizing radiation. Radiation safety standards
Questions for self-control of knowledge
Literature
Educational questions (compendium)
1. Classification of negative factors of the human environment

2. Technosphere as a zone of increased and high energy levels.

3. The impact of negative factors on humans and the environment:

4. Harmful substances (BB). Permissible levels of harmful substances

5. Illumination. Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces

6. Mechanical vibrations. Types of vibrations and their impact on humans. Rationing of vibrations, vibration disease.

7. Vibration

8. Noise

9. Electric current. Permissible values of currents and voltages

10. Electromagnetic fields. Rationing and measures for protection against exposure to electromagnetic fields

11. Infrared (IR) radiation

12. Protection against the danger of electric shock

13. Ionizing radiation. Radiation safety standards.

Introduction

Man and the environment have always interacted with each other, and every year this interaction increases. The impact on the environment is transmitted through activities that are necessary for the existence of human society. Often it has not only positive, but also negative sides.

Consider the system "man - environment". Its elements are interconnected both by direct links and inverse ones, which are due to the universal law of reactivity of the material world. This system can be considered as a two-purpose one: the first goal is the achievement by a person of a certain result in the process of activity; the second is the prevention of negative consequences from this activity. On the one hand, a person tries to maintain the stability of environmental factors, such as humidity, radiation levels, temperature, etc. On the other hand, human life is impossible without a harmful effect on nature. Extraction of minerals, deforestation, pollution of soil and water are only a small part of the consequences of human activity that negatively affects the state of the environment.

From the above, the inconsistency of the interaction between man and nature is clearly visible. Centuries of experience gives grounds to assert that almost any activity is potentially dangerous.

1. Classification of negative factors of the human environment

A person lives by continuously exchanging energy with the environment, participating in the circulation of substances in the biosphere. In the process of evolution, the human body has adapted to extreme climatic conditions - low temperatures of the North, high temperatures of the equatorial zone, to life in a dry desert and wet swamps. The energy impact on an unprotected person caught in a storm or located in a thunderstorm area may exceed the level permissible for the human body and carry the risk of injury or death. Modern technologies and technical means allow to some extent reduce the level of danger, however, the complexity of predicting natural processes and changes in the biosphere, the lack of knowledge about them, create difficulties in ensuring human security in the "man - natural environment" system. The emergence of man-made sources of thermal and electrical energy, the release of nuclear energy, the development of oil, gas and electrical energy fields with the construction of extended communications have created the danger of various negative impacts on humans and the environment.

Negative factors that affect people are divided into:

natural, i.e. natural,

anthropogenic, which are caused by human activities.

Dangerous and harmful factors by the nature of action subdivided into:

physical,

biological,

chemical,

psychophysical.

To physical negative factors include:

vibration noise radiation safety

§ moving machines and mechanisms, moving parts of equipment;

§ unstable structures and natural formations;

§ sharp and falling objects;

§ increased dust and gas content;

§ increased level of electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

biological environmental pollution arises as a result of accidents at biotechnical enterprises and treatment facilities.

To chemically dangerous and harmful factors include:

§ harmful substances used in technological processes;

§ industrial poisons;

§ Medicines not used for their intended purpose.

Psychophysiological production factors- these are factors due to the peculiarities of the nature and organization of labor, the parameters of the workplace and equipment. They can have adverse effects on the functional state of the human body. By the nature of the action, psychophysiological negative factors are divided into physical (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overloads: monotony of work, mental overstrain of analyzers, various emotional overloads. These factors can have an adverse effect on the functional state of the human body, its well-being, emotional and intellectual spheres, lead to a decrease in working capacity and a violation of the state of health.

2. Technosphere as a zone of increased and high energy levels

In the second half of the 20th century, many countries experienced significant changes in the development of production, energy and transport, culminating in the emergence of a new type of human environment - the technosphere. The technosphere can be divided into the following types: production, industrial, transport, urban, residential (residential), household and others. In the field of the technosphere, a person consistently stays in his daily life cycle, and each of them is characterized by technogenic hazards, which in most cases are determined by the existence of waste that is inevitably generated during any possible type of human activity in accordance with the law on the irremovability of waste or side effects of production.

Work environment- this is a combination of material elements and factors of a technical and natural nature and social elements formed under the influence of productive forces and production relations.

Human activity in the production environment is carried out at workplaces under certain conditions, which are called working conditions. When a person created the technosphere, he sought to increase the growth of sociability, to increase the comfort of his environment by a certain level, to provide himself with protection from all kinds of negative influences of a natural nature. It was this that was successfully reflected in the living conditions and activities of people and, in accordance with other factors, had a positive effect on people's life expectancy. The technosphere created by the hands and intellect of man, which was made in order to satisfy his needs for comfort and safety as much as possible, did not justify our hopes. The urban and industrial environments were beyond acceptable requirements in terms of safety. Trying to get the highest results from economic activity, modern mankind began to use non-biospheric energy sources (nuclear and thermonuclear), thereby setting high rates for the geochemical transformation of the natural environment. Many processes caused by human activity turned out to be opposite to the normal regime in the biosphere.

The qualitative change in the habitat was mainly influenced by:

§ Rapid population growth and urbanization;

§ the growth of industry, the increase in the consumption of energy and mineral resources, the increase in the number of vehicles;

§ chemicalization of agriculture and human life;

§ environmentally friendly technological processes;

§ technogenic accidents and catastrophes, etc.

Population and food problems are still a cause for concern about the future of the planet. The growth of the population of our planet inevitably leads to an increase in the consumption of all types of resources.

Sources of danger to the life and health of workers in the production sector are buildings and structures, technological, handling and other equipment. One element of the production sphere can be a source of several types of hazards. Man-made hazards include potential and real ones. Potential hazards pose a hidden threat to the health of the worker. Real dangers are dangers which at present or during any time negatively influence the person. When the source of danger is affected by the initiator of the danger, potential dangers turn into real ones. One of the features of the "man - production environment" system is that the employee acts in this environment at the same time as an object of the negative impact of the production environment and the initiator of the formation of real hazards or the transformation of potential hazards into real ones. Its initiating effects on the source of danger are the result of fatigue, inattention, lack of professionalism, deliberate or accidental violation of labor protection rules and other reasons. Other initiators of danger are objective factors of natural and man-made nature.

The occurrence of emergencies in industrial conditions, as well as in everyday life, is often associated with the process of depressurization of various high-pressure systems (tanks for transporting or storing compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases, water and gas pipelines, cylinders, heat supply systems, etc.) Destruction or depressurization of various systems with increased pressure has the following reasons: all kinds of external influences of a mechanical nature; aging of systems (decrease in mechanical strength); violation of the technological regime; negligence of service personnel; design errors; correction of the state of the sealed medium; malfunctions in regulating and instrumentation, as well as safety devices, etc. The destruction and depressurization of high pressure systems, depending on the physical and chemical properties of the working environment, can have consequences associated with the appearance of one or even a number of damaging factors:

§ pollution of the environment with radioactive substances;

§ ignition of buildings, various materials, etc. (consequences - loss of structural strength, burns of a certain nature, etc.);

§ shock wave (consequences - destruction of equipment and load-bearing structures, injuries, etc.);

§ pollution (of a chemical nature) of the environment (consequences - poisoning, suffocation, chemical burns, etc.).

Emergencies can also arise as a result of unregulated transportation and storage of explosives, flammable liquids, chemical and radioactive substances, supercooled and heated liquids, etc. Fires, explosions, emissions of gas mixtures, spills of chemically active liquids are the consequences of violations of the rules of operations. During explosions, the damaging effect occurs as a result of the impact of elements (fragments) of a destroyed structure, an increase in pressure in closed volumes, the directed action of a gas or liquid jet, the action of a shock wave, and in high-power explosions (for example, a nuclear explosion) the consequences of light radiation and electromagnetic pulse.

