All about recreational resources. Recreational World Resources

At the present stage in the world, recreational resources have acquired great importance. These are objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, treatment and tourism. In recent years, a “recreational explosion” has been observed on Earth, which manifests itself in the increasing impact of the flow of people on nature. This is the result of the scientific and technological revolution and the isolation of man from nature. The use of recreational resources can be assessed by the number of tourists visiting the country. All countries of the world have some kind of recreational resources, but to the greatest extent vacationers are attracted by such countries as Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, India, Mexico. The most popular are countries and regions where rich natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical sights. The development of recreational nature management and international tourism can bring a lot of income to these countries (Fig.). Among the natural and recreational objects, the most famous are: the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, Caribbean, Red Seas; Hawaiian, Maldives, Canary, Bahamas and other islands; therapeutic mud of the Crimea; mineral waters of the Caucasus.

Rice. international tourism

The use of modern world recreational resources is characterized by significant territorial unevenness.

The World Tourism Organization distinguishes six main regions:
1. European (all European countries, countries of the former USSR + Turkey,

Cyprus and Israel).
2. American (all countries of North and South America).
3. Asia-Pacific (APR, all countries of East and South- 4. East Asia, Australia and Oceania).
5. Middle East (countries of Southwest Asia + Egypt and Libya).
African (all African countries except Egypt and Libya).
6. South Asian (countries of South Asia).

European countries are leading in terms of the number of World Heritage sites. About 1/5 of the world heritage sites are natural monuments. The unstable socio-economic and political situation in some Asian countries, as well as the remoteness of some parts of Europe, reduces its attractiveness as a center of world tourism and recreation. Due to ongoing civil and political unrest, travel companies do not recommend visiting certain regions and countries: Colombia; Haiti; South Lebanon; Afghanistan; Congo; Rwanda; Algeria; Somalia. The vast majority of these countries and regions are characterized by political instability, military and national conflicts.

Rice. Foreign exchange earnings from international tourism

Recreational nature management is travel and excursions, hiking, relaxing on the beach, mountain climbing, sea and river cruises, attending cultural and sports events, resting at tourist bases, fishing and hunting.

One of the types of recreational nature management is ecological tourism. Ecological tourism is divided into: seaside, mountain, river, sea, urban, scientific and educational. The objects are national and natural parks, individual landscapes, natural and natural-cultural attractions. Ecotourists travel to their own and neighboring countries, but their main flow is directed from Europe and North America to tropical countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Ecuador). According to modern estimates, ecological tourism is the most rapidly developing part of the world's recreational nature management. Getting more widespread extreme tourism travel to the Arctic, Antarctica.

The greatest tourist and recreational activity is distinguished by people aged 30 to 50 years. At least 25% of all tourists are young people who are financially well-off in developed countries, have a good education and strive to satisfy their unique interests in the knowledge of nature. In the richest country of capital in the United States, more than 70% of families with an annual income of less than 2 thousand dollars do not travel outside the country, 20% of tourists account for 80% of all travel. In Germany, more than 60% of the population is not included in migration recreation at all. In the UK, 40% of the adult population 78.8% do not travel. In developing countries, foreign tourism is rather poorly developed, the fact remains that the vast majority of more than four billion people in the world have not yet crossed the borders of their country. According to statistical studies, it has been established that in the middle of the 20th century, more than 2 billion people never left their village or city. The greatest interest in travel is shown by middle-income strata of the population: employees, youth, intellectuals, and entrepreneurs.
According to numerous surveys and questionnaires, the following factors influence the choice of turfima:

Advice from friends and acquaintances: 31.6%;
Prices: 26.7%;
Availability of a license: 18.1%;
Service set: 15.6%;
Terms and experience in the market: 14.8%;
Personal experience with this firm: 13.0%;
Expert advice: 11.3%;
Employee friendliness: 8.8%;
Travel firm ratings: 4.7%;
Advertising: 3.7%;
Mention of a travel company in directories: 3.4%;
Good office: 2.5%;
Convenient location: 2.5%;
Other indicators: 5.9%.

The tourism industry is a significant factor contributing to the more intensive economic development of those areas of the globe that are located far from large industrial centers and have little economic resources. In a number of states, tourism has become a large independent branch of the economy, occupying a leading position in the economy. This is largely due to the fact that the modern tourism industry provides a large amount of services consumed by tourists during their travel abroad.

The structure of the territory's recreational potential is a system consisting of two leading blocks: the resource component, represented by recreational resources, and the socio-economic component, represented by the material and technical base. But, along with these two components, the recreational potential of the territory has another component - the natural and socio-economic conditions of the area that promote or hinder recreation, or, more simply, limiting factors. Although in this scheme (Fig. 5) limiting factors will be singled out as a separate block that directly affects both recreational resources and the material and technical base, in fact, these limiting factors are concentrated within both recreational resources and the material and technical base and represented by their separate internal limiting blocks.

Recreational resources, their properties and types of evaluation

As a branch of the economy and a type of human activity, recreation belongs to the group of industries and types of activity that have a pronounced resource orientation, showing in this similarity with the extractive forestry industry, fishing and agriculture. Therefore, the most important component of the recreational potential are recreational resources.

In many reference publications, the concept of "resources" is defined as stocks, values, cash, opportunities.

Mironenko N. S. and Tverdokhlebov I. T. under recreational resources they understand the components of the geographical environment and objects of anthropogenic activity, which, due to such properties as uniqueness, historical or artistic value, aesthetic appeal and healing and recreational value, can be used to organize various types and forms of recreational activities or for the purpose of recreation, tourism, treatment.

According to V. S. Preobrazhensky, recreational resources are natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems and their elements, which, given the existing technical and material capabilities, can be used to organize a recreational economy.

Rice. 5.

