Ecological crisis¾ this is such a stage of interaction between society and nature, at which the contradictions between the economy and ecology escalate to the limit, and the possibilities of maintaining potential homeostasis, i.e., the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate under conditions of anthropogenic impact, are seriously undermined.

The ecological crisis is not an inevitable and natural product of scientific and technological progress, it is caused both in our country and in other countries of the world by a complex of reasons of an objective and subjective nature, among which consumer and often predatory attitudes towards nature are not the last, disregard for fundamental environmental laws.

The way out of the global ecological crisis is the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. Thousands of scientists, politicians, practitioners in all countries of the world are working on its solution. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem by any means alone, for example, technological ones (treatment facilities, non-waste technologies, etc.), are fundamentally wrong and will not lead to the necessary results. Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only if the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of antagonism between them. This is achievable only on the basis of the implementation of the “trinity of natural nature, society and humanized nature” (Zhdanov, 1995) on the paths of sustainable development of society (UN Conference, Rio de Janeiro, 1992), an integrated approach to solving environmental problems.

An analysis of both the ecological and socio-economic situation in Russia makes it possible to single out five main directions in which Russia should emerge from the ecological crisis (Petrov, 1995, fig. 19.1). At the same time, an integrated approach is needed in solving this problem, i.e., all five directions should be used simultaneously.

Rice. 19.1. Ways of Russia's way out of the ecological crisis
(according to V. V. Petrov, 1995)

The first direction is technology improvement¾ creation of environmentally friendly technology, introduction of waste-free, low-waste industries, renewal of fixed assets, etc.

The second direction is the development and improvement of the economic mechanism of environmental protection.

The third direction ¾ application of measures of administrative restraint and measures of legal responsibility for environmental offenses (administrative-legal direction).

The fourth direction ¾ harmonization of ecological thinking ( environmental education).

Fifth direction ¾ harmonization of environmental international relations ( international law direction).

Certain steps are being taken in Russia to overcome the ecological crisis in all the above five areas, but we all have to go through the most difficult and responsible sections of the road ahead. It is they who will decide whether Russia will emerge from the ecological crisis or perish, plunging into the abyss of ecological ignorance and unwillingness to be guided by the fundamental laws of the development of the biosphere and the restrictions arising from them.

test questions

1. What is the meaning of the concept of "environmental protection"?

2. What is the difference between rational nature management and irrational?

3. What is meant by "environmental safety"?

4. What are the general principles and rules of environmental protection?

5. Name the main directions in which Russia should get out of the ecological crisis.

The way out of the global ecological crisis is the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. Thousands of scientists, politicians, practitioners in all countries of the world are working on its solution. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem by any means alone, for example, technological ones (treatment facilities, non-waste technologies, etc.), are fundamentally wrong and will not lead to the necessary results.

Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only if the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of antagonism between them. This is achievable only on the basis of the implementation of the "trinity of natural nature, society and humanized nature" on the path of sustainable development of society, an integrated approach to solving environmental problems.

An analysis of both the ecological and socio-economic situation in Russia makes it possible to single out five main directions in which the world should emerge from the ecological crisis. At the same time, an integrated approach is needed in solving this problem, i.e., all five directions should be used simultaneously.

The first direction is the improvement of technology - the creation of environmentally friendly technology, the introduction of waste-free, low-waste industries, the renewal of fixed assets, etc.

The use of environmentally friendly technologies contributes to the protection of the environment. These technologies are less polluting, use all resources more efficiently, recycle more waste and products resulting from their use, and provide more acceptable treatment of residual waste than the technologies they replace.

Green technologies are low-waste or waste-free “processing and production technologies” and thus contribute to the prevention of environmental pollution. It also includes "end-of-life technologies" or cleaning technologies designed to eliminate existing contamination.

Environmentally friendly technologies are not just separate technologies, but are complex systems that require the availability of special scientific and technical information, procedures, goods, services and equipment, as well as methods of appropriate organizational and management activities. Therefore, when discussing technology transfer, it is necessary to take into account its potential impact on human resource development and local capacity building, as well as on the status of women. Environmentally friendly and clean technologies must meet national socio-economic, cultural and environmental priorities.

Favorable conditions must be created for access to and transfer of environmentally friendly technology, especially to developing countries, through the adoption of supportive measures aimed at promoting cooperation in technology and enabling the transfer of necessary scientific and technical information, as well as the creation of economic, technical and managerial potentials for the effective use and further improvement of the technology obtained. Cooperation in technology involves the joint efforts of enterprises and governments, both providers and recipients of this technology.

To maximize the benefits of technology transfer, such cooperation must be ongoing and involve governments, the private sector and research and development institutions. Successful long-term partnerships in such cooperation invariably require continuous, systematic training and capacity building at all levels over a long period of time.

The introduction of new and efficient technologies is a necessary condition for enhancing the capacity, in particular of developing countries, to achieve sustainable development, maintain a stable global economy, protect the environment and reduce poverty and human suffering. An integral part of this activity is the improvement of applied technologies, and, where necessary, their replacement with more accessible and environmentally safer and cleaner.