The manifestation of primary negative factors (collision of vehicles, collapse of structures, explosion, etc.) in emergency situations can cause a chain of secondary negative impacts - fire, gas contamination or flooding of premises, destruction of high pressure systems, chemical, radioactive and bacterial effects, etc. P. The consequences (number of injuries and victims, material damage) from the action of secondary factors often exceed the losses from the primary impact. A typical example of this is the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

An analysis of the totality of negative factors currently operating in the technosphere shows that anthropogenic negative impacts have a priority, among which technogenic ones predominate, which were formed as a result of transforming human activity and changes in biospheric processes caused by this activity. Most of the factors have a direct effect (poisons, noise, vibrations, etc.). But recently, secondary factors (photochemical smog, acid rain, etc.) have become widespread, which arise in the environment due to energy or chemical processes of interaction with the components of the biosphere or between the primary factors. The levels and scale of the impact of negative factors are constantly growing and in a number of regions of the technosphere have reached such values when a person and the natural environment are threatened by the danger of irreversible destructive changes. Under the influence of these negative influences, the world around us and its perception by a person changes, changes occur in the processes of people's activities and rest, pathological changes occur in the human body, etc. But in practice it is clear that it is impossible to completely solve the problem and eliminate the negative impacts in the technosphere. To ensure protection in the conditions of the technosphere, it is only realistic to limit the impact of negative factors to their acceptable levels, taking into account their simultaneous action. Compliance with the maximum permissible levels of exposure is one of the main ways to ensure the safety of human life in the technosphere.

3. The impact of negative factors on humans and the environment

a) The human sensory system.

If we consider the human body, then, like any living open system, it constantly exchanges substances with the external environment. Oxygen, nutrients enter the body, carbon dioxide, slags leave it. Also, a living organism must receive information about the state of the environment and the internal environment. He receives information through the senses. For further processing, analysis and use of the information received, a system of analyzers or a sensor system is used.

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Analyzers are complex structural and functional systems that communicate the central nervous system (CNS) with the external and internal environment. Each analyzer has:

§ peripheral part, in which reception and perception take place. This part of the analyzers is represented by the sense organs;

§ intermediate part - pathways, subcortical part of the central nervous system;

§ the central part represents the cortical centers of the analyzers. It provides an analysis of the information received, a synthesis of the perceived information, and the development of responses that are adequate to the conditions of the environment and the internal environment.

The sense organs can be grouped according to genetic and morphofunctional characteristics:

IGroup: sensory organs that develop from the neural plate and contain primary sensitive neurosensory receptor cells. The primary sensitive stimulus has an effect directly on the receptor cell, which reacts to this by generating a nerve impulse. This group includes the organ of vision and the organ of smell.

IIGroup: sensory organs developing from thickenings of the ectoderm (i.e. placode). They have in their composition sensory epithelial cells as receptor elements, which respond to the action of the stimulus by switching to a state of excitation (this is a change in the difference in electrical potential between the inner and outer surfaces of the cytolemma). The excitation of sensory epithelial cells is captured by the dendrites of neurocytes that contact with it, and these neurocytes generate a nerve impulse. These neurocytes are secondary sensitive; the stimulus acts on them through the intermediary sensoepitheliocyte. Group II includes the organ of taste, hearing and balance.

IIIGroup: receptor encapsulated and non-encapsulated bodies and formations. A feature of this group is the absence of a clearly defined organ isolation. They are part of various organs of the skin, muscles, tendons, internal organs, etc. This group includes the organs of touch and muscle-kinetic sensitivity.

4) Harmful substances (BB). Permissible levels of harmful substances

A substance is said to be harmful., which, upon contact with the human body, can cause injuries, diseases or deviations in the state of health, detected by modern methods both in the process of contact with them and in the long-term life of this and subsequent generations.

According to the nature of the impact, harmful substances are divided into six groups:

1. toxic - causing poisoning of the whole organism (carbon monoxide, cyanide, lead, mercury, arsenic, benzene, etc., as well as their compounds);

2. irritating - causing irritation of the respiratory center and mucous membranes (chlorine, ammonia, acetone, hydrogen fluoride, cyan, nitrogen oxides, etc.);

3. sensitizing - causing allergic reactions (formaldehyde, solvents and varnishes based on nitro compounds, etc.);

4. carcinogenic - causing the development of cancer (nickel and its compounds, chromium and its compounds, amines, asbestos, benzoic acid, etc.);

5. mutagenic - causing a change in hereditary traits (lead, manganese, styrene, radioactive substances, etc.);

6. affecting human reproductive function (mercury, lead, manganese, styrene, radioactive substances, etc.).

The last three types of exposure to harmful substances - mutagenic, carcinogenic and affecting the reproductive function, as well as the acceleration of the aging process of the cardiovascular system, are referred to as long-term consequences of the influence of chemical compounds on the body. This is a specific action that manifests itself in remote periods after years, and even decades. The appearance of various effects in subsequent generations is also noted.

Chemical substances (organic and inorganic), depending on their practical use, are also classified into six groups:

1. industrial poisons: for example, organic solvents (dichloroethane), fuels (propane, butane), dyes (aniline);

2. pesticides: pesticides (hexachloroethane), insecticides (karbofos);

3. medicines;

4. household chemicals used in the form of food additives (acetic acid), sanitation, personal care, cosmetics, etc.;

5. biological plant and animal poisons

6. toxic substances (OS): sarin, mustard gas, phosgene, etc.

Even substances such as table salt in large doses or oxygen at elevated pressure can exhibit toxic properties. However, it is customary to classify as poisons only those that exhibit their harmful effects under normal conditions and in relatively small quantities.

The toxic effect of harmful substances is characterized by toxicometry indicators, according to which substances are classified into extremely-, highly-, moderately- and low-toxic.

Toxicometric indicators and criteria for the toxicity of harmful substances are quantitative indicators of the toxicity and danger of harmful substances. The toxic effect under the action of various doses and concentrations of poisons can manifest itself as functional and structural (pathomorphological) changes or death of the organism. In the first case, toxicity is usually expressed in the form of active, threshold and inactive concentrations and doses, and in the second - in the form of lethal concentrations.

Permissible levels of harmful substances

Maximum allowable concentration of harmful substances (VV) - this is such a concentration of harmful substances that, during everyday (except weekends) work for a certain duration of hours, throughout the entire working experience, cannot cause diseases or health abnormalities that can be detected by modern research methods while in the process of work or in remote life periods present and future generations.

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) of explosives establish an approximately safe (with a probability of 0.95) level of exposure to harmful substances.

In accordance with GN 2.2.5 1212-03 "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area", according to the degree of impact on the human body, harmful substances are divided into:

§ extremely dangerous (maximum concentration limit in the air of the working area up to 0.1 mg/m, for example: beryllium, lead, manganese, etc.);

§ highly hazardous (MPC from 0.1 to 1 mg/m, for example: chlorine, phosgene, hydrogen fluoride);

§ moderately dangerous (MPC from 1.1 to 10 mg/m, for example: tobacco, glass, plastic, methyl alcohol, etc.);

§ low-hazard (maximum concentration limit more than 10 mg/m, for example: ammonia, gasoline, acetone, ethyl alcohol, etc.).

Previously, MPCs for chemicals were estimated as the maximum one-time MPCs, exceeding them even for a short period of time was prohibited. Currently, for substances with cumulative properties (copper, mercury, lead, etc.), for hygienic control, a second value has been introduced - the average shift concentration of MPC.

The content of substances in the atmospheric air of populated areas is also regulated by MPC, while the average daily concentration of a substance is normalized. In addition, for settlements, a maximum one-time value is set. The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of settlements are the maximum concentrations related to a certain averaging period (30 minutes, 24 hours, 1 month, 1 year) and which, with a regulated probability of their occurrence, have neither direct nor indirect effects on the human body, including long-term consequences for the present and future generations, which does not reduce the working capacity and does not worsen the well-being of a person.

Both in contact with hands from a liquid medium, and in the case of a high concentration of toxic gases and vapors in the workplace, harmful substances can enter the human body. Substances can easily enter the blood, dissolving in the secretion of sweat glands and sebum. Such substances include hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, benzene and other substances that are easily soluble in water and fats.

