All geographic locations. Types of geographic location

concept "geographical position"(GP) is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography was born as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it (for example, to a navigator), but also to explain some of the properties of this object and even predict its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of links between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location. The ability to characterize in all essential respects the position of the object under study is necessary for a geographer-researcher. GP is usually interpreted as the position of any point or area of ​​the earth's surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. GP is considered as a kind of external condition for the existence, functioning and development of objects, a characteristic of a given object, expressing its relationship to any geographical objects outside it.

Often the term "position" is understood as the internal state of the object (by analogy with the international position, economic position, etc.). But HP is always an attitude to external circumstances. And this is a position in two-dimensional space, because it is determined on the basis of a geographical map. On it, all objects are represented either as points (as if having no dimension on a given scale), or linear, having only one dimension, or areal (areal) - with two dimensions. On a small-scale map, a city is a point object, a river or a railway is a linear object. Therefore, we can talk about the position of the object relative to points, lines and areas.

The concept of "geographical location" was used in the 19th century, its meaning was analyzed in general terms and on specific examples in the works of K. Marx and F. Engels, among geographers - by F. Ratzel. The GP category was proposed in the USSR at the turn of the 20-30s of the 20th century. I. Alkin and later developed in detail by N.N. Baransky, I.M. Maergoiz and a number of other authors. N.N. Baransky, highlighting the essence of the GP, emphasized that the position is the relationship of a given point or area to some geographical data taken outside this point or area. THEM. Maergois wrote that the question is not so much where there is an object (it goes without saying), how much in that, how it lies relative to what is beyond it. These ideas have enduring value many years after they were expressed.

Through the system of relations of a given object (areal) with other objects (areas), the GP substantively reveals the individual features and properties of any territory. It determines many of the most important features of countries, regions, cities, highlights the properties of their originality and individuality.

In its most formalized form, geographic location is the position of objects recorded on a map in a two-dimensional space of the earth's surface. In physical geography, less often in economic geography, the third dimension is also estimated - absolute or relative height. On the map, all objects are depicted as point, linear (with off-scale conventional signs) or areal (contour, occupying a certain area). In fact, of course, both point and line objects on a small-scale map (settlement, multi-lane highway) occupy areas, but with an appropriate scale of study, this circumstance can be neglected. Then the following options for the mutual arrangement of these categories of objects are possible:

• a) a point relative to another point: Moscow relative to St. Petersburg;
• b) point relative to the line (and vice versa): Saratov on the Volga;
• c) a point relative to the area - the capital in the state;
• d) line relative to the line: BAM route relative to the Great Siberian Railway;
• e) line within the range: the Yana River in the northeast of Yakutia;
• f) area relative to another area: the Republic of Mordovia and Chuvashia.

Other position options are also possible:

• 1. Point on the line or outside it: Tver on the Moscow-St. Petersburg railway, Nvgorod - outside it.
• 2. A point within the range, on its border, outside it: Naryan-Mar is located in the tundra zone, Kudymkar is outside it; Brest is located on the border of Belarus and Poland, another Brest is on the French coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
• 3. The lines are located in isolation from each other, like the Pechora and the Northern Dvina, or intersect, like the BAM with the Lena River.
• 4. The line is completely within the range (like the Yana River) or partially (the Lena River) in Yakutia, or entirely outside the range (for example, the Dudinka-Norilsk railway has no connection with the country's railway network).
• 5. The ranges are adjacent (Mordovia and Chuvashia) or remote from each other (Mordovia and Tatarstan).

To determine the relative position of objects, indicate the distance between them and the direction (north, southeast). To determine the position of a point, line, smaller

range as part of a larger one, the following terms are used: central, deep, peripheral, marginal, border position. The position of the capital of Brazil was chosen as close to the central one in the country; the position of the city of Rio Grande (in the south) is close to the border; The city of Fortaleza (in the northeast) has a peripheral position, and the city of Manaus (in the Amazon) has a deep position. Some territories, even states, in their names carry an indication of a marginal position (Ukraine, Krayna in the former Yugoslavia).

Investigating the GP, it is necessary to determine the main thing both in its essence and in its impact on the most important aspects of the development of the territory.

And first of all, it is necessary to identify and understand its most characteristic features.

