Orientation is the most important property of a person, which expresses the dynamics of a person's development as a social and spiritual being, the main tendencies of his behavior.

The orientation of the personality is the leading psychological property of the personality, in which the system of its motives for life and activity is represented.

No matter how different interpretations of personality in psychology may be, almost all researchers believe that the leading component of the personality structure, its backbone characteristic is the orientation of the personality. It is in this property that the goals in the name of which the personality acts, its motives, its subjective attitudes to various aspects of reality are expressed. Raigorodsky D.Ya. Psychology of leadership. Samara, 2011, p. 391.

Orientation has an organizing influence not only on the components of the personality structure (for example, on the manifestation of temperament or on the development of abilities), but also on mental states (for example, overcoming stress) and the entire area of ​​mental processes.

Orientation is embodied in various forms - value orientations, likes or dislikes, tastes, inclinations, attachments and manifests itself in various spheres of human life: professional, family, political, etc. It is in the orientation that the goals are expressed in the name of which the person acts, his motives, his subjective attitudes to various aspects of reality, i.e. the whole system of se characteristics Shibutani T. Social psychology, M., 2011. pp. 59 - 60..

In general terms, the orientation of the personality in psychology is defined as a system of stable needs, interests, ideals, i.e. whatever the person wants. Orientation sets the main trends of behavior. A person with a pronounced positive orientation is diligent, purposeful, and highly socially active.

Despite the difference in interpretations of personality in all approaches, its orientation is singled out as a leading characteristic. In different concepts, this characteristic is disclosed in different ways: as a “dynamic tendency” (S.L. Rubinshtein), “sense-forming motive” (A.N. Leontiev), “dominant attitude” (V.N. Myasishchev), “basic life orientation” (B.G. Ananiev), “dynamic organization of the essential forces of a person” (A.S. Prangishvili). Thus, the orientation acts as a generalized property of the personality, which determines its psychological make-up Hunsaker F.L. Business communication training. M., 2007. S. 369 - 370 ..

The set of stable motives that orient the activity of the personality and are relatively independent of these situations are called the orientation of the person's personality. It is always socially conditioned and is formed through education.

Orientation is the attitudes that have become personality traits.

Several related forms are included in the orientation, these are:

• - attraction - the most primitive biological form of orientation;
• - desire - a conscious need and attraction to something specific;
• - aspiration - arises when a volitional component is included in the structure of desire;
• - interest - a cognitive form of focus on objects;
• - inclination - occurs when the volitional component is included in the interest;
• - ideal - is the objective goal of inclination concretized in the image or representation;
• - outlook - a system of ethical, aesthetic, philosophical, natural science and other views on the world around;
• - persuasion - the highest form of orientation - is a system of motives of the individual, prompting him to act in accordance with his views, principles, worldview Sharipov F.V. Psychological foundations of management. M., 2008. S. 133.

The main role of personality orientation belongs to conscious motives. And the function of the motive is to give direction to the activity. It is not enough just to start the activity and constantly “nourish”. It needs to be carried out and implemented. Another function of the motive is the formation of meaning, thanks to which the concept of motive reaches the personal level. Meaning is the answer to the question: why? Why does a person need an object of his needs and activities? Man is a meaning-oriented being. If there is no convincing personal meaning, then the motive as a motivator will not work. There will be no activity and an unrealized motive will remain.

There are three main types of personality orientation: personal, collectivistic and business.

Personal orientation - is created by the predominance of the motives of one's own well-being, the desire for personal superiority, prestige. Such a person most often happens to be busy with himself, his feelings and experiences and reacts little to the needs of the people around him: he ignores the interests of employees or the work that he must do. In the work he sees, first of all, the opportunity to satisfy his claims, regardless of the interests of other employees Popov A.L. Psychology. M., s. 302..

Orientation to mutual actions - takes place when a person's actions are determined by the need for communication, the desire to maintain good relations with colleagues at work, study. Such a person shows interest in joint activities, although he may not contribute to the successful completion of the task, often his actions even make it difficult to complete the group task, and his actual help may be minimal.

Business orientation - reflects the predominance of motives generated by the activity itself, passion for the process of activity, disinterested desire for knowledge, mastering new skills and abilities. Typically, such a person seeks cooperation and achieves the greatest productivity of the group, and therefore tries to prove a point of view that he considers useful for the task.

The orientation of the personality in communication is considered by the author of the methodology as a set of more or less conscious personal semantic attitudes and value orientations in the field of interpersonal communication, as an individual “communicative paradigm”, including an idea of ​​the meaning of communication, its means, desirable and acceptable ways of behavior, etc. The communicative orientation implies a certain attitude towards the partner and at the same time towards oneself, a certain way of including one's own personality in interaction with others. It manifests itself in the form of readiness to perceive the influences of a partner, on the one hand, as well as to a certain way directed communicative behavior towards him, on the other hand, Druzhini V.N. Psychology. SPb., 2012. S. 123..

We can talk about the existence of different types (types) of personality orientation in communication. S.L. Bratchenko identifies and describes the following six types of UFOs.