The second direction is the development and improvement of the economic mechanism of environmental protection.

The methods of the administrative-legal mechanism of management consist in the development and issuance of legal and administrative acts regulating the organization and management in the field of nature management, the rights and obligations of executives, officials and the population of the country for the economical use and reproduction of natural resources and ensuring balance in the natural environment. Administrative acts are binding and directly affect the collectives of enterprises, organizations, individual workers and the population of the given area.

The economic mechanism of environmental protection is an integral part of the general mechanism for regulating relations in the sphere of "society - nature". Thus, it is, first of all, a system, infrastructure (legal, organizational, institutional) necessary to direct the action of these economic facts in order to achieve a reasonable balance of environmental and economic interests of society.

The essence of the current system of economic incentives for environmental protection in Russia is reduced to a system of environmental charges for environmental pollution.

The main problem of the current system is the incompatibility of environmental payments made by enterprises with the actual damage caused to the environment and the costs that must be incurred in the event of installing various treatment facilities. The consequence of this is a chronic underfunding of environmental protection measures, which the state is forced to take on.

The third direction is the application of measures of administrative restraint and measures of legal responsibility for environmental offenses (administrative-legal direction).

The fourth direction is the harmonization of ecological thinking (environmental and educational direction).

Ecological thinking is a system of views on the world, reflecting the problems of interaction between Mankind and Nature in terms of their harmonization and optimization.

The fifth direction is the harmonization of environmental international relations (international law direction).

Harmonization of international environmental relations is one of the main ways for the world community to get out of the ecological crisis. It is generally recognized that the exit strategy can be implemented only on the basis of the unity of environmental actions of all states. Today, no country is able to solve its environmental problems alone or by cooperating with only a small group of countries. There is a need for clear concerted efforts by all states, coordination of their actions on a strict international legal basis.

Nature knows no state boundaries, it is universal and one. Therefore, disturbances in the ecosystem of one country will inevitably cause a response. For example, if industrial enterprises in Germany or England emit flue gases with an unacceptably high percentage of harmful impurities into the atmosphere, this negatively affects not only the ecological state of these countries, but causes significant damage to the flora and fauna of neighboring Scandinavian countries. It is clear that state borders are not recognized by all other components of the natural environment (river runoff, marine areas, migratory species of animals, etc.).

The high priority of the environmental factor in international relations is constantly increasing, which is associated with the progressive deterioration of the state of the biosphere. All the main components of the environmental crisis (greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, soil degradation, radiation hazard, transboundary pollution transfer, depletion of energy and other resources of the planet’s interior, etc.) become environmental imperatives and determine new norms and rules for the interaction of states. There is every reason to believe that in the XXI century. ecology will be among the top priorities of the global system of international relations. Even now, some statesmen consider it expedient to create such a supranational body that would manage the protection and rational use of the environment in all states and regions.

There are several ways to combat atmospheric carbon dioxide pollution causing the greenhouse effect: technical improvement of engines, fuel equipment, electronic fuel supply systems; improving fuel quality, reducing the content of toxic substances in exhaust gases as a result of the use of fuel afterburners, catalytic catalysts; use of alternative fuels. Electric transport will save the population from exhaust gases.

The introduction of new technologies will reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, help create alternative raw materials for the synthesis of organic substances, and thus solve important environmental problems.

Strategy for managing the consumption of natural resources from the standpoint of sustainable development. Since the level of human anthropogenic impact on the natural environment has reached dangerous limits, it is necessary to move from an unbalanced economy to a balanced one.

Considering the need to search for a new model for the development of civilization, it is necessary:

curb population growth;

exclude wasteful reduction of natural resources;

achieve the level and pace of economic development, if possible, at the expense of renewable natural resources (and this, in turn, should lead to a reduction in environmental pollution, the protection and preservation of "environmental capital" - natural resources);

reconsider economic decisions that lead to deforestation, desertification, harmful effects on flora and fauna, pollution of the atmosphere and water resources;

change agricultural policy: instead of "aid" in the form of surplus agricultural products, developing countries should be given financial support to help them carry out important domestic reforms aimed at increasing production and slowing the destruction of their agricultural resource base;

adopt a law on food safety - this will lead to a reasonable technology for growing agricultural products in order to obtain an environmentally friendly product;

stimulate the market for forest products in such a way as to reduce market demand for them by replacing building materials and conserve forest, especially tropical resources;

the most important condition for balanced economic development is the joint consideration of economic and environmental issues in the decision-making process between developed and developing countries, so that ecological and economic systems become fully interconnected;

accept only an environmentally balanced budget.

"Society and the Environment" is not only an international, interstate, but also an interdisciplinary problem. Almost all the humanities, natural and technical sciences are involved in its solution to one degree or another. They explore various components of this problem - natural, technical, economic, medical, social, political, geographical, architectural and planning, and others.

The way out of the global ecological crisis is the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. Thousands of scientists, politicians, practitioners in all countries of the world are working on its solution. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem by any means alone, for example, technological ones (treatment facilities, non-waste technologies, etc.), are fundamentally wrong and will not lead to the necessary results. Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only if the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of antagonism between them. This is achievable only on the basis of the implementation of the "trinity of natural nature, society and humanized nature" on the path of sustainable development of society, an integrated approach to solving environmental problems.

