Of course, the main elements of a hydraulic structure are a land plot and a water body. In this case, the hydraulic structure acts as a land user and water user.

The legal regime of land plots occupied by hydraulic structures is regulated by Chapter XVI of the Land Code of the Russian Federation “Lands of industry, energy, transport, communications, radio broadcasting, television, informatics, land for space activities, land for defense, security and land for other special purposes”. According to Art. 87 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, these lands are used to ensure the activities of organizations and (or) the operation of industrial facilities, energy, etc. These lands, in order to ensure the safety of the population and create the necessary conditions for the operation of industrial facilities, energy, etc., may include security, sanitary protection and other zones with special conditions for land use. Land plots included in such zones are not confiscated from the owners of land plots, land users, land owners and tenants of land plots, but a special regime for their use may be introduced within their boundaries, restricting or prohibiting those types of activities that are incompatible with the goals of establishing zones.

Industrial and other special-purpose lands occupied by objects assigned to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation are federal property. Other lands may be owned by subjects of the Russian Federation, municipalities. From here you can draw a conclusion that if a hydraulic structure is privately owned, then the land plot occupied by it may be privately owned by individuals (citizens) and legal entities.

Article 89 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation is devoted to energy lands. These include lands that are used or intended to support the activities of organizations and (or) the operation of energy facilities. We are talking about the placement of hydroelectric power stations, their facilities and facilities, overhead power lines, substations, distribution points, other structures and energy facilities. To ensure the activities of organizations and the operation of energy facilities, security zones of electrical networks can be established. The rules for determining the size of land plots for the placement of overhead power lines and communication line supports serving electrical networks are established by legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The question of the fate of the land plot and the property is debatable. According to I. D. Kuzmina, the legal registration of the fate of these two objects should be carried out within the framework of civil, and not land legislation. Meanwhile, according to par. 5 p. 1 art. 1 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, one of the principles of land legislation is the unity of the fate of land plots and objects firmly associated with them. This principle is supplemented by the provisions of art. 273 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, by virtue of which, upon transfer of ownership of a building and structure owned by the owner of the land plot on which it is located, the rights to the land plot, determined by agreement of the parties, are transferred to the purchaser of the building (structure). In this way, in our opinion, intersectoral (complex) regulation of these social relations is achieved.

Hydraulic structures, as a rule, are associated with the operation of water bodies. Article 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation defines a water body as a concentration of water on the surface of the land in the forms of its relief or in the bowels, which has boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. Depending on the physical-geographical, hydro-regime and other features, water bodies are divided into: surface water bodies; inland sea waters; territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation; underground water bodies. Hydraulic structures are mainly associated with surface water bodies. Surface water bodies - a permanent or temporary concentration of water on the land surface in the forms of its relief, which has boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. They consist of surface waters, bottom and coasts. Surface water bodies are divided into: surface watercourses and reservoirs on them; surface water bodies; glaciers and snowfields.

Surface watercourses are surface water bodies, the waters of which are in a state of continuous movement. These include rivers and reservoirs on them, streams, channels of inter-basin redistribution and integrated use of water resources.

Surface water bodies are surface water bodies, the waters of which are in a state of slow water exchange. These include lakes, reservoirs, swamps and ponds. Isolated water bodies (closed water bodies) are small and stagnant artificial water bodies that do not have a hydraulic connection with other surface water bodies. They belong to real estate and are an integral part of the land. Therefore, the provisions of water legislation apply to isolated water bodies to the extent that this does not contradict civil law.

In Russia, federal ownership of water bodies has been established. Municipal and private ownership is allowed only for isolated water bodies. Separate water bodies may be owned by municipalities, citizens and legal entities in accordance with civil law. In particular, art. 13 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies isolated water bodies as immovable things.

Federally owned water bodies are provided to citizens or legal entities for long-term and short-term use, depending on the purpose of use, resource potential and the ecological state of water bodies. The right of short-term use of a water body is established for a period of up to three years, the right of long-term use - from three to twenty-five years.

Among the purposes of using water bodies, the Water Code of the Russian Federation (Article 85) identifies the following: a) for industry and energy; b) for hydropower. Article 137 of the Code is devoted to the use of water bodies for industry and energy, art. 139 - for hydropower.

So, hydraulic structures are objects of real estate. In turn, the signs of real estate are enshrined in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and were developed in the science of civil law. So, I. D. Kuzmina highlights the following features of real estate objects: 1) man-made origin; 2) a strong connection with another independent real estate object - a land plot; 3) complex internal structure; 4) the need for constant maintenance and repair for its intended use; 5) constant "consumption" and "processing" of raw materials and energy resources, water during operation and simultaneous "ejection" of waste, wastewater outside. At the same time, it is noted that a strong connection with the earth is a common systemic feature of immovable things.

Hydraulic structures act as real estate objects as enterprises if they fully comply with the characteristics of the enterprise enshrined in the legislation. According to Art. 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation enterprise a property complex used for entrepreneurial activities is recognized as an object of rights. The enterprise as a whole as a property complex is recognized as real estate.

Therefore, one of the signs of the enterprise is the commercial orientation of use. Hence the conclusion follows: if a hydraulic structure as an object of civil rights is not used for entrepreneurial activities, then such a property complex from the standpoint of Art. 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation cannot be recognized as an enterprise.

Of course, one can criticize the provision of the Code, pointing out that the sign of a commercial orientation for characterizing an enterprise as an object of civil rights should not be considered as mandatory. But, as they say, the law (even imperfect) must be fulfilled.

The enterprise is not a thing or a complicated thing; it is a collection of assets. The enterprise is a special object of civil rights, and therefore it would be advisable to supplement Art. 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by the norm on the enterprise.

Having recognized an enterprise as real estate, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation does not automatically subordinate it to all general rules on real estate, but establishes a more formalized and strict regime for transactions with enterprises. At the same time, the legislator does not recognize, as a rule, the dual nature of the enterprise: as an object of law (property complex), and as a subject of entrepreneurial activity. The term "enterprise" as a business entity is used only in relation to unitary enterprises. This conclusion fully applies to hydraulic structures.

For the characteristics of hydraulic structures, their type, year of commencement of construction, year of commissioning, book value, percentage of wear, building volume, maximum height, length, maximum width along the base, the presence of landslide areas, tectonic and deformation disturbances in the bases and coastal junctions, as well as the minimum elevation of the crest of water-retaining structures and other indicators. It is these indicators that make it possible to individualize a hydraulic structure as an object of civil law.

We consider it expedient to provide in the Law on Hydraulic Structures provisions (rules) on the passport of the HS, in which the corresponding individualizing indicators of the HS are subject to mandatory indication.

The types of production activities of hydraulic structures also have legal significance. Depending on the type of structures, these can be: a) regulation of the operating modes of water bodies (regulation of water flow); b) power generation; in) heat generation; G) water supply; e) other activities. Accordingly, the type of production activity of the HS has an impact on the formation of the legal regime of a particular hydraulic structure.

In addition to land plots and water bodies, hydraulic structures include buildings, structures, inventory, etc.