A significant role in human health is played by the combined action of harmful substances. Combined action is the sequential or simultaneous action of several poisons on the body with the same route of entry.

Types of action of combined poisons (depending on the effects of toxicaboutsti):

§ additive - the total effect of the mixture, equal to the sum of the effects of the active components;

§ potentiated - the components of the mixture act in such a way that one substance enhances the effect of another;

§ antagonistic - the components of the mixture act in such a way that one substance weakens the action of another;

§ independent - the effects of a more toxic substance predominate.

There are different forms of poisoning: acute, subacute and chronic. Acute poisoning occurs as a result of accidents, equipment breakdowns and gross violations of safety rules. They are most often in groups.

Toxicity and toxic process

The mechanism of formation and development of the toxic process is primarily determined by the structure of the substance and its effective dose. The manifestation of a toxic process (or the consequences of its toxic action) are studied at the cellular, organ, organism, population level.

If the toxic effect is studied at the cell level (usually in in vitro experiments), then the cytotoxicity of the substance is judged.

The toxic process at the cellular level is manifested:

reversible structural and functional changes in the cell (change in shape, number of organelles, affinity for dyes, etc.);

premature cell death (necrosis);

mutations.

Manifestations of the toxic process on individual organs and systems during the study makes it possible to judge the organ toxicity of the compounds. As a result of such studies, the manifestation of hepatotoxicity, hematotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, etc. is recorded, i.e. the ability of a substance, acting on the body, to cause damage to one or another organ (system).

Toxic process on the part of an organ or system manifests itself:

functional reactions (miosis, spasm of the larynx, shortness of breath, short-term drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate, etc.);

disease of the organ (as it has been established, various substances are capable of initiating various types of pathological processes);

neoplastic processes.

The toxic effect of substances recorded at the population and biogeocenotic levels can be designated as ecotoxic.

Ecotoxicity at the population level manifests itself:

an increase in morbidity, mortality, the number of birth defects, a decrease in the birth rate;

violation of the demographic characteristics of the population (the ratio of ages, sexes, etc.);

the fall in the average life expectancy of the members of the population, their cultural degradation.

Of particular interest to the doctor are the forms of the toxic process that are detected at the level of the whole organism. They are also multiple and can be classified as follows:

Intoxication - diseases of chemical etiology;

· transient toxic reactions - quickly passing, not threatening the health of the population, accompanied by a temporary impairment of legal capacity (for example, irritation of the mucous membranes);

Allobiotic states - a change in the body's sensitivity to infectious, chemical, radiation, other physical influences and psychogenic stresses that occurs under the influence of a chemical factor.

special toxic processes - non-threshold, having a long latent period, developing, as a rule, in combination with additional factors (for example, carcinogenesis).

Characteristics of acute poisoning:

short duration of action;

enter the body in large quantities;

erroneous ingestion;

severe contamination of the skin.

For example, rapid poisoning can occur when exposed to gasoline vapors, highly concentrated hydrogen sulfide, which can lead to death from paralysis of the respiratory center. This can be avoided, provided that the victim is immediately taken out to fresh air. With prolonged intake of poison into the body in relatively small quantities, chronic poisoning gradually occurs. Such poisonings develop as a result of the accumulation of a mass of a harmful substance or the disturbances they cause in the body. With repeated exposure to harmful substances on the body, a weakening of the effects due to addiction can be observed. I. For the development of addiction to the constant exposure to poison, it is necessary that its concentration be sufficient to form an adaptive response and not exaggerated, leading to serious damage to the body. Assessing the development of addiction to toxic effects, take into account the possible development of increased resistance to one type of substance after exposure to others. This phenomenon is called tolerance.

5. Illumination. Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces

illumination- the ratio of the luminous flux to the area of the surface uniformly illuminated by it. Illuminance is directly proportional to the intensity of the light and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source to the illuminated surface. Illumination is the main parameter in calculating the exposure value. Luxmeters are used to measure illumination.

It is customary to refer to the optical region of radiation as electromagnetic oscillations with a wavelength from 10 to 340,000 nm, and the wavelength range from 10 to 380 nm is attributed to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation region, from 380 to 770 nm - to the visible region of the spectrum and from 770 to 340,000 nm - to the region of infrared (IR) radiation. The human eye has the highest sensitivity to radiation with a wavelength of 540 - 550 nm (yellow-green color).

The illumination of the premises has a characteristic of qualitative and quantitative indicators. Examples of quantitative indicators:

§ light flow F - part of the radiant flux perceived by a person as light (measured in lumens [lm]);

§ the power of light I= dF/ d? - luminous flux density within a unit solid angle (measured in candela [cd]);

§ illumination E = dF/ dS - the ratio of the luminous flux that falls on a surface element dS to the area of \u200b\u200bthis element (measured in lux [lx]);

§ brightness L = dI/ dS cos? = d2 F/ dS d? cos? - surface density of luminous intensity in a given direction, equal to the ratio of luminous intensity to the projection area of a luminous surface on a plane perpendicular to this direction (measured in (cd / m2).

The transition from one brightness of the field of view to another requires a certain time for the so-called adaptation of vision, which can be 1.5-2 minutes when moving from a dark to a brightly lit room, and up to 5-6 minutes when moving back, during which a person poorly distinguishes surrounding objects, which can cause an accident. Pulsating light produces a stroboscopic effect, which can cause rotating objects to appear stationary or have a different direction of rotation, which can also lead to injury.

Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces

Distinguish artificial, natural and combined lighting of premises, i.e. one in which insufficient natural light is compensated by artificial light sources. If there is sufficient natural light, artificial light is turned on if the street illumination is below 5000 lux.

Use as workspaces in which there is no natural light is allowed only in special cases, when this is dictated by the peculiarities of production. At the same time, people working in such premises should be exposed to UV radiation under the supervision of a doctor.

How good or bad natural light is can be measured using the Daylight Ratio (KEO). Natural lighting is provided by direct and reflected light from the sky. To characterize natural lighting, the coefficient of natural light (KEO) is used.

,

where E is the illumination at the workplace, lx (lux);

E 0 - outdoor lighting with medium cloudiness.

6. Mechanical vibrations. Types of vibrations and their impact on humans. Vibration rationing, vibration sickness

Mechanical vibrations. Vibration

In technology and in the environment, in addition to the translational and rotational movements, there is another type of mechanical movement - vibrations. There are several types of fluctuations. Natural oscillations - such oscillations that occur in the absence of influence on the oscillating system from the external environment, and arise when any deviation of this system from the equilibrium state appears. Forced vibrations - vibrations that occur under the action of external forces. For example, current fluctuations in an electrical circuit, which are caused by a change in e. d.s.; swings of a pendulum, which are caused by a change in external forces. Forced vibrations are the most common in life. A body in free oscillation gradually approaches the equilibrium state due to the presence of various kinds of resistances that oppose the propagation of vibration energy. Such oscillations are called damped. Attenuation occurs faster with more resistance. With a very large resistance to movement, a push occurs, in which the body out of equilibrium returns to its original position, that is, rest. In this case, it is very important to take into account the duration of the push and its amplitude. Self-oscillations are oscillations that are accompanied by the influence of external forces on a given system, and the moments of time are set by this oscillating system. Example: a clock in which the pendulum receives shocks due to the action of a weight or spring on it. Parametric oscillations are oscillations that occur when the parameters of an oscillating system change. Sometimes the system becomes unstable and due to random actions leads to the emergence and growth of oscillations. This phenomenon is called parametric excitation of oscillations.

A common feature of mechanical vibrations are repetitions of movement over a period of time. Oscillation period (T) - the smallest time interval through which the movement of the body is repeated, expressed in seconds. The frequency determines the number of oscillations in 1 second. The frequency unit is 1 Hz.

Periodic- oscillations in which the values of all physical quantities characterizing the oscillatory system and changing during its oscillations are repeated at regular intervals.