An analysis of both the ecological and socio-economic situation in Russia makes it possible to single out five main directions in which the world should emerge from the ecological crisis. At the same time, an integrated approach is needed in solving this problem, i.e., all five directions should be used simultaneously.

The first direction is the improvement of technology - the creation of environmentally friendly technology, the introduction of waste-free, low-waste industries, the renewal of fixed assets, etc.

The use of environmentally friendly technologies contributes to the protection of the environment. These technologies are less polluting, use all resources more efficiently, recycle more waste and products resulting from their use, and provide more acceptable treatment of residual waste than the technologies they replace.

Green technologies are low-waste or waste-free “processing and production technologies” and thus contribute to the prevention of environmental pollution. It also includes "end-of-life technologies" or cleaning technologies designed to eliminate existing contamination.

Environmentally friendly technologies are not just separate technologies, but are complex systems that require the availability of special scientific and technical information, procedures, goods, services and equipment, as well as methods of appropriate organizational and management activities. Therefore, when discussing technology transfer, it is necessary to take into account its potential impact on human resource development and local capacity building, as well as on the status of women. Environmentally friendly and clean technologies must meet national socio-economic, cultural and environmental priorities.

Favorable conditions must be created for access to and transfer of environmentally friendly technology, especially to developing countries, through the adoption of supportive measures aimed at promoting cooperation in technology and enabling the transfer of necessary scientific and technical information, as well as the creation of economic, technical and managerial potentials for the effective use and further improvement of the technology obtained. Cooperation in technology involves the joint efforts of enterprises and governments, both providers and recipients of this technology. To maximize the benefits of technology transfer, such cooperation must be ongoing and involve governments, the private sector and research and development institutions. Successful long-term partnerships in such cooperation invariably require continuous, systematic training and capacity building at all levels over a long period of time.

The introduction of new and efficient technologies is a necessary condition for enhancing the capacity, in particular of developing countries, to achieve sustainable development, maintain a stable global economy, protect the environment and reduce poverty and human suffering. An integral part of this activity is the improvement of applied technologies, and, where necessary, their replacement with more accessible and environmentally safer and cleaner.

The second direction is the development and improvement of the economic mechanism of environmental protection.

The methods of the administrative-legal mechanism of management consist in the development and issuance of legal and administrative acts regulating the organization and management in the field of nature management, the rights and obligations of executives, officials and the population of the country for the economical use and reproduction of natural resources and ensuring balance in the natural environment. Administrative acts are binding and directly affect the collectives of enterprises, organizations, individual workers and the population of the given area.

The economic mechanism of environmental protection is an integral part of the general mechanism for regulating relations in the sphere of "society - nature". Thus, it is, first of all, a system, infrastructure (legal, organizational, institutional) necessary to direct the action of these economic facts in order to achieve a reasonable balance of environmental and economic interests of society.

The essence of the current system of economic incentives for environmental protection in Russia is reduced to a system of environmental charges for environmental pollution.

The main problem of the current system is the incompatibility of environmental payments made by enterprises with the actual damage caused to the environment and the costs that must be incurred in the event of installing various treatment facilities. The consequence of this is a chronic underfunding of environmental protection measures, which the state is forced to take on.

The third direction is the application of measures of administrative restraint and measures of legal responsibility for environmental offenses (administrative-legal direction).

The fourth direction is the harmonization of ecological thinking (environmental and educational direction).

Ecological thinking is a system of views on the world, reflecting the problems of interaction between Mankind and Nature in terms of their harmonization and optimization.

The fifth direction is the harmonization of environmental international relations (international law direction).

Harmonization of international environmental relations is one of the main ways for the world community to get out of the ecological crisis. It is generally recognized that the exit strategy can be implemented only on the basis of the unity of environmental actions of all states. Today, no country is able to solve its environmental problems alone or by cooperating with only a small group of countries. There is a need for clear concerted efforts by all states, coordination of their actions on a strict international legal basis.

Nature knows no state boundaries, it is universal and one. Therefore, disturbances in the ecosystem of one country will inevitably cause a response. For example, if industrial enterprises in Germany or England emit flue gases with an unacceptably high percentage of harmful impurities into the atmosphere, this negatively affects not only the ecological state of these countries, but causes significant damage to the flora and fauna of neighboring Scandinavian countries. It is clear that state borders are not recognized by all other components of the natural environment (river runoff, marine areas, migratory species of animals, etc.).

The high priority of the environmental factor in international relations is constantly increasing, which is associated with the progressive deterioration of the state of the biosphere. All the main components of the environmental crisis (greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, soil degradation, radiation hazard, transboundary pollution transfer, depletion of energy and other resources of the planet’s interior, etc.) become environmental imperatives and determine new norms and rules for the interaction of states. There is every reason to believe that in the XXI century. ecology will be among the top priorities of the global system of international relations. Even now, some statesmen consider it expedient to create such a supranational body that would manage the protection and rational use of the environment in all states and regions.