Thus, there are several directions in the legal regime of hydraulic structures. First of all, hydraulic structures are real estate objects and they are subject to the private law regime of property. This concerns the issues of the emergence and transfer of ownership, as well as its termination, the obligations of owners and organizations operating hydraulic structures. The private law regime of hydraulic structures also applies to their lease and compensation for damage caused as a result of violations of legislation on the safety of hydraulic structures. Secondly, hydraulic structures are immovable property with a special legal regime, which is manifested in the fact that most of the HS are intended for the use of water resources. In addition, HS have their intended purpose. Thirdly, being an enterprise, a hydraulic structure is subject to Art. 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with all the ensuing consequences. In particular, the enterprise as a whole as a property complex is recognized as real estate. Further, the enterprise as a whole or part of it may be the object of sale, pledge, lease and other transactions related to the establishment, change and termination of rights in rem. In cases where a hydraulic structure is not an enterprise (since it does not pursue the goal of making a profit), it can be attributed to a property complex not intended for entrepreneurial activity. Property Complex- This is an independent type of objects of civil rights. The concepts of "property complex" and "enterprise" are related as a genus and species. The scope of application of the concept of a property complex should not be limited to the property of commercial organizations. This concept is also applied to non-profit organizations with the only difference that the property complex is not used as a general rule for entrepreneurial activities.

Along with the term "property complex", modern legislation and practice also know the term "technological complex". Thus, by a joint order of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Property, Gosstroy dated October 30, 2001 No. 289/422/224/243, Methodological recommendations were approved on the procedure for state registration of rights to real estate objects - energy production and technological complexes of power plants and electric grid complexes. The Guidelines note that when conducting state registration of rights to such a structure and transactions with it, it is recommended to take into account that it may include heterogeneous things that form a single whole, involving their use for a general purpose and considered as one complex thing.

Technological complexes represent production systems that have a network structure. In this regard, we agree with the opinion of O. A. Grigoryeva, who proposes, in order to preserve their integrity, to fix the legal regime of these property complexes in civil legislation as a complex thing and, accordingly, amend Article 134 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in the following wording: “A complex thing is a complex of property united by a common production and economic purpose (pipelines, power lines, railways, ports, transport terminals, etc.). However, the technological complex should not be confused, in our opinion, with the property complex of the enterprise.

Hydraulic structures can be divided into separate types. Law No. 117-FZ, taking into account the intended purpose and nature of the structure, names dams, buildings of hydroelectric power plants, spillways, water outlets and water outlets, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, shipping locks, ship lifts, etc. In the special literature on the conditions for using HS, they are divided into permanent and temporary. Permanent structures are used during the operation of the facility for an unlimited time, temporary - only during the period of its construction or repair (lintels, temporary enclosing walls and dams, construction tunnels). In turn, permanent HSs are divided into primary and secondary. The main ones include structures, the repair or failure of which leads to a complete stop of the operation of the facility or significantly reduces the effect of its operation. Secondary are the HS and their separate parts, the termination of which does not entail the onset of significant consequences. The main HWs include dams, dams, spillways, water intake facilities, canals, tunnels, pipelines, etc. Bank protection structures, repair gates can serve as examples of secondary HWs.

10 See: Belykh V.S. Enterprise as a property complex and business entity /  / Legal Status of Business Entities / ed. V. S. Belykh. Yekaterinburg, 2002, p. 147.

11 See: Stepanov S. A. Real estate in civil law. pp. 177-178.

12 For more on this, see: Belykh V. S. Enterprise as a property complex and business entity: Monograph. M., 2005. S. 288-296.

13 Belykh V. S. Legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity: Monograph. pp.147-148.

15 Grigorieva OA Legal regulation of natural monopolies. Abstract dis. ... cand. legal Sciences. Yekaterinburg, 2003. P.7.

16 See: Waterworks: A Designer's Handbook / under gen. ed. V.P. Nedrighi. M.: Stroyizdat, 1983. P.11.

The types and classification of which speak of a wide range of their use. Any of these structures are built on water resources - from rivers and lakes to seas or groundwater - and are necessary in order to combat the destructive power of the water element. Each of the systems has its own characteristics of construction and operation.

How are they classified?

Hydraulic structures are understood as systems that make it possible to use or prevent the harmful effects of excess water on the environment. All modern watersheds, land reclamation) are called "hydraulic structures". Their types and classification, depending on the features of installation and operation, are as follows:

• sea, lake, river or ponds;
• ground or underground;
• served by the water sector;
• used by various industries.

Modern hydraulic structures are dams, and dams, and spillways, and water intakes, and canals. In general, any systems that are installed on

Water retaining

Water-retaining hydraulic structures are structures with which you can create pressure or provide a difference in front of and behind the dam. Experts say that the water regime in the backwater zone varies depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the region. Water retaining hydraulic structures are the most important structures for creating dams, since they bear a large load due to water pressure. If suddenly the water-retaining structure fails, the pressure front of the water will be difficult to control, and this can lead to sad consequences.

Plumbing

Water supply structures consist of water intakes, spillways, spillways and canals. These are hydraulic structures that serve to transfer water to specified points. Water intake systems that take water from a reservoir and supply it to hydropower, water supply or irrigation facilities deserve special attention. Their task is to ensure the passage of water into the conduit in the prescribed volume, quantity and quality in accordance with the water consumption schedule. Depending on the location, it may be:

• surface: water is taken at the level of the free surface;
• deep: water is taken under the level of the free surface;
• bottom: water is taken from the lowest section of the watercourse;
• longline: with such a construction, the fence is carried out from several levels of water - it depends on its level in the reservoir itself and on its quality at different depths.

Most often, water intake hydraulic structures are mounted on rivers. The photo shows that such structures can be high and low.

Water intakes for different reservoirs

Depending on the type of source, water intakes can be river, lake, sea, reservoir. Among the river structures, the most popular are coastal, floating, channel, which can be combined with pumping stations or mounted separately:

• A shore facility must be installed if the coast is steep. Such a design is water intake hydraulic structures consisting of concrete or reinforced concrete with a large diameter. The photo shows that the front wall comes ashore.
• The channel systems are placed on and are distinguished by a cap placed in
• Floating structures are a pontoon or barge with pumps installed on them, through which water is taken from the river and fed through pipes to the shore.
• Bucket water intake systems take water from the reservoir with a bucket located on the shore.

Regulatory

Regulatory hydraulic structures - what is it? In another way, they are called straightening structures, as they allow you to regulate the flow of rivers. This can be achieved through the construction of jet guides and limiting structures in the channel itself and along the banks of the reservoir. Thanks to such systems, the river flow is formed so that it moves at a relatively low speed and thereby maintains a fairway with predetermined minimum values ​​of width, depth and curvature. These hydraulic structures are popular, the types and classification of which are as follows:

• capital structures that are part of the general systems for regulating rivers and aimed at long-term use;
• light structures, which are otherwise called temporary and are used mainly on rivers of small and medium volume.

The first structures consist of dams, ramparts, dams and ideally cope with the undermining and destructive action of water. Light control structures are veils, wicker fences that simply direct or deflect the flow of the device.

Irrigation hydraulic structures

Types and classification suggest a division according to the presence of dams - damless or dammed. The first systems involve the creation of an artificial channel that departs from the river at a certain angle and takes part of the flow of the watercourse. To prevent sediment from the bottom from falling into the irrigation canal, such structures are located on concave sections of the coast. If the water flow is significant, then the construction of dam structures is required, which, in turn, can be surface or deep.