Harmonic- vibrations described by the equation x=x 0 cos (wt+c 0), where x is the displacement of the body from the equilibrium position, w is the cyclic frequency of oscillations, t is the time parameter.

Oscillation amplitude- the maximum value of the displacement "A" of the body from the equilibrium position.

Phase of harmonic oscillation- the value under the cosine sign (ts) and expressed by the following equation ts=sht+ts 0 .

Initial phase- oscillation phase "ц 0 " at the initial time t=0.

When performing a harmonic oscillatory motion, the material body has a certain amount of energy. This energy reserve consists of the kinetic energy of motion E to and potential E n , arising from the restoring force.

7. Vibration

Vibration- this is the movement of a mechanical system or a point, during which there is an alternate decrease and increase in time of any values of at least one coordinate. The excitation of vibrational movements occurs due to unbalanced force effects arising during the operation of machines and units. Their sources are reciprocating driving systems, for example, crank mechanisms, manual hammers, vibrorammers and vibroforming units. Also, their sources are unbalanced rotating masses, for example, manual electric and pneumatic grinders, cutting tools of machine tools, etc. Vibrations can be created by impacts of parts, such as gears, bearing assemblies. The magnitude of the imbalance in all cases leads to the appearance of unbalanced forces. The inhomogeneity of the material of the rotating body, the discrepancy between the center of mass of the body and the axis of rotation, the deformation of parts from uneven heating during hot and cold landings - all this can cause imbalance. The impact of vibration on a person is most often associated with vibrations caused by an external variable force effect on a machine or its separate system. The occurrence of such oscillations can be associated not only with force, but also with kinetic excitation, for example, in vehicles when they move along an uneven path. A vibration consisting of one particular component is called monoharmonic (harmonic). In practice, polyharmonic vibration is more common.

The main characteristics of vibration. Vibration measurement

For a quantitative assessment of vibration, the following parameters are considered: the double amplitude (oscillation range) is used to assess when the displacement of machine parts is, in terms of allowable mechanical stresses and gaps, critical. Vibrational energy, corresponds to the mean square value of the amplitude, characterizes the destructive effect of vibrations. Obviously, the only vibration parameter cannot be mechanical motion (vibration displacement of an object), vibration velocity and vibration acceleration are no less applicable for study.

The time derivative of the vibration displacement is the vibration velocity. The time derivative of vibration velocity - vibration acceleration (vibration displacement) is measured at low-frequency vibration with an upper limit of frequency components of 100-200 Hz. These measurements are relevant when balancing mouths, in building vibroacoustics, when studying machines with small gaps between nodes, and when predicting fatigue failures.

Vibration acceleration used in vibroacoustic diagnostics, measured in the presence of wide-band vibration, in the range of 100 - 10000 Hz.

Vibration velocity characterizes vibrational energy, the most "measured" vibration parameter. The amplitude of the frequency components of the vibration velocity in a fairly wide band (10-1000 Hz) is uniform, which increases the reliability and simplifies the measurement. The level of vibration velocity determines the technical condition of machines, their components and parts.

Types of vibration

The impact of vibration on a person is classified:

§ in the direction of vibration action;

§ according to the method of transmission of vibrations;

§ according to the time characteristic of vibration.

Depending on the method of transmitting vibrations to a person, vibration is divided into:

to the general, transmitted through the supporting surfaces to the body of a sitting or standing person;

to local, transmitted through the hands of a person.

Transport workers, operators of powerful dies, cranes and some other types of equipment are exposed to general vibration. Local vibrations are exposed to those working with manual electric and pneumatic mechanized tools. In some cases, when working on road-building machines and transport, an employee may be subjected to general and local vibration at the same time.

General vibrations are divided according to the possibility of their intensity regulation into:

§ transport. These vibrations appear as a result of the movement of machines on agricultural backgrounds, trackless roads, on terrain and industrial sites, and their intensity can change due to changes in the speed of movement;

§ transport and technological. Such vibrations are obtained when the machines are operating in a stationary position, and their intensity and impact on a person can be weakened by the operator to a limited extent only in the transport mode;

§ technological. Such vibrations are obtained during the movement of units, mechanisms and systems of stationary machines, and their intensity of impact on a person is strictly regulated by technological requirements and cannot be weakened at the request of the operator;

§ external. These are vibrations that are caused by a machine located outside the premises in which the workplaces are located, and the vibration is not related to the work being done, but it causes an irritating effect when performing mental and precise work.

Vibration is a factor of high biological activity. Responses are determined by the force of the energy impact and the biomechanical properties of the human body as a complex oscillatory system. Power is the main parameter of the oscillatory process in the contact zone and the contact time. They determine the development of vibrational pathologies, their structure depends on: frequency, amplitude of oscillations, duration of exposure, place of application and direction of the axis of vibrational exposure, damping properties of tissues, resonance phenomena and other factors.

There is no linear relationship between the level of influencing vibration and the body's responses. The reason for this phenomenon lies in the resonance effect.

vibration sickness

Vibration disease belongs to the group of occupational diseases and its effective treatment is possible only in the early stages. Restoration of impaired functions proceeds very slowly, and in especially severe cases, irreversible changes occur in the body, leading to disability. In the frequency range from 1 to 63 Hz, a hygienic assessment of the general vibration is carried out, and local vibration - from 8 to 1000 Hz. An important characteristic is the direction of vibration action on a person - vibration levels are evaluated in three mutually perpendicular planes. Vibration has a biological effect.

Stages of vibration disease:

§ initial stage. This stage passes without particularly pronounced symptoms. There may be pain and paresthesia in the hands, as well as a decrease in the sensitivity of the fingertips;

§ moderately expressed stage. In this case, pain and a feeling of numbness are strongly manifested, a decrease in sensitivity covers all fingers and even the forearm, the skin temperature on the fingers decreases, hyperhidrosis and cyanosis of the hands are pronounced;

§ pronounced stage. More severe pain in the fingers, hands cold and wet, as a rule;

§ stage of generalized disorders. It occurs infrequently and only among workers with long experience. There are vascular disorders on the arms and legs, spasms of the heart and brain vessels.

It is noted that this disease is compensatory, during this period, patients can work. Vibration pathology ranks second among occupational diseases. Observing the deviation of the state of health, with vibration exposure, it can be noted that the frequency of diseases is determined by the dose value, and the features of clinical manifestations are formed under the influence of the spectrum of vibrations. There are three types of vibrational pathology from the impact of general, local and jerky vibrations. The nervous system and analyzers (vestibular, visual, tactile) suffer first of all when the general vibration acts on the body.

Factors of the production environment that aggravate the harmful effects of vibrations on the body include excessive muscle loads, adverse microclimatic conditions, especially low temperature, high-intensity noise, and psycho-emotional stress.

Vibration reduction methods

The development of measures to reduce industrial vibrations should be carried out simultaneously with the complex mechanization and automation of production. The introduction of remote control of workshops and sections will completely solve the problem of protection against vibrations.

The main methods of dealing with equipment vibrations:

§ reduction of vibrations by influencing the source of excitation (by eliminating or reducing the driving forces). When designing machines and designing technological processes, preference should be given to such kinematic and technological schemes in which dynamic processes caused by impacts, sharp accelerations, etc., would be excluded or reduced to the maximum. At present, modifications of known technological processes have been developed that allow vibration to be reduced. When designing machines and assemblies, it is necessary to look for constructive solutions for shock-free interaction of parts and smooth air flow around them;

§ detuning from the resonance mode by means of a rational choice of stiffness or the mass of the oscillating system. To attenuate vibrations, it is essential to exclude resonant modes of operation, i.e. detuning the natural frequencies of the unit and its individual components and parts from the frequency of the driving force. Resonant modes during the operation of technological equipment are eliminated in two ways: either by changing the characteristics of the system (mass and stiffness), or by establishing a new mode of operation.