• 1. Dialogical orientation - orientation towards equal communication based on mutual respect and trust, orientation towards mutual understanding, mutual openness and communicative cooperation, striving for mutual self-expression, development. The most significant feature of this orientation is the congruence (correspondence, similarity) of a person, which determines clearer communication, no need to defend oneself, and, consequently, greater freedom to listen to someone else's position, to understand a partner. A necessary condition for dialogical communication is a high degree of trust of the individual in himself and in his partner; such communication is determined not so much from the outside (goal, conditions, situation, stereotypes), but from the inside (personality, mood of a person, his attitude towards a partner). Answers illustrating the specifics of this type of orientation: “I like such communication when the interlocutors treat each other with understanding and respect”, “It is necessary to trust the interlocutor so that we can communicate sincerely”, “If a conflict is brewing in communication, I try to find out its causes , and act together and correctly”, “I try to take a position in communication that is in the interests of both parties and is based on mutual respect” Nemov R.S. Social Psychology. SPb., 2008. S. 381 - 382..
• 2. Authoritarian orientation - focus on dominance in communication, the desire to suppress the partner's personality, to subjugate him to himself. This orientation is associated with "communicative aggressiveness" and communicative rigidity of a person, with cognitive egocentrism, lack of respect for someone else's point of view, for the "sovereignty" of the partner's consciousness. At the same time, as a rule, it is combined with the “requirement” to be understood (or rather, the requirement to agree with one’s own position, the requirement for support and unconditional acceptance). A person who is dominated by this type of orientation is focused primarily on himself and his interests, preferring the stereotypical "communication-functioning". Answers characterizing this orientation: “I expect understanding, consent, support from the interlocutor”, “If a conflict is brewing in communication, I will firmly stand my ground”, “The interlocutor’s trust in me will help me better reveal myself”.
• 3. Manipulative orientation - focus on using a partner and all communication for one's own purposes to obtain various kinds of benefits; attitude towards a partner as a means, an object of their manipulations. With this orientation, a person seeks to understand (“calculate”) the interlocutor in order to obtain the necessary information. Any qualities of a partner acquire significance for a person insofar as they are suitable “for business” and can be used to achieve a goal. At the same time, the person himself, as a rule, remains “closed”, hides his true goals and feelings, or uses certain methods of self-presentation, focused on demonstrating the qualities and features that can be beneficial in this situation and bring success when interacting with this specific partner. Thus, a person who is characterized by this orientation in communication tends to consider any situation as a “target” and, in order to achieve the goal, is able to manipulate not only a partner, but also himself Sheinov V.P. Psychological influence. Minsk, 2007, pp. 746 - 747.

Manipulative orientation implies a person's orientation towards development and even creativity in communication, but one-sided - only for oneself at the expense of another. Typical examples of answers that characterize this orientation: “You can trust the interlocutor in order to achieve the goal”, “I like such communication when the interlocutor is fully revealed, but I am not”, “If a conflict is brewing in communication, then my actions depend on the opponent’s strength”, “If I think that the interlocutor is wrong, then I’ll see how events develop.”

• 4. Alterocentric orientation - voluntary "centering" on a partner, orientation to his goals, needs, feelings, etc., disinterested sacrifice of one's own interests and ignoring one's goals. This orientation is associated with what is commonly called altruism, with the desire of a person to understand the needs of another, to satisfy them as much as possible, to be ready to help, provide support, promote the development and well-being of a partner, without expecting anything in return, and often even to the detriment of their own development and well-being. . The specifics of this orientation can be explained by the following typical examples of answers: “In communication, I try to take the position of a friend who sympathizes and helps”, “It is very important to feel what the interlocutor feels and experiences, it is very important to feel it yourself”, “I think it is right if the interlocutor expects me that I will not leave him in difficult times”, “For me, the main goal of communication is to make the interlocutor feel good, and he would be satisfied.”
• 5. Conformal orientation - refusal of equality in communication in favor of a partner, orientation towards submission to the power of authority, towards an “objective” position for oneself, towards uncritical agreement and avoidance of opposition. A person with this orientation in communication is prone to imitation, to reactive interaction. He, as a rule, is easily suggestible, ready to "adjust" to his partner, to abandon his own point of view. He is characterized by a willingness to compromise, a desire to avoid conflicts and clashes by any means, to get away from the “struggle” Ziegler D. Theory of personality. SPb., 2007. S. 423.
• 6. Indifferent orientation - the dominance of an orientation towards solving purely business issues, towards business communication and substantive interaction, "avoidance" of communication as such. With such an orientation, both the partner as a person and the communication itself with all its problems are essentially ignored, any situations are perceived primarily as “active”. Typical examples of answers illustrating this focus: “I like such communication when it is aimed at solving a problem”, “I expect conciseness and independence from the interlocutor”, “In order for me to understand the interlocutor correctly, I need to talk about the case” Zverintsev A.B. Communication management. SPb., 2007. S. 65.

communication personality orientation individual

The totality of stable motives, relatively independent of the situation, orienting the selective activity of the individual is called personality orientation. This is a value-oriented category.

Forms of personality orientation:

Ø Wish - this is a mental state that expresses awareness of the need, its objects and possible ways of satisfaction;

Ø Interest - this is a mental state that ensures the orientation of the individual to the designation of the goals of activity based on the satisfaction of cognitive needs. Interest may be temporary, and as a particular need is satisfied, it fades away, but interest can also be sustainable.

Ø inclination - this is a mental state that expresses the selective orientation of the individual to a certain form of activity and encourages him to engage in it.

Ø Value Orientation - this is a mental state that expresses in the mind of a person the values ​​\u200b\u200brecognized by him as strategic important goals.

Any material object, social relation or spiritual phenomenon can act as a value. Psychologists have established that the criterion for value assessments are the basic values ​​included in the value system of the individual, which she learned in the course of socialization.

