3.6.5. The ability to correctly accept adverse phenomena is part of the practice of generating Bodhichitta. If you seriously meditate on the generation of Bodhichitta and correctly apply giving-giving, in the post-meditation period, whenever you see a living being,

Dangerous places where occurring phenomena can become enemies, and other obstacles.

Dangerous places where occurring phenomena can become enemies, and other obstacles. Further, suppose you are pleased with yourself and happy that thoughts and obscurations (do not disturb) your contemplation. And suddenly a stream of gross thoughts that you are not able to control in

Borderline phenomena and phenomena unreasonably classified as paranormal

Borderlines and Phenomena Unreasonably Paranormal Borderline paranormal refers to mysteries that do not necessarily violate the laws of physics; however, a truly paranormal explanation of them is not only not excluded, but often

Subject: General concepts of dangerous and emergency situations of a natural nature.

Lesson topic: Natural phenomena and their classification.

The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with natural phenomena and their diversity.

Lesson objectives:

I. Educational tasks:

• Recall and consolidate knowledge about the shells of the Earth.
• To form students' knowledge that the formation of any natural phenomenon is associated with the processes occurring in the Earth's shells.
• To give a general idea to students about the types of natural phenomena at the place of their occurrence.

II. development tasks.

• To develop in students the ability and ability to foresee the natural phenomena of their area, which can lead to serious consequences, as well as ways to protect against them.

III. educational tasks.

• To instill in students the belief that any natural phenomenon of destructive power brings huge damage to the state of various types, primarily material and loss of life. Therefore, the state needs to send funds to scientific institutions so that they deal with this problem and be able to predict them in the future.

During the classes

Teacher: Today, children, we will talk about natural phenomena and their diversity. Of course, you know some, some you learned from the course of natural history and geography, and if someone is interested in the media, then from there. If you turn on the TV, radio or use the Internet, then we can say with confidence that natural phenomena of destructive power are occurring more and more often, and their strength is becoming greater. Therefore, we need to know what natural phenomena occur, where they occur most often and how to protect ourselves from them.

Teacher: And so let's remember from the course of geography what shells of the Earth exist.

In total, 4 shells of the Earth are distinguished:

1. Lithosphere - it includes the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.
2. The hydrosphere is a water shell, it includes all water in different states.
3. The atmosphere is a gas shell, the lightest and most mobile.
4. The biosphere is the sphere of life, it is the area of ​​existence of all living organisms.

Teacher: In all these shells, certain processes take place, as a result of which natural phenomena arise. Therefore, various natural phenomena can be divided according to the place of their occurrence:

Teacher: From this diagram, we see how many natural phenomena exist. Now let's look at each of them and find out what they are. (Children should take an active part in this part.)

Geological.

1. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon associated with geological processes occurring in the Earth's lithosphere, it manifests itself in the form of tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or in the upper part of the mantle.

Picture 1.

2. A volcano is a conical mountain, from which an incandescent substance, magma, erupts from time to time.

A volcanic eruption is the release of molten matter from the earth's crust and mantle, which is called magma, to the surface of the planet.

Figure 2.

3. A landslide is a downward displacement of soil masses under the action of gravity, which occurs on slopes when the stability of the soil or rocks is disturbed.

The formation of landslides depends on various factors such as:

• what rocks make up this slope;
• slope steepness;
• ground water, etc.

Landslides can occur both naturally (eg earthquake, heavy rainfall) and man-made (eg human activities: deforestation, excavation).

Figure 3

4. A collapse is a detachment and fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes.

Causes of landslides in the mountains can be:

• the rocks that make up the mountains are layered or broken by cracks;
• water activity;
• geological processes (earthquake), etc.

Causes of collapses on the coast of seas and rivers are the washing and dissolution of the underlying rocks.

Figure 4

5. An avalanche is a collapse of a mass of snow on mountain slopes, the slope angle must be at least 15 °.

The causes of an avalanche are:

• earthquake;
• intensive snow melting;
• prolonged snowfall;
• human activity.

Figure 5

Meteorological.

1. A hurricane is a wind whose speed exceeds 30 m/s, resulting in huge destruction.

Figure 6

2. A storm is a wind, but with a lower speed than in a hurricane and is no more than 20 m/s.

Figure 7

3. A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that forms in a thundercloud and descends, has a funnel or sleeve head start.