§ vibration damping is an increase in the mechanical impedance of oscillating structural elements by increasing dissipative forces during vibrations with frequencies that are close to resonant. This is the process of reducing the level of vibrations of the protected object by converting the energy of mechanical vibrations of a given oscillating system into thermal energy.

§ dynamic damping of vibrations is the connection to the protected object of such a system, in which the reactions at the points of connection of the system reduce the vibration range of the object. One way to increase the reactance of oscillatory systems is to install dynamic vibration dampers. It is rigidly attached to the vibrating unit, therefore, at each moment of time, oscillations are excited in it that are in antiphase with the oscillations of the unit.

§ vibration isolation. Protection using this method is carried out by reducing the transmission of vibrations (from the source of excitation) to the protected object by cooperating with the devices placed between them. Vibration isolation is carried out by introducing an additional elastic connection into the oscillatory system, which prevents the transmission of vibrations from the vibration source machine to the base or adjacent structural elements; this elastic connection can be used to reduce the transmission of vibrations from the base to a person or to the protected unit.

8. Noise

Sound is elastic wave oscillations propagating in a solid, liquid or gaseous medium, if these oscillations lie in the frequency range from 16 Hz to 20 kHz. Vibrations below 16 Hz, called infrasound, and above 20 kHz, called ultrasound, are inaudible to humans.

Noise is an undesirable sound for a person that does not carry useful information or random movement of particles in space. Noise at work reduces productivity, especially when performing precise work, masks the danger from moving mechanisms, makes speech intelligibility difficult, leads to occupational hearing loss, and at high levels can lead to mechanical damage to the hearing organs. Noise in living conditions, especially at night, interferes with normal rest. The impact of infrasound on a person causes a feeling of anxiety, a desire to leave the room in which there are infrasound vibrations. The action of ultrasound causes headaches, fatigue. Prolonged exposure to noise, ultra - and infrasound leads to a disorder of the central nervous system.

The region of space in which sound waves propagate is called the sound field. At each point in the sound field, the pressure and velocity of air particles change with time. The difference between the instantaneous value of the total pressure during the passage of a sound wave and the average value of pressure in an undisturbed medium is called sound pressure. Sound pressure P is measured in pascals [Pa].

When a sound wave propagates, the energy of sound vibrations is transferred. The average energy flux at any point of the field, per unit area perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, is called the sound intensity at a given point I [W/m 2 ]. For air, the sound wave speed (speed of sound) (under normal conditions). It should also be noted that the sound intensity can be defined as the time average value of the energy flux density that the sound wave carries with it. The wave energy flux density, where W is the volumetric wave energy density, is the wave propagation velocity. The phase of oscillations is the displacement of oscillations relative to the initial moment in time. Sound waves begin to cause pain at P = 210 2 Pa or I = 100 W/m 2 , which corresponds to a sound intensity level (sound pressure) of 140 dB. A temporary decrease in auditory sensitivity is called hearing adaptation. To accurately assess the frequency components in the noise spectrum, spectrum analyzers are used (octave and one-third octave with the appropriate bandwidth distribution, for example, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz for the geometric mean frequencies of octave filters).

Noise in residential premises is standardized by GOST 12.1.036-81 "SSBT Noise. Permissible levels in residential and public buildings" at the level of 40 dB during the day and 30 dB at night. The maximum permissible noise level in a residential area during the daytime is 55 dB, and the noise level in a programmer's room is 50 dB. The maximum intermittent noise level at workplaces should not exceed 110 dB, and the maximum sound level of impulsive noise should not exceed 125 dB. Even a short stay in areas with sound pressure levels above 135 dB in any octave band is prohibited. Zones with a sound level of more than 85 dB must be marked with appropriate danger signs, and workers in these zones must be provided with personal protective equipment.

Measures to combat noise - constructive (increasing the rigidity of structures, replacing metal with plastics, replacing gears with friction ones, etc.), technological (replacing impact stamping with extrusion, changing cutting speeds, etc.), sanitary and hygienic (removing workplaces from noisy areas, redevelopment of premises, additional rest for workers in noisy industries), the use of screens and silencers for aerodynamic noise, the use of personal protective equipment (headphones, helmets, liners). Since infrasound freely penetrates building structures, an effective fight against it is possible only by suppression at the source by changing the operating modes of the equipment, changing the rigidity of the structure, and increasing the speed of the units. Ultrasonic vibrations quickly attenuate in air, therefore, to reduce the harmful effects of ultrasound, it is necessary to exclude direct contact between a person and the source, and to use protective covers to suppress sound waves. To reduce the noise level in residential premises, appropriate urban planning solutions are required (withdrawal from residential areas, deepening or lifting onto overpasses of traffic flows, orientation of residential premises of houses in the direction of the minimum noise level, use of low-rise buildings or green spaces as acoustic screens, etc. ), administrative (ban on the movement of heavy vehicles at night in residential areas), constructive (reducing the noise level of vehicles being developed, the use of double-glazed windows instead of the usual glazing of buildings in noisy areas, etc.), organizational (maintenance of road surfaces at a qualitative level, rail and public utilities), etc.

...

Negative magical influences in human life

Negative magical effects on a person are different. As a rule, this is damage and evil eye, witchcraft slander, black magic spells, etc.

Let us briefly consider the nature of damage and the evil eye as the main type of negative magical effect that is most often found in everyday life. Many people think that the evil eye and damage have the same magical nature of occurrence, but this is not so. These are completely different mechanisms of negative magical effects.

Evil eye

The evil eye, as a rule, is a spontaneous, unintentional release of energy, while damage is not so strong, but a deliberate and gradually increasing magical effect on a person's energy field.

The evil eye, in fact, is not an out of the ordinary phenomenon. During his life, a person can experience the consequences of the evil eye hundreds and even thousands of times, and he can also jinx people and himself the same number of times. However, it also happens that the evil eye is aimed at a person purposefully. At the same time, the essence of the impact does not change, only the strength of the energy strike changes.

Usually, the evil eye does not bring a lasting effect and concerns only one business, less often an entire sphere of human activity. As a rule, the most “demanded” is the area in which a person has achieved the greatest success, or the one in which a person shows the greatest interest. The universal sphere vulnerable to each person is his health.

Corruption

Unlike the evil eye, damage is not such an everyday phenomenon. Indeed, a long and purposeful magical influence, at least for some time, should be accompanied by additional expenditures of the energy of the person who inflicts damage. As a rule, damage is directed at a person purposefully, but there are also unconscious types of damage.

An example of such damage can be damage to oneself. Agree that not a single person wishes trouble for himself, however, damage to himself is the most common type.

Such damage is caused by negative thoughts about oneself. Sometimes these can be your own thoughts, but more often they are imposed by someone, and first of all by the closest people.

Such thoughts give rise to corresponding emotions that have a detrimental effect on the energy field, gradually it acquires more and more negative energy, begins to thin out and, in the end, leads to the appearance of negative consequences in a person’s life.

Our ancestors knew how to neutralize negative magical influences with the help of special protection. Modern people often neglect, and sometimes do not know, simple preventive measures that can protect them from negative energy effects.

First of all, you need to get rid of or minimize communication with people who can affect you negatively. Try to take a closer look at your immediate surroundings. Maybe there are very aggressive, obsessive people in it who like to complain about fate and everyone around them easily provokes scandalous situations.

If it still seems to you that you have become the object of someone's negative influence, then show your will and stop any contact with such people. But if it's impossible for you to avoid a relationship with them, don't trust or empathize with them.

Learn to be indifferent to people who can upset your energy balance. The easiest way to protect yourself when talking with potential carriers of a negative impact is to keep a fig (fig) in your pocket. And even better - learn elementary protective techniques, because protection from negative impacts is for the benefit of your life and health.

Protection from negative magical effects

To stop all the negative magical effects that unkind people can have on you, you need to know a number of simple rules that our great-grandmothers observed.