Value orientations and ideals of the individual underlie the beliefs of the individual.

Ø Beliefs - conscious motives of the individual, prompting her to act in accordance with her value orientations and ideals. The totality of a person's beliefs is included in the system of his worldview.

Ø outlook - this is a system of a person's views on the world as a whole, on his place in this world, by which a person is guided in his activities and behavior. Depending on the choice of a worldview position, the motivation of the personality's activity occurs, its lines of behavior are determined.

social motivation

The initial classification of social motives proposed by G. Murray united more than 20 motives. Consider the main social motives - the motive of achievement and the motive of power; the motive of social success and the motive of affiliation (desire for people), the motive of help.

achievement motive a steady desire and achievement of results in work, the desire to do something well and quickly and reach a certain level in any business.

There are two types - striving for success and striving to avoid failure. Success-oriented people prefer medium-difficulty tasks because they prefer to take calculated risks; and those motivated to fail choose either easy tasks (with a guarantee of success) or difficult ones (because failure is not perceived as a personal failure). Achievement motive shows how much a person strives to increase the level of their capabilities.

It is based on at least three components: striving for excellence(orientation in difficult work to your internal quality standard), to rivalry(the desire for competition and leadership), to work(the pleasure of hard work well done).

Motivation for social success. According to recent research, it has the following structure: desire for fame, prestige, recognition; desire for competition; striving for achievement in meaningful activities.

The leading features of people with a pronounced motive for social success are great activity and self-confidence, high self-esteem with firm confidence in their charm; at the same time, women value their business qualities more and strive for achievements in significant activities, while men value the qualities necessary for a public figure more and strive for recognition and rivalry. It also turned out that a strong desire for social success contributes to the development in women of properties that are more inherent in men (dominance, aggressiveness, etc.).

Power motive.

Power is considered as the ability of the actor to carry out his will in spite of the resistance of other people. At the heart of the power motive is the need to feel strong and to show their power in action. We can talk about two different tendencies in the basis of this motif: desire for power; exercise of power and influence.

Sources of power can be: reward power("If you do it, you will get it") coercive power("If you don't do it, it will be bad") normative power(official authority of an expert, informational authority, etc.). Individual differences are manifested in the desire to increase the number of sources of power and in the ability to influence the motivational system of other people (you need to quickly and accurately determine the motivational basis of another person and correlate it with your own sources of power.

Affiliation motives and help are based on an effective-positive attitude towards people and exclude manipulation.

The motive of affiliation is the desire for such contacts with people, including strangers, which imply trust, cooperation, affiliation, friendship. The goal of affiliation is a mutual search for acceptance, acceptance of friendly support and sympathy. Mutual trust is important so that the partner feels that he is offered an equal relationship, such communication that captivates and enriches both parties. There are two forms of the affiliative motive - hope for affiliation (HA) and fear of rejection (FA).

Help motive, altruistic motives. Altruism is an independent motive, which is different from other motives based on personal gain; it is based on love and unselfish concern for others, the ability to make a free sacrifice for the sake of the group, the need to give and a sense of responsibility. The need to help others already exists in three-year-old children. Help is more often provided by those who themselves have received it before, and those who have empathy, the ability to empathize.

Similar information.

The orientation of a personality is a set of stable motives, attitudes, beliefs, needs and aspirations that orient a person to certain behavior and activities, the achievement of relatively complex life goals. Orientation is always socially conditioned and is formed in ontogeny in the process of education and upbringing, acts as a personality trait, manifested in a worldview, professional orientation, in activities related to personal passion, doing something in their free time from their main activity (for example, fine art, exercise, fishing, sports, etc.). In all these types of human activity, the orientation is manifested in the peculiarities of the interests of the individual: the goals that a person sets for himself, needs, predilections and attitudes, carried out in drives, desires, inclinations, ideals, etc.:

Attraction - an insufficiently complete conscious desire to achieve

Anything. Often the basis of attraction is the biological needs of the individual;

Propensity is a manifestation of the need-motivational sphere of personality,

Expressed in the emotional preference for a particular type of activity or value;

Ideal (from the Greek idea, prototype) - an image that is the embodiment

Perfection and a model of the highest goal in the aspirations of the individual. The ideal can be the personality of a scientist, writer, athlete, politician, as well as the morphological characteristics of a particular person or traits of his personality;

Worldview - a system of views and ideas about the world, on the attitude

Man to society, nature, himself. The worldview of each person is determined by his social existence and is evaluated in a comparative comparison of the moral views and ideological views adopted in society. The combination of thinking and will, manifested in the behavior and actions of a person, leads to the transition of a worldview into beliefs:

Persuasion is the highest form of personality orientation, manifested in a conscious need to act in accordance with one's value

Orientations against the background of emotional experiences and volitional aspirations;

Installation - the readiness of the individual for a certain activity,

Updated in the current situation. It manifests itself in a stable

Predispositions to a certain perception, understanding and behavior of the individual. The attitude expresses the position of a person, his views, value orientations in relation to various facts of everyday life, social life and professional activity. It can be positive, negative or neutral. With a positive attitude, phenomena, events and properties of objects are perceived benevolently and with confidence. When negative, these same signs are perceived distortedly, with distrust or as alien, harmful and unacceptable to a given person.