And, finally, another version of the concept of recreational resources proposed by I.I. the structure of recreational needs and technical and economic opportunities are used for direct and indirect consumption and production of resort and tourism services.

Recreational resources influence the territorial organization of recreational activities, the formation of recreational areas and centers, their specialization and economic efficiency. But this influence is not direct. It is determined by socio-economic factors and, above all, by the volume and structure of recreational needs.

The concept of "recreational resources" is not identical to the concepts of "natural conditions" and "cultural and historical prerequisites for the development of recreation." Recreational resources are, to a certain extent, transformed natural conditions and cultural and historical objects, brought to the level of manufacturability under the influence of social needs and opportunities for direct use in recreational services.

There are two components in the structure of recreational resources: natural and socio-anthropogenic (natural and cultural-historical resources of recreational activities).

Natural elements and complexes initially act as conditions for recreational activities; as natural formations they exist even before the development of the recreational economy. Then, due to the development and change in the structure of social needs and the emergence of recreational demand, after the costs of their study, evaluation and preparation for operation, they pass into the category of recreational resources. The determining moment in the transition of natural conditions into resources is the cost of social labor for their study and bringing them to the level of manufacturability, the possibility of direct use in the recreational economy.

The transition of natural complexes to the class of recreational resources occurs according to the following scheme: 1) natural complexes exist as natural formations, due to the lack of recreational demand, they do not have the nature of resources; 2) the emergence of recreational demand requires the study and evaluation of natural complexes; 3) due to the action of social needs and the investment of living labor and funds, the most valuable natural complexes are converted into resources; 4) an increase in the volume of recreational demand leads to the transition of less favorable natural complexes in terms of properties to the class of resources.

The process of turning natural bodies into recreational resources can be demonstrated using the example of beaches. This process can proceed in several stages: first, the part of the beach that has the best qualities goes into resources (funds), then - satisfactory, and, finally, mediocre. This type of development can be called classical evolutionary, when the sequence is strictly preserved in the process: first, good resources are mastered, and then bad ones. Along with this, another type of development is also possible. The increased demand for recreational areas leads to the fact that in some cases, despite the need for significant one-time investments, territories with low assessments of recreational conditions are included in the number of resources. For example, natural beaches are being improved and artificial beaches are being created. In areas with difficult mining and geological conditions. In practice, we are talking about a transition to an intensive type of development, to the creation of "additional recreational resources.

A similar process occurs during the transition of cultural and historical objects to the class of excursion recreational resources. Initially, the recreational demand for cultural, historical and ethnographic objects leads to the study, evaluation and use of the most preserved and accessible in excursion tourism. The expansion of demand and the development of valuable recreational criteria, the rise of the cultural level of the population, contribute to the expansion of the range of objects used, many of them, after special restoration work, are involved in the excursion show. Cultural and historical objects, being the products of labor of previous generations, act here as a subject of labor for the production of recreational services of a cognitive nature.

Recreational resources are a historical category, since changes in the structure and volume of recreational needs lead to the involvement of new elements of both natural and cultural-historical nature in recreational activities.

Despite the importance of objects of history and culture in the recreational and resource component, natural benefits occupy a predominant place, being one of the main material prerequisites for recreation. The natural prerequisites for recreation are, first of all, natural-territorial complexes of various ranks, their components and individual properties, including such as attractiveness, contrast and rhythm of landscapes, the ability to overcome obstacles, geographical specificity, exoticism, uniqueness, or, conversely, typicality, sizes and shapes of natural objects and their visual and geographical position.

As a consumer of the territory, recreation is second only to agriculture and forestry. The need for recreation in the territory is three times higher than the need for residential development, and taking into account natural parks, reserves and wildlife preserves - 6-7 times.

Thus, making demands on large areas, sometimes with untouched nature, recreation has limited opportunities for its development in developed areas. At the same time, in rural areas, it can be successfully combined with agricultural land use. It is unacceptable to locate recreational areas near the development of minerals, industrial enterprises of increased hazard.

Depending on the level of recreational specialization, three main types of recreational land use can be distinguished.

• 1) areas with a high intensity of recreation, where other land users are absent or are of secondary importance (parks, beaches and other public recreation areas);
• 2) territories with an average intensity of recreation that simultaneously perform some ecological and production functions (suitable green spaces, anti-erosion forests, etc.);
• 3) territories with a small share of recreation.

Most of the alternative situations of land acquisition are associated with the second type of recreational land use.

The emergence of new needs in society causes a change in the structure of demand for the territory, leading industries come to the fore, which receive the pre-emptive right to "select" the resources of the territory for themselves. This can also take place when the territories suitable for this use are occupied by other lands. One has to face such a phenomenon during the recreational development of the territory, when it becomes necessary to build recreation facilities on lands occupied by agricultural and other objects. Removing them for recreation purposes means that at some point agricultural funds (for example, vineyards) become recreational resources of the territory, and after investing new funds, they become recreational funds.

In total it is possible to distinguish several main types of recreational resources. Among them, first of all, the following resources are allocated:

• - geomorphological (landscape);
• - climatic;
• - water;
• - vegetable (including phytotherapeutic) - arrays of forest and park plantings;
• - animal world;
• - beach;
• - land;
• - landscape;
• - balneological - explored and approved reserves of mineral waters;
• - mud;
• - cognitive (excursion and cultural-historical).

This enumeration of the main types of recreational resources shows their division according to the natural class and nature of use.

From these main types of recreational resources, with the addition of recreational capacity, which acts as a limiting factor of recreational resources, and, thus, closely related to them, the structure of the resource component of the recreational potential of the territory is formed (Fig. 6).

In this diagram of the structure of the resource component of the recreational potential of the territory, all types of recreational resources represent blocks that are divided into:

the main ones - on the basis of which systems and cycles of recreational activities are formed;

minor - supplementing the main ones;

limiting - restraining the development of recreation;

intermediate - located between generators and limiters.