There are several ways to combat atmospheric carbon dioxide pollution causing the greenhouse effect: technical improvement of engines, fuel equipment, electronic fuel supply systems; improving fuel quality, reducing the content of toxic substances in exhaust gases as a result of the use of fuel afterburners, catalytic catalysts; use of alternative fuels. Electric transport will save the population from exhaust gases.

The introduction of new technologies will reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, help create alternative raw materials for the synthesis of organic substances, and thus solve important environmental problems.

Strategy for managing the consumption of natural resources from the standpoint of sustainable development. Since the level of human anthropogenic impact on the natural environment has reached dangerous limits, it is necessary to move from an unbalanced economy to a balanced one.

Considering the need to search for a new model for the development of civilization, it is necessary:

curb population growth;

exclude wasteful reduction of natural resources;

achieve the level and pace of economic development, if possible, at the expense of renewable natural resources (and this, in turn, should lead to a reduction in environmental pollution, the protection and preservation of "environmental capital" - natural resources);

reconsider economic decisions that lead to deforestation, desertification, harmful effects on flora and fauna, pollution of the atmosphere and water resources;

change agricultural policy: instead of "aid" in the form of surplus agricultural products, developing countries should be given financial support to help them carry out important domestic reforms aimed at increasing production and slowing the destruction of their agricultural resource base;

adopt a law on food safety - this will lead to a reasonable technology for growing agricultural products in order to obtain an environmentally friendly product;

stimulate the market for forest products in such a way as to reduce market demand for them by replacing building materials and conserve forest, especially tropical resources;

the most important condition for balanced economic development is the joint consideration of economic and environmental issues in the decision-making process between developed and developing countries, so that ecological and economic systems become fully interconnected;

accept only an environmentally balanced budget.

"Society and the environment" is not only an international, interstate, but also an interdisciplinary problem. Almost all the humanities, natural and technical sciences are involved in its solution to one degree or another. They explore various components of this problem - natural, technical, economic, medical, social, political, geographical, architectural and planning, and others.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMY

DISCIPLINE: "CONCEPTS OF MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE"

ON THE TOPIC: "WAYS TO EXIT THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS"

I've done the work:

Mikhailova M.V.

Work checked:

Bronnikov S.V.

Saint Petersburg2017

Introduction

1. The concept of ecological crisis

2.1 Basic principles of environmental quality management and environmental policy

2.2 The concept of environmental and economic regulation of nature management

2.3 Ways for Russia to get out of the ecological crisis

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of this work is great, since we, living in the modern world, are directly confronted in everyday life with the environmental crisis and its consequences. Our generation is most strongly experiencing the consequences of the ecological crisis: all kinds of mutations, diseases, previously unknown, and much more. Therefore, the problem of solving the ecological crisis is one of the most important for all mankind.

The purpose of the work is to consider in more detail the problems associated with the environmental crisis and all possible ways to resolve it. Work tasks:

· describe the problems of the ecological crisis;

· to try to give the best option for resolving the ecological crisis.

1. The concept of ecological crisis

ecological crisis call the current state of the relationship between human society and the natural environment in which a person lives, in which the contradictions between the economic interests of society in the consumption and use of the natural environment and the environmental requirements for ensuring the safety and quality of this environment for the survival of society itself are exacerbated to the limit.

In the structure of the ecological crisis, there are two sides - natural and social. natural side combines signs of degradation, destruction of the natural environment:

global warming, greenhouse effect;

general weakening of the Earth's ozone layer; the appearance of ozone holes;

· air pollution, formation of acid rain, photochemical reactions with the formation of ozone, peroxide compounds from CnHm;

· pollution of the oceans, burial of highly toxic and radioactive wastes (dumping), pollution with oil, oil products, pesticides, surfactants, heavy metals, thermal pollution;

· Pollution and depletion of surface waters, imbalance between surface and ground waters;

· pollution of the earth's surface by the whole complex of pollutants: MSW, heavy and radioactive elements, changes in the geochemistry of the earth and groundwater;

· reduction of forest areas (deforestation) as a result of fires, industrial logging, loss of already harvested wood, acid rain, illegal logging, harmful insects and diseases, industrial emissions (including nuclear accidents);

· soil degradation, desertification as a result of deforestation, irrational land use, drought, overgrazing, irrational irrigation (waterlogging, salinization);

liberation of existing and emergence of new ecological niches, filling them with undesirable living organisms;

· violation of the ecological balance on a global and regional scale, the general overpopulation of the planet and high population density in various regions, the deterioration of the quality of the living environment in cities.

social side The ecological crisis manifests itself in the following social phenomena:

· In the inefficiency of the work of special bodies for environmental protection, protection and use of forests, fish resources, wildlife, subsoil.

· In opposition to the representative and executive authorities, local self-government, which exacerbates the inefficiency of work.

· The inability of law enforcement agencies to ensure control and oversight of the implementation of laws on environmental protection.

· In mass environmental and legal nihilism, disrespect for environmental and legal requirements, violation and non-compliance with them.