First, GP - it is a complex system of concepts, including:

• a) mathematical and geographical location(position in the system of geographical coordinates);
• b) physical and geographical location(position relative to natural objects that affect the nature of a given place - seas, rivers, forests, natural zones, etc.; while the object itself can be both within the range and outside it);
• in) economic and geographical position(EGP) - provision: 1) regarding the elements of social production;
• 2) in relation to the district, region, country; EGP is one of the most important factors determining the location, nature, and dynamics of the development of productive forces;
• G) political and geographical position(position on the political map - relative to the centers and areas of concentration of social, class and political forces);
• e) military geographical position(the position of any point or any area relative to the centers and countries of military power or creating the danger of military conflicts, as well as in relation to the territories of various military blocs);
• e) geopolitical position: closely related to the two above-mentioned types of GP, it reflects the position regarding the "centers of power", centers of economic and military power, various political, economic and military alliances, religious associations;
• g) ecological and geographical position(the position of a particular territory relative to regions of ecologically unfavorable or even ecological disasters, relative to the movement of air masses and other flows that carry massive amounts of pollution;
• h) cultural and geographic location- regarding the most important centers and regions for the development of spiritual culture, cultural and geographical formations of different territorial rank and significance.

Each of the named types of HP is a multifaceted, synthetic phenomenon, and therefore it is necessary to analyze not only these types “individually”, but especially their combinations in complex interaction and “interweaving” of various sides of HP. So, in the EGP system, the transport-geographical, industrial-geographical, demogeographical, market (or marketing-geographical) position and its other components are distinguished, and each of them, in turn, also has a certain structure.

A particularly important role is played by the transport and geographical position, the quality of which is determined by the following circumstances: 1) the economic potential of neighboring territories; 2) the density of economic development of the environment;

3) the presence (quantity and quality) of direct transport access to neighbors, their frequency.

Second, GP - historical category. It should be borne in mind that if the physical and geographical position changes relatively slowly, with the development of the geographical environment, as well as as a result of human activity, then all other types of HP are very dynamic, changeable and their significance (and the consequences of influence) in various historical conditions ambiguously.

N.N. Baransky gives an example of characterizing the historical variability of the US GP. Their germ was the English colonies located on the east coast of North America between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains. Everything that lay to the west of these colonies was not known to the Europeans, and when the English kings gave some lord or some joint-stock company a piece of the coast, they called only the southern and northern borders along the parallels, and to the west it became possible to go , anywhere. Thus, these colonies were "at the end of the world." Subsequently, the areas lying to the west of the Appalachians were explored, settled and generally mastered, and from the position "at the end of the world" the position "between two oceans" was created. That's how dramatically the situation in the US has changed. Ya.G. Mashbitz, considering the example of the Ancient

Russia, emphasizes that the Tatar-Mongol yoke, feudal disunity and the shift of the center of gravity of world development to Western Europe largely negated the exceptional favorable geographical position of Ancient Russia. Medieval Russia found itself on the periphery of European socio-economic development.

Thirdly, GP has a potential character. Certain favorable aspects of the GP are far from being realized in all cases. Only with a combination of relevant factors of the historical and socio-economic development of a given territory (country), these favorable aspects are realized. Thus, it is known that many features of the development of Japan are due to its oceanic position. But this GP could be realized only thanks to the buildup of Japan's industrial and financial potential.

Fourthly, as a geographical category, GP has a certain mechanism of influence, the study of which requires a transition from “simple”, qualitative, subjective characteristics to quantitative assessments. Noting the need for a theoretical deepening of understanding of the EGP, I.M. Maergois emphasized that the EGP is always concrete and to some extent contradictory, that it is necessary to analyze the probabilistic nature of the GP, the distance factor (the study of the distance, or distance, between geographical objects as one of the properties of space), as well as the interaction of objects, their specific subordination.

In this regard, it is important to distinguish between macro-, meso- and micropositions. The first of these corresponds to a more or less extensive territory; mesoposition - a line that cuts it in important directions, and microposition - a point on this line. These types of GPs interact with each other, but their reflection on the development of certain objects can be very different. In rare cases, they are all equally favorable. It is believed that cities with outstanding macro- and meso-locations, located in foci of connections that hold together large territories, in the centers of rapidly developing industrial and agricultural areas... at the points of contact of various zones, differences in economic potentials, in support nodes areas of new development.

For St. Petersburg, for example, the macro location is described as being in the North-West of the European part of the Russian

Federation, near the border with Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland; mesolocation - approximately in the center of the Leningrad region, at the mouth of the Neva; microlocation - on the islands of the Neva delta and adjacent territories. By analogy, it is possible to determine the rank of the position of an object within an urban area by detailing it. Red Square is located in Moscow near the walls of the Kremlin (microlocation), in the city center - within the Garden Ring (mesolocation).

For some objects, the most important is the micro-, for others, the meso- or macro-position. For example, the size of the differential rent in agriculture is very sensitive to the micro- and meso-location of the site. The same can be said about the position of the store, consumer service point in the city in relation to public transport stops and transfer points. When deciding on the development of fuel and energy and metallurgical bases, an assessment of the macro situation comes to the fore.

Fifth, the GP has close links with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries. which has a great influence on many aspects of the development of a given territory (country) as a whole and its individual parts. Thus, the configuration of the territory of Russia had a great impact on its historical and geographical development. The latitudinal extent of the vast territory of Russia in Eastern Europe and Asia is combined with its continentality and depth. This is the reason for the remoteness of most of the territories from sea coasts and borders. These factors hampered the economic development of the territories east of the Urals, the external economic relations of most regions of Russia.