Culverts

Culvert hydraulic structures are weirs and spillways. These systems are referred to as controlled or automatic action. With the help of the spillway, excess water is discharged from the reservoir, and the spillway is a system in which water overflows freely over the crest of the water-retaining structure. Depending on the characteristics of the movement of water, such systems can be without pressure or pressure.

special purpose

Among the special-purpose hydraulic structures, one can single out: hydropower, irrigation, drainage structures, melioration systems and water transport structures. Let's take a closer look at these structures:

• Hydropower facilities are built-in, channel, dam or diversion. Such systems consist of water intake structures, pressure pipelines, turbines with generators, discharge pipelines and various types of gates. Hydroelectric power plants are needed to convert the energy of the flow of water into electricity.
• Water transport: these systems consist of locks, ship lifts, port facilities that are mounted on rivers, canals with different water levels in them.
• Ameliorative: these systems allow you to think over measures aimed at radical improvement of land. As part of land reclamation, drainage and irrigation of territories is carried out. With the help of a drainage system, excess moisture is removed, and an irrigation system provides timely watering of the territory. Drainage systems can be horizontal or vertical.
• Fish passages: these hydraulic structures ensure the passage of fish from the lower water level to the upper one, mainly during its spawning migration. Such systems are of two types: the first ones involve the independent passage of fish through special fish passages, the second - through special fish passage locks and fish elevators.
• Settling tanks: they are special storage tanks where production waste and industrial effluents are collected.

In some cases, general and special structures are combined, for example, a spillway system is placed in a power plant building. Such complex systems are called nodes of hydraulic structures.

What is the danger?

There is also a division of hydraulic structures according to their degree of danger: they can be of low, medium, high or extremely high degree of danger. Most often, the main factors affecting the hazard of hydraulic structures are natural loads and impacts, non-compliance of the design solution with regulatory requirements, violation of the operating conditions of structures, or consequences and damage due to an accident. Any shortcomings and unpredictable impacts can lead to the destruction of structures, a breakthrough of the pressure front.

Rice. 5.1. Placement of water-retaining hydraulic structures on the territory of the Russian Federation

The composition of the water management complex of Russia

The water management complex of the Russian Federation includes more than 65 thousand hydraulic structures (HTS), a significant part of which are water structures of small and medium-sized reservoirs and 37 large water management systems used for inter-basin redistribution of river flow from areas with excess river flow to areas with their deficit. The total length of the transfer channels is more than 3 thousand km, the volume of the transferred flow is about 17 billion cubic meters. m.

About 30,000 reservoirs and ponds with a total capacity of more than 800 billion cubic meters have been built to regulate river flow. m, including 2290 reservoirs with a volume of over 1 million cubic meters. m each, of which 110 are the largest with a volume of over 100 million cubic meters. m each. To protect settlements, economic facilities and agricultural land, more than 10,000 km of protective water barrier dams and ramparts have been built.

The distribution of the most significant GTS (complexes) by federal districts and subjects of the federation is presented in tab. 5.1.

Table 5.1

List of hydraulic structures, incl. ownerless, by subjects
Russian Federation

The subject of the Russian Federation	Number of GTS	Incl. ownerless HTS
In general in Russia
Central Federal District
Moscow region
Belgorod region
Bryansk region
Vladimir region
Voronezh region
Ivanovo region
Kaluga region
Kostroma region
Kursk region
Lipetsk region
Oryol region
Ryazan region
Smolensk region
Tambov region
Tver region
Tula region
Yaroslavl region
Northwestern Federal District
Vologda Region
Republic of Karelia
Murmansk region
Arhangelsk region
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Komi Republic
Pskov region
Novgorod region

Kaliningrad region
Leningrad region and St. Petersburg
Southern Federal District
Rostov region
Volgograd region
Republic of Kalmykia
Astrakhan region
Krasnodar region
Republic of Adygea
Stavropol region
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
The Republic of Dagestan
The Republic of Ingushetia
Chechen Republic
Privolzhsky Federal District
Kirov region
Nizhny Novgorod Region
Penza region
Ulyanovsk region
Mari El Republic
The Republic of Mordovia
Republic of Tatarstan
Udmurt republic
Chuvash Republic
Saratov region
Samara Region
Orenburg region
Perm region
Republic of Bashkortostan
Ural Federal District
Sverdlovsk region.
Kurgan region
Tyumen region
KhMAO-Yugra
Chelyabinsk region
Siberian Federal District
Novosibirsk region
Kemerovo region.
Omsk region
Tomsk region
Krasnoyarsk region

Tyva Republic
The Republic of Khakassia
Irkutsk region
Zabaykalsky Krai
The Republic of Buryatia
Altai region
Norilsk
Altai Republic
Far Eastern Federal District
Sakhalin region
Jewish Autonomous Region
Kamchatka Krai
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Primorsky Krai
Chukotka
Khabarovsk region
Amurskaya Oblast
Magadan Region

All hydraulic structures and systems differ in purpose, departmental affiliation, forms of ownership and technical condition.

A little more than 3% of reservoirs with a capacity of less than 1 million cubic meters are in state ownership. m, about 8% of reservoirs with a volume of more than 1 million cubic meters. m and more than 25% of liquid waste storage tanks.

The greatest potential danger is presented by hydroelectric dams with heads from 20 to 250 m, most of which were put into operation over 35 years ago. The vast majority of water-supporting hydraulic structures are represented by dams of small and medium-sized reservoirs, many of which are operated without reconstruction and repair and are objects of increased danger.

The placement of water-retaining hydraulic structures on the territory of the Russian Federation is shown in fig. 5.1.

The distribution of various types of hydraulic structures is shown in fig. 5.2.

Under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the ameliorative and water management complex of federal property includes more than 60 thousand various hydraulic structures, including 232 reservoirs, 2.2 thousand regulating hydroelectric facilities, 1.8 thousand stationary pumping stations supplying and pumping water, more than 50 thousand km - water supply and waste channels, 5.3 thousand km - pipelines, 3.3 thousand km - protective ramparts and dams, facilities of production bases with a total balance sheet value of 87.0 billion rubles.

The greatest attention should be paid to the implementation of measures to prevent accidents in reservoirs, of which 44 are large (with a capacity of more than 10 million m3) and 155 are medium (from 1 to 10 million m3).

A significant part of these structures was built in the 60-70s of the last century. Thus, before 1970, 24 hydraulic structures were built, forming large reservoirs (54% of the availability), from 1970 to 1980 - 7, and after 1980 - 13 hydraulic structures.

Of the 155 hydraulic structures that form medium-sized reservoirs, 14 structures were put into operation before 1970, 45 from 1970 to 1980, 93 from 1981 to 1990, and 3 structures after 1990.

Rice. 5.2. Distribution of hydraulic structures by types in the Russian Federation, in % of the total

The Ministry of Agriculture of Russia is in charge of many hydraulic structures that are not related to the reclamation complex.

From. 232 hydraulic structures subject to declaration, 1 belongs to the first class of capitality, 18 to the second, 44 to the third, 169 HTS to the fourth.

Water management systems under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia serve to solve the following main tasks:

1) regulation of water-air and thermal regimes in the root layer of soils to obtain high and high-quality crop yields;

2) implementation of irrigation of territories;

3) provision of water supply for water supply of the rural population and industrial needs;

4) protection of the population, economic facilities, as well as agricultural land from the harmful effects of water;

5) interregional distribution of water resources in the southern regions of the country. Of particular importance are those under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia

complex-purpose hydraulic structures designed to protect settlements, economic facilities, fish farming, and power generation from flooding and flooding. Among them are the engineering protection zone of the Kostroma lowland in the Nekrasovsky district of the Yaroslavl region, the engineering protection of the Ozero-Rutkinskaya agricultural lowland in the Republic of Mari El, protective structures on the Neman and Matrosovka rivers in the Kaliningrad region, bank protection, regulatory and protective structures on mountain rivers in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, on the Kuma River in the Stavropol Territory, the state waterways of the Western Steppe Ilmen zone in the Astrakhan Region.