2. Principles and ways to resolve the current environmental crisis

So far, actions in such areas as environmental monitoring, environmental regulation, environmental expertise, environmental control have not been systematically organized, and, as a result, the environmental situation continues to deteriorate. The organization of environmental activities based on the principles of the environmental quality (OS) management system will increase its efficiency and ensure sustainable, environmentally safe development.

Life on Earth has been formed and exists for several billion years due to the fact that in the natural conditions of the biosphere all living organisms are included in certain local and global cycles of chemical elements, which are closed, that is, in these cycles, the initial and final forms of finding chemical elements in nature coincide. They are both a consequence and a condition for the continuity of life on Earth and maintain the constancy of both the existence of various organisms inhabiting the Earth and the chemical composition of their habitat.

However, the natural state of the biosphere, based on the functioning of the biogeochemical cycle of chemical elements and the constancy of the chemical composition of the environment, is objectively violated in modern conditions as a result of human production activities. As a result, the natural, natural chemical composition of the atmosphere, soils, surface and underground waters is gradually, but inevitably and continuously changing, and the biogeochemical cycles to which animals and plants inhabiting our planet have adapted through evolution over millions of years are disrupted.

A scientific understanding of the causes and mechanisms that cause degradation of the environment that is objectively dangerous for humans gives hope that, realizing its enormous power, humanity will move to strict self-restraint that meets the requirements for compliance with the conditions for environmentally safe development, and, having proclaimed the principle of "environment and human in it from the consequences of economic or other human activity "as the main principle of its further existence, will be saved by itself and together with itself will save the biosphere and planet Earth from a catastrophe that can end the" psychozoic era "in the history of the Earth.

2.1 Basic principles of environmental quality management and environmental policy

The threat of deterioration of the state of the environment (OS) to critical limits is currently considered as a threat to the national security of any country.

The quality of the environment is determined by the degree to which natural conditions meet the needs of people or other living organisms. With the optimal quality of the environment, sustainable existence and development of an ecological system that has developed or been transformed by man in the region is possible; there are no adverse effects on any population permanently or temporarily present at the site. It is possible to conditionally determine the quality of the environment in units (points), characterizing in total all the quality criteria.

At the same time, it is of great importance to determine the zero point of the report, that is, that natural quality indicator, after which it changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors. This indicator of the quality of the environment is called the background. The background indicator is recommended to be set in areas with no earlier anthropogenic impact in biosphere reserves or stations. The network of these stations should be located throughout the country and included in the monitoring system.

The background values ​​of pollutant content in nature are insignificant. However, these parameters change under the influence of human activity, the content of pollution increases. For the normal, sustainable functioning of ecosystems and the entire biosphere, it is necessary that the pollution values ​​do not exceed the limit level permissible in terms of irreversible changes in the ecosystem or temporary disruption of the normal functioning of the ecosystem.

In OS quality management, the subject of management is the state represented by bodies specially authorized to carry out such management, and the object of management is OS quality.

It is possible to manage OS quality only by influencing the factors and processes that create this quality. Such factors and processes may be natural, but they are mainly related to ongoing or past economic activities.

From the point of view of an ecologist, any economic activity can be considered as an activity for the negative transformation of the environment. Therefore, one of the most important areas of state environmental policy is the regulation of economic activity in order to minimize the environmentally negative consequences of this activity.

For the effective implementation of state functions to ensure environmental safety, it is necessary to create, maintain the functioning and constantly improve special systems for managing the quality of environmental protection systems at various levels.

The source of impacts that directly affect the quality of the environment are economic entities that, in the course of their activities, emit gases and solid substances into the atmosphere, discharge wastewater with suspended and dissolved substances, acoustic, electromagnetic and other radiation, production and consumption waste.

The central place in the system is occupied by "environmental policy" - a statement by authorized representatives of the state about intentions in the field of conservation and improvement of the environment, the goals set, principles, ways, methods and stages of achieving these goals, including the connection of environmental policy with state policy in economic, financial , tax, industrial, scientific, social, educational and other areas.

Based on the intentions and goals formulated in the environmental policy, the first stage of practical actions for environmental quality management is carried out - environmental standardization of environmental quality, which refers to the establishment of a set of indicators characterizing the environmental quality, and the planned values ​​of these features. A feature of environmental quality standards for environmental protection, which differs from sanitary, hygienic, fishery and other MPCs, is their fundamental lability - they can be put into effect, changed, canceled, have different values ​​in different places, be federal, regional, local, local, etc. d.

Based on the results of environmental standardization of environmental quality, an environmental monitoring program is formed and implemented, which is understood as a systematic control of the values ​​of those environmental quality indicators for which environmental standards are established.

In case of detection of violations of the planned environmental quality, mechanisms should automatically be activated to assess the extent of the violation and its possible consequences, as well as to develop and implement measures to eliminate the identified environmental quality violation, including, such as identifying and punishing those responsible, cleaning up contaminated territories and water areas, introducing changes in environmental policy, environmental quality standards for environmental protection, environmental standards for environmental impacts, and more. environmental crisis surrounding nature management

Environmental impact standards for environmental protection are established based on the stated objectives of environmental policy in such a way that, if they are observed, the environmental quality does not experience negative changes. They are brought to the attention of all interested parties and are subject to compliance with the development of projects of economic activity and in the course of the activities of economic entities.