A tornado consists of a core and a wall. Around the core there is an upward movement of air, the speed of which can reach 200 m / s.

Figure 8

Hydrological.

1. Flooding is a significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a lake, river, etc.

Reasons for the flood:

• intensive snowmelt in spring;
• heavy rainfall;
• blockage of the river bed with rocks during an earthquake, collapse, etc., as well as ice during traffic jams;
• wind activity (water surge from the sea, bay at the mouth of the river).

Types of floods:

Figure 9

2. Mudflow is a stormy stream in the mountains of a temporary nature, consisting of water and a large number of rock fragments.

The formation of mudflows is associated with abundant precipitation in the form of rain or intense snowmelt. As a result, loose rocks are washed away and move along the riverbed at high speed, which picks up everything in its path: boulders, trees, etc.

Figure 10.

3. Tsunami is a type of sea waves resulting from the vertical shift of large areas of the seabed.

A tsunami occurs as a result of:

• earthquakes;
• underwater volcano eruptions;
• landslides, etc.

Figure 11.

Biological.

1. A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through a forest area.

Forest fire can be: grassroots and riding.

An underground fire is the burning of peat in marshy and swampy soils.

Figure 12.

2. An epidemic is the spread of an infectious disease among a large number of the population and significantly exceeds the incidence rate usually recorded in the area.

Figure 13.

3. An epizootic is a widespread infectious disease among animals (for example: foot-and-mouth disease, swine fever, bovine brucellosis).

Figure 14.

4. Epiphytotics is a mass spread of an infectious disease among plants (for example: late blight, wheat rust).

Figure 15.

Teacher: As you can see, in the world there are a huge number of phenomena that surround us. So let's remember them and be extremely careful at the time of their occurrence.

Some of you may say: “Why do we need to know all of them if they are not typical for our region?”. From one point of view you are right, but from the other you are wrong. Each of you tomorrow, the day after tomorrow or in the future will surely go on a trip to other parts of the Motherland and the country. And there, as you know, there can be completely different phenomena that are not typical for our area. And then your knowledge will help you survive in a critical situation and avoid negative consequences. As the saying goes: "God saves the safe."

Literature.

1. Smirnov A.T. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade.
2. Shemanaev V.A. Pedagogical practice in the system of modern teacher training.
3. Smirnov A.T. The program of educational institutions of the basics of life safety grades 5-11.

• Fire detectors
• SOUE
• Control and reception devices
• Control devices
• Other equipment

Natural emergencies: types and classification

Support the project

Under an emergency (ES) It is customary to understand the situation in a certain area that has developed as a result of an accident, natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of the population. Emergencies do not occur immediately, as a rule, they develop gradually from man-made, social or natural incidents.

Natural disasters are usually unexpected. In a short time they destroy territories, dwellings, communications, and bring hunger and disease in their wake. In recent years, emergencies of natural origin have been on the rise. In all cases of earthquakes, floods, landslides, their destructive power increases.

Natural emergencies are subdivided

• Geophysical (endogenous) hazardous phenomena: volcanic and geyser eruptions, earthquakes, underground gas releases to the surface of the earth;
• Geological (exogenous) hazardous phenomena: collapses, scree, landslides, avalanches, mudflows, slope washout, subsidence of loess rocks, soil erosion, abrasion, subsidence (failure) of the earth's surface as a result of karst kurum, dust storms;
• Meteorological hazards: hurricanes (12 - 15 points), storms, storms (9 - 11 points), tornadoes (tornadoes), squalls, vertical whirlwinds, large hail, heavy rain (shower), heavy snowfall, heavy ice, severe frost, severe snowstorm, severe heat, heavy fog, drought, dry winds, frosts;
• Hydrological hazards: high water levels (floods), high water, rain floods, jams and ice dams, wind surges, low water levels, early freezing and ice formation on navigable reservoirs and rivers;
• Marine hydrological hazards: tropical cyclones (typhoons), tsunamis, strong waves (5 points or more), strong fluctuations in sea level, strong draft in ports, early ice cover and fast ice, pressure and intense ice drift, impenetrable (hard to pass) ice, icing of ships and port facilities , detachment of coastal ice;
• Hydrogeological hazards: low groundwater levels, high groundwater levels;
• Natural fires: forest fires, peat fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, underground fires of fossil fuels;
• Infectious diseases in humans: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, group cases of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic outbreak of dangerous infectious diseases, epidemic, pandemic, infectious diseases of people of unknown etiology;
• Infectious diseases of animals: isolated cases of exotic and especially dangerous infectious diseases, epizootics, panzootics, enzootics; infectious diseases of farm animals of unknown etiology;
• Infectious plant diseases: progressive epiphytoty, panphytoty, agricultural plant diseases of unknown etiology, mass distribution of plant pests.