In the North Caucasus region, a complex of hydraulic structures on the Kuban, Terek, Kuma, Baksan rivers, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, operates. The complex includes the first stage of the Great Stavropol Canal, the Tersko-Kumsky Canal, the KumoManych Canal, the system of main canals of inter-republican water distribution.

Big Stavropol Canal with a capacity of 180 cubic meters. m of water per second ensures the supply of water to the irrigated lands of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory on an area of ​​more than 100 thousand hectares. for watering

2.6 million hectares of arid territories, for water supply of the cities of Ust-Dzheguta, Cherkessk, as well as the resort cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the Nevinnomyssk industrial and energy complex, the Budenovsky plastics plant and five districts of the Stavropol Territory. There are four hydroelectric power stations operating on the watercourse of the canal, generating 1.2 billion kWh of electricity per year.

The Tersko-Kuma main canal with a capacity of 100 cubic meters per second supplies water from the Terek River for irrigation of lands in the republics of North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Stavropol Territory on an area of ​​86 thousand hectares and watering 580 thousand hectares of arid territories. In addition, the production of 2.6 million kWh of electricity per year by the hydroelectric station built on the Pavlodol dam is ensured.

The Kumo-Manych main canal with a capacity of 60 cubic meters per second supplies water from the Kuma River for irrigation of 58 thousand hectares of irrigated land in the Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as transfers water resources from the Terek River basin to the Chogray reservoir to ensure sustainable water supply of Elista and land irrigation.

Through the system of inter-republican main canals from the rivers Baksan, Malka, Terek, water is supplied for irrigation and watering in the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Stavropol Territory, the Chechen Republic and the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.

The Tikhovsky hydroelectric complex in the Krasnodar Territory (estimated flow rate 1300 m3/sec) provides gravity water intake to the Petrovsky-Anastasievskaya rice irrigation system with an area of ​​more than 40.0 thousand hectares, as well as autonomous ship locking and fish passage into the Kuban and Protoka rivers.

Interregional water distribution of water resources is also provided through the waterways of the Sarpinsky irrigation and watering system of the Volgograd region, the Verkhnee-Salsky irrigation and watering system of the Rostov region, the Rodnikovskaya and Levo-Egorlykskaya irrigation systems of the Stavropol Territory.

Through the waterways of the Pallasovskaya irrigation system of the Volgograd region, water is supplied to the Republic of Kazakhstan.

A significant part of the hydraulic structures under the operational control of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia was built in the 60-70s of the last century.

According to the inventory of water management facilities in the agro-industrial complex, the facilities of 72 reservoirs, 240 regulating hydroelectric facilities and 1.2 thousand km of protective dams and ramparts with depreciation of fixed assets of more than 50 percent are currently subject to reconstruction and restoration.

About 48 billion rubles are required for their reconstruction, including 25 billion rubles in the Southern Federal District.

According to the federal target program (FTP) "Preservation and restoration of soil fertility of agricultural lands and agrolandscapes as a national treasure of Russia for 2006-2010 and for the period up to 2012", capital works were completed, incl. for the reconstruction of hydraulic structures in the amount of: 2006 - 3.1 billion rubles, 2007 - 3.5 billion rubles, 2008 - 5.1 billion rubles, 2009 - 4.9 billion .rubles

And to carry out the required amount of work on the required reconstruction of hydraulic structures, the deficit of financial resources is about 36 billion rubles.

In order to ensure the safe operation of hydraulic structures, their reconstruction must be carried out in the next 10 years, which will require the allocation of financial resources in the amount of 4 billion rubles annually for these purposes, with the level of actual funding being 1.5 - 2 billion rubles.

The most important factor of conservation (improving the reliability of hydraulic structures during operation) is the implementation of preventive measures in the required volumes. The annual need for expenses for current repairs of structures is about 2 billion rubles, while the actual allocation of budget funds for these purposes is about 0.8 billion rubles.

Due to the long-term operation and insufficient volumes of ongoing repair and restoration work, the main structures of structures are destroyed, reservoirs are silted up, and a high probability of emergency situations is created, especially during the passage of spring floods and floods.

In the risk zones of only large reservoirs (with a capacity of more than 10 million cubic meters), there are about 370 settlements with a population of up to 1 million people, as well as numerous economic facilities.

Unpredictable socio-economic consequences may lead to emergencies at other hydraulic structures. Thus, accidents at the facilities of the Great Stavropol Canal will lead to the cessation of household and drinking and industrial water supply to five districts of the Stavropol Territory, the cities of Ust Dzheguta, Cherkessk, the resort cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the Nevinnomyssk industrial and energy complex, the Budenovsky plastics plant.

Administered Ministry of Transport of Russia there are navigable hydraulic structures (SHTS) located on inland waterways, consisting of 113 hydroelectric facilities, including 313 federally owned hydraulic structures. All SGTS are operated by the State Basin Administrations of Waterways and Shipping and Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Canal named after Moscow" of the Federal Agency for Marine and River Transport (Rosmorrechflot). The structure of the main shipping GTS are given in rice. 5.3.

Rice. 5.3. Structure of navigable GTS, in % of the total

Navigable hydraulic structures, which are part of complex energy hydroelectric facilities, are assigned to class I structures, the rest to classes II - IV. 106 navigable hydraulic structures included in the industry Register are classified as critical facilities subject to round-the-clock protection.

The Federal Agency for Water Resources of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia manages 138 federally owned hydraulic structures. According to capital class, the distribution of HTS is as follows: the first class2, the second class - 18, the third - 64, the fourth - 49, and for five HTS the capital class is not defined.

The state of the HTS according to the level of safety is distributed as follows: 85 HTS are in a normal state, 47 are in a reduced state, 4 are unsatisfactory, and 1 is in a dangerous state.

As part of the task of ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures, Rosvodresurs financed the execution of work in the amount of 3.28 billion rubles. Reconstruction, overhaul and current repairs have been completed at 228 facilities, incl. 73 - subordinated to Rosvodresursy, 22 - property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 113 - municipal property, 20 - ownerless GTS.

Safety supervision of hydraulic structures in Russia

In accordance with the current legislation, the owners of hydraulic structures and operating organizations are responsible for ensuring compliance with the safety standards and rules for hydraulic structures during their construction, commissioning, operation, repair, reconstruction, conservation, decommissioning and liquidation, development and implementation of measures to ensuring the technically sound condition of hydraulic structures and others. Owners of hydraulic structures and operating organizations are responsible for the safety of hydraulic structures.

In 2009, Rostekhnadzor and Rostransnadzor exercise control and supervision over compliance by the owners of hydraulic structures and organizations operating them with the norms and rules for the safety of hydrotechnical structures in accordance with the current regulations.

The maintenance of the Russian register of hydraulic structures is carried out in accordance with the administrative regulations for the execution of the state function for the state registration of hydraulic structures, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated April 27, 2009 N 117/66 by Rosvodresurs, Rostekhnadzor and Rostransnadzor.