The verification of compliance by economic entities with the established environmental standards for environmental impacts and environmental environmental quality standards in the area of ​​responsibility of enterprises is carried out by state environmental control.

2.2 The concept of environmental and economic regulation of nature management

Environmental regulation should be nothing more than the use by state authorities of a system of active measures and tools to influence the behavior of users of natural resources in order to prevent, limit or eliminate pollution or other forms of deterioration in quality parameters and harm to the natural and man-made environment.

The basics of the concept of indirect environmental regulation are as follows:

The main reason for uncontrolled pollution of the environment is a gap in the pricing of natural resources, ignoring their true value, and in some cases providing them for free use. Not receiving a monetary value corresponding to their value on the market, they are not included in the scope of market mechanisms, which are unable to regulate the optimal distribution and use of these resources, and therefore protect their source - nature - from pollution;

the ineffective functioning of market regulators in the environmental protection system is explained by the lack of properly defined property rights for such basic natural components as water and air. They, being objects of competitive demand, at the same time represent free goods and services;

as a result, the normal market mechanism is deformed, and uncontrolled environmental consequences of economic activity arise, leading to social damage. And, as a result, the negative activity of users of natural resources is, as it were, subsidized in an amount equal to these social costs, since enterprises save on pollution prevention costs.

The general conclusions from the formed provisions, which form the basis of indirect environmental regulation, are as follows:

· to restore market relations in the field of nature protection, the state must assume the role of a distributor of environmental resources as a common good;

· for each pollutant and type of pollution, a system of prices should be created in the form of a tax or pollution charge;

· payment for pollution will make it possible to subordinate the process of environmental use to the usual mechanism of the market and to realize the automatic control over this process characteristic of such a mechanism.

Taken together, the method of indirect environmental regulation proceeds from the principle that environmental pollution that is costly to individuals and businesses will induce them to carry out activities to eliminate it.

The environmental crisis that has affected the whole world has forced the most developed countries to move from methods of passive indirect regulation to direct regulation. The task of the latter consisted in the practical implementation of the target setting for a consistent reduction in emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment.

Principles of regulation and areas of their application:

The Principle of Efficiency in terms of achieving environmental goals. He controls the choice of such regulators that do not allow the alienation of funds from enterprises - sources of pollution in such quantities that lead to the restriction of environmental protection work.

Conservation Cost Efficiency. It, in combination with the first principle, contributes not only to reducing the social costs caused by environmental pollution, but also ensures a faster pace of environmental protection. The social significance of environmental regulation requires that, when taking into account the effectiveness of environmental protection measures, the consequences of their impact on both the micro- and macroeconomics are taken into account. Therefore, the practice of calculating the level of optimal costs depending on the damage caused was immediately canceled, since in this case the costs of the enterprise to compensate for the damage became unrealistically large and practically undermined its environmental activities.

The Polluter Pays Principle. Its significance is retained even with direct regulation, but in this case it acts as a means capable of providing an advantage to enterprises pursuing an effective environmental policy, being reflected in the price of manufactured goods. Two types of redistribution systems are used to effectively use pollution charges: concentrating amounts in environmental funds and transferring them to enterprises actively pursuing environmental policy; redistribution of funds from economically strong enterprises to economically weak ones. At the same time, funds should be returned to enterprises in proportion to their investments in environmental protection activities. The inalienability of enterprise funds is the basis for the effectiveness of the environmental tax system. At the same time, the redistribution of funds helps to reduce the costs of environmental protection, as it allows them to be concentrated in those places where they are most efficiently spent.

The use of the “polluter pays” principle as an economic incentive tool, in addition to the tax for violation of environmental legislation, can take three more forms: price differentiation, special tax and collateral systems. Price differentiation is the imposition of additional taxes on products and products that are sources of environmental pollution, and, on the contrary, the exemption of non-polluting objects from paying part of value added taxes.

A special tax is imposed on some products that lead to environmental pollution, such as non-biodegradable bags, containers that are not suitable for recycling. Deposit systems are used to encourage the recycling and reuse of products and materials, such as: bottles, car bodies, batteries, mercury lamps, aluminum cans for drinks.

Socially equitable distribution of environmental costs. The population that is the victim of pollution is the main source of funding for environmental policy. Therefore, the states responsible for the socially equitable distribution of costs organized studies of the macroeconomic consequences of ecopolitics in order to establish its impact on the main parameters of the economy and the optimal level of national spending, at which the necessary environmental measures were simultaneously carried out and the optimal balance of national economic systems was maintained.