Patterns of natural phenomena

• Each type of emergency is facilitated by a certain spatial confinement;
• The more intense the dangerous natural phenomenon, the less often it happens;
• Each natural origin has predecessors - specific features;
• The appearance of a natural emergency, for all its unexpectedness, can be predicted;
• It is often possible to provide for both passive and active protection measures against natural hazards.

The role of anthropogenic influence on the manifestation of natural emergencies is great. Human activity disturbs the balance in the natural environment. Now, when the scale of the use of natural resources has sharply increased, the features of the global ecological crisis have become very noticeable. An important preventive factor that makes it possible to reduce the number of natural emergencies is the observance of natural balance.

All natural disasters are interconnected, these are earthquakes and tsunamis, tropical cyclones and floods, volcanic eruptions and fires, poisoning of pastures, death of livestock. Taking protective measures against natural disasters, it is necessary to minimize the secondary consequences, and with the help of appropriate training, if possible, eliminate them completely. The study of the causes and mechanisms of natural emergencies is a prerequisite for successful protection against them, the possibility of their prediction. An accurate and timely forecast is an important condition for effective protection against hazardous phenomena. Protection from natural phenomena can be active (construction of engineering structures, reconstruction of natural objects, etc.) and passive (use of shelters),

Dangerous geological natural phenomena

• earthquakes,
• landslides,
• sat down,
• snow avalanches,
• collapses,
• precipitation of the earth's surface as a result of karst phenomena.

earthquakes- these are underground shocks and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from tectonic processes, transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Earthquakes can cause volcanic activity, the fall of small celestial bodies, collapses, dam breaks, and other causes.

The causes of earthquakes are not fully understood. Stresses arising under the action of deep tectonic forces deform the layers of earth rocks. They shrink into folds, and when overloads reach critical levels, they tear and mix. A break in the earth's crust is formed, which is accompanied by a series of shocks and the number of shocks, and the intervals between them are very different. Shocks include foreshocks, mainshock and aftershocks. The main push has the greatest force. People perceive it as very long, although it usually lasts a few seconds.

As a result of research, psychiatrists and psychologists have obtained data that often aftershocks have a much more severe mental impact on people than the main shock. There is a feeling of inevitability of trouble, a person is inactive, while he should defend himself.

The epicenter of the earthquake- is called a certain volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which energy is released.

the center of the hearth is a conditional point - hypocenter or focus.

Earthquake epicenter is the projection of the hypocenter onto the Earth's surface. The greatest destruction occurs around the epicenter, in the pleistoseist region.

The energy of earthquakes is estimated by magnitude (lat. value). is a conditional value that characterizes the total amount of energy released in the earthquake source. The strength of the earthquake is estimated according to the international seismic scale MSK - 64 (Merkalli scale). It has 12 conditional gradations - points.

Earthquakes are predicted by recording and analyzing their "predecessors" - foreshocks (preliminary weak shocks), deformation of the earth's surface, changes in the parameters of geophysical fields, changes in the behavior of animals. Until now, unfortunately, there are no methods for reliable earthquake prediction. The time frame for the beginning of an earthquake can be 1-2 years, and the accuracy of predicting the location of an earthquake varies from tens to hundreds of kilometers. All this reduces the effectiveness of earthquake protection measures.

In seismically hazardous areas, the design and construction of buildings and structures is carried out taking into account the possibility of earthquakes. Earthquakes of 7 points and above are considered dangerous for structures, so construction in areas with a 9-point seismicity is uneconomical.

Rocky soils are considered the most reliable in seismic terms. The stability of structures during earthquakes depends on the quality of building materials and work. There are requirements to limit the size of buildings, as well as requirements to take into account the relevant rules and regulations (SP and N), which boil down to strengthening the structure of structures built in seismic zones.