Here are some of them:

If you start to be praised, bite the tip of your tongue so that the praise does not turn into an evil eye.
Don't give the clothes you wear to anyone
Separately store photos of dead people (damage to a photo is very dangerous)
Before eating, you need to cross the food and mouth to avoid spoilage for food and drink
Carry a small mirror in the left pocket of your outerwear, with the surface facing out, or you can place it on your desktop facing visitors.
Take a shower in the mornings and evenings, after visiting crowded places, hospitals, cemeteries, communicating with an unpleasant person.
If you find a cross, in no case do not keep it for yourself.
Throw all cracked crockery and broken mirrors out of the house.
Do not keep found things, wallets, jewelry.
Don't let your imagination run wild. Don't think bad.
Beware of negative statements and black humor towards yourself. The thought is material.

Envy- this is an unpleasant feeling of a person, caused by irritation, as well as displeasure from the well-being and achievements of other people.

Envy is a constant comparison and desire to possess something intangible or material.

An envious feeling is characteristic of all people, regardless of character, nationality, temperament and gender. Conducted sociological studies have shown that this feeling weakens with age.

So that no one envies you and does not gossip behind your back, you need to conduct a special magical ritual. For this ritual, you will need to go to the church and do the following:

Buy 12 candles and place them in front of 12 icons. The most important six icons are:

Trinity
Jesus Christ
Mother of God
John the Baptist
Archangel Michael,
Nicholas the Wonderworker.

These icons are in any church. Choose the remaining six icons yourself, which ones you like best. Be sure to take the prosphora in the church.

Having defended the liturgy, return home, eat half of the prosphora, drink holy water, read the Our Father three times and a prayer for the acceptance of the prosphora.

Prayer from negative impact

Strong prayer against the negative impact on the acceptance of holy water and prosphora:

“Lord my God, may Your holy gift be Your holy prosphora and Your holy water for the remission of my sins, for the enlightenment of my mind, for the strengthening of my spiritual and bodily strength, for the health of my soul and body, for the subjugation of my passions and infirmities according to the boundless Thy mercy through the prayers of Thy Most Pure Mother and all Thy saints. Amen!".

After that, take your photo, put it in the Bible, in the book of Psalms, on the page with the 90th psalm (“Living Helps”). On the same day, before going to bed, eat the second half of the prosphora and again drink holy water. In the morning, take out your photo and read the 90th psalm.

Conspiracy to protect the family from negative influences

It is read a week in a row from the day of the new moon in front of an open window at midnight.

“I will get up, blessed, go, crossing myself, in an open field, there is a curly birch, under it is a bush of willows, on it are honey leaves, on it are sugar twigs.
I will surround that bush of willows with a copper tie, an iron tie, a mile up, a mile down.
A golden-horned turkey came, gored, butted out my copper tyn, my iron tyn, did not butt out.
You are a golden turkey! You jump to the sea-okian, on it stands a latyr-stone, under that stone is the robe of the Lord, on that stone is a fiery snake.
Defeat the fiery snake, roll off the latyr-stone, get me the robe of God.
The turkish woman galloped to the ocean-sea, the turkish woman beat the fiery snake with a golden horn, the turkish woman rolled off the latyr-stone, took out and brought me the robe of God.
I put on a robe, I put on a robe, I am baptized in the Lord, I am not afraid of anyone! Amen!".

However, as practice shows, very often, a home or place of work is subjected to magical influence.

Protecting a house, apartment or any other dwelling from magical negative influences is not such a difficult task as it might seem at first glance.

To do this, once a week (preferably on Sunday) light a church candle brought from mass, and go around your entire apartment with this burning candle strictly clockwise. Together with this, you need to read the following prayer:

“God our Savior, deigning to enter under the shadow of Zaccheev and salvation to that and to all that house,
Himself and now here to live, desiring, and by us, unworthy of prayer to You and prayer bringing,
from all harm, keep unharmed, blessing those who live here, and keep those belly hated. Amen!".

After this ritual, all rooms of the house or apartment must be sprinkled with holy water.

In the people, aspen is considered a tree that averts death. No wonder in the old days they carried aspen pegs with them, driving away evil spirits and evil spirits from a person.

In some villages, aspen stakes are still driven into the yards, which protect people, property and animals from the evil eye.

To perform this ceremony, pick up aspen branches and steam them in a bucket. When the water boils, read the plot 12 times in a row, looking into the bucket at the branches. Wait for the water to cool to room temperature and wash the windows, doors, floors and, last but not least, the threshold and porch.

Pour the water along with the branches at the crossroads, while your clothes should be modest, without decorations. You can't talk to anyone on the way there and back. And here is the conspiracy itself:

“The Mother of God, the Most Holy Theotokos, the mistress of the world, the Queen of Heaven!
Your house is the Temple of God, you live there, you sleep there, you rest there, you pray to God for the whole wide world.
Pray for me, a servant of God (name), and for my domina, for my temple, for my soul for salvation, for my house for deliverance.
As the temple of God stands, does not move, nothing unclean touches it, so my house would stand, not move, and the unclean one recoiled from it. Amen!".

By the way, pectoral crosses, in the old days, were also cut out of aspen, believing that illnesses and troubles would bypass the person wearing this cross. It has been scientifically proven that aspen absorbs negative energy and cleanses the human aura from harmful magical influences.

Periodically visiting the aspen grove, you can get rid of some diseases and cleanse yourself of the evil eye and damage. Such qualities are possessed not only by a living tree, but also by products made from it.

Since it is not always easy to get into someone else's house, negative magical effects are often directed at the threshold of a house or apartment.

When you step over the threshold - that's it, the job is done. Therefore, it is imperative to know how to protect the threshold of your home from negative influences.

On Friday afternoon, take three pinches of salt from a wooden salt shaker with your left hand and throw them into a basin or bucket of water.

With this water, wash the threshold of the house three times, while saying the following words:

“It is salted with salt, soaked with water, salt does not rot, and damage does not stick to my house.
Turn away, roll back, turn back! Get out, I didn't call you. Amen!".

After that, pour the water at a pedestrian intersection as far from the house as possible.

Here is another protective rite on the threshold of the house. Take a broom and mark the threshold three times, each time saying the following conspiracy:

“I sweep away sorrows, illnesses, ailments, damage, lessons, superficial evil eye, bringing.
Threshold metenny, God blessed. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen!".

The most common type of negative impact that can be brought to the house is lining.

If you find something on the threshold of your apartment, in no case do not bring it into the house and do not even touch this item with your hands or feet. It is best to take paper or a broom with a scoop, collect everything and take it out into the street.

And there everything that was found, burn with prayers to Jesus Christ, "Our Father" and the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord.

If you find something extraneous in the apartment itself, also do not take it into your own hands! Take paper and immediately deal with these things - burn them with the words:

“Fire to the sky, ash to the ground.
I burn bad thoughts, I burn the enemy's misfortune.
In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen!".

Protective amulets and amulets from magical negative influences must be handmade. A particle of the energy of the person who made this amulet should remain in them.

The best will be an amulet made by your own hands especially for you by a specialist or just a loved one. You can make an amulet yourself. Now we will consider several options for such amulets.

The simplest protection against negative magical effects is an ordinary safety pin. It must be discreetly attached to clothing so that it touches the body. It is necessary to periodically check the condition of the pin.

As soon as any part has darkened (this means that it has taken on negative energy), the pin must be changed, and the old pin must be buried in the ground.

To make it, you will need the help of a jeweler. It is not recommended to buy a ready-made product, since jewelry casting is currently carried out automatically.

With this method, there is no need to talk about the energy of the manufacturer. In addition, the design of the product should belong to you.

Protective prayers and a prayer for consecration must be read over the received piece of jewelry. Protective prayers must be read for several days in a row.

If you adhere to a religion other than Christianity, choose such rituals from the arsenal of your religion.

In order for the amulet to be charged to protect a particular person, he must wear it without removing it for at least a week.

The protective amulet "God's Eye" among the Slavs has a four-beam square shape.

There are also four rays in Tibetan Namkha, however, the rays are long and not completely braided; several more smaller mandalas can be made at the ends. And among the Huichol Indians, the Mandala, as a rule, consists of eight rays and is woven in a more complex way.