By type of use, recreational resources are divided on the:

intensively used - artificial recreational resources;

extensively used - primeval recreational resources;

used and underused (for example, mountain rivers, reservoirs).

The most important characteristics of recreational resources are the following:

the volume of reserves (debit of mineral waters; area of ​​valuable recreational territories; excursion potential (in hours) of tourist centers) necessary to determine the potential capacity of territorial recreational systems, the level of development, optimization of loads; 2) the area of ​​distribution of resources (the size of aquifers, beaches, forest cover, watering of the territory, the boundaries of a stable snow cover), which makes it possible to determine potential recreational lands, to establish sanitary protection districts;

• 3) the period of possible exploitation (the duration of a favorable climatic period, the swimming season, the occurrence of a stable snow cover), which determines the seasonality and rhythm of the recreational exploitation of the territory;
• 4) territorial immobility of most types of resources, causing the attraction of recreational infrastructure and flows to places of their concentration;
• 5) relatively low capital intensity and low cost of operating costs, which allows you to quickly create infrastructure and obtain social and economic benefits, as well as independently use certain types of resources;
• 6) the ability to reuse while observing the norms of rational nature management and carrying out the necessary measures for reclamation and improvement.

Resources of each type are specific. Various types of mineral waters and therapeutic muds are used for sanatorium-and-spa holidays, nature and climate, which give a therapeutic effect; caves and salt mines with a peculiar microclimate (speleotherapy). Health-improving rest develops on the basis of favorable and comfortable climatic periods, waters, vegetation, relief and other elements and properties of the landscape that create a healing effect. For sports tourism and categorical travel, such properties of the territory as cross-country ability and the presence of obstacles (rapids, crossings, passes), sparsely populated and remote area are important. The objects of cognitive recreation are cultural, historical and natural attractions, unique economic objects, folklore holidays and elements of folk culture (national games, art crafts).

Rice. 6.

recreational potential of the territory

The assessment of recreational resources should be carried out taking into account a set of indicators and a clear indication of the object of assessment (range of resources, objects, territory) and its subjects (type of tourism, cycle of recreational activities, category of vacationers).

Since the assessment reflects the relationship between the object and the subject, the assessment procedure consists of the following mandatory steps: 1) selection of the object of assessment - natural complexes, their components and properties; 2) selection of the subject, from the position of which the assessment is carried out; 3) the formation of evaluation criteria, which are determined both by the scope and purpose of the study, and by the properties of the subject; 4) development of parameters for rating scales of gradations.

The development of rating scales of gradations is synthetic in nature, since these scales are the assessment. The scales show the evaluative relationship between the subject and the object. In this case, the question always arises about the number of scale steps. Most often, 3-4 or 5-6 steps are used.

Each step is an indicator of the intensity of the interaction of the properties of this object with the state of the subject. The intensity of interaction can vary from insignificant to strong. The five-level scale for assessing the prerequisites for recreation includes the following gradations: 1) the most favorable; 2) favorable; 3) moderately favorable; 4) little favorable; 5) unfavorable.

In recreational geography, three main types of recreational resources have developed: medical and biological, psychological and aesthetic and technological.

biomedical type. In this type, estimates of climatic, balneological, balneo-mud, water, plant (phytotherapeutic) recreational resources are calculated. This type of assessment reflects, first of all, the influence of natural factors on the human body. At the same time, their comfort for the organism of the recreant is assessed.

Climate plays a leading role in biomedical assessments. Here the climate is the object of assessment, and the subject is man. However, the focus is not on the nature of his activity, but on the state of his body.

Climatologists and balneologists recommend a whole system of methods for assessing climatic resources for recreation and tourism. Climate is understood as the long-term weather regime characteristic of a particular region. Its impact on a person is manifested through specific weather, which is understood as a complex of interrelated and interdependent meteorological elements and phenomena. The focus is on the state of the human body as a response to the complex impact of the weather. Consequently, recreational climate assessment consists in studying the dependence of man on the impact of meteorological factors. Modern balneologists, in addition to the physical influence of weather on a person, attach great importance to its emotional impacts. Psychological and aesthetic type. This type considers assessments of geomorphological (landscape) landscape recreational resources, as well as flora and fauna resources used in recreation.

With a psychological and aesthetic assessment the emotional impact of the distinctive features of the natural landscape and its components on a person is assessed. The methodology for this assessment is extremely complex and comes down to determining a person's emotional reaction to a particular natural complex.

Table 2.

Conditional assessment of the degree of contrast of pairs of natural complexes (Vedenin, Filippovich, 1975).

The study of the assessment of the aesthetic properties of landscapes showed that the edge zones (especially in flat areas) and focal points have the highest attractive effect for recreants. The marginal zones are understood as the boundary strips between two heterogeneous environments: water-land (strong effect), forest-glade (medium effect), hill-plain (weak effect) (Table 2). The repulsive effect is produced by homogeneous tree plantations, swampy or waterlogged areas or areas of a disfigured landscape. These observations made it possible to derive some quantitative indicators, in particular, the saturation of the territory with "edge" effects: Hke = Lp/S, where Lp is the length of the border strips, S is the area of ​​the territory.

The saturation of the territory with focal points depends largely on the nature of the relief. To assess this property of landscapes, in particular, the ratio of the average maximum relative heights to a unit of territory is used.

The aesthetic value of a landscape depends on its morphological structure and the variety of landscape elements or landscape diversity. Landscape diversity consists of: 1) the internal structure of the natural complex; 2) external relations with other natural complexes.