Plays a big role border position regions of the country, the relationship between their configuration and the borders of the country. So, in modern Russia, this often creates complex problems for them (border regions) (for example, ethnic conflicts, an influx of refugees, the impact of socio-political tensions in neighboring states, etc.).

The relation of a certain object to the external environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant impact on it. In public geography, location is usually defined in two-dimensional space (displayed on a map). In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.

concept geographical position is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography was born as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it ... but also explains some of the properties of this object and even predicts its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of relationships between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location.

Thus the geographical position :

• is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
• is historical in nature, as it changes over time;
• has a potential character, since the position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
• has close ties with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries.

There are the following types of geographic location:

• mathematical and geographical (geodesic, astronomical, "absolute")
• physical and geographical;
• political and geographical;
• geopolitical;
• military geographical;
• ecological and geographical;
• cultural and geographical;

other.

By scale they distinguish:

• macro position
• mesolocation
• microposition

According to the coordinate system, they distinguish:

• absolute (geodesic, astronomical);
• relative;
  • math ("3 miles north of Seattle");
  • functional (economic-geographical, physical-geographical, etc.).

In an extended interpretation, the geographical location may also include the ratio of the areal object as a whole (area, district, territory) to the data underlying inside him (to the elements of the internal environment). Such a geographical location may be referred to, for example, " introspective"(from lat. introspectus, intro- inside + spicere- look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border regions in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport and geographical position, when studying the changing area in relation to stations of experience, the linguistic area in relation to the dialect center, etc. Such the approach allows to resolve the collision with the determination of the mutual geographical position of intersecting objects.

Historical outline

The concept of "geographical location" has been known since the end of the 18th century, when the paradigm of geographical determinism dominated. Ideas about the conditionality of the life of people and society by the geographical environment were put forward by ancient thinkers, such as Democritus, Herodotus, Strabo, etc. The sources of geographical information during this period were descriptions of individual countries and peoples, characteristics of inhabited and remote lands. For the purposes of navigation and trade, special descriptions of the seas, ports, trade centers were compiled, in which there was information about the features of the geographical position of the country through which the trade route passed. Historical geographer V. K. Yatsunsky believed that the work of the Italian scientist Ludovico Guicciardini “Description of the Netherlands”, which was published in 1567, was the first in the history of economic and geographical work, where the first part of the book analyzes the geographical position of the country and assessment of the role of the sea. In 1650, in the same Netherlands, the work of Varenius (Varenius) "General Geography" was published, which is considered the first theoretical work on geography. S. P. Krasheninnikov in his Description of the Land of Kamchatka (1756) gave a detailed description of its geographical position. The search for regularities in the spatial distribution of settlements and the creation of models of urban geography began in the first half of the 20th century. One of the first scientists who approached the creation of models of urban geography was V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. Geographical aspects in line with the problems of the location of the economy were developed by German scientists, they created the so-called standard theory. Representatives of this trend were I. Tyunen, A. Weber, A. Lesh and others. The American geographer W. Bunge called geography "the science of places." In this non-standard and original definition, there is a deep meaning that each geographical object has its own individual place. A great contribution to the development of the theory of geographical position was made by the Soviet geographers N. N. Baransky and I. M. Maergoiz.

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Notes

Links

• Geographical position // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• // Modern illustrated encyclopedia. Geography / Ed. A.P. Gorkina - M.: Rosmen. 2006.

Geographical position- “the position of a geographical object relative to the surface of the Earth, as well as in relation to other objects with which it is in interaction ...”