The list of GTS registered in the RRGTS database contains information directly on the GTS complexes included in the RRGTS database: registration code of the GTS complex; name of the complex; building owner; operating organization; authority for supervision over the safety of hydraulic structures; availability of the HTS safety declaration, its number and validity period; information about the hydraulic structures included in the complex, including the code of individual hydraulic structures (if any), the name of the hydraulic structure, an assessment of the safety level of the hydraulic structure.

In 2009, the database included information on 48 hydraulic structures.

Information on the safety level of hydraulic structures in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is contained in the database of the automated information system of the Russian Register of Hydraulic Structures (AIS RRGTS), generalized data on which are given in Supplement "Summarized data of the RRGTS on the subjects of the federal district".

According to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Center for Register and Cadastre" of the Federal Water Resources Agency, generalized data on the safety level of hydraulic structures by federal supervisory authorities are presented in table. 5.2.

Table 5.2

Summarized data on the bodies supervising the safety of hydraulic structures
(according to the Center of the Register and the Cadastre of the Federal Water Resources)

Supervisory Authority	Number of complexes GTS entered in the register			Security Level	amount
Rostechnadzor (energy)
				there is no data
	according to declarations			normal
	according to statements			reduced
				unsatisfactory

Supervisory Authority	Number of complexes GTS entered in the register			Security Level	amount
Rostechnadzor (industry)
				there is no data
	according to declarations			normal
	according to statements			reduced
				unsatisfactory
Rostechnadzor
				there is no data
	according to declarations			normal
	according to statements			reduced
				unsatisfactory
Rostechnadzor
				there is no data
	according to declarations			normal
	according to statements			reduced
				unsatisfactory
Rostransnadzor
				there is no data
	according to declarations			normal
	according to statements			reduced
				unsatisfactory
				there is no data
	according to declarations			normal
	according to statements			reduced
				unsatisfactory

Activities of Rostekhnadzor to supervise the safety of hydraulic structures

The Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision exercises supervision and control over compliance by GTS owners and operating organizations with the norms and rules for the safety of GTS of industrial and energy enterprises in all federal districts of the Russian Federation by means of its territorial bodies. In addition, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 970 dated November 30, 2009, Rostechnadzor transferred the functions of supervision over the safety of hydraulic structures previously performed by Rosprirodnadzor of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia.

Information on the safety level of hydraulic structures supervised by Rostekhnadzor and included in the Russian Register of Hydraulic Structures is presented in tab. 5.2 and in the appendix "Summarized data of the RRGTS for the subjects of the Russian Federation".

State supervision and control over the safety of hydraulic structures was carried out by 31 territorial departments of Rostekhnadzor in 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in seven federal districts.

The total number of HTS complexes for industry, energy and water management complex supervised by Rostekhnadzor is 37,250, of which: 748 HTS complexes for liquid industrial waste, including: 336 HTS complexes for tailings and sludge storages in the mining industry; 274 GTS complexes of waste storage facilities of enterprises in the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries; 100 GTS complexes for storage of waste from the metallurgical industry; 38 GTS complexes of waste storage facilities of other industrial enterprises; 324 GTS complexes of the fuel and energy complex, including: HPP - 113, SDPP - 61, CHPP - 138, PSP - 3, NPP - 9; 36,178 HTS of the water management complex, including: under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia - 281, under the authority of the Federal Water Resources - 310 ( rice. 5.4).

Rice. 5.4. The total number of GTS complexes supervised by Rostekhnadzor

In 2009, the inspectors of the territorial bodies of Rostekhnadzor carried out 3917 measures to exercise state control and supervision over the observance by owners and operating organizations of the norms and rules for the safety of hydraulic structures in supervised organizations, which is two times more than in 2008 (1934).

At the same time, 17,029 norms and rules for the safety of hydraulic structures were identified and ordered to be eliminated, which is two times more than in 2008 (8562).

The main violations are:

lack of relevant working documentation - 3210 cases (18.9%);

the presence of various malfunctions, sludge, reduced throughput capacity of spillways and drainage facilities - 1716 cases (10.0%);

lack of developed and duly approved HTS safety criteria, safety declarations, instructions and safety monitoring projects - 3363 cases (19.7%);

non-compliance with the design and regulatory documents of the qualification level of the operation service - 1190 cases (7.0%);

lack of an agreed plan for the elimination of possible accidents - 1096 cases (6.7%);

absence or non-compliance with the safety monitoring project of control and measuring equipment and instrumentation - 276 cases (1.6%).

According to the results of surveys (inspections), the State Customs Service brought 663 officials to disciplinary and administrative liability, which is 56% more than in 2008 (425), the total amount of fines amounted to 3937 thousand rubles, which is 74% more than in 2008 (2258), 152 heads of organizations were heard at district collegiums and meetings in inspections, 765 employees were tested with the participation of inspectors on the knowledge of the requirements of the rules and regulations for the safety of hydraulic structures, of which 10 people turned out to be untrained.

The territorial departments of Rostekhnadzor constantly monitored the preparation of supervised enterprises and organizations for the passage of spring floods, as well as the level in reservoirs and reservoirs for water management, the flow of water through the gates, as well as changes in levels in the upstream and downstream of the dams of power plants, control over the passage floods at supervised facilities operating GTS.

When preparing for the flood, the supervised enterprises and organizations were also recommended to be guided by the analysis of the effectiveness of flood prevention measures in the controlled areas over the past year and recommendations to reduce the risk of emergencies associated with the 2009 spring flood.

The activities of Rostransnadzor for the control of navigable hydraulic structures

Rostransnadzor is in charge of 313 GTS in 115 complexes. Supervision of navigable hydraulic structures (SHTS) consists of two main areas:

Declaration of safety of navigable hydraulic structures;

Checks for compliance with the requirements for safe operation.

One of the main areas of supervisory activities for SGTS is a set of works related to the declaration of the safety of hydraulic structures.

This set of works includes: approval of safety criteria, participation in the work of the commission for the pre-declaration survey of hydraulic structures, approval of safety declarations and expert opinions, issuance of permits for the operation of navigable hydraulic structures, maintenance of the sectoral section of the Russian Register of hydraulic structures.

All navigable hydraulic structures have valid safety declarations. In 2009, work was carried out to review and approve safety declarations, according to which the validity period of previous declarations was expiring.

In 2009, 34 safety declarations for navigable hydraulic structures were reviewed and approved.

At the beginning of 2009, there were 12 emergency hydraulic structures, pre-emergency - 57 hydraulic structures. At the end of the year - emergency - 6, pre-emergency - 53, limited serviceable - 178, serviceable - 74. In 2009, there was a tendency to reduce the number of emergency and pre-emergency structures.

The analysis of safety declarations shows that in addition to objective reasons for the decrease in the level of safety, such as a long period of underfunding of repair work, there are also subjective reasons. These reasons include:

a) the deadlines for the implementation of the planned activities aimed at improving the reliability and safety specified in the safety declarations are not observed. The execution of works is mainly planned for a later date;

b) when planning and performing work aimed at improving the safety of hydraulic structures, there is no comprehensive approach consisting in the elimination of all defects that determine the unsatisfactory and dangerous level of safety of a hydraulic structure; as a result of this, the implementation of a significant amount of work on a hydraulic structure does not lead to an increase in its safety;

c) for a number of hydraulic structures, there is no timely planning and implementation of repair work to eliminate existing defects, as a result of which the defects progress, and the condition and level of safety of the hydraulic structure worsens;

d) when planning work, the execution of work is unreasonably delayed, which makes it possible to increase the safety of a hydraulic structure and at the same time does not require large financial costs.