Internal landscape diversity is determined by the internal morphological structure of the landscape (characteristics of the relief, vegetation, hydrological features, the nature of the relationship between various components, etc.). There are such indicators of internal landscape diversity as the degree of mosaicity of the landscape - the ratio of the number of contours of natural boundaries to the area of ​​the studied landscapes; degree of diversity of landscapes; the frequency of occurrence of background dominants and structural determinants along the route; the probable number of contours of natural boundaries per unit of path of the tourist route: 10 kmvN/S, where N is the number of contours of natural boundaries in the landscape; S is the area of ​​the studied landscape.

The probable number of types of tracts per unit path of the tourist route is calculated as follows 10 kmvT/S, where T is the number of tracts in the landscape.

The last two indicators can be called the horizontal frequency of landscape change (horizontal internal landscape diversity). To assess horizontal diversity, another indicator is also used, such as the frequency of relief inflections per unit distance.

The vertical diversity of natural complexes is characterized by vertical segmentation of the relief within this natural complex. It determines the presence or absence of landscape panoramas and distant prospects.

The internal aesthetic properties of natural complexes are also characterized by such indicators as the degree of forest cover, the completeness of the forest stand, the layering of the forest, the abundance of undergrowth and undergrowth. As a dominant feature for lowland forest areas, the degree of forest cover is usually taken. Depending on the percentage of forest cover, open, semi-open and closed spaces are distinguished.

It is believed, for example, that when the forest cover is more than 50%, the aesthetic properties of landscapes are sharply reduced. When assessing, the highest score is given to natural complexes with semi-open spaces, i.e., those whose spatial structure includes both forested and non-forested territories. When moving in heavily forested areas with frequent changes of landscapes, the foot recreant quickly gets tired and perceives all landscapes as a monotonous multitude. Open spaces, due to their visual static nature, do not provide diversity.

The nature of the combination of vegetation and relief is also important. The combination of a wavy relief with a forest of medium size on elevated areas visually enhances the dissection of the landscape, and, conversely, the filling of depressions with forest creates the effect of a flat landscape. In the first case, the aesthetic evaluation is increased, and in the second case, it is reduced.

The external landscape diversity of the natural complex is characterized by a variety of landscapes that open up to many neighboring natural complexes. In lowland areas, the external orientation of the natural complex plays a less significant role than in mountainous areas. In lowland areas, the degree of forest cover is of particular importance. Obviously, semi-open and open spaces have a higher external landscape diversity than closed areas.

The indicators of external landscape diversity include: the number of simultaneously visible neighboring natural complexes, the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical perception of external landscapes, the depth of perspective, the intersection of horizon lines, as well as the abundance of places from which external landscapes open. For example, in mountainous areas, the tops of the mountains, from which the largest number of natural complexes are perceived, should receive the highest rating, and mountain gorges should receive the lowest rating. The greater the horizontal angle of perception of external landscapes (the maximum is 360 0 on the mountain peaks and the minimum is 0 0 in a completely forested space), the greater the likelihood of a variety of neighboring natural complexes falling into the field of view, all other things being equal. The vertical angle of perception of external landscapes is characterized by the maximum deviation from the horizontal line of the beam, which limits the vertical angle of perception of the landscape. The value of this angle varies depending on the relative position of the assessed natural complex and neighboring territories.

The depth of the perspective of the external landscape depends on the height of the vantage point. It will be maximum when the observation point is located on the peaks of mountain peaks, the smallest - in forests, in deep pits.

The silhouette of the horizon line is characterized by the degree of dissection of the surrounding territory and is measured through the number of kinks per unit of horizontal perception angle.

The number of places from which external landscapes open is determined by the ratio between the areas closed and open to the perception of external landscapes.

Among other methods of psychological and aesthetic assessment of natural complexes, such as measures of exotic uniqueness have recently been developed. Exoticity is defined as the degree of contrast of the place of rest in relation to the place of permanent residence, and uniqueness - as the degree of occurrence or non-recurrence of objects and phenomena.

Evaluation of exoticism from the position of the organizer of the holiday requires the introduction of the factor of the number of people for whom the complex under consideration is exotic.

Technological type. In this type, assessments of water beach and land recreational resources are considered. Technological assessment reflects the interaction of man and the natural environment "technology" of recreational activities and technology.

Therefore, this type of assessment covers two aspects. On the one hand, they are evaluated for one or another type or a whole system of recreational activities, on the other hand, the possibility of engineering and construction development of the territory. This shows that in this case, the recreational industry acts as the subject of assessment from the position of the recreant. From the point of view of the recreational industry, a natural resource must have high qualities (comfort, healing properties, etc.) sufficient for organizing recreation and sanatorium treatment for a certain mass contingent of the population, reserves and areas, and a long, from an economic point of view, period of operation.

The best basis for assessing the recreational resources of a territory, according to most geographers, is a landscape map, since in this case the objects of assessment are synthetic units - natural territorial complexes. The rank of a unit is determined by the scale of the study and the maps corresponding to it: on a small scale there can be physiographic provinces, on a medium scale - districts, landscapes or their large parts - areas, on a large scale - tracts and facies.

It is possible to start the assessment after drawing up schemes for restricting recreation, for which both natural and economic limiting factors are taken into account. An example of limiting factors can be climate discomfort, a high probability of occurrence of predatory marine animals, unfavorable microclimatic conditions for sanatorium and resort treatment, a lack of beaches, water, land for building, etc. A preliminary scheme is drawn up of the intensity and nature of the modern use of natural territorial complexes, and long-term national economic plans are also taken into account. Zones of influence of cities and industrial facilities, mining sites, contours of agricultural land, etc. are not included in the areas to be assessed.

For the technological assessment of any land, it is necessary, first of all, to formulate the requirements for species, complexes and cycles of occupations to natural complexes. For example, water skiing requires not only the presence of a reservoir, but also a certain state of the water mass - the absence of unrest, comfortable water temperatures. To assess from the standpoint of the organizer of the rest, it is also necessary to know the size of the reservoir, the duration of the period without wind and unrest, i.e., take into account the spatial and temporal distribution of these phenomena.