An excerpt characterizing the geographical position

“We do no harm to the French,” said Tikhon, apparently timid at these words of Denisov. - We only so, means, on hunting dabbled with the guys. It was like two dozen Miroderov were beaten, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad ... - The next day, when Denisov, completely forgetting about this peasant, left Pokrovsky, he was informed that Tikhon had stuck to the party and asked to be left with it. Denisov ordered to leave him.
Tikhon, who at first corrected the menial work of laying fires, delivering water, skinning horses, etc., soon showed a great desire and ability for guerrilla warfare. He went out at night to plunder and each time brought with him a dress and French weapons, and when he was ordered, he brought prisoners. Denisov put Tikhon away from work, began to take him on trips with him and enrolled him in the Cossacks.
Tikhon did not like to ride and always walked, never falling behind the cavalry. His weapons were a blunderbuss, which he wore more for laughter, a lance and an ax, which he owned like a wolf owns teeth, equally easily picking fleas out of wool and biting thick bones with them. Tikhon equally faithfully, with all his might, split logs with an ax and, taking the ax by the butt, cut out thin pegs with it and cut out spoons. In the party of Denisov, Tikhon occupied his own special, exceptional place. When it was necessary to do something especially difficult and ugly - turn a wagon in the mud with your shoulder, pull a horse out of the swamp by the tail, skin it, climb into the very middle of the French, walk fifty miles a day - everyone pointed, chuckling, at Tikhon.
“What the hell is he doing, hefty merenina,” they said about him.
Once a Frenchman, whom Tikhon was taking, shot him with a pistol and hit him in the flesh of his back. This wound, from which Tikhon was treated only with vodka, internally and externally, was the subject of the most cheerful jokes in the whole detachment and jokes that Tikhon willingly succumbed to.
"What, brother, won't you?" Ali cringed? the Cossacks laughed at him, and Tikhon, deliberately crouching and making faces, pretending to be angry, scolded the French with the most ridiculous curses. This incident had only the effect on Tikhon that, after his wound, he rarely brought prisoners.
Tikhon was the most useful and brave man in the party. No one more than him discovered cases of attacks, no one else took him and beat the French; and as a result, he was the jester of all Cossacks, hussars, and he himself willingly succumbed to this rank. Now Tikhon was sent by Denisov, that night, to Shamshevo in order to take language. But, either because he was not satisfied with one Frenchman, or because he slept through the night, he climbed into the bushes during the day, into the very middle of the Frenchmen and, as he saw from Mount Denisov, was discovered by them.

After talking for some more time with the esaul about tomorrow's attack, which now, looking at the proximity of the French, Denisov seemed to have finally decided, he turned his horse and rode back.
- Well, bg "at, tepeg" let's go and dry ourselves, - he said to Petya.
Approaching the forest guardhouse, Denisov stopped, peering into the forest. A man in a jacket, bast shoes and a Kazan hat, with a gun over his shoulder and an ax in his belt, was walking through the forest, between the trees, with long, light steps on long legs, with long dangling arms. Seeing Denisov, this man hurriedly threw something into a bush and, taking off his wet hat with drooping brim, went up to the chief. It was Tikhon. Pitted with smallpox and wrinkles, his face with small narrow eyes shone with self-satisfied amusement. He raised his head high and, as if restraining himself from laughter, stared at Denisov.
“Well, where did pg fall?” Denisov said.
- Where had you been? I followed the French,” Tikhon answered boldly and hastily in a hoarse but melodious bass.
- Why did you climb during the day? Beast! Well, didn't you take it?
“I took it,” said Tikhon.
– Where is he?
“Yes, I took him first of all at dawn,” Tikhon continued, rearranging his flat, turned-out feet in bast shoes wider, “and led him into the forest. I see it's not good. I think, let me go, I’ll take another more carefully one.
“Look, rogue, it’s true,” Denisov said to the esaul. - Why didn’t you pg "ivel"?
“Yes, what’s the point of driving him,” Tikhon interrupted angrily and hastily, “not a busy one. Don't I know what you need?
- What a beast! .. Well? ..
“I went after another,” Tikhon continued, “I crawled into the forest in this manner, and I lay down. - Tikhon unexpectedly and flexibly lay down on his belly, imagining in his faces how he did it. “One and do it,” he continued. - I'll rob him in this manner. - Tikhon quickly, easily jumped up. - Let's go, I say, to the colonel. How to make a noise. And there are four of them. They rushed at me with skewers. I attacked them in such a manner with an ax: why are you, they say, Christ is with you, ”Tikhon cried out, waving his arms and frowning menacingly, exposing his chest.
“That’s what we saw from the mountain, how you asked the arrow through the puddles,” said the esaul, narrowing his shining eyes.
Petya really wanted to laugh, but he saw that everyone was holding back from laughing. He quickly turned his eyes from the face of Tikhon to the face of the esaul and Denisov, not understanding what all this meant.
“You can’t imagine arcs,” Denisov said, coughing angrily. “Why didn’t you bring peg?”
Tikhon began to scratch his back with one hand, his head with the other, and suddenly his whole face stretched into a radiant stupid smile, which revealed the lack of a tooth (for which he was nicknamed Shcherbaty). Denisov smiled, and Petya burst into merry laughter, which was joined by Tikhon himself.
“Yes, quite wrong,” said Tikhon. - The clothes are poor on him, where to take him then. Yes, and rude, your honor. Why, he says, I myself am the son of Anaral, I won’t go, he says.
- What a beast! Denisov said. - I need to ask...
“Yes, I asked him,” said Tikhon. - He says: I don't know you well. There are many of ours, he says, but all are bad; only, says, one name. Ahnete, he says, it’s good, you’ll take everyone, ”Tikhon concluded, looking cheerfully and resolutely into Denisov’s eyes.
“Here I’ll pour in a hundred gog” yachs, and you will be the arc “like a cog” chit, ”Denisov said sternly.
“But what’s to be angry about,” said Tikhon, “well, I didn’t see your French? Here, let it darken, I’ll give you whatever tab you want, at least I’ll bring three.
“Well, let’s go,” said Denisov, and he rode all the way to the guardhouse, frowning angrily and in silence.
Tikhon came in from behind, and Petya heard the Cossacks laughing with him and at him about some kind of boots that he had thrown into the bush.
When that laughter that had taken possession of him passed at Tikhon's words and smile, and Petya realized for a moment that this Tikhon had killed a man, he felt embarrassed. He looked back at the captive drummer, and something struck him in the heart. But this awkwardness lasted only for a moment. He felt the need to raise his head higher, cheer up and ask the esaul with a significant air about tomorrow's enterprise, so as not to be unworthy of the society in which he was.
The officer sent met Denisov on the road with the news that Dolokhov himself would arrive immediately and that everything was fine on his part.
Denisov suddenly cheered up and called Petya to him.
“Well, tell me about yourself,” he said.