Inspections of the safe operation of navigable hydraulic structures are carried out by inspectors of the territorial departments of the sea maritime supervision. In the course of these works, the compliance by the operating organizations with the requirements of the technical operation rules and instructions for observations and studies, the monitoring by the operating organizations of the technical condition of hydraulic structures, and the compliance of hydraulic structures with safety declarations are checked. AT

In 2009, 53 inspections of navigable hydraulic structures were carried out, as a result of which 106 violations were identified. To eliminate the identified violations, instructions were issued, including 100 points.

Checks were made of all hydroelectric facilities, which include emergency and pre-emergency hydraulic structures. A total of 181 hydraulic structures were inspected, including 70 with the participation of employees of the Department of State Marine and River Supervision. The remaining facilities will be inspected in 2010. Based on the results of inspections, together with Rosmorrechflot, a plan for the necessary repair work was drawn up.

In 2009, the inspectors of the territorial departments and the Department of State Maritime and River Supervision took part in the work of 80 commissions working on navigable hydraulic structures.

Ownerless hydraulic structures

As of 2009, Rostekhnadzor is in charge of 37,250 HTS, of which 5,791 are ownerless HTS, i.e. GTS that do not have an owner or the owner of which is unknown, or GTS, the ownership of which has been waived by the owner.

Ownerless HTS are mainly agricultural ponds for land reclamation and livestock complexes, small dams that are operated for local needs and are not sources of potential danger. These hydraulic structures were built by liquidated or bankrupt agricultural organizations today to solve local problems, as a rule, without compiling design estimates. Such hydraulic structures were not registered as immovable property, information about them was not entered into the Russian Register of Hydraulic Structures. In the energy sector, industry, and water transport, hydrotechnical structures that do not have an owner have not been identified.

The majority of ownerless hydraulic structures in accordance with SNiP 33-01-2003 “Hydraulic structures. Basic Provisions" refer to IV class (6144 HTS - 99.6%), 22 HTS - to III class, one structure - II class.

In the course of the inventory carried out by Rostechnadzor, 366 potentially dangerous ownerless hydraulic structures were identified, requiring priority measures to be taken to bring them to a normal level of safety.

In terms of safety, ownerless hydraulic structures are characterized as follows: 39.4% - standard, 43.0% - reduced, 12.2% - unsatisfactory, 5.4% - dangerous.

State authorities in more than 40 constituent entities of the Russian Federation have established Interdepartmental commissions on the safety of hydraulic structures, which ensure the coordination of actions of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territorial bodies of federal executive authorities and local governments on ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures, including the identification ownerless hydraulic structures, ensuring their safety, solving the issues of fixing such structures in the property.

The problem of ownerless hydraulic structures has been completely solved on the territory of the republics: Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Ingushetia, Kalmykia, Komi, Chechen and Kabardino-Balkarian Republics, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk Territory, Lipetsk and Murmansk regions.

In other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the process of registering ownerless GTS and turning them into municipal property is underway. Of the 10 ownerless GTS located in the Republic of Chuvashia, 8 are in the process of registration in accordance with the procedure established by civil law into municipal property. Of the 46 ownerless GTSs in the Sverdlovsk Region, 31 GTSs have been registered as municipal property. In the Moscow Region, 139 out of 543 ownerless HTSs are being transferred to municipal ownership.

In addition, at the expense of subsidies from the federal budget, Rosvodresurs, within the budgetary allocations, finances the overhaul of ownerless hydraulic structures, which require, as a matter of priority, bringing them to a normal level of safety. In 2009, work was completed on 20 ownerless hydraulic structures, for which 111.1 million rubles were spent. federal budget funds and 14.7 million rubles. funds of the subjects of the Federation.

Channels

For inter-basin redistribution of runoff, navigation, irrigation and other purposes, artificial channels are used. The largest of them are presented in Table. 5.3

Table 5.3

The largest shipping canals and main canals of the irrigation systems of the Russian Federation

	Length, km	Throughput, km/year	River or pool	Year of creation	Purpose
White Sea-Baltic			White Sea - Lake Onega		Shipping
Ladoga Canals			Lake Ladoga		Shipping
Saimaa			Lake Saimaa – Bal-		Shipping
Volga-Severodvinsk			R. Volga - r. Sev. Dvina		Shipping
Volga-Baltic	361 (Mariinsky system)		R. Neva - r. Volga		Shipping
Channel them. Moscow			R. Moscow - r. Volga		Shipping
Volga-Donskoy			R. Volga - r. Don		Shipping
Volga-Caspian			Volga delta - Caspian		Shipping
Donskoy main			Don-Sal-Manych river		Irrigation
Big Stavropol			R. Kuban		Irrigation
Nevinnomyssky			R. Kuban		Complex purpose
Tersko-Kuma					Complex purpose
Nogai State EOS	108 Delta 139 Dzerzhinsky				Irrigation
Kumo-Manychsky			Kuma river - r. Manych		Shipping Irrigation
Saratov			Volga river - r. Bol. Irgiz

White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with Lake Onega. The total length of the route is 227 km, of which 37 km are artificial. The channel originates from the village. Povenets on Lake Onega and near the city of Belomorsk goes into the White Sea. The canal is equipped with 19 locks, 15 dams, 49 dams and 12 spillways. The White Sea-Baltic Canal, like other channels of the North-West region, is operated only during the summer navigation period (115 days).

The composition of the White Sea-Baltic waterway includes the Ladoga canals, designed for the passage of ships bypassing Lake Ladoga with access to the river. Svir. Their total length is 169 km. The first section of the canal begins at the source of the river. Neva near the city of Petrokrepost and connects the Neva and Volkhov near the city of Novaya Ladoga. Its length is 111 km. The second section connects Volkhov and Syas and has a length of 11 km (the city of Novaya Ladoga - the village of Syasskiye ryadki). The third section of the canal is located between the rivers Syas and Svir, its length is 47 km (village Syasskiye ryadki - village Sviritsa).

Channel them. Moscow, connecting river. Moscow from the river Volga, has a total length of the waterway of 128 km, of which 19.5 km passes through reservoirs. The channel originates on the right bank of the river. Volga near the city of Dubna - 8 km above the mouth of the river. Dubna. The Ivankovskoye reservoir was created here. The route of the canal goes south to Moscow, crossing the elevated Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge. There are 9 locks on the canal route. On the Volga slope - from the Ivankovo ​​reservoir to the watershed (124 m above sea level) - 5 steps, on the Moscow slope - 4 steps. In addition to Ivankovsky, the system includes Khimki, Klyazma, Pyalovskoye, Uchinskoye, Pestovskoye and Ikshinskoye reservoirs. There are 8 HPPs and Ivankovskaya TPP on the canal route. The canal solved the problem of water supply for the city of Moscow and provided a waterway from the Baltic to the Caspian and Black Seas.

Volga-Caspian Canal. The total length of the canal is 210 km. It starts from the Bertul channel, 21 km downstream of Astrakhan, and ends in the deep water zone of the Caspian Sea. The canal provides navigation through the Volga delta during low water periods.