Groups of anti-seismic measures

1. Preventive, preventive measures are the study of the nature of earthquakes, the determination of their predecessors, the development of methods for predicting earthquakes;
2. Activities that are carried out immediately before the start of an earthquake, during it and after it ends. The effectiveness of actions in earthquake conditions depends on the level of organization of rescue operations, the level of training of the population and the effectiveness of the warning system.

A very dangerous immediate consequence of an earthquake is panic, during which people, out of fear, cannot meaningfully take measures for salvation and mutual assistance. Panic is especially dangerous in crowded places - at enterprises, in educational institutions and in public places.

Death and injury occur when debris from destroyed buildings falls, as well as as a result of people being in the rubble and not receiving timely assistance. Earthquakes can cause fires, explosions, emissions of hazardous substances, traffic accidents and other dangerous phenomena.

Volcanic activity- This is the result of active processes that constantly occur in the bowels of the Earth. called a set of phenomena that are associated with the movement of magma in the earth's crust and on its surface. Magma (Greek thick ointment) is a molten mass of silicate composition, which is formed in the depths of the Earth. When magma reaches the earth's surface, it erupts as lava.

Lava does not contain gases that escape during an eruption. This is what distinguishes it from magma.

Types of winds

Vortex storms are caused by cyclonic activity and spread over large areas.

Among the vortex storms are distinguished:

• dusty,
• snowy.
• squall.

Dust (sand) storms occur in deserts, in plowed steppes and are accompanied by the transfer of huge masses of soil and sand.

snow storms move large masses of snow through the air. They operate on a strip from several kilometers to several tens of kilometers. Snow storms of great strength occur in the steppe part of Siberia and on the plains of the European part of the Russian Federation. In Russia in winter, snow storms are called snowstorms, blizzards, snowstorms.

Flurries– short-term wind amplification up to the speed of 20-30m/s. They are characterized by a sudden beginning and the same sudden end, a short duration of action and great destructive power.

Squall storms operate in the European part of Russia both on land and at sea.

stream storms- local phenomena with a small distribution. They are divided into stock and jet. During katabatic storms, air masses move down the slope from top to bottom.

jet storms characterized by horizontal movement of air or its movement up the slope. Most often they occur between chains of mountains that connect valleys.

A tornado (tornado) is an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a thundercloud. Then it spreads in the form of a dark "sleeve" towards land or sea. The upper part of the tornado has a funnel-shaped extension that merges with the clouds. When a tornado descends to the Earth's surface, its lower part sometimes expands, resembling an overturned funnel. The height of the tornado is from 800 to 1500m. Rotating counterclockwise at a speed of up to 100 m/s and rising in a spiral, the air in the tornado draws dust or water. The decrease in pressure inside the tornado leads to the condensation of water vapor. Water and dust make the tornado visible. Its diameter above the sea is measured in tens of meters, and above land - hundreds of meters.

According to the structure, tornadoes are divided into dense (sharply limited) and vague (indistinctly limited); in time and spatial effect - on small tornadoes of mild action (up to 1 km), small (up to 10 km) and hurricane whirlwinds (more than 10 km).

Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes are extremely powerful elemental forces, in their destructive effect they are comparable only to an earthquake. It is very difficult to predict the place and time of the appearance of a tornado, which makes them especially dangerous and does not allow predicting their consequences.

Hydrological disasters

high water- annually recurring seasonal rise in water level.

high water- a short-term and non-periodic increase in the water level in a river or reservoir.

Floods following one after another can cause floods, and the last floods.

Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards. They arise from a sharp increase in the amount of water in the rivers as a result of the melting of snow or glaciers, due to heavy rains. Floods are often accompanied by blockage of the river bed during ice drift (jam) or blockage of the river bed by an ice plug under a fixed ice cover (jamming).

On sea coasts, floods can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. Floods caused by the action of winds that drive water from the sea and raise the water level due to its retention at the mouth of the river are called surge floods.

Experts believe that people are in danger of flooding if the water layer reaches 1m and its flow speed is more than 1m/s. If the rise of water reaches 3 m, this leads to the destruction of houses.

Flooding can occur even when there is no wind. It can be caused by long waves arising in the sea under the influence of a cyclone. In St. Petersburg, the islands in the Neva delta have been flooded since 1703. more than 260 times.

Floods on rivers differ in the height of the water rise, the area of ​​flooding and the magnitude of damage: low (small), high (medium), outstanding (large), catastrophic. Low floods can be repeated in 10-15 years, high ones in 20-25 years, outstanding ones in 50-100 years, catastrophic ones in 100-200 years.