The setting mediates the influence of external influences and balances the personality with the environment, and its knowledge of the content of these influences makes it possible to predict behavior in appropriate situations with a certain degree of certainty;

Position - a stable system of human relations to certain

The sides of reality, manifested in the corresponding behavior. It includes a set of motives, needs, attitudes and attitudes that the individual is guided by in his actions. The system of factors that determine a person's specific position also includes his claims to a certain position in the social and professional hierarchy of roles and the degree of his satisfaction in this system of relations;

Goal - the desired and imagined result of a particular activity

A person or a group of people. It can be close, situational or distant, socially valuable or harmful, altruistic or selfish. A person or a group of people sets a goal based on needs, interests and opportunities to achieve it.

In goal-setting, an important role is played by information about the state of the issue, thought processes, emotional state and motives of the proposed activity. Target fulfillment consists of a system of actions aimed at achieving the expected result. Orientation is formed in ontogenesis, in the process of training and education of young people, in preparing them for life, professional and socially useful activities, serving their homeland. Here it is important that the younger generation learn that their personal and family well-being, achievements in various fields of activity and social status are interconnected with their readiness to serve their people and the state in which they live. There are three main types of personality orientation: personal, collectivistic and business.

Personal orientation - created by the predominance of motives of one's own

Welfare, the desire for personal superiority, prestige. Such a person most often happens to be busy with himself, his feelings and experiences and reacts little to the needs of the people around him: he ignores the interests of employees or the work that he must do. In work, he sees, first of all, an opportunity to satisfy his claims, regardless of the interests of other employees. Orientation to mutual actions - takes place when a person's actions are determined by the need for communication, the desire to maintain good

Relationships with colleagues at work and school. Such a person shows interest in joint activities, although he may not contribute to the successful completion of the task, often his actions even make it difficult to complete the group task, and his actual help may be minimal.

Business orientation - reflects the predominance of motives generated by the activity itself, passion for the process of activity, disinterested desire for knowledge, mastering new skills and abilities. Typically, such a person seeks cooperation and achieves the greatest productivity of the group, and therefore tries to prove a point of view that he considers useful for the task.
It has been established that persons with a focus on themselves have the following character traits:
more preoccupied with themselves and their feelings, problems
make unreasonable and hasty conclusions and assumptions about others
people also behave in discussions
trying to impose their will on the group
those around them do not feel free in their presence
Reciprocal people:
avoid direct problem solving
succumb to group pressure
do not express original ideas and it is not easy to understand what kind of person
wants to express
do not take the lead when it comes to choosing tasks
Business people:
help individual group members express their thoughts
support the group to achieve the set goal
easily and clearly express their thoughts and considerations
take the lead when it comes to task selection
do not shy away from addressing the problem directly.

Orientation of personality and its types

Experts identify three types of orientation that cover the main areas of human life, but along with them, there are other options. Let's consider both of them.

1. Personal orientation. This orientation is built on the motives of personal well-being, the desire for victory, superiority. Such a person has little interest in other people and their feelings, and all that interests him is to fulfill his needs and desires. Most often, they are characterized by such character traits as concentrating on themselves, attempts to impose their will on others, a tendency to make hasty and unjustified views about others.
2. Focus on mutual action. In this case, we are talking about a person whose actions are determined by the need for communication, the desire to maintain good relations with people. This person is interested in joint projects, relationships. Typically, this type of person avoids direct problem solving, succumbs to group pressure, refuses to express incomprehensible ideas, and does not seek leadership.
3. Business orientation. Such a person is easily carried away by the process of activity, strives for knowledge, mastering new skills. This person will definitely express his point of view if it is important for solving the problem. Usually this type of people helps others to formulate an idea, support the group, easily express their thoughts, and can lead if the solution of the problem requires it.
4. Emotional orientation of the personality. Such a person is focused on feelings and experiences, and possibly on his own, and possibly on the experiences of others. Such an orientation may correspond to the need for glory, and the need to help others, and the interest in the struggle and superiority. In addition, such people often like to solve all sorts of complex intellectual problems.
5. Social orientation of the individual. This type is inclined to serve the fatherland, the development of one science, etc., seeks to realize himself as much as possible, since this will benefit his country. Such people can be directed by the intellectual type (to discoveries, achievements), by the enterprising type (such people make excellent businessmen), etc.

Knowing what is meant by the orientation of the personality, and this simplest classification, you can easily determine the orientation of each of your acquaintances.

Features of personality orientation

There are additional aspects of orientation, each of which corresponds to any area of ​​​​life:

1. The morality of everyday behavior depends on the level of social value and the social significance of relationships for the individual.
2. The purposefulness of the individual depends on the diversity of the needs of the individual, the range of interests and the certainty of the central ones.
3. The integrity of the individual depends on the degree of stability of relationships, as well as consistency and adherence to principles.

Such features additionally characterize the general orientation of the personality and give certain character traits.

Orientation of personality and motivation of activity

In domestic psychology, many authors considered the orientation of the personality through the concept of activity motivation. At the same time, different authors understand the orientation of the personality in different ways:
- "dynamic tendency" by S. L. Rubinshtein,
- "meaning-forming motive" by A. N. Leontiev,
- "dominant attitude" in V. N. Myasishchev
- "the main life orientation" of B. G. Ananiev,
- "dynamic organization of the essential forces of man" by A. S. Prangishvili.
Nevertheless, all authors see in directionality one or another set of stable motives that guide the activity of the individual and are relatively independent of the current situation.