On leaving Moscow, Petya, leaving his relatives, joined his regiment and soon after that was taken as an orderly to the general who commanded a large detachment. From the time he was promoted to officer, and especially from entering the active army, where he participated in the battle of Vyazemsky, Petya was in a constantly happily excited state of joy that he was big, and in a constantly enthusiastic haste not to miss any chance of real heroism. . He was very happy with what he saw and experienced in the army, but at the same time it seemed to him that where he was not there, the most real, heroic things were now happening. And he was in a hurry to catch up to where he was not.
When on October 21 his general expressed a desire to send someone to Denisov's detachment, Petya so pitifully asked to be sent that the general could not refuse. But, sending him, the general, remembering Petya's insane act in the battle of Vyazemsky, where Petya, instead of going by road to where he was sent, rode into the chain under the fire of the French and fired two shots from his pistol there - sending him, the general he specifically forbade Petya to participate in any of Denisov's actions. From this, Petya blushed and became confused when Denisov asked if he could stay. Before leaving for the edge of the forest, Petya thought that he must, strictly fulfilling his duty, immediately return. But when he saw the French, saw Tikhon, learned that they would certainly attack at night, he, with the speed of young people moving from one look to another, decided with himself that his general, whom he still respected very much, was rubbish, German, that Denisov is a hero, and the esaul is a hero, and that Tikhon is a hero, and that he would be ashamed to leave them in difficult times.

Peace. What territory does it occupy? What are the main features of the geopolitical and economic-geographical position of Russia?

Basic information about Russia

The modern state of Russia appeared on the world map only in 1991. Although the beginnings of its statehood arose much earlier - about eleven centuries ago.

Modern Russia is a republic of a federal type. It consists of 85 subjects, different in size and population. Russia is a multinational state in which representatives of more than two hundred ethnic groups live.

The country is the world's largest exporter of oil, gas, diamonds, platinum and titanium. It is also one of the world's leading producers of ammonia, mineral fertilizers and weapons. Russia is one of the world's leading space and nuclear powers.

Geographic location area, extreme points and population

The country covers a vast area of ​​17.1 million square meters. km (the first place in the world in terms of area). It stretches for ten thousand kilometers, from the shores of the Black and Baltic Seas in the west to the Bering Strait in the east. The length of the country from north to east is 4000 km.

The extreme points of the territory of Russia are as follows (all of them are displayed with red symbols on the map below):

• northern - Cape Fligely (within Franz Josef Land);
• southern - near Mount Kichensuv (in Dagestan);
• western - on the Baltic Spit (in the Kaliningrad region);
• the eastern one is Ratmanov Island (in the Bering Strait).

Russia directly borders 14 independent states, as well as two partially recognized countries (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). An interesting fact: about 75% of the country's territory is located in Asia, but almost 80% of Russians live in its European part. Total population of Russia: about 147 million people (as of January 1, 2017).

Physical and geographical position of Russia

The entire territory of Russia is located within the Northern and almost all (with the exception of a small part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) - within the Eastern Hemisphere. The state is located in the northern and central part of Eurasia and occupies almost 30% of Asia.

From the north, the shores of Russia are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and in the east - by the Pacific. In the western part, it has access to the Black Sea, which belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin. The country has the longest coastline among all countries in the world - over 37 thousand kilometers. These are the main features of the physical and geographical position of Russia.

The country has a colossal richness and diversity of natural resource potential. Its expanses contain the richest deposits of oil and gas, iron ores, titanium, tin, nickel, copper, uranium, gold and diamonds. Russia also has vast water and forest resources. In particular, about 45% of its area is covered with forest.

It is worth highlighting other important features of the physical and geographical position of Russia. Thus, most of the country is located north of 60 degrees north latitude, in the permafrost zone. Millions of people are forced to live in these difficult natural and climatic conditions. All this, of course, left its mark on the life, culture and traditions of the Russian people.