They can last from several to 100 days.

The flood in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, which happened 5600 years ago, had very serious consequences. In the Bible, the flood was called the Flood.

Tsunamis are marine gravity waves of great length, resulting from shifts of large areas of the bottom during underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or other tectonic processes. In the area of ​​their occurrence, waves reach a height of 1-5 m, near the coast - up to 10 m, and in bays and river valleys - more than 50 m. Tsunamis propagate inland to a distance of up to 3 km. The coast of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is the main area of ​​tsunami manifestation. They produce very large destruction and pose a threat to people.

Breakwaters, embankments, harbors and jetties protect against tsunamis only partially. On the high seas, tsunamis are not dangerous for ships.

Protection of the population from tsunamis - warnings of special services about the approach of waves, based on advanced registration of earthquakes by coastal seismographs.

Forest, steppe, peat, underground fires are called landscape or natural fires. Forest fires are the most common, causing huge losses and leading to human casualties.

Forest fires are uncontrolled burning of vegetation, which spontaneously spreads through the forest area. In dry weather, the forest dries up so much that any careless handling of fire can cause a fire. In most cases, the culprit of the fire is a person. Forest fires are classified according to the nature of the fire, the speed of propagation and the size of the area covered by the fire.

Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into grassroots, riding and soil fires. At the beginning of their development, all fires are ground fires, and when certain conditions arise, they turn into crown or soil fires. Mounted fires are subdivided according to the parameters of the edge advancement (burning band bordering the outer contour of the fire) into weak, medium and strong. Ground and crown fires are divided into stable and runaway fires according to the speed of fire spread.

Methods of fighting forest fires. The main conditions for the effectiveness of fighting forest fires are the assessment and forecast of fire danger in the forest. State forestry authorities control the state of protection in the territory of the forest fund.

To organize fire extinguishing, it is necessary to determine the type of fire, its characteristics, the direction of its spread, natural barriers (especially dangerous places for intensifying the fire), the forces and means necessary to fight it.

When extinguishing a forest fire, the following main stages are distinguished: stopping, extinguishing the fire and guarding the conflagration (preventing the possibility of catching fire from unexplained sources of combustion).

There are two main methods of fighting a fire according to the nature of the impact on the combustion process: direct and indirect fire extinguishing.

The first method is used when extinguishing medium and low intensity with a propagation speed of up to 2 m / min. and a flame height of up to 1.5 m. An indirect method of extinguishing a fire in a forest is based on the creation of barrier strips along the path of its spread.

Epidemic - a widespread infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given area.

- an unusually large spread of morbidity both in terms of level and scale of distribution, covering a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

All infectious diseases are divided into four groups:

• intestinal infections;
• respiratory tract infections (aerosol);
• blood (transmissible);
• infections of the outer integument (contact).

Types of biological emergencies

Epizootics. Infectious animal diseases are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclical nature of development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one, and to take on epizootic spread.

All infectious diseases of animals are divided into five groups:

• The first group - alimentary infections are transmitted through soil, feed, water. The organs of the digestive system are mainly affected. Pathogens are transmitted through infected feed, soil, manure. Such infections include anthrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders, brucellosis.
• The second group - respiratory infections - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. These include: parainfluenza, exotic pneumonia, sheep and goat pox, canine distemper.
• The third group - transmissible infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods. These include: encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.
• The fourth group - infections, the causative agents of which are transmitted through the outer integument without the participation of carriers. These include: tetanus, rabies, cowpox.
• Fifth group - infections with unexplained pathways of damage, i.e. unqualified group.

Epiphytotics. To assess the scale of plant diseases, the following concepts are used epiphytoty and panphytoty.

Epiphytoty – the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a period of time.

Nature is not always as serene and beautiful as in the photo above these lines. Sometimes she shows us her dangerous manifestations. From violent volcanic eruptions to terrifying hurricanes, nature's fury is best viewed from afar and from a distance. We often underestimate the amazing and destructive power of nature, and she reminds us of this from time to time. While all this looks spectacular in photographs, the consequences of such phenomena can be very scary. We must respect the authority of the planet we live on. For you, we have made this photo and video selection of frightening natural phenomena.

TORNADO AND OTHER TYPES OF TONNADO

All these types of atmospheric phenomena are dangerous vortex manifestations of the elements.