Therefore, after determining the purpose of the assessment and identifying the requirements for the natural complex, a list of properties that have the greatest impact on this type of occupation is compiled, and those indicators are selected according to which these properties should be evaluated.

Usually, four or six such indicators are selected for each site. After that, an evaluation scale is built for each of the selected indicators. When compiling rating scales for individual indicators, 3-4 or 5-6 steps are most often used. The number of steps on the evaluation scale depends on the range of values ​​of the indicator being evaluated, which, in turn, is determined by the degree of diversity of the objects being evaluated. In some cases, it is minimal and there is no need to develop a fractional rating scale.

Imagine an assessment of bathing areas, i.e. beach and water recreational resources (Table 3). In addition to the assessment of beach areas given in Table 3, the capacity (capacity or throughput) of beaches is calculated by area (W p1) and the length of the coastline of beaches (W p2). It is produced according to the formulas: W p 1 ?F?k 1 ; W p 1 ?L/k 1 , where F is the area of ​​natural and artificial beaches, m 2 ; L is the length of the coastline of natural and artificial beaches used to enter the water, m; k 1 - reduced coefficient, taking into account the norm of the beach per visitor and the approximate load of the beach (it can be approximately accepted for sea beaches 0.25, river and lake 0.15, for children's beaches 0.5); k 2 - reduced coefficient, taking into account the norm of the length of the coastline per visitor and the simultaneous loading of the beach. Usually 0.1-0.2 is accepted (the upper limit for the conditions of regime restrictions on the use of the beach).

Table 3

Swimming site assessment

Shallow water zone width, m	Lithology of bottom soil in the shallow water zone	Flow speed, m/s	Area of ​​aquatic coastal vegetation, % per 100 m of water perimeter
Characteristic	Score in points	Characteristic	Score in points	Characteristic	Score in points	Characteristic	Score in points
10-20 20-40 4-100		sandy fine gravel boulder clayey silty				10-50 50-80

When using water bodies with a limited water area for swimming, the capacity of the recreation area, determined taking into account territorial and beach resources, is recommended to be checked by the size of water areas suitable for swimming. The standard for the permissible load on the water area for swimming in the sea and in flowing water bodies can be taken as 2 thousand people per 1 ha, in stagnant water bodies - 1 thousand people per 1 ha.

When assessing the natural conditions of recreational activities, it should be taken into account that natural complexes change under the influence of natural processes and, moreover, under the influence of development (Fig. 7). At the same time, in the process of development, they undergo changes already at the preparatory stages, not to mention the period of engineering development of the territory and its recreational exploitation. The degree of alteration of natural complexes (with the same load) depends on the degree of their stability.

Thus, sustainability is one of the most important factors that determine the development paths (changes, and sometimes even destruction) of natural complexes and regulate their capacity as recreational areas. Only when it is taken into account, it is possible to give a reasonable forecast for the development of a particular recreational area, and, consequently, to preserve it as a recreational resource for a more or less long time.

In assessing sustainability, as in any other assessment, one must first clearly define the purpose of the study, namely, to establish against which impacts sustainability is being determined. To do this, it is necessary to indicate the nature and magnitude of the load on natural complexes. Then it is necessary to identify a set of indicators that should be taken into account in the assessment, and the difference in both impacts and natural complexes necessitates the definition of a set of indicators for each type and rank of "object-subject" systems. There are some indicators that must be taken into account when assessing sustainability in any case. This is the degree of diversity of the natural complex and its moisture content. Recall that, other things being equal, those complexes that are more diverse in structure and that are more moist will turn out to be more stable. Attention should be paid to the mandatory inclusion in the list of such indicators that reflect the dynamics of complexes. It is very important to record, for example, the degree and nature of the manifestation of the processes of erosion, deflation, swamping, destruction of the banks, and changes in the vegetation cover. At the same time, it is necessary to note not only and not so much their natural course as an increase or decrease in their intensity under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

To assess the degree of sustainability, the method of ranking natural complexes is used, dividing them into ranks, and then assigning an evaluation score to each rank.

Information on the degree of stability allows timely prediction of the behavior of the natural complex and changes in its properties during use, as well as measures that will increase the stability of the complex, will help preserve its original state and improve it.

Usually, when designing, it is planned to carry out a number of activities aimed at preserving or improving the recreational qualities of natural complexes. Their necessity is connected, on the one hand, with the fact that some natural complexes, having useful properties, can, at the same time, have negative properties, on the other hand, with the fact that in the process of development they change and their quality as recreational lands gradually worsens.

In this regard, there is a need to have not one, but two assessments of natural complexes: in the current state and in the state after the planned activities. At the same time, it should be taken into account that some measures are aimed only at preserving the properties of the complex by increasing its stability and therefore their implementation will not change its assessment, while others are aimed at improving the properties of the complex and therefore they can increase its assessment.

To obtain the first assessment, it is enough to combine the partial assessments and then translate them into general assessments on a general scale. To obtain the second assessment, one should also take into account the measures that can be recommended for this natural complex. At the same time, if the measures preserve the properties of the complex without increasing its value, the numerical expression of the overall assessment will not change. If such measures are recommended that improve the properties of the complex, and therefore increase its value, then the scoring of the event is added to the overall assessment.

The assessment of the projected state of the natural complex for each site is the sum of the assessment of the current state of the site and the assessment of the impact of the recommended measures.

After the estimates of natural complexes as polyfunctional lands are obtained, it is possible to obtain an integral assessment of each complex by summing up the scores of individual lands.