2.3 Ways for Russia to get out of the ecological crisis

According to the law of the Russian Federation on environmental protection, the main principles of environmental protection are:

the priority of protecting human life and health;

· scientifically grounded combination of ecological and economic interests;

rational and sustainable use of natural resources;

payment for nature use;

Compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation, the inevitability of responsibility for its violation;

· publicity in the work of environmental organizations and their close connection with public associations and the population in solving environmental problems;

· international cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

The ecological crisis is not an inevitable and natural product of scientific and technological progress, it is caused both in our country and in other countries of the world by a complex of reasons of an objective and subjective nature, among which consumer and often predatory attitude to nature, neglect fundamental environmental laws. An analysis of both the ecological and socio-economic situation in Russia makes it possible to single out five main directions in which Russia should emerge from the ecological crisis.

First direction- improvement of technology - the creation of environmentally friendly technology, the introduction of waste-free, low-waste industries, the renewal of fixed assets, etc.

Second direction- development and improvement of the economic mechanism of environmental protection.

third direction- application of measures of administrative suppression of measures of legal responsibility for environmental offenses (administrative-legal direction).

Fourth direction- harmonization of ecological thinking (environmental and educational direction).

Conclusion

The way out of the global ecological crisis is the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. Thousands of scientists, politicians, practitioners in all countries of the world are working on its solution. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development of society. Attempts to solve this problem by some means alone, for example, technological ones, are fundamentally wrong and will not lead to the necessary results. Overcoming the ecological crisis is possible only if the harmonious development of nature and man, the removal of antagonism between them.

The most general principle or rule of the environment should be considered the global initial natural resource potential, which is continuously depleted in the course of historical development, which requires mankind to scientific and technological improvement aimed at a wider and fuller use of this potential.

Another fundamental principle of protecting nature and the environment follows from this law: “environmentally friendly - economically”, that is, the more prudent the approach to natural resources and the environment, the less energy and other costs are required. The reproduction of the natural resource potential and the efforts to implement it should be comparable to the economic results of the exploitation of nature.

Another important environmental rule is that all components of the natural environment - atmospheric air, water, soil, etc. - must be protected not individually, but as a whole, as unified natural ecosystems of the biosphere. Only with such an ecological approach is it possible to ensure the preservation of landscapes, subsoil, the gene pool of animals and plants.

Bibliography

1. Golubev A. Destruction of the ozone layer // Green world, 1998, No. 24.

2. Gorelov A.A. Social ecology, - M., 2004.

3. Danilov-Danilyan V.I., Loseva K.S. Ecological challenge and sustainable development, - M., 2001.

4. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. Ecology, - Rostov-on-Don, 2003.

5. Malofeev V.I. Social ecology, - M., 2002.

6. Melnikov A.A. Problems of the environment and the strategy for its conservation, - M., 2009.

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The current stage of social development is characterized by an aggravation of contradictions in the interaction between man and nature. The use of the latest technologies has turned human activity into a force commensurate and even superior to the action of the elemental forces of nature. Humanity has entered a qualitatively new period of its development. According to the founder and first president of the Club of Rome, Aurelio Peccei, when solving any problems, a person will always have to reckon with the “outer limits” of the planet, the “inner limits” of the person himself, the cultural heritage he received, which he must pass on to those who come after him; with a global community that he must build, an eco-environment that he must protect at all costs, and, finally, a complex and complex production system, which it is time for him to start reorganizing.

Developing the productive forces, a person draws more and more new substances of nature into the orbit of his activity, using them with increasing intensity. Man exploits 55% of the land, uses 50% of the forest growth, extracts about 150 billion tons of minerals. These indicators are constantly growing, and this cannot but affect the nature of the course of environmental processes.

Throughout the history of its existence, man has influenced nature. However, this influence was previously insignificant. A completely different matter is modern industrial production, which has led to the emergence of crisis phenomena in life, due to the negative consequences of scientific and technological development. Among the most alarming trends, the main ones are: a) the ongoing planetary changes in the natural environment (rapid reduction of biological diversity, the growth of the "greenhouse effect" and the upcoming climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, deforestation and soil degradation, pollution of soils, water and atmosphere with toxic waste human activity); b) sharply growing social differentiation both between different countries and within individual countries, which, combined with the struggle for resources, leads to current local conflicts and carries a high threat of global shock; c) the rapid growth of the population of the Earth with a reduction in the resource potential of the planet; d) a wasteful regime of spending non-renewable natural resources, without taking into account the interests of future generations of people in the activities of contemporaries.

At the same time, with the current population of the Earth, it is impossible to do without the achievements of scientific and technological progress (STP). A return to primitive, obsolete forms of material production is impossible, as this will doom humanity to extinction. Therefore, only a reasonable use of the achievements of scientific and technical progress and a careful attitude to nature is the key to the existence of man on Earth.

The scientific and technical power of human civilization sets the task of man's responsibility before nature with particular force. In terms of its consequences, the impact of man on the environment exceeds the force of the impact on it of powerful geological and cosmic processes. Wherein, the spatial boundaries of the development of nature by man are expanding, spreading in breadth and depth. There is an intensive use of natural resources and an ever-increasing pollution of the natural environment. Nature is no longer able to recycle waste. As a result, human activity in relation to nature is increasingly turning into a force that threatens to destroy humanity.