Tornado or tornado arises in a thundercloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud sleeve or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. Tornadoes can appear in many shapes and sizes. Most tornadoes appear as a narrow funnel (only a few hundred meters across), with a small cloud of debris close to the earth's surface. A tornado can be completely hidden by a wall of rain or dust. Such tornadoes are especially dangerous, as even experienced meteorologists may not recognize them.

Lightning tornado:

Tornado in Oklahoma, USA (May strashno.com 2010):

Supercell Thunderstorm in Montana, USA, formed by a huge rotating thundercloud 10-15 km high and d about 50 km in diameter. Such a thunderstorm creates tornadoes, heavy winds, large hail:

Thunderclouds:

View of a hurricane tornado from space:

There are other, outwardly similar, but different in nature vortex phenomena:

It is formed as a result of the rise of warmer air from the surface of the earth. Tornado-vortices, unlike tornadoes, develop from the bottom up, and the cloud above them, if formed, is a consequence of the vortex, and not its cause.

Dusty (sandy) whirlwind- this is a vortex movement of air that occurs near the surface of the earth during the day in slightly cloudy and usually hot weather when the earth's surface is strongly warmed by the sun's rays. The vortex raises dust, sand, pebbles, small objects from the surface of the earth and sometimes transfers them to strashno.com a considerable distance (hundreds of meters). Whirlwinds pass in a narrow strip, so that in case of weak wind its speed inside the whirlwind reaches 8-10 m/s and more.

Sandstorm:

Or a firestorm is formed when a column of hot, rising air interacts with or causes a fire on the ground. It is a vertical whirlpool of fire in the air. The air above it heats up, its density decreases, and it rises. From below, cold air masses from the periphery enter in its place, which immediately heat up. Steady streams are formed, screwing in a spiral from the ground to a height of up to 5 km. There is a chimney effect. The pressure of hot air reaches hurricane speeds. The temperature rises to 1000˚С. Everything burns or melts. At the same time, everything that is nearby is “sucked” into the fire. And so on until everything that can burn is burned.

Strashno.com is a funnel-shaped air-water vortex similar in nature to a normal tornado that forms over the surface of a large body of water and is connected to a cumulus cloud. A water tornado can form when a normal tornado passes over a water surface. Unlike a classic tornado, a water tornado exists for only 15-30 minutes, is much smaller in diameter, the speed of movement and rotation is two to three times lower, and is not always accompanied by a hurricane wind.

DUST OR SAND STORMS

Sand (dust) storm- is a dangerous atmospheric phenomenon, which manifests itself in the form of the transfer of a large amount of soil particles, dust or small grains of sand from the surface of the Earth by the wind. The height of the layer of such dust can be several meters, and horizontal visibility is noticeably worse. For example, at a level of 2 meters, visibility is 1-8 kilometers, but often visibility in a storm is reduced to several hundred or even tens of meters. Dust storms occur strashno.com mainly when the soil surface is dry and the wind speed is more than 10 meters per second.

The fact that a storm is approaching can be understood in advance by the incredible silence that forms around, as if you suddenly fell into a vacuum. This silence is depressing, creating an inexplicable anxiety within you.

Sandstorm on the streets of the city of Onslow in the northwest of Australia, January 2013:

Sandstorm in Golmud Village, Qinghai Province, China, 2010:

Red sandstorm in Australia:

TSUNAMI

is a dangerous natural disaster, which is sea waves resulting from the shift of the seabed during underwater and coastal earthquakes. Having formed in any place, a tsunami can spread at high speed (up to 1000 km/h) for several thousand kilometers, while the height of the tsunami is initially from 0.1 to 5 meters. When reaching shallow water, the wave height increases sharply, reaching a height of 10 to strashno.com 50 meters. Huge masses of water thrown ashore lead to flooding and destruction of the area, as well as to the death of people and animals. An air shock wave propagates in front of the water shaft. It acts similarly to a blast wave, destroying buildings and structures. The tsunami wave may not be the only one. Very often it is a series of waves rolling ashore with an interval of 1 hour or more.