Forms of personality orientation

The orientation of the individual is always socially conditioned and is formed in the process of education. The orientation is greatly influenced by attitudes that have become personality traits and manifested in such forms as:

At the heart of all forms of personality orientation are the motives of activity.

attraction

Attraction is the most primitive and - in its essence - a biological form of orientation. From a psychological point of view, attraction is a mental state that expresses an undifferentiated, unconscious or insufficiently conscious need. Ordinarily, attraction is a transient phenomenon, as the need represented in it either fades away or is realized, turning into desire.

Wish

Desire is a conscious need and desire for something quite definite. Desire, being sufficiently conscious, has a driving force. It clarifies the goals of future action and the construction of a plan for this action.
Desire as a form of orientation is characterized by awareness not only of one's need, but also of possible ways to satisfy it.

Pursuit

Striving is desire backed by will. Striving is a well-defined motivation for activity.

Interest

Interest is a specific form of manifestation of a person's cognitive need. Interest ensures the focus of the individual on understanding the meaning and goals of the activity, thereby contributing to the orientation of the individual in the surrounding reality. The presence of interest largely explains the presence of a special ability in a person - the mind.
Subjectively, interest is found in the emotional tone that accompanies the process of cognition or attention to a particular object. One of the most essential characteristics of interest is that when it is satisfied, it does not fade away. As a rule, interest develops, evolves, generates new interests corresponding to a higher level of cognitive activity.
Interest is the most important motivating force to the knowledge of the surrounding reality. Distinguish:
- direct interest caused by the visual appeal of the object,
- mediated interest in the object as a means of achieving the goals of the activity.
Stability, breadth, content of interests is the most important personality trait, one of the cornerstones of a person's personality. Having said about the interests of a person, we thereby draw a fairly accurate psychological portrait of him.

inclination

In dynamics, interest breeds inclination. Interest is a relatively passive contemplation of an object of interest, propensity is an active contemplation, the desire to connect one's activity and one's life with this object.
In many ways, interest develops into a propensity due to the inclusion of a volitional component. Propensity - the orientation of the individual to a particular activity. The basis of propensity is a deep, stable need of an individual for a particular activity.
In a sense, we can say that the propensity is interest in activities.
Interest and inclinations are a factor in the rapid development of an individual's abilities.

Ideal

The ideal is the objective goal of the inclination of the individual, concretized in the image or representation. The ideal is what a person strives for, what he focuses on in the long term. Ideals are the basis, the "bricks" of a person's worldview. A person judges other people by his own ideals.
The ideal is one of the arguments in the function of a person's self-esteem.

outlook

Worldview - a model (picture) of the world. If, for example, interests, inclinations, or ideals may not be connected with each other, then the most important feature of a worldview is its integrity. A holistic worldview allows a person to live "smoothly": moving, for example, to a new area, he knows that the same laws of physics or chemistry will operate there, people in this area may differ slightly, but they will still be people (they talk, have physiological needs, etc.). A holistic worldview allows us to consider the world as a complex system of cause-and-effect relationships.
A worldview allows a person to plan his activities for many years ahead: he knows that a lot can change over the years, but the basic laws by which the world exists will remain unshakable.

Belief

Belief - a system of motives of the individual, prompting her to act in accordance with her views, principles, worldview. Beliefs are based on conscious needs that encourage a person to act, form her motivation for activity.

Characteristics of the motivational sphere

Motive - an incentive to activity associated with the satisfaction of the needs of the subject. Motive - the reason underlying the choice of actions and deeds, a set of external and internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject.
The motive is the fundamental "brick" of such a complex process as motivation. Motivation is the designation of a system of factors that determine behavior:
- needs,
- motives,
- goals,
- intentions
- aspirations, etc.
Motivation is also a characteristic of the process that stimulates and maintains behavioral activity at a certain level. Motivation is usually considered as a set of psychological causes that explain human behavior, its beginning, direction and activity.

The influence of orientation on the motivation of activity

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Internal (dispositional) and external (situational) motivation are interconnected. Dispositions can be updated under the influence of a certain situation, and the activation of certain dispositions (motives, needs) leads to a change in the subject's perception of the situation. Attention becomes selective, and the subject perceives and evaluates the situation in a biased way, based on current interests and needs.
Depending on the inclinations of a person, his worldview and other forms of orientation, he may be either more prone to internal motivation or external.

Awareness-unawareness of motives

A motive, in contrast to motivation, is something that belongs to the subject of behavior itself, is its stable personal property, which induces certain actions from within. Motives can be:
- conscious
- unconscious.
People with developed ideals, worldview, adequate beliefs, as a rule, are driven by conscious motives in their actions. The complexity of the inner world, the abundance of psychological defenses can lead to the fact that the main drivers will be unconscious motives.

Quantity and quality of needs, interests, inclinations

Plants that need only certain biochemical and physical conditions of existence have the least needs. A person has the most diverse needs, who, in addition to physical and organic needs, also has spiritual, social ones.
Social needs:
- human desire to live in society,
- the desire to interact with other people,
- the desire to benefit people, to participate in the division of labor,
- the desire to understand other people and social processes.
The more qualitatively different needs a person has, interests, inclinations, the more versatile and flexible his activity. A purely human quality is the ability to combine several different interests in one's activity at once.

Ability to set a goal

The goal is where the activity begins. The more versatile a person is, the more developed he is as a person, the more accurate and original he manages to set his goals.
The presence of bright ideals can encourage a person to set complex, far-reaching goals.
The goal is the main object of attention, which occupies a certain amount of short-term and operative memory; it is connected with the thought process unfolding at a given moment in time and most of all possible emotional experiences.