However, the Slavic amulets "God's eye" sometimes consisted of eight rays. Tassels and pompoms were often hung on these amulets.

This amulet against negative impact is found in different cultures. It can be made independently from woolen threads of different colors. It is done like this:

We take two wooden sticks, put them in a cross and begin to wrap them with thread, fastening the sticks.
First we wind the threads of one color, then another and so on. In this case, the threads can be any color of your choice.
As a result, you will get a diamond-shaped amulet with an absolutely unique pattern.

Prayers are also read over such an amulet. This amulet is used to protect the home or individual family members, such as newborn children, for which it is hung directly above the baby's bed.

A pectoral cross is given to a baptized person who becomes a Christian for constant wearing in the most important place (near the heart) as an image of the Cross of the Lord, an outward sign of an Orthodox Christian.

This is also done as a reminder that the Cross of Christ is a weapon against fallen spirits, having the power to heal and give life.

The pectoral cross itself is not a protection against black magic, but with its help you can very clearly feel that there are magical negative effects. As soon as a negative magical effect has been imposed on a person, the pectoral cross begins to signal this.

This may manifest itself as follows:

The cross may darken
He may suddenly begin to constantly cling to clothes.
May suddenly begin to interfere with walking or sleeping
Might even choke its owner a little

If you feel someone's magical negative impact on you, which clearly affected your life and health, do not neglect the protection methods known to you.

If not protected from the negative impact

In the case when you already feel the negative magical effects on yourself, you need to urgently cleanse. Now we will consider examples of such rituals.

Ritual from negative influence

This ritual is performed in the evening. To carry it out, you will need a glass of water and nine matches. We light the first match and, when it burns out to the end, we throw it into the water. After that, we do the same with the rest of the matches. While the matches are burning, it is necessary to sentence, looking at the fire:

“In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen!
Pure blood and Heavenly,
Save and save the servant of God (name)
From every evil eye, from a bad hour,
From the female, from the male
From childish, from joyful,
From the hated, from the slanderous, from the negotiation.

After all the matches are in the glass, shake the water a little and wait about a minute. If none of the matches sank at all, there is no negative effect on you. If at least one match dropped a little or stood up vertically, then there is a negative.

Now you need to take three small sips from a glass and wash your face with this water. After that, the remaining water should be poured as far as possible from your home.

Protective slander for water

In the morning, immediately after waking up, pour water from the tap into a cup and softly whisper these words into this water:

“The Lord came from heaven, carrying the Life-Creating Cross. The cross broke, rolled into crosses.
Where the crosses fell, there unclean spirits fell, fell into the ground, rolled into hell.
I raise a cross, I am baptized with a cross, I gird myself with a cross, I put a cross in front, I throw a cross behind me, I protect my sides with crosses.
Get out, demon, the life-giving cross is on me! Amen!".

Then wash your face with this water. If the above rituals seem not enough to you or for some reason you do not want to use them, prayers and conspiracies from the evil eye and corruption will help you. The official position of the Russian Orthodox Church on this issue is somewhat ambiguous.

On the one hand, it is argued that negative magical effects are just superstitions that should not have a place in the soul of believers. However, on the other hand, at the same time, priests advise prayers that help people get rid of problems caused by negative influences.

After the treatment of corruption with prayers is completed, you need to go to church.

This is necessary in order to confess and take communion both to the former patient and to the one who removed this effect.

If for some reason you cannot go to church, read a cleansing prayer to Jesus Christ before starting to remove the magical effect.

Also, after carrying out all the manipulations, it is necessary to read one more prayer to Jesus Christ, which will not allow the dark forces to take over your mind again:

“Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the One Trisagion Deity, the Virgin Mother of God, the Holy thrones, angels, archangels, cherubim, seraphim with beginnings, I bow to you, I repent to you. Deliver me, Lord, from the seduction of the godly and wicked Antichrist, who is coming, and hide me from his nets in the secret wilderness of Your salvation. Give me, Lord, the strength and courage of a firm confession of Your holy name, may I not retreat fear for the sake of the devil, may I not renounce You, my Savior and Redeemer, from Your Holy Church. But give me, Lord, day and night weeping and tears for my sins, and spare me, Lord, at the hour of Your Last Judgment. Amen!".

Now protection from negative magical influences for the future has been set. These are just some of the tips that can help you in your daily life.

| The impact of an unfavorable environment on human health

Fundamentals of life safety
6th grade

Lesson 31
The impact of an unfavorable environment on human health

Human health largely depends on the state of the natural environment. Clean water, fresh air and fertile soil - all this is necessary for people.

Environmental pollution adversely affects health. Polluted atmospheric air can become a source of penetration of harmful substances into the body through the respiratory system. Polluted water may contain pathogens and substances hazardous to health. Contaminated soil and groundwater deteriorate the quality of agricultural food. Man has long considered the natural environment mainly as a source of raw materials (resources) necessary to meet their needs. At the same time, most of the resources taken from nature are returned to nature in the form of waste. Most of this waste and pollution is generated in cities.

Currently, more than half of the world's people live in cities (about 74% in the Russian Federation). Cities are not only places where people live, but also industrial centers that host large factories and plants that pollute the environment.

In cities, goods and people are continuously transported by rail and highways. All types of transport pollute the atmosphere with exhaust gases containing substances harmful to human health.

In every modern city, as a result of human activity, a lot of industrial and domestic waste is generated.

From landfills located near cities, an unpleasant odor spreads over a long distance. In landfills, a large number of flies, mice and rats breed, which are carriers of various pathogenic bacteria.

Human activity leads to constant pollution of the natural environment: atmospheric air, natural waters and soils.

Air pollution. In some cases, air pollution is caused by gaseous substances, in others - by the presence of suspended particles. Gaseous impurities include various compounds of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrocarbons. The most common solid impurities are dust and soot particles.

The main sources of air pollution include enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, transport and industrial enterprises.

Water pollution. The main pollutants of natural waters are oil and oil products that enter the water as a result of natural oil seeps in the areas of its occurrence, oil production, transportation, processing and use as fuel and industrial raw materials.

Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs when liquid flows down from chemically treated agricultural and forest lands into water bodies, and when waste from enterprises is discharged into water bodies. All this worsens the sanitary and hygienic indicators of water quality.

Soil pollution. The main soil pollutants are metals and their compounds, radioactive elements, as well as fertilizers and pesticides (chemicals used to control weeds).

It is known that under the influence of the environment in the human body, inherited changes (mutations) can occur. The constant deterioration of the environment can ultimately lead to a decrease in the protective properties of the body, which will cease to resist various diseases.

Society is aware of the need to legislate human rights to a clean environment. Thus, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1993, defines: "Everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage to his health or property by an environmental offense."

People around the world are taking certain measures to reduce harmful industrial emissions into the environment, but this is still not enough. Each person must take care of the natural environment and his own health. Caring for the environment begins with one's own house, street, park, etc. It is necessary to change one's consumerist, aggressive attitude towards nature, replace it with concern for the preservation of all living things, and participate in planting greenery in one's native city or locality. How to increase the body's resistance to the adverse effects of the external environment?

Recently, substances that increase the body's resistance to the harmful effects of the environment have been actively studied. Vitamins A (retinol), E (topherol), C (ascorbic acid) are recognized as such substances. All vitamins are absorbed most fully if they are used in combination.

It should be noted that these vitamins and trace elements necessary for the human body are found in significant amounts in products of plant origin. We list the most accessible of them.

White cabbage contains a whole complex of vitamins, enzymes and microelements, which make it one of the most important products of medical and dietary nutrition. Both fresh and sauerkraut are useful; when sauerkraut is sauerkraut, it retains a significant amount of vitamin C.

Carrots are a valuable food product. Carrots contain all the vitamins necessary for the body (B, B2, B6, C, E, K, PP). Daily use of fresh carrots significantly strengthens the body, increases its resistance to infectious diseases and the adverse effects of the external environment.