The proposed method for the recreational assessment of natural complexes makes it possible to compile assessment maps. They should be based on landscape-typological maps. At the same time, assessment maps can be drawn up both for individual lands and for all lands in the aggregate. On each of these maps, all types of natural complexes that have received the same rating are designated with one conventional sign.

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources located in cities, villages and inter-settlement territories and representing the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activities, on this basis they optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions.

The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects, to a certain extent, determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. The material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material values ​​of society at each historical stage of its development, while the spiritual ones cover the totality of society's achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and social life, in work and life. In fact, not all the legacy of the past refers to cultural and historical recreational resources. It is customary to rank among them only those cultural and historical objects that have been researched and evaluated by scientific methods as being of public importance and can be used with existing technical and material capabilities to meet the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among the cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive, and on this basis serve as the main means of meeting the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation.

Monuments of history and culture are buildings, memorable places and objects associated with historical events in the life of the people, with the development of society and the state, works of material and spiritual creativity, representing historical, scientific, artistic or cultural value.

Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into five main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments. Each type of these monuments has the most typical objects. Thus, historical monuments can include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the lives of prominent political, state, military figures, folk heroes, figures of science, literature, art.

Monuments of archeology are settlements, burial mounds, the remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

The following objects are most typical for urban planning and architectural monuments: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remains of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, structures of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as - the works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied, landscape gardening art, natural landscapes associated with them.

Monuments of art include works of monumental, fine, decorative, applied and other types of art.

Documentary monuments are acts of state authorities and state administration bodies, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, folklore and music recordings, rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical prerequisites for the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, scientific institutions, higher educational institutions, theaters, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, oceanariums, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts, as well as preserved folk customs, holiday rituals, etc. All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - immovable and movable.

The first group consists of monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that are an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

The second group includes art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

Analysis of a huge number of heterogeneous objects that make up cultural and historical recreational resources, from the perspective of the recreational sector of the economy, should include their accounting, characteristics and typology. When taking into account and characterizing cultural and historical objects, it is necessary to indicate the name of the object, its location, marking, owner, literary and other sources on the object, location scheme and give a brief description of the object.

The next, more important, stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology in terms of recreational significance. The typology is based on the informational essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of this type, cognitive and educational value, external attractiveness.

The informativeness of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of the object, it is necessary to classify the object on the basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection. You can choose two classification features: 1) the degree of organization of the object for display and 2) the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection. According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized, for example, museums, monuments, etc., and unorganized for display, for example, city panorama, street perspective, etc. Organized objects require more inspection time, since they are the purpose of inspection and form the basis of the tour. Unorganized objects serve as an accompanying excursion with a general plan, a background that is captured at one glance without detailed consideration.

According to the location of the sightseers, objects are divided into interior (tourists inside the object, internal inspection) and exterior (tourists outside the object, external inspection). The total time of inspection of exterior objects, as a rule, is always greater than the time of inspection of interior objects.

Depending on the theme of the excursion, it will always contain target, additional and related objects.

It can be agreed that it is advisable to spend at least 50% of the excursion time on inspection of target objects, no more than 30% on additional sightseeing, and no more than 20% on related ones.

When conducting an environmental assessment of cultural and historical objects (monuments of history and culture), it is necessary to keep in mind the fact that, due to the unusually high social significance of these formations, differential rent is not applicable to the territories occupied by monuments. It is taken equal to infinity and is excluded from the usual calculations. As an indicator of economic evaluation, a direct effect from the operation of monuments (entrance fees, excursion services) and a hidden economic effect from their cognitive and educational information content are taken.

An economic assessment of natural recreational resources is necessary to take into account the long-term results of exploitation for the economic justification of investments in the reproduction, protection and improvement of the use of recreational resources and the territory as a carrier of these benefits.

In the recreational assessment, we are talking about the commensurability of only the recreational value of natural complexes of different quality. Meanwhile, the growth in demand for land from the side of recreation requires an alternative assessment of land. It is known that in a number of recreational areas, agriculture is replacing recreation. The opposite situation also takes place, when lands with unique qualities for agriculture are allocated for recreational areas. In this regard, a comparative assessment of the national economic efficiency of using this territory for all possible options for the public use of land: agricultural, recreational, for construction, etc., is of great importance.

In addition to the national economic assessment, there is also a sectoral one. Consequently, in the economic assessment of natural complexes, society acts as the subject of assessment from the position of the recreant.

Economic evaluation is also important in connection with the need to take into account recreational rent, which includes the influence of such factors as the quantity, quality and location of recreational resources. rent mechanisms should be used to manage limited recreational resources, as well as to regulate recreational flows in order to protect the recreational environment.

The formation of differential recreational rent is associated with the limited availability of the best lands for recreation and tourism. The formation of differential rent I is due, as in agriculture, to differences in the natural value of recreational areas and the limited nature of the best plots, as well as differences in their position relative to the place of demand.

The formation of differential recreational rent II is associated with additional investment in recreational areas in order to increase their recreational value and thus increase income from sales. However, in this case, there are significant differences between the use of resources for recreation and agriculture.

In agriculture, incremental investment (meaning rationally justified costs) leads to an increase in output and, as a rule, an increase in income. At the same time, the constant improvement of the means of servicing recreants in recreation areas does not always result in an increase in revenues from recreation, since subjective factors play a significant role here - tastes, habits, needs of people. If one category of recreants prefers to relax in comfortable conditions, then for another a desire for solitude is characteristic, and for these people the value of recreation will be inversely proportional to the degree of its use.

Differential recreational rent is defined as the difference between the value of products obtained from the exploitation of a given natural resource and the individual reduced costs of developing this resource (these costs are also called closing costs).