By making previously unprecedented changes in the natural environment, a person is increasingly experiencing a negative response from nature. Instead of a mother, nature turns out to be an evil stepmother, as happens, for example, in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident zone. The use of atomic energy, even for peaceful purposes, poses a real danger to humans and other living beings. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant fully revealed this danger, causing damage to people's health. There, as before the accident, birds chirp in the trees, animals roam, forests are full of mushrooms and berries, but human life is endangered, and the gifts of nature have become mortally dangerous for him.

In modern conditions, human life is under threat not only in regions such as the zone around Chernobyl. Before humanity as a whole, more and more visibly grows ecological crisis of the habitat.

Natural environmental pollution caused by volcanic eruptions, forest fires, weathering of rocks significantly affects the nature of natural processes. The scale of modern industrial production is many times greater than the effect of geological processes. The impact of animals on the environment is also not fully understood. Thus, annually herbivorous domestic animals emit more than 80 million tons of methane into the atmosphere. This is almost one third of the total volume of methane that is emitted into the air with direct or indirect human participation. If, however, the data of Japanese researchers is correct that in the process of obtaining one family serving of roast, as much greenhouse gases are emitted as a car emits over 300 km of travel, then the increase in the number of pets creates serious environmental pollution. After all, as statistics show, the demand for meat in the world is constantly growing.

As a result of the impact of the above factors, the natural balance of the planet, which determines the nature of climatic processes and poses a great danger to the existence of life, is already significantly disturbed. Climate change can lead to the death of all life on Earth, as in the course of its evolution it has adapted to strictly defined environmental factors.

In conditions when the negative impact on nature is becoming more and more noticeable, humanity is gradually beginning to realize that our planet is not a mechanical set of elements, not an indifferent system, but an integral organism in which everything is interconnected. A person can carry out transformations in it only within strictly defined limits. Their violation leads to a sharp change in the functioning of the entire system and its transition to a new qualitative state, catastrophically unfavorable for the existence of mankind. Figuratively speaking, our planet is the same spaceship, but a ship with a significant drawback - it does not have a waste disposal compartment. For environmental pollution to pay the current and future generations of people.

Awareness of this actualizes the fight against pollution and violation of the ecological balance in the natural environment. More than once these problems were discussed by the UN. June is International Biosphere Day and April is Environment Day.

Unfortunately, until now, science has not been able to give a clear answer to the question of ways out of their ecological crisis. Often scientists claim that output- in non-waste technology. However, this is not quite true. Modern production, switching to waste-free technology (this scheme was suggested by nature, in which waste from one process serves as the basis for another), will be able to slow down, but not prevent, the environmental crisis, because industry often uses non-renewable resources: coal, oil, shale. This means that waste-free production, despite all its attractiveness, cannot be a panacea for all environmental ills.

E ecological problems- These are global problems. To solve them, it is necessary to unite the efforts of all mankind and peaceful coexistence, it is also necessary to further develop science, technology and new energy and resource-saving technologies.

Some researchers in the face of the ecological crisis threatening humanity preach the thesis: "Back to nature." This position is usually called Rousseauist or neo-Russoist, since this thesis was proclaimed by the outstanding educator of the 18th century. J.-J. Rousseau, although he was already known in ancient times.

In all ages, the thesis “Back to Nature” has been utopian, often reactionary, and in modern conditions it is also anti-humanistic. The fact is that a person cannot do without the use of technology, the development of productive forces. Without it, he is doomed to death. By limiting the progress of mankind by references to the need to preserve nature, in fact, distrust of man, his creative forces and reason is expressed, and admiration for nature goes beyond reasonable limits.

Man is a creator in this world, not a watchman. He cannot turn the surrounding nature into a primeval, untouched nature reserve. His task is different. In the ancient world, the ideal worthy of a sage was to live in harmony with nature. And in this regard, it would be more correct to preach the thesis: "Forward to nature."

Nature does not need to be conquered, nor should it be transformed in accordance with one's (at each historical stage, very limited) understanding of this transformation, but it is necessary to learn how to live and create in harmony with nature; new approaches are needed to understand the role of nature in the life of mankind.

Modern man, by virtue of the conditions of his existence, is more and more moved away, fenced off from the "first" nature. More and more he begins to live in the "second" nature he has transformed. However, this nature should not come into conflict with the “first”, for which a healthy environment for human life should be created, an environment should be created that provides maximum opportunities for its development.

Environmental problems in the beginning of the century will be exacerbated. Often their solution will require a reduction in the implementation of social programs and push them into the background. It becomes obvious that there are limits to the exploitation of natural ecosystems, and going beyond these limits leads to their destruction and degradation. In accordance with this, the formation of a new attitude to nature, based on the preservation of the most important characteristics of the biosphere. A person must learn to live (think and act) in harmony with nature, without violating the natural balance in the natural environment. The future depends on the solution of this issue. Only a harmonious relationship with nature will provide humanity with the opportunity to continue to exist on the planet. The objective conditions in which a person has to act in the 21st century dictate new forms of thinking, behavior and cooperation of people.

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