Russia is in the area of ​​so-called risky farming. This means that the successful development of agriculture in most of its parts is difficult or impossible. So, if in the northern regions of the country there is not enough heat, then in the southern, on the contrary, there is a shortage of moisture. These features of Russia's geographical position have a noticeable effect on the agro-industrial sector of its economy, which is in dire need of state subsidies.

Components and levels of the economic and geographical position of the country

Under or region is understood the totality of connections and relations of individual enterprises, settlements and regions with objects that are located outside the country and have a strong influence on it.

Scientists distinguish the following components of the EGP:

• transport;
• industrial;
• agrogeographic;
• demographic;
• recreational;
• market (position relative to sales markets).

The assessment of the EGP of a country or region is carried out at three different levels: at the micro, meso and macro levels. Next, we will evaluate the macro position of Russia in relation to the surrounding world as a whole.

Features, changes in the economic and geographical position of Russia

The size of the territory is the most important feature and benefit of the economic and geographical position of the Russian Federation, which is associated with many prospects. It allows the country to ensure a competent division of labor, rationally allocate its production forces, etc. Russia borders on fourteen countries of Eurasia, among which are the powerful raw material bases of China, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Numerous transport corridors ensure close cooperation with the states of Western and Central Europe.

Here, perhaps, are the main features of the geographical position of Russia of an economic nature. How has it changed in recent decades? And has it changed?

After the collapse of the USSR, the country deteriorated markedly. First of all, transport. After all, Russia's access to the strategically important water areas of the Black and Baltic Seas was significantly limited in the early 1990s, and the country itself moved several hundred kilometers away from the highly developed states of Europe. In addition, Russia has lost many of its traditional markets.

Geopolitical position of Russia

Geopolitical position is the country's place on the world political arena, its relationship with other states. In general, Russia has ample opportunities for economic, political, military, scientific and cultural cooperation with many countries of Eurasia and the planet.

However, these relations are not developing in the best way with all states. Thus, in recent years, Russia's relations with a number of NATO countries - the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, which were once close allies of the Soviet Union, have significantly deteriorated. This fact, by the way, is called the largest geopolitical defeat of the Russian Federation in the new century.

Russia's relations with a number of post-Soviet states remain complex and rather tense: Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and the countries of the Baltic region. The geopolitical position of the country changed significantly in 2014 with the annexation of the Crimean peninsula (in particular, in the Black Sea region).

Changes in Russia's Geopolitical Position in the 20th Century

If we consider the twentieth century, the most tangible reshuffle of forces in the European and world political arena occurred in 1991. The collapse of the powerful state of the USSR led to a number of fundamental changes in the geopolitical position of Russia:

• along the perimeter of Russia, more than a dozen young and independent states emerged, with which it was necessary to establish a new type of relationship;
• the Soviet military presence was finally eliminated in a number of countries in Eastern and Central Europe;
• Russia received a rather problematic and vulnerable enclave - the Kaliningrad region;
• The NATO military bloc gradually approached directly to the borders of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, fairly strong and mutually beneficial ties between Russia and Germany, China, Japan, and India have been established over the past decades.

As a conclusion: Russia in the modern world

Russia occupies a huge territory, possessing colossal human and natural resource potential. Today it is the largest state on the planet and an important player in the global arena. It is possible to single out the most important features of the geographical position of Russia, here they are:

1. The vastness of the occupied space and the huge length of the borders.
2. An amazing variety of natural conditions and resources.
3. Mosaic (uneven) settlement and economic development of the territory.
4. Wide opportunities for trade, military and political cooperation with various neighboring countries, including the leading economies of the modern world.
5. Inconstancy and instability of the country's geopolitical position over the past decades.

Features of the geographical position of Russia are extremely advantageous. But it is important to learn how to use these benefits (natural, economic, strategic and geopolitical) correctly and rationally, directing them to increase the power of the country and the well-being of its citizens.

GEOSPACE

Lecture plan:

1. Location. geographic space.

2. Socio-geographical position.

1. 
   Locations. geographic space.

The American geographer W. Bunge (1967) called geography "the science of places". There is a deep meaning in this non-standard and somewhat original definition. Each geographical object on the earth's surface has its own individual place (location). Public geography explores the placement, location, location of individual enterprises, settlements, regions, countries. However, geographers analyze the relative position on the earth's surface different objects, which determines their greater or lesser interaction, mutual influence, interdependence. Consequently, the basic concept of geography "place" ("location)" determines the following postulates (initial principles) of its socio-geographical research:

1) each geographical object has its own "address" relative to the earth's surface, which is called a place, or location;

2) geographers study the location of individual objects and give it an appropriate assessment;

3) geographers analyze the mutual placement of sets of different objects, which determines greater or lesser interaction, to characterize the mutual placement of geographical objects, they consider a set of places (locations), which is called spatial ordering, or spatial organization.