The first 90 km of the canal run along the natural channel of the western branch of the river. Volga - Bakhtemir, and then it is developed to the depths for the ship's passage and is limited from the shallow waters of the delta by artificial sand ridges. These are alongshore elevations, reaching a height of 1-2, sometimes up to 3 m above the low water level, or artificial islands. The width of the islands is 150-200 m, the length is from 1 to 10 km. The last 64 km of the canal do not have surface shores, its sides are hidden under water for 1-3 m from the surface.

The hydrological regime of the canal is determined by the Volgograd HPP and the water divider in the Volga delta. The largest annual amplitude of the water level on the river. Volga (Astrakhan) is 4.45 m, and on the Volga-Caspian Canal 137 km below Astrakhan - 1.14 m. On average, the amplitude of the levels on the channel is in the range of 0.5-0.7 m.

Volga-Don Shipping Canal connects the Volga and Don in the place of their greatest convergence. The length of the waterway is 101 km, of which 45 km are in reservoirs. The channel originates from the Sarepta backwater of the Volga (the southern part of Volgograd), goes along the valley of the river. Sarpy, then passes along the watershed of the Volga and Don, goes into the valley of the river. Scarlet. The route of the path then goes through the Varvarovskoye, Bereslavskoye, Karpovskoye reservoirs and near the city of Kalach-on-Don goes to the Don, i.e. to the Tsimlyansk reservoir (near the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric power station).

On the Volga slope, for 20 km, there are 9 single-chamber single-strand locks providing a rise of 88 m, on the Don slope - 4 of the same locks with a descent of 44 m. The canal is fed by Don water supplied by three pumping stations, part of the water is used for irrigation. The dimensions of the locks allow the passage of ships with a carrying capacity of 5 thousand tons.

From the Volga, the canal passes through the valley of the river. Sarpy, then along the Volga-Don watershed, using the valley of the Chervlenaya and Karpovka rivers, it reaches the Don (the bay of the Tsimlyansk reservoir) 10 km below the city of Kalach. Its longitudinal profile is divided into three sections.

The first one is the Volga slope with a length of 21 km, with nine locks, the second dividing pool (Varvarovskoye reservoir) with a length of 26 km. The third one runs along the Donskoy gentle slope, has a length of 54 km, four locks and two reservoirs: Bereslavskoye and Karpovskoye.

Each of the 13 locks is a channel step about 10 m high. The ninth lock is located on the Volga-Don watershed at an altitude of 88 m above the Volga level. There are no locks on the watershed. Here in the valley Scarlet created Varvarovskoye reservoir, covering an area of ​​26.7 km. Its bowl holds 124.8 million cubic meters. m of water, which feeds the entire Volga slope of the navigable canal. A 42 km long canal was dug from this reservoir to the south, and water flows through it to irrigation fields.

The ninth gateway is the first step of the Don Stairs. Behind him is Bereslav reservoir, which has an area of ​​15.2 km and holds 52.5 million m of water. On the banks of the reservoir there are fields and vegetable plantations. The largest reservoir on the canal route - Karpovskoe, its area is 42 km, the volume of water is 154.1 million m. After the 13th lock, the canal enters the Tsimlyansk reservoir.

Big Stavropol Canal- a complex-purpose canal that provides water to four hydroelectric power stations and a group of cities of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody. The canal takes water from the river. Kuban in the amount of up to 180 m / s. The estimated length of the canal is 460 km, at present it is 159 km. Filling depth approx. 5 m, bottom width 23 m.

Power supply Tersko-Kuma Canal is r. Terek. The water intake is equipped with a sediment interception facility with a capacity of up to 300 thousand m3 of bottom sediments per year (150 days per year). In addition to the Terek, the Terek system serves as a canal donor.

The estimated flow rate of the canal is 100 m/s, the length is 148.4 km. The channel was put into operation in 1960 and is intended for complex use.

Nevinnomyssky Canal put into operation in 1948, has a complex purpose. The canal takes water from the river. Kuban, the annual water intake is also provided by releases from the Great Stavropol Canal. The maximum design discharge is 75 m3/s, the length is 49.2 km.

To protect settlements, economic facilities and agricultural land on the territory of the Russian Federation, more than 10 thousand km of protective water barriers and ramparts have been built.

In 2009, reconstruction, overhaul and current repairs were completed at 228 GTS, of which 73 were subordinated to Rosvodresurs, 22 were owned by constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 113 were municipal property, and 20 were ownerless.

Probable prevented damage due to facilities completed in 2009 amounted to 17.2 billion rubles.

To ensure the safe passage of floods in 2009:

– a pre-flood inspection of flood-prone sections of river beds was carried out;

– icebreaking works and work to weaken the strength of ice were carried out in problem areas;

– integrated basin action plans have been formed to prevent and reduce damage from floods;

– the organizations of the Federal Water Resources Agency were equipped with equipment and mechanisms, as well as the creation and replenishment of an emergency stock of the necessary construction and fuel and lubricants;

– organized information exchange with the operational services of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Roshydromet, Rosenergo, Rospotrebnadzor, Rosselkhoznadzor, Rosmorrechflot, Rostrasnadzor, Rosprirodnadzor and others.

Chapter 9 Hydrodynamic Accidents

9.1. Hydraulic structures

Hydraulic structures and their classifications

To hydraulic structures (TTC) includes pressure front structures

and natural dams (dams, locks, dams, irrigation systems, dams, canals, storm sewers, etc.) that create a difference in water levels before and after them, designed to use water resources, as well as to combat the harmful effects of water.

Dam - an artificial water-retaining structure or a natural (natural) obstacle in the way of a watercourse, creating a difference in levels in its upstream and downstream along the riverbed; is an important type of common hydraulic structure with culverts and other devices created with it.

Artificial dams are created by man for his own needs; these are dams of hydroelectric power stations, water intakes in irrigation systems, dams, dams, dams that create a reservoir in their upper pool. Natural dams are the result of the actions of natural forces: landslides, mudflows, avalanches, collapses, earthquakes.

Pool - a section of a river between two adjacent dams on a river or a section of a canal between two locks.

The upstream of the dam part of the river above the retaining structure (dam, lock). Downstream - part river below the retaining structure.

Risberma - a fortified section of the riverbed in the downstream of a spillway hydraulic structure, protecting the channel from erosion, leveling the flow rate.

Reservoirs can be long-term or short-term. A long-term artificial reservoir is, for example, the reservoir of the headwater of the Iriklinskaya GRES. A long-term natural reservoir is formed due to the blocking of rivers by a collapse of hard rock (Tian Shan, Pamir, etc.).

Short-term artificial dams are constructed to temporarily change the direction of the river bed during the construction of a hydroelectric power station or other hydraulic structures. They arise as a result of blocking the river with loose soil, snow or ice (congestion, constipation).

As a rule, artificial and natural dams have drains: for artificial dams - directed, for natural - randomly formed (spontaneous).

There are several classifications of hydraulic structures.

According to the location of the GTS are divided into:

on land (pond, river, lake, sea);

underground pipelines, tunnels.

By nature and purpose of use The following types of GTS are distinguished:

water and energy;

for water supply;

ameliorative;

V. A. Makashev, S. V. Petrov. "Dangerous situations of a man-made nature and protection against them: a textbook"

sewer;

water transport;

decorative;

timber-smelting;

sports;

fisheries.