Having an ideal of achievement

If a person has an ideal of achievement, he will develop motivation to achieve results, he will love to set goals, will strive to achieve his goals, will learn from his own and others' mistakes.

Having an ideal of courage

A brave person, or at least one striving to be courageous, is not afraid of difficulties; The structure of the activity of a brave person is very different from the structure of the activity of a timid one: the first one usually looks forward, the second - back and to the sides. The first is not prone to self-justification, self-deception. The second one is constantly looking for reasons to shirk, prone to hypochondria and self-reflection.

Flexibility

Different aspects of a person's orientation (interests, inclinations, etc.) affect the flexibility of activity. For example one person inclined to bring everything to an ideal end (perfectionist), and therefore his work lacks flexibility.

Confidence

The feeling of confidence in the performance of activities is born from the clarity of the goal, the absence of doubt. The latter are taken from the insufficient hierarchization of a person's interests and inclinations, the lack of subordination between them, and the presence of many contradictions.

The orientation of the individual is always socially conditioned and is formed through education. Orientation manifests itself in such hierarchically interconnected forms as attraction, desire, aspiration, interest, inclination, ideal, worldview, conviction. At the same time, all forms of personality orientation are the motives of its activity and therefore differ in the degree of awareness, strength, energy (intensity, stability). Let us give a brief description of the main forms of orientation:

Attraction is characterized by the absence of a clearly understood, conscious goal. Despite the fact that attraction is considered to be an undifferentiated, vague desire of a person, it is always directed towards some object. Therefore, when they talk about sympathy or falling in love, they mean a specific person, and not attraction “in general”. At the same time, attraction is characterized by insufficient awareness of the needs of the subject, and therefore some drives play an important role in the formation of certain personal structures, defense mechanisms, etc.

N.D. Levitov proposed a classification of attraction depending on strength and stability. The most formed attraction, the more captivating personality, he calls hobby. Hobbies have different duration, but they are always limited by time. If the hobby drags on for a long time, it usually turns into passion, which is a longer and even stronger attraction that can manifest itself in relation to music, collecting, hunting, fishing, etc. Passion can be accepted by a person, or can be condemned by her as something undesirable, obsessive (to alcohol, smoking, drugs , casino games, etc.). In this case, one speaks of mania- a painful mental state with the concentration of consciousness and feelings on one idea, one desire (drug addiction, substance abuse, megalomania).

Attraction is a transient phenomenon, since the need represented in it either fades away or is realized, turning into a specific desire, intention, dream, etc.

Wish- this is a form of orientation in which objects and possible ways of satisfying a need are realized. Based on his desires, a person realizes the goals of future action, makes plans.

Pursuit- sensual experience of need. Aspiration is closely related to subjectively experienced feelings that signal a person about the achievement of a goal, causing feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. In aspiration there is a volitional component that helps to overcome various difficulties on the way to the object of need.

Interest- a form of cognitive orientation of the individual, considered as a stimulus for human activity. We are interested in what can satisfy our need. Interests tend to develop: the satisfaction of interest does not lead to its extinction, but causes new interests. According to D.A. Kiknadze, the unhindered satisfaction of a need does not generate interest. The need generates interest only when there are some obstacles in the way of its satisfaction. The subject content of interest is not an object of need, but a means of achieving it (G.K. Cherkasov).

In different concepts, interest is interpreted in different ways: as “the desire to devote one's thoughts and actions to some phenomenon” (E. Thorndyke); as "an innate instinctive desire" (W. McDougall); as “the need to experience relationships, the thirst for positive emotions, spiritual” (B.I. Dodonov); as “a selective, emotionally colored attitude of a person to reality” (S.L. Rubinstein); as an "emotional and cognitive attitude" (A.G. Kovaleva); as “dynamic tendencies that develop along with the whole personality”, L.S. Vygotsky believed that interests are not acquired, but developed (for example, during puberty of adolescents: along with the appearance of sexual desire, they also have new interests).

In psychology, there are many classifications of interests:

1 . Depending on the purpose(according to the result): procedural, in which the goal is to enjoy the experience of a particular activity, and procedural target, in which getting pleasure from the process is combined with getting a useful result.

2. Depending on the duration, stability interests are stable and unstable. Often there are people who are interested in the most diverse subjects, but not for long; one interest is quickly replaced by another. For some, these fleeting interests are very strong and emotionally addictive; such people are usually called "addicted". A person who is not able to have stable interests cannot achieve significant success in any field of activity. The degree of stability allows you to identify the stages of development of interest: curiosity, interest-attitude and interest-inclination. Curiosity is the initial stage of the development of interest in the absence of a clear selective attitude to the objects of knowledge and is a manifestation of situational interest.

F. La Rochefoucauld distinguished the following types of curiosity: selfish curiosity, inspired by the hope of acquiring useful information, and proud- caused by the desire to know what is unknown to others.

N.D. Levitov singles out the direct, naive curiosity,(typical for young children and adults who find themselves in a new, unusual environment); serious curiosity("indicates the presence of curiosity in a person); idle curiosity directed at an object that is not worth attention).