B.B. Rodoman (1979) showed the dependence of the essential properties of objects on their spatial position and called it the "positional principle". Social geography is gradually moving from the functional characteristics of objects to their positional properties.

There is a very clear connection between the development of cities and their geographical position - location. Unknown and sparsely populated Odessa is lightning ahead in the first half of the 19th century. Nikolaev, which was the official "capital" of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Tobolsk was the capital of Siberia, the main transport hub on the waterways in Siberia. After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which took over all cargo flows, Tobolsk fell into disrepair and remains a provincial town to this day. But along the highway, new cities appeared - Omsk, Novosibirsk, which quickly became millionaire cities.

The location of objects on the earth's surface can be characterized in two ways:

1) by their geographic coordinates, relative to the degree grid, while the position of objects is determined clearly and unambiguously, each object has its own coordinates - latitude and longitude, which distinguish its position from other objects;

2) by the nature of the neighborhood- the spatial relationship of this object to other neighboring ones; in this case, the characteristic of the position of the object may not be very clear and even ambiguous. Let's say Ilyichevsk is located in the suburban area of ​​Odessa, and the city of Yuzhny is also a satellite of Odessa. Questions arise: what kind of relationships should be taken into account - work trips, passenger or cargo flows, industrial relations, cooperation in the service sector, etc., which neighborhood is significant and affects the development of this object, and which neighbors you can no longer be interested in, etc. .d.

Let's call the first method absolute binding of geographic objects, and the second - relative. According to formal features - rigor, unambiguity - the first approach has undeniable advantages. The coordinate binding of objects is the basis for cartography, navigation, military affairs, land management, and construction. Yet geographers prefer to analyze the relative position of objects on the earth's surface. This is explained by the fact that geography studies not so much the placement of individual objects as their sets and aggregates, and geographers are primarily interested not in individual objects, but in their relative position, spatial organization. The theory and practice of socio-geographic research convincingly testifies that it is the analysis of the relative locations of the study of the neighborhood that makes it possible to give the location of individual objects a deep and meaningful qualitative assessment.

Each geographical feature can be characterized by its relationships (and interactions) with other features that influence its development. Each geographical object occupies a certain place on the earth's surface and has its own characteristic and unique list or set of neighborhoods with other objects that interact with it. If we have determined such a spectrum (list) of the neighborhood for a given object, then we have thus shown its location (place). Each point on the earth's surface has its own individual place, which is its "geographical address". Depending on the location, such a point - a piece of territory or water area - can perform certain economic functions. Therefore, geographers determine the functions of a place, functions determined by the peculiarity of the location (A.A. Mints, V.S. Preobrazhensky, 1971).

The earth's surface in public geography is traditionally called the geographic shell (landscape shell), or the geosphere. Geographic envelope is is a combination of natural, social and economic components, a multitude of various objects of nature, population and economy. But such objects can be considered not only as a "set" or "set", but also in terms of their spatial distribution - places, locations of many cities, in terms of their spatial interaction and organization. This aspect of the consideration of geographical objects and phenomena, when the analysis of places and relative placement is put in the foreground, is now called the analysis of geographical space (geospace). Thus, geospace - this is one aspect of the study of the geographic envelope, when objects are considered in terms of their locations, spatial interactions and relationships, spatial ordering and organization.Geographic space - denotes the ordering of geographical objects relative to the earth's surface and their spatial organization. As a rule, this concept is used to formalize socio-geographical phenomena and processes and their further mathematical processing or mathematical modeling.

Control questions and tasks:

1. Expand the content and functions of the concept of "place" ("location)" in social geography.

2. Explain the meaning of the positional principle, according to B. Rodoman. Give examples of the exclusive role of the locations of cities that have had an intense impact on their development.

3. In what ways do geographers characterize the location of objects on the earth's surface? Compare the advantages and disadvantages of absolute and relative reference of geographic objects to the earth's surface.

4. Explain the meaning of the function of place, for A. Mints and V. Preobrazhensky. What determines the functions of the place of various points or sections of the earth's surface?

5. Expand the content of the concept of "geographic space" ("geospace)".

2. Socio-geographical position

The most profound theoretical development called "economic and geographical position" (EGP) was carried out by Nikolai Baransky. According to his definition (1929), EGP - it is the relation of a given object to others that influence or may influence its development.Economic and geographical position (EGP) - is the relation of the objectcities , district , countries to givens lying outside it that have this or that economic significance - it makes no difference whether these givens of a natural order or created in the process of history(according to N.N. Baransky).

First, not the objects themselves are analyzed, but their places.

Secondly, it is not real interactions between geographical objects that are subject to analysis, but their possible and potential characteristics - spatial relationships.