Other vegetables known to you also contain many healthy substances: potatoes, onions, sweet peppers, beets, tomatoes, parsley. It has been established that vegetable oils (sunflower, corn, etc.) are rich in vitamin E. Vegetable salads and vinaigrettes seasoned with vegetable oil contain the whole complex of vitamins and microelements necessary for your body. Never give up fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as fresh salads. To maintain health, experts recommend that 2/3 of a person's daily diet should consist of fresh vegetables and fruits.

Test yourself

■ What impact does the natural environment have on human health?
■ Why do you think the environment is being polluted? Justify your answer.
■ Why should each person protect and conserve the natural environment?
■ Is it possible to increase the resistance of the human body to the effects of adverse environmental factors?
■ Why is regular consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits good for human health?

After school

Eating fresh vegetables and fruits is beneficial. Try to confirm this, based on the experience of catering 8 to your family and materials on the Internet and 8 different printed publications (books, magazines). Record your opinion in the safety diary.

In the empty cells of the table in the safety diary, write down what, in your opinion, poisons the natural environment (air, water, soil) industry, transport and landfills. In doing so, use the knowledge gained from the study of the paragraph and your own observations of environmental pollution in your area.

Harmful effect on humans. How to deal with negative energy influences

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2. Technosphere as a zone of increased and high energy levels.

3. The impact of negative factors on humans and the environment:

4. Harmful substances (BB). Permissible levels of harmful substances

5. Illumination. Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces

6. Mechanical vibrations. Types of vibrations and their impact on humans. Rationing of vibrations, vibration disease.

7. Vibration

8. Noise

9. Electric current. Permissible values ​​of currents and voltages

10. Electromagnetic fields. Rationing and measures for protection against exposure to electromagnetic fields

11. Infrared (IR) radiation

12. Protection against the danger of electric shock

13. Ionizing radiation. Radiation safety standards.

Introduction

Man and the environment have always interacted with each other, and every year this interaction increases. The impact on the environment is transmitted through activities that are necessary for the existence of human society. Often it has not only positive, but also negative sides.

From the above, the inconsistency of the interaction between man and nature is clearly visible. Centuries of experience gives grounds to assert that almost any activity is potentially dangerous.

1. Classification of negative factors of the human environment

Negative factors that affect people are divided into:

natural, i.e. natural,

anthropogenic, which are caused by human activities.

Dangerous and harmful factors by the nature of action subdivided into:

physical,

biological,

chemical,

psychophysical.

To physical negative factors include:

2. Technosphere as a zone of increased and high energy levels

Work environment- this is a combination of material elements and factors of a technical and natural nature and social elements formed under the influence of productive forces and production relations.

The qualitative change in the habitat was mainly influenced by:

§ Rapid population growth and urbanization;

§ the growth of industry, the increase in the consumption of energy and mineral resources, the increase in the number of vehicles;

§ chemicalization of agriculture and human life;

§ environmentally friendly technological processes;

§ technogenic accidents and catastrophes, etc.

Population and food problems are still a cause for concern about the future of the planet. The growth of the population of our planet inevitably leads to an increase in the consumption of all types of resources.

§ pollution of the environment with radioactive substances;

§ ignition of buildings, various materials, etc. (consequences - loss of structural strength, burns of a certain nature, etc.);

§ shock wave (consequences - destruction of equipment and load-bearing structures, injuries, etc.);

§ pollution (of a chemical nature) of the environment (consequences - poisoning, suffocation, chemical burns, etc.).

3. The impact of negative factors on humans and the environment

a) The human sensory system.

Analyzers are complex structural and functional systems that communicate the central nervous system (CNS) with the external and internal environment. Each analyzer has:

§ peripheral part, in which reception and perception take place. This part of the analyzers is represented by the sense organs;

§ intermediate part - pathways, subcortical part of the central nervous system;

§ the central part represents the cortical centers of the analyzers. It provides an analysis of the information received, a synthesis of the perceived information, and the development of responses that are adequate to the conditions of the environment and the internal environment.

The sense organs can be grouped according to genetic and morphofunctional characteristics:

4) Harmful substances (BB). Permissible levels of harmful substances

A substance is said to be harmful., which, upon contact with the human body, can cause injuries, diseases or deviations in the state of health, detected by modern methods both in the process of contact with them and in the long-term life of this and subsequent generations.

According to the nature of the impact, harmful substances are divided into six groups:

1. toxic - causing poisoning of the whole organism (carbon monoxide, cyanide, lead, mercury, arsenic, benzene, etc., as well as their compounds);

2. irritating - causing irritation of the respiratory center and mucous membranes (chlorine, ammonia, acetone, hydrogen fluoride, cyan, nitrogen oxides, etc.);

3. sensitizing - causing allergic reactions (formaldehyde, solvents and varnishes based on nitro compounds, etc.);

4. carcinogenic - causing the development of cancer (nickel and its compounds, chromium and its compounds, amines, asbestos, benzoic acid, etc.);

5. mutagenic - causing a change in hereditary traits (lead, manganese, styrene, radioactive substances, etc.);

6. affecting human reproductive function (mercury, lead, manganese, styrene, radioactive substances, etc.).

Chemical substances (organic and inorganic), depending on their practical use, are also classified into six groups:

1. industrial poisons: for example, organic solvents (dichloroethane), fuels (propane, butane), dyes (aniline);

2. pesticides: pesticides (hexachloroethane), insecticides (karbofos);

3. medicines;

4. household chemicals used in the form of food additives (acetic acid), sanitation, personal care, cosmetics, etc.;

5. biological plant and animal poisons

6. toxic substances (OS): sarin, mustard gas, phosgene, etc.

Even substances such as table salt in large doses or oxygen at elevated pressure can exhibit toxic properties. However, it is customary to classify as poisons only those that exhibit their harmful effects under normal conditions and in relatively small quantities.

The toxic effect of harmful substances is characterized by toxicometry indicators, according to which substances are classified into extremely-, highly-, moderately- and low-toxic.

Permissible levels of harmful substances

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) of explosives establish an approximately safe (with a probability of 0.95) level of exposure to harmful substances.

In accordance with GN 2.2.5 1212-03 "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area", according to the degree of impact on the human body, harmful substances are divided into:

§ extremely dangerous (maximum concentration limit in the air of the working area up to 0.1 mg/m, for example: beryllium, lead, manganese, etc.);

§ highly hazardous (MPC from 0.1 to 1 mg/m, for example: chlorine, phosgene, hydrogen fluoride);

§ moderately dangerous (MPC from 1.1 to 10 mg/m, for example: tobacco, glass, plastic, methyl alcohol, etc.);

§ low-hazard (maximum concentration limit more than 10 mg/m, for example: ammonia, gasoline, acetone, ethyl alcohol, etc.).

A significant role in human health is played by the combined action of harmful substances. Combined action is the sequential or simultaneous action of several poisons on the body with the same route of entry.

Types of action of combined poisons (depending on the effects of toxicaboutsti):

§ additive - the total effect of the mixture, equal to the sum of the effects of the active components;

§ potentiated - the components of the mixture act in such a way that one substance enhances the effect of another;

§ antagonistic - the components of the mixture act in such a way that one substance weakens the action of another;

§ independent - the effects of a more toxic substance predominate.

There are different forms of poisoning: acute, subacute and chronic. Acute poisoning occurs as a result of accidents, equipment breakdowns and gross violations of safety rules. They are most often in groups.

Toxicity and toxic process

9. Electric current. Permissible values of currents and voltages

§ illumination E = dF/ dS - the ratio of the luminous flux that falls on a surface element dS to the area of \u200b\u200bthis element (measured in lux [lx]);

§ brightness L = dI/ dS cos? = d2 F/ dS d? cos? - surface density of luminous intensity in a given direction, equal to the ratio of luminous intensity to the projection area of a luminous surface on a plane perpendicular to this direction (measured in (cd / m2).

Periodic- oscillations in which the values of all physical quantities characterizing the oscillatory system and changing during its oscillations are repeated at regular intervals.