Tsunami in Thailand, caused by an earthquake (9.3 points) in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004:

CATASTROPHIC FLOODS

Flood- flooding of the territory with water, which is a natural disaster. Floods are of different types and caused by different causes. Catastrophic floods lead to death of people, irreparable environmental damage, cause material damage, covering vast territories within one or more water systems. At the same time, the economic strashno.com and production activities are completely paralyzed, the lifestyle of the population is temporarily changed. The evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people, the inevitable humanitarian catastrophe requires the participation of the entire world community, the problem of one country becomes the problem of the whole world.

Flooding in Khabarovsk and the Khabarovsk Territory, caused by intense showers that covered the entire Amur River basin and lasted about two months (2013):

New Orleans flooding after a hurricane. New Orleans (USA) stands on damp ground, which is not able to support the city. Orleans sinks slowly into the ground, and the Gulf of Mexico gradually rises around it. Most of New Orleans is already 1.5 to 3 meters below sea level. This was greatly facilitated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005:

Flooding in Germany, in the Rhine river basin (2013):

Flood in Iowa, USA (2008):

THUNDER LIGHTNING

Lightning discharges (lightning) represent a giant electric spark discharge in the strashno.com atmosphere, with a very long spark length, usually occurs during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright flash of light and the thunder that accompanies it. The total length of the lightning channel reaches several kilometers (2.5 km on average), and a significant part of this channel is located inside the thundercloud. Some discharges extend in the atmosphere for a distance of up to 20 km. The current in a lightning discharge reaches 10-20 thousand amperes, so not all people survive after a lightning strike.

forest fire- this is a spontaneous, uncontrolled spread of fire in forest areas. The causes of fires in the forest can be natural (lightning, drought, etc.) and artificial, when people are the cause. Forest fires come in several forms.

Underground (soil) fires in the forest are most often associated with the ignition of peat, which becomes possible as a result of the drainage of swamps. They can be hardly noticeable and spread to a depth of up to several meters strashno.com, as a result of which they represent an additional danger and are extremely difficult to extinguish. Like, for example, a peat fire in the Moscow region (2011):

At ground fire the forest floor, lichens, mosses, grasses, branches that have fallen to the ground, etc., burn down.

Riding forest fire covers leaves, needles, branches and the entire crown; it can cover (in the event of a general fire) the grass-moss cover of the soil and undergrowth. They usually develop in dry windy weather from a ground fire, in plantations with low crowns, in plantations of different ages, as well as in abundant coniferous undergrowth. This is usually the final stage of a fire.

VOLCANOES

Volcanoes- These are geological formations on the surface of the earth's crust, most often in the form of a mountain, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, stones and pyroclastic flows. When molten magma pours through cracks in the earth's crust, the volcano erupts, strashno.com, named after the Roman god of fire and blacksmithing.

Karymsky volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Kamchatka:

Underwater volcano - the coast of the Tonga archipelago (2009):

Underwater volcano and subsequent tsunami:

Volcanic eruption photographed from space:

Volcano Klyuchevskoy in Kamchatka (1994):

The eruption of Mount Sinabung in Sumatra was accompanied by several mini-tornadoes:

Puyehue volcano eruption in Chile:

Lightning in the ash cloud of the Chaiten volcano in Chile:

Volcanic Lightning:

EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake- these are tremors and vibrations of the Earth's surface caused by natural tectonic processes (movement of the earth's crust and displacements and ruptures occurring in it) or artificial processes (explosions, filling of reservoirs, collapse of underground cavities of mine workings). May cause volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.

Japan earthquake followed by tsunami (2011):

LANDSLIDE

Landslide- a detached mass of loose rocks, slowly and strashno.com gradually or abruptly creeping along an inclined plane of separation, while often maintaining its coherence, solidity and not overturning its soil.

SEL

sel- a stream with a very high concentration of mineral particles, stones and rock fragments (something between a liquid and a solid mass), which suddenly appears in the basins of small mountain rivers and is usually caused by heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt.

SNOW AVALANCHES

snow avalanches belong to landslides. This is a mass of snow falling or sliding off the slopes of mountains.

This is one of record avalanches 600 thousand cubic meters in size. The film crew was not harmed.

“This is the consequence of the avalanche - snow dust, it flew high, and everything disappeared as if in a fog. Everyone was doused with snow dust, which, by inertia, continued to move at the speed of a snowstorm. It became dark as night. Because of the fine, fine snow, it was difficult for strashno.com to breathe. Hands and feet instantly stiffened. I didn't see anyone around. Although there were people nearby, ”said Anton Voitsekhovsky, a member of the film crew.