Thirdly, such relations, in principle, can be multilevel - global, regional, local, and multidimensional - natural, social, economic, political and geographical.

In modern conditions, the EGP should be considered as one of the aspects (types) of a more general socio-geographical position (OGP). UCP - the relation (sum or integral of spatial relations) of a given geographical object to all others - natural, socio-demographic, economic, political, cultural, confessional, that influence or may potentially influence its development.

OGP are distinguished by the levels of society's vital activity - global, national (national, regional, regional, district, local). In the generalized scheme, these are micro-, meso- and macropositions.

For example, microposition Odessa is defined by the location of the city center on the southwestern coast of the Odessa Bay of the Black Sea. mesoposition Odessa - its location in the south-west of Ukraine, on the Black Sea coast, near the state borders with Moldova and Romania. feature macro position Odessa is its position at the junction of Central-Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region, where European and Asian countries border. It is clear that the examples given are very fragmentary and require further detailing and evaluation.

There are different types of WGP: natural-geographical (landscape, natural-resource) historical-geographical (different times of settlement and economic development of the territory, various types of nature management); ethno-demographic; socio-geographical; economic and geographical (industrial, agricultural, forestry); transport and geographical; civilizational (cultural)-geographical; confessional-geographical; political and geographical; geoecological.

Any aspect of human life that has noticeable spatial differences can be used to assess the GCP: the position of states or cities on the coasts with warm or cold currents; the position of African countries in the Sahel zone - on the verge of Sarah and savannah, which leads to desertification of lands; positions of territories at high latitudes relative to the "ozone hole" in the atmosphere, etc.

Control questions and tasks

1. Explain the meaning and function of the concept of "economic and geographical location." Who developed it and when? What is the specificity of the analysis of the economic and geographical position in comparison with other geographical characteristics?

2. Define the concept of "socio-geographical position". According to what levels of organization of the life of society is it analyzed?

3. Describe the various specific aspects of the socio-geographical position. Give relevant examples.

geographical position

the position of any point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to other territories or objects; relative to the Earth's surface, the geographical position is determined using coordinates. Distinguish geographical location in relation to natural objects and to economic-geographical objects. Geographical position in economic geography is a historical category.

Geographical position

the position of any point or area of ​​the earth's surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. In mathematical geography, geographic positions are understood as the latitude and longitude of given points or localities; in physical geography, their position in relation to physical geographical objects (continents, mountains, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, etc.). In economic and political geography, geographical location is understood as the position of a country, region, settlement, and other objects in relation to other economic-geographical (including communication routes, markets, economic centers, etc.) and physical-geographical objects. as well as the position of the country relative to other states and their groups. Urban settlement is one of the conditions for the development of countries, regions, cities, and other settlements. The practical significance of G. p. changes in various socio-economic formations.

Wikipedia

Geographical position

Geographical position- "the position of a geographical object relative to the surface of the Earth, as well as in relation to other objects with which it is in interaction ...". It characterizes "the place of a given object in the system of spatial connections and flows (material, energy, information) and determines its relationship with the external environment." Usually reflects the geospatial relationship of a particular object to the environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant impact on it. In public geography, position is usually defined in two-dimensional space. In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.

concept geographical position is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography was born as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it ... but also explains some of the properties of this object and even predicts its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of links between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location. Thus the geographical position:

• is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
• is historical in nature, as it changes over time;
• has a potential character, since the position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
• has close ties with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries.

Within the framework of theoretical geography, B. B. Rodoman formulated "positional principle", which means the dependence of the properties of the object on its location, and "positional pressure principle", meaning the force that causes an object to move if it is in a position that is not optimal for its functioning. American geographer W. Bunge suggested "shift rule", which means a change in the geographical position of the flows when they are overvoltage in the existing channel. For example: riverbeds, volcano vents, highways, seaports. Yu. K. Efremov even proposed a special type of maps - maps of geographical location. However, L. V. Smirnyagin believes that in the modern world, as in geography, the characteristics of the place itself play an increasingly important role in comparison with its location.

There are the following types of geographic location:

• mathematical-geographical
• physical and geographical;
• economic and geographical;
• political and geographical;
• geopolitical;
• military geographical;
• ecological and geographical;
• cultural and geographical;

other.

By scale they distinguish:

• macro position
• mesolocation
• microposition

According to the coordinate system, they distinguish:

• absolute;
• relative;
  • math ("3 miles north of Seattle");
  • functional.

In an extended interpretation, the geographic location may also include the relationship of the areal object as a whole to the data underlying inside him. Such a geographical location may be referred to, for example, as "introspective" (from, intro- inside + spicere- look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border regions in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport and geographical position, when studying the changing area in relation to stations of experience, the linguistic area in relation to the dialect center, etc. Such the approach allows to resolve the collision with the determination of the mutual geographical position of intersecting objects.