Interest-attitude and interest-inclinations are also singled out as more stable personality formations (interest in art, science, sports, one's profession, etc.). Interest-attitude is formed on the basis of repeatedly received pleasure from the manifestation of situational interest (when reading books, watching movies, visiting theaters, concert halls, sports competitions, etc.). Interest-inclination includes a volitional component and is manifested in the desire to engage in certain activities.

4. By number of attractive objects of interest are broad and narrow. In the tragedy Mozart and Salieri, Pushkin, in the image of Salieri, showed a man whose whole spiritual life is limited by one narrow interest - interest in music. Music for Salieri is like a high wall that obscures everything. Interest in music made Salieri deaf to all other impressions of life. The contrast to him is Mozart, a brilliant musician, but not closed in his professional interest, but open to all life impressions. For him, music is like a wide window through which he comprehends the harmony of life around him. Talented and brilliant people have broad interests. So, Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist, but also a great mathematician, mechanic and engineer, the most diverse branches of science owe him important discoveries.

Sometimes interests are called "small". In this case, they mean that people are mainly interested in the satisfaction of natural "needs: food, drink, sleep and other sensual pleasures. Such, for example, are the interests of Afanasy Ivanovich and Pulcheria Ivanovna in Gogol's story The Old World Landowners. The official Akaky Akakievich (“Overcoat”), who devoted all his free time to rewriting papers, also showed little interest. "There, in this rewriting, he saw some kind of his own, diverse and pleasant world"

5. By its connection with the object interests are direct, which are directly related to any need, and indirect, where the need is not clearly traced. So, a student may be interested in music, because he likes music lessons, he loves to sing and enjoys it. In another case, a student goes to music because he just needs only good grades in the report card.

When the volitional component is included in the interest, it begins to manifest itself in the desire to engage in certain activities - it becomes an inclination.

inclination- the selective orientation of the individual to a certain type of activity, which is based on a deep, stable need for this type of activity. At the same time, a person tries to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. Usually the emergence of propensity is accompanied by the development of abilities. Therefore, many great artists, musicians have shown a penchant for their profession since childhood. R. Cattell highlights:

General tendencies that are common to all people, and unique tendencies that characterize a certain individuality.

On the basis of modality: dynamic inclinations that direct a person to achieve a specific goal, "inclinations-capabilities" that relate to efficiency, "temperamental inclinations" that are associated with energy and emotionality. R. Cattell attaches more importance to "dynamic" inclinations.

According to E.P. Ilyin, not every positive attitude to activity, to its content should be considered an inclination. A characteristic feature of addiction is that a person, as a rule, is not aware of its true underlying causes. In most cases, he cannot explain why he likes this particular activity, and names purely external signs based on the content characteristics of the chosen type of activity (for example, he names the sport he would like to do without explaining why (“just like it”). A positive attitude towards activity can also be due to other factors: wages, working conditions, the proximity of the place of work to the place of residence, its content, etc.

Ideals are formed on the basis of inclinations and interests of the individual. A person tries to change the world around him in accordance with his ideals. Ideal - a form of orientation, concretized in a certain image, which a given person wants to be like; for the purposes that this person considers the highest in which he sees the ultimate goal of his aspirations. For some they are effective and decisive, for others they are unattainable.

Thanks to ideals, a person is able not only to reflect the world around him, but to change it in accordance with them. If the ideal is wrong, then it will lead a person not to what he hoped for. In this case, one speaks of illusory ideals.

Some authors single out a dream as a form of orientation. B.I. Dodonov notes that dreaming sometimes helps a person to retreat from the goal, to replace the real action with an imaginary one, but at the same time misses the opportunity to keep the goal, since in the process of dreaming internal models of the “required future” are created (according to N.A. Bernshtein ), which have great motivating power. Dreaming, a person learns to find ways and means to satisfy needs. Almost every person in his development goes through the stage of naive dreaming (dream-game), which with age develops into a dream-plan, i.e., into a motivational setting.

Persuasion is a form of personality orientation that encourages it to act in accordance with its views, value orientations, principles. The presence of stable beliefs in a person, covering various spheres of life, is an indicator of the high activity of his personality. A person with established beliefs not only acts in strict accordance with them, but also seeks to pass them on to other people, convincing them that he is right. Forming an ordered system of views, a person's beliefs act as his worldview.

Worldview is a system of views on the world around and a person's place in it. The formation of a worldview is an essential indicator of a person's maturity. Worldview plays a big role in a person's life. It affects the norms of human behavior, his tastes, interests, his attitude to work, to other people. A worldview can have religious, political, moral, scientific and aesthetic overtones. Self-determination of a person is associated with the worldview (the goals that a person sets for himself, the means that he prefers to achieve them). The combination of the intellectual and volitional components in human behavior presupposes the transition of worldview into conviction as the highest form of personality orientation.

It manifests itself in the following forms: desires, aspirations, inclinations, interests, inclinations, worldview, beliefs, ideals, attitudes, positions, goals, abilities, etc. All forms of personality orientation, however, are the motives of its activity. Let's consider some of them.

Wish

Wish - a completely conscious need and attraction to something quite definite. Moreover, not only the object of desire is realized, but also the ways to achieve it. Based on their desires, a person determines goals, makes plans. Strong desires develop into a constant attraction to the object, i.e. become an aspiration. Therefore, desire can be considered thoughts about the possibility of having something or doing something.