By functional purpose GTS are classified as follows:

waterworks, creating a pressure or a difference in water levels in front of the structure and behind it (dams, dams);

plumbing structures(water conduits) used to transfer water to specified points (canals, tunnels, flumes, pipelines, locks, aqueducts);

regulatory (corrective) structures,designed to improve the conditions for the flow of watercourses and protect the channels and banks of rivers (shields, dams, semi-dams, bank protection, ice guide structures);

waterworks, used to pass excess water from reservoirs, canals, pressure basins, which allow partially or completely emptying reservoirs.

AT separate group special hydraulic structures:

HTS for the use of water energy - HPP buildings and pressure basins;

GTS for water transport - shipping locks, log launches;

ameliorative GTS - main and distribution canals, locks,

fishery HTS - fish passages, fish ponds;

complex hydraulic structures (hydraulic units) - hydraulic structures united by a common network of dams, canals, locks, power plants, etc.

Classes of hydraulic structures

Depending on the possible consequences of their destruction, hydrotechnical structures of the pressure front are divided into classes: hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 1.5 million kW or more belong to class I, and those of smaller capacity belong to class II–IV. Land reclamation facilities with an area of ​​irrigation and drainage over 300,000 ha belong to class I, and those with an area of ​​50,000 ha or less belong to class II–IV.

The class of the main permanent structures of the pressure front also depends on their height and the type of foundation soils (Table 16).

Table 16

Classes of the main permanent hydraulic structures of the pressure front, depending on their height and type of foundation soil

V. A. Makashev, S. V. Petrov. "Dangerous situations of a man-made nature and protection against them: a textbook"

Hydraulic structure is an engineered or natural structure for the use of water resources or to combat the destructive effects of water. Hydraulic structures are general and special . General ones are used for almost all types of water use: water-retaining, water supply, regulatory, water intake and spillway.

Water-retaining hydraulic structures create a pressure or difference in water levels in front of the structure and behind it. These include: dams and dikes (or ramparts).

Dams - the most important and most common type of hydraulic structures. They block the river channels and create a level difference along the riverbed. Upstream of the dam, water accumulates and an artificial or natural reservoir is formed. The section of a river between two adjacent dams on a river, or the section of a canal between two locks, is called a pool. The upstream of the dam is the part of the river above the retaining structure, and the part of the river below the retaining structure is called the downstream. Reservoirs can be long-term or short-term. A long-term artificial reservoir is, for example, a reservoir upstream of a hydroelectric dam, an irrigation system. A long-term natural reservoir can be formed as a result of the blocking of the river after such an emergency as the collapse of hard rocks. Short-term artificial dams are created to temporarily change the direction of a river's flow during the construction of a hydroelectric power station or other hydraulic structures. Short-term natural dams arise as a result of blocking the river with loose soil, snow or ice. Dams fence off the coastal area and prevent its flooding during floods and floods on rivers, during high tides and storms on the seas and lakes.

Water-conducting hydraulic structures (water conduits) serve to transfer water to specified points: canals, hydrotechnical tunnels, trays, pipelines. Some of them, for example, canals, due to the natural conditions of their location, the need to cross communication lines and ensure the safety of operation, require the construction of other hydraulic structures that are combined into a special group of structures on canals (aqueducts, siphons, bridges, ferry crossings, gates, spillways, slugs, etc.).

Regulatory (straightening) hydraulic structures designed to change and improve the natural conditions of the flow of watercourses and protect riverbeds and banks from erosion, sedimentation, ice exposure, etc. When regulating rivers, dams, jet guides (semi-dams, shields, dams, enclosing shafts, traverses, bottom rapids, etc.) .), bank protection structures, ice guides and ice retention structures.

Water intake (water intake) hydraulic structures arranged to take water from a water source and direct it to a water conduit. In addition to ensuring an uninterrupted supply of water to consumers in the right amount and at the right time, they protect water supply structures from ice, sludge, sediment, etc. Water discharge hydraulic structures serve to pass excess water from reservoirs, canals, pressure basins, etc. They can be channel and coastal, surface and deep, allowing to partially or completely empty water bodies. To regulate the amount of released (discharged) water, spillways are provided with hydraulic gates. For small water discharges, automatic spillways are also used, which automatically turn on when the headwater level rises above a predetermined one. These include open weirs (without gates), spillways with automatic gates, siphon spillways.

Special hydraulic structure built for any one branch of the water industry. For water transport: a navigable lock, a ship lift, a pier, a boat, a timber launch (log launch), a lighthouse and other structures according to the situation of the ship's passage, various port facilities (piers, breakwaters, piers, moorings, docks, boathouses, slipways, etc.). For hydropower: HPP building, pressure basin, etc. For hydromelioration: irrigation or drainage (main or distribution) canal, drainage, lock-regulator on the irrigation and drainage system, collector, etc. For water supply and sewerage: capping, pumping station, water pressure tower and reservoir, cooling pond, etc. For fish farming: fish ladder, fish elevator, fish pond, etc. For social organization: swimming pools, water parks, fountains. These hydraulic structures, along with their direct purpose, are used for:

• protection from floods and destruction of the banks of reservoirs, banks and bottom of river beds;
• fencing of the storage of liquid industrial waste (mining, metallurgical, energy) and agricultural enterprises;
• erosion protection on channels;
• prevent the harmful effects of water and liquid waste.

In some cases, general and special hydraulic structures are combined in one complex, for example, a spillway and a hydroelectric power station building (the so-called combined hydroelectric power station) or other structures to perform several functions simultaneously. In the implementation of water management measures, hydraulic structures, united by a common goal and located in one place, constitute complexes called nodes of hydraulic structures or hydroelectric facilities. . Several hydro units form water management systems, for example, energy, transport, irrigation, etc. Depending on the location, hydraulic structures can be sea, river, lake, pond. There are also ground and underground hydraulic structures.

To analyze the potential hazard and capital value, hydraulic structures as objects of hydraulic engineering construction are divided into 5 classes. The 1st class includes the main permanent hydroelectric stations with a capacity of more than 1 million kW. To the 2nd - the construction of hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 301 thousand - 1 million kW, structures on super-main inland waterways (for example, on the Volga, the Volga-Don Canal, etc.) and the construction of river ports with a navigational cargo turnover of more than 3 million conditional tons . To the 3rd and 4th classes - hydroelectric power plant facilities with a capacity of 300 thousand kW or less, facilities on the main inland waterways and local routes, construction of river ports with a cargo turnover of 3 million conventional tons or less. The 5th class includes temporary hydraulic structures. Accidents at hydraulic structures are diverse. The most dangerous of them are hydrodynamic accidents.

When developing measures to prevent emergency situations at hydraulic structures, depending on their hazard class, the degree of their reliability is assigned in projects, i.e. margins of safety and stability, estimated maximum water consumption, characteristics and quality of building materials, etc. In addition, the scope and composition of survey, design, research and diagnostic work is determined by the hazard class. The characteristic features of hydraulic structures are associated with the impact of water flow, ice, sediment and other factors on it. This impact can be mechanical (static and hydrodynamic loads, soil suffusion, etc.), physical and chemical (surface abrasion, metal corrosion, concrete leaching), biological (rotting of wooden structures, wood wear by living organisms, etc.). The conditions for the construction of hydraulic structures are complicated by the need to pass through the structures during the period of their construction (usually for several years) the so-called construction costs of the river, ice, rafted timber, ships, etc. there is flooding of individual land areas, a rise in the level of groundwater, collapse of banks, etc. Therefore, the construction of such structures requires a high quality of work and ensuring high reliability and safety of structures, because. accidents at hydraulic structures cause serious consequences - human casualties and loss of material values.