R = max , where R is the economic assessment of the natural resource; Z - closing costs for products obtained during the operation of a given natural resource; S - individual costs received when using this natural resource; q - coefficient of productivity of a natural resource - shows the amount of products that can be produced per unit of resources per person / hour, a - a coefficient that takes into account the temporal dynamics of indicators Z, S, q from all indicators of dynamics. In this case, the value of the recreational resource will be equal to the differential rent it brings.

Schematically, the essence of economic evaluation can be expressed as follows: a given natural resource with a given type of use has a higher value compared to other types of its use, or compared to another natural resource with the same type of use, because its operation provides greater savings in social labor.

As already mentioned, the economic (monetary) valuation of a given natural resource is equal to the value of the differential rent brought by it under the optimal mode of its exploitation. Thus, the existing or planned method of using land, other things being equal, must satisfy the principle of maximizing the economic valuation of land, i.e., it must be the most effective from the economic point of view compared to all other alternative methods of its exploitation.

The main methodological principles of the economic valuation of land developed by Soviet economists can also be used in the valuation of recreational lands, of course, taking into account the characteristics of this branch of the national economy.

This, first of all, refers to the determination of the recreational value of natural complexes. The recreational value of forest land can be determined as follows: first of all, the maximum possible exploitation value of forest land in the absence of recreational loads is determined. It is calculated as the maximum forest exploitation or agricultural rent that can be obtained from them. Next, the level of recreational load on this forest area is established. Naturally, this reduces the forest exploitation value of the forest land. The magnitude of the decrease in the operational value of the forest land can act as an indicator of the recreational value of this land.

The recreational value of forest land can also be determined on the basis of the additional costs of forestry in connection with the recreational use of its land (cleaning the territory, restoring damaged plantations, etc.) in the event that it is occupied by non-operational forestry and is of no value. for agricultural use.

In addition to the rent, there is a costly economic assessment. Thus, the recreational value of a natural complex can be calculated on the basis of the total reduced costs for its restoration. This method can be used in cases where the restoration of the site is real and extremely necessary, as well as to determine the damage from the destruction of the recreational potential of the natural complex.

The cost criterion can also be used to determine the replacement cost, i.e., the calculation of the additional costs that are needed to produce equivalent resources in a new (replacement) site. When calculating these costs, an increase in the time and transport costs of consumers using new (replacing) recreational areas should be taken into account.

But in alternative situations of land use, being guided only by their economic assessment - the maximum possible economic gain - is not enough. In this case, social restrictions should act as the main factor, among which the main one is the need of society at the present time and in the near future.

Recreational and medical resources of the world

They are designed to organize, first of all, the treatment of a person. It can be both a complex therapy of the whole organism, and individual organs and systems. Recreational and medical resources of the world include the following objects: mineral water springs; healing mud; mountain resorts; sea ​​coasts; salt lakes.

Recreational and health-improving resources of the world

This group includes all resources on the basis of which treatment can be carried out, as well as the improvement of the body. Such resources include resorts and resort areas (sea, mountain, ski, forest). Among the most popular resort areas in the world are the following: Hawaiian Islands; Seychelles; Canary Islands; the island of Bali; island of Cuba.

Recreational-sports and recreational-cognitive resources

The majestic mountain systems (Alps, Cordillera, Himalayas, Caucasus, Carpathians) attract a huge number of active tourists and adventurers. After all, there are all the necessary recreational and sports resources. You can go on a mountain hike or conquer one of the peaks. You can organize an extreme descent along a mountain river or go rock climbing. The mountains have a wide range of diverse recreational resources. There are also a huge number of ski resorts.

Conclusion

Thus, the recreational resources of the world are very diverse and rich. These are ancient cities, amazing architectural structures, high mountains and rapid waterfalls, museums and castles covered in legends.

The territory and its geographical location is a resource for the development of the recreational economy. In addition, each territory has certain specific resources, which are called recreational.

Recreational resources- these are objects, phenomena and processes of natural and anthropogenic origin that are used or can be used for the development of recreation and tourism. They are the material and spiritual basis for the formation of TRS of various types and taxonomic ranks.

The main property of recreational resources is that they have the ability to restore and develop the spiritual and physical strength of a person. Such resources are suitable for both direct and indirect consumption, the provision of various services of a resort and medical and recreational and tourist nature.

Recreational resources are divided into two main groups: natural and historical and cultural.

Natural recreational resources include natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems, natural objects, phenomena and processes that have internal and external properties and characteristics for organizing seasonal or year-round recreational activities. Within the framework of natural recreational resources, one can single out climatic, landscape, orographic, balneological, biotic, mud, water and other resources. In turn, each of these types consists of separate subspecies, for example, balneological resources are divided into mineral waters of various chemical composition, and, consequently, of various therapeutic effects.

Historical and cultural recreational resources include recreationally attractive historical monuments, archeological architecture, places associated with the life and work of prominent historical figures, territories where pronounced ethnographic features have been preserved, places of worship, museums, art galleries, etc. All these recreational resources attract people in order to satisfy their spiritual needs and are able to satisfy the thirst for knowledge, changing the environment for the psycho-physiological restoration of the personality.

The material and technical equipment of recreation and tourism with the latest fixed assets, the ever more pronounced intervention of economic levers in this sphere of management, constructive changes in the natural and historical and cultural environment, which are systematically carried out by man, necessitate the allocation of socio-economic recreational resources. These include the material and technical base of recreation and tourism, the corresponding transport infrastructure, labor resources, etc., as well as various water parks, swimming pools, stadiums, tennis courts, etc. The share of such artificially created recreational resources is constantly growing.

The concept of "recreational resources" is not only geographical, but also historical. Therefore, over time, new types of recreational resources have arisen, arise and will continue to arise. Understanding this fact allowed the well-known Ukrainian scientist in the field of recreational geography A. Beydik to identify ufological recreational resources - territories where anomalous phenomena caused by contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations were found. Although such contacts have not been proven by science, the recreational and tourist industry is increasingly attracting areas of probable presence of life forms of extraterrestrial origin to tourist sites.