Pursuit

Pursuit is closely connected with the volitional component and manifests itself in the fact that a person is able to overcome all obstacles, difficulties, hardships on the way to the object of need. Aspiration is inseparable from the feelings that signal whether the goal is achieved or not, causing a person to feel, respectively, pleasure or displeasure. Thus, the striving objectively inherent in the organism (which has the meaning of a motive that induces the organism to act) is inextricably linked with subjectively experienced feelings.

attraction

attraction- insufficiently conscious desire to achieve something, often the basis of attraction is the biological needs of the individual.

Interest

Interest can be considered as a cognitive form of focus on objects: a person is interested in what can satisfy his need. Interests develop: the satisfaction of interest does not lead to its extinction, but, on the contrary, causes new interests.

Interests are direct, directly related to a specific need, and indirect, when the need is not clearly traced. For example, one student may be interested in music because he enjoys music lessons or loves to sing and enjoys it, while another student attends music lessons simply because he wants only good grades in his diary.

Depending on the duration of preservation, interests are stable and unstable. So, some are interested in the most diverse subjects, but not for long; they have one interest quickly replaced by another. In addicted people, fleeting interests are very strong and emotionally exciting. A person who is not able to have stable interests cannot achieve significant success in any field of activity.

Depending on the content and objects, intellectual interests, aesthetic, political, etc. can be distinguished. For example, for people who live by intellectual interests, the main thing in life is doing science, solving theoretical and practical problems. We can say that great scientists live by such interests.

Interests are also broad and narrow. In the tragedy "Mozart and Salieri" A.S. Pushkin in the image of Salieri showed a man whose whole spiritual life is limited by one narrow interest - interest in music. Music for Salieri is a high wall covering the whole world. Interest in music made him deaf to all other impressions of life. Opposite to him is Mozart, a brilliant musician, not closed on his professional interest, but open to all life impressions. For Mozart, music is a wide window through which he comprehends the harmony of life around him. Talented and brilliant people have broad interests. So, Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist, but also a great mathematician, mechanic, engineer, and various branches of science owe him important discoveries. Minor interests are called if their carrier is interested mainly in the satisfaction of natural needs - in food, drink, sleep and other sensual pleasures. Such, for example, are the interests of Afanasy Ivanovich and Pulcheria Ivanovna from N.V. Gogol's "Old World Landowners" and the official Akaky Akakievich from the "Overcoat", who devoted all his free time to rewriting papers, and in this rewriting he saw some kind of his own, diverse and pleasant world.

inclination

Interest, in which the volitional component is included, becomes an inclination.

Tendency - manifestation, expressed in the emotional preference for a particular type of activity or value. At the same time, interest begins to manifest itself in the desire to engage in certain activities. A person tries to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. Usually the emergence of propensity is accompanied by the development of abilities. Many great artists, musicians showed a penchant for their profession even in childhood.

outlook

Worldview - a conscious system of the prevailing views of a person on the world, society, himself. Each person has a specific worldview, which he is guided by in everyday life, in his practical activities. The presence of a worldview is an essential indicator of a person's maturity. When they say "an established person", they mean, first of all, a formed worldview. The worldview is manifested in everything - in everyday life, work, relationships of people. In terms of content, a person's worldview can be scientific or non-scientific, materialistic or idealistic, religious or atheistic. It is not only based on the generalization of knowledge from various fields of activity, but also relies on the views and beliefs that are passed down from generation to generation. The combination of thinking and will, manifested in the behavior and actions of a person, leads to the transition of a worldview into beliefs.

Belief

Belief - the highest form of orientation of the individual, prompting her to act in accordance with her views, principles, ideals. A person with established beliefs not only acts in strict accordance with them, but also seeks to pass them on to others. Forming an ordered system of views, a person's beliefs become his worldview. Beliefs and knowledge are not the same thing. If a person knows how to act or behave, but does not do so, then this knowledge is not a conviction, but “dead” knowledge. When a person knows and acts in accordance with this knowledge, then this is a belief.

Ideal

Ideal - this is the image that a person wants to follow in his activity, in his behavior. Thanks to ideals, a person is able to reflect the world around him and change it in accordance with ideals. If the ideal is wrong (an illusory ideal), it will not lead a person to what he hoped for. The ideals are: real people - heroes, relatives, etc.; unrealistic images - literary heroes, movie characters, etc.; collective images.

Installation

Installation- the readiness of the individual for a certain activity, which is actualized in the current situation. It manifests itself in a stable predisposition to a certain perception, understanding and behavior of the individual. The attitude expresses the position of a person, his views, value orientations in relation to various facts of everyday life, social life and professional activity. It can be positive when phenomena, events and properties of objects are perceived benevolently and with confidence, negative when these same signs are perceived distortedly, with distrust or as alien, harmful and unacceptable to a given person, or neutral. The attitude mediates the influence of external influences and balances the personality with the environment, and knowledge of the content of these influences allows a person to predict behavior in appropriate situations with a certain degree of certainty.

Position

Position - a stable system of human relations to certain aspects of reality, manifested in the corresponding behavior. It includes a set of motives, needs, attitudes and attitudes that the individual is guided by in his actions. The system of factors that determine the specific position of a person also includes his claims to a certain position in the social and professional hierarchy of roles and the degree of his satisfaction in this system of relations.

Target

Target- the desired and imagined result of a specific activity of a person or group of people. The goal can be close, situational or distant, socially valuable or harmful, altruistic or selfish. A person or a group of people sets a goal based on needs, interests and opportunities to achieve it. In goal-setting, thought processes, information about the state of the issue, emotional state and motives of the proposed activity play an important role.