For recreational geography, a comprehensive and specialized assessment of the territory's recreational resources is of great importance. In many ways, it is subjective and depends on the experience, intellectual and educational level of researchers. Recreational resources are evaluated qualitatively, quantitatively, in points and cost.

For a qualitative assessment, the words "best", "best", "worse", "most", "more", "attractive", "averagely accepting", "more profitable" and others are used. Qualitative assessment in recreation is always a place. People have an inherent ability to compare. Having visited at least two recreational facilities, they will definitely compare their quality. This qualitative assessment, in all its subjectivity, significantly affects the general opinion about the level of attractiveness of certain recreational facilities and territories.

Quantitative assessment determines the formal characteristics of recreational resources in meters, kilometers, grams per liter, temperature, salinity, water pollution level, depths of coastal waters, precipitation, etc. Assessing the recreational attractiveness of Batumi beaches in comparison with the beaches of Odessa, one can qualitatively characterize Odessa beaches as better, because there is a dry climate in summer and there is sand, not pebbles, but you can name the amount of precipitation in millimeters in July in Odessa and Batumi, and also compare air humidity in the corresponding quantitative indicators.

The score is somewhere in the middle between qualitative and quantitative. Based on the subjective action of developing rating scales, one or another type or subspecies of recreational resources receives a certain score. The most commonly used is the 37-step scale. For example, a 5-point scale corresponds to the qualitative rating "best", "above average", "average", "below average" and "worst".

The valuation of recreational resources currently dominates in the field of their economic development. Investments are directed to the use of the most attractive resources, which, as a rule, have the highest price. The recreational component in the price of one hundred square meters or a hectare of land around large cities, in the Crimea, the Carpathians is overwhelming. The constant rise in prices of recreational resources is the imperative of the times.

V. Stafiychuk proposes to use the following methods for evaluating and analyzing recreational resources: normative-index, balance, graphic, cartographic, scoring, expert, comparative-geographic, statistical and mathematical-statistical (threshold analysis, factorial, correlation, regression, cluster methods , potential method, latent structural method, spatial diffusion method, Berry method), modeling, etc.

Questions and tasks

1. Define recreational resources.

2. What is the main property of recreational resources?

3. What groups are recreational resources divided into?

4. What applies to natural recreational resources?

5. What do historical and cultural recreational resources include?

6. Name the components of socio-economic recreational resources.

7. How are recreational resources valued?

8. What methods of assessment and analysis of recreational resources do you know?

Each of us is looking forward to the summer, when we can go to a seaside resort, to the mountains or to an ordinary holiday home located in our middle lane. Today, there are more than enough options for recreation for every taste both in our country and abroad.


Choosing what to do in the summer, we most often do not even think about the fact that all this - the sea coast, mountains, mineral springs and other resort areas - is a recreational resource of our country that needs to be developed, protected and increased.

What are recreational resources?

A frightening name for many "recreational resources" designate everything that can be used for recreation and tourism. On their basis, many countries create entire recreational industries that meet the needs of their own population and foreign citizens in a comfortable and healthy vacation.

Recreational resources include:

- territories in which conditions for recreation have naturally developed or artificially created;

- sights of a historical or cultural nature;

- infrastructure, population and other factors that relate to the economic potential of a particular territory.


These are resources on the basis of which it is possible to form an effectively functioning recreational economy, i.e. a complex of natural, socio-economic, historical and cultural factors that will provide conditions for recreation and health improvement of people on a fairly massive scale.

Recreational industries in the modern world have become of great importance. Entire states are building their recreational facilities in order to ensure stable replenishment of the state budget and economic development of the regions at their expense.

The basis of recreational resources, as a rule, are natural landscape components: the sea coast, mountain range, picturesque banks of a river or lake, forests or steppes, mineral springs, therapeutic mud.

Second in importance are historical and cultural monuments: palace and park ensembles, museums, places of memorable historical events, etc. But all this does not bring the expected effect if it is not supported by a developed infrastructure and adequate service.

Types of recreational resources

The radical change in lifestyle that has occurred over the past century has significantly increased the role of recreational resources and the recreational industry for the population. The scientific and technological revolution has removed most people from physical labor and natural surroundings, moving them to a completely artificial environment and forcing them to spend whole days sitting, standing behind a machine tool or a conveyor belt.


Therefore, the best types of recreation for many of us is communication with nature - swimming in the sea, walking in the forest or on the river bank, hiking in the mountains or rafting on a stormy river. For another part of society, recreation is about getting new experiences - they are more suitable for educational excursions to historical or cultural attractions.

We should not forget about health tourism, as well as many other types of recreation. All this together makes recreational resources of different types.

- Climatic resources - areas with certain types of climate: seaside, alpine, cold, etc. The most comfortable for recreation are areas with a tropical and subtropical climate.

- Water resources are a whole range of water natural or artificial objects: seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. As a rule, they form the basis of a recreational complex.

- Forest resources - forests located in accessible areas and suitable for recreation. Almost all forest areas can be attributed to them, except for those located in heavily swampy areas.

- Balneological resources are mineral and thermal springs, reservoirs with therapeutic mud, used for the treatment and prevention of a number of diseases.

— Landscape resources are various types of natural or artificially created landscapes that are of interest for walking, driving, horseback riding, cycling, skiing and other types of tourism.

— Excursion tourism resources include historical, architectural and cultural attractions, beautiful and unusual landscapes, ethno-cultural, entertainment, industrial and other objects that may be of interest to vacationers.


Russia has a huge recreational potential, which today is beginning to be realized at a qualitatively new level in the most beautiful and ecologically clean corners of our country.