The language of science. The language of science in medical knowledge

PHILOSOPHY

Full name of the student ________________________________________________

1. Philosophical ontology is a doctrine:

a) about nature

b) about matter

c) about being

d) about consciousness

e) about a person

2. Philosophical metaphysics is:

a) the doctrine of the fundamental principles of being

b) the doctrine of matter

c) the doctrine of the spirit

d) mechanistic view of nature

e) direction of modern philosophy

3. The doctrine of the "collective unconscious", which determined the social behavior of people, was developed by:

c) Adler
d) Fromm

4. Philosophical position expressing doubt about the possibility of achieving objective truth

a) skepticism

b) gnosticism

c) existentialism

d) eclecticism

e) empiricism

5. .According to classical materialistic philosophy, the concept of matter means:

b) the potential for anything;

c) a set of physical bodies, consisting of a material substance and accessible to perception

d) anything that has weight

e) everything that God created

6. The concept of "elementary particle" in modern science is most similar to:

a) on Spinoza's concept of mode

b) Leibniz's concept of a monad

c) on the Democritanian concept of the atom

d) unlike anything in philosophy

e) on a structural element of the system

7. The universal language of the natural sciences is:

a) logic

b) mathematics

c) philosophy

d) hermeneutics

e) experiment

8. Two opposite styles of thinking, known from antiquity, are called:

a) Platonic and Aristotelian

b) materialistic and idealistic

c) rational and irrational

d) right and wrong

e) empirical and socratic

9. As a method of cognition, hermeneutics was intended to:

a) all sciences;

b) natural sciences;

c) social and human sciences

d) for theology and cultural studies

e) exclusively for history

10. The main theoretical method of classical science is called:

a) analytical-synthetic method;

b) rhetoric;

c) scholasticism

d) analogy

e) induction

11. The philosophical doctrine of man primarily considers:

a) the mutual relationship of the spiritual and the physical

b) the relationship between the soul and the soulless

c) the relationship between the rational and the inanimate

d) the relationship of right-handedness and left-handedness

e) issues of civic education

12. In the Christian worldview, the human body is drawn primarily as:

a) an independent entity

b) the bearer of the soul

c) "bipedal and without feathers"

d) the result of biological evolution

e) a collection of atoms

13. Worldview, recognizing the existence of the Absolute Ideal Beginning:

a) ordinary

b) philosophical

c) political

d) religious

e) scientific

14. The level of knowledge based on the everyday life experience of a person

a) scientific

b) ordinary

c) empirical

d) theoretical

e) a priori

15. Judgment justifying idealistic philosophy

a) things correspond to ideas

b) ideas correspond to things

c) things and ideas do not correspond to each other

d) the thing corresponds to the form

e) the form corresponds to the thing

16. One of the basic laws of Hegelian and Marxist dialectics:

a) the law of identity

b) the law of conservation of energy

c) the law of unity and struggle of opposites

d) the law of the relationship between content and form

e) the law of transitivity of equality

17. The scope of public relations includes:

a) mutual relations of all elements of society

b) the relationship of individuals among themselves

c) the relationship of man to nature

d) relationships with family and friends

d) relationships with friends

18. Civil society is:

a) a society of citizens united in a state

b) the sphere of non-state relations and structures

c) the totality of political parties

d) association of opponents of state power

e) association of opponents of wars and military conflicts

19. Historical progress is characterized by:

a) exclusively by the development of the productive forces of society

b) exclusively by the development of science and technology

c) more or less harmonious development of all spheres and aspects of society

d) the gradual withering away of the state

e) GDP growth

20. Society of modernity or Enlightenment in modern philosophy is called:

a) the development of European society in the XVIII - the first half of the XX century

b) the modern stage of world civilization

c) a society focused on education and science

d) a society of universal right to education and enlightenment

e) a society that unites educated people.

Topics of abstracts:

Philosophical position expressing doubt about the possibility of achieving objective truth

Final test by discipline

(choose one or more correct answers)

1. Are science and philosophy identical?

They are the same in their purposes.

2. What is philosophy?

One of the forms of knowledge of the surrounding world

form of communication between people

Theoretically expressed world view

The science of human being

A form of culture that offers a reflective understanding of man and his place in the world

3. The doctrine of the "collective unconscious", which determined the social behavior of people, was developed by:

c) Adler
d) Fromm

a) skepticism

b) gnosticism

c) existentialism

d) eclecticism

e) empiricism

5. According to classical materialistic philosophy, the concept of matter means:

b) the potential for anything;

c) a set of physical bodies, consisting of a material substance and accessible to perception

d) anything that has weight

e) everything that God created

6. The concept of "elementary particle" in modern science is most similar to:

a) on Spinoza's concept of mode

b) Leibniz's concept of a monad

c) on the Democritanian concept of the atom

d) unlike anything in philosophy

e) on a structural element of the system

7. The universal language of the natural sciences is:

a) logic

b) mathematics

c) philosophy

d) hermeneutics

e) experiment

8. Two opposite styles of thinking, known from antiquity, are called:

a) Platonic and Aristotelian

b) materialistic and idealistic

c) rational and irrational

d) right and wrong

e) empirical and socratic

9. As a method of cognition, hermeneutics was intended to:

a) all sciences;

b) natural sciences;

c) social and human sciences

d) for theology and cultural studies

e) exclusively for history

10. The main theoretical method of classical science is called:

a) analytical-synthetic method;

b) rhetoric;

c) scholasticism

d) analogy

e) induction

11. The philosophical doctrine of man primarily considers:

a) the mutual relationship of the spiritual and the physical

b) the relationship between the soul and the soulless

c) the relationship between the rational and the inanimate

d) the relationship of right-handedness and left-handedness

e) issues of civic education

12. In the Christian worldview, the human body is drawn primarily as:

a) an independent entity

b) the bearer of the soul

c) "bipedal and without feathers"

d) the result of biological evolution

e) a collection of atoms

13. Worldview, recognizing the existence of the Absolute Ideal Beginning:

a) ordinary

b) philosophical

c) political

d) religious

e) scientific

a) scientific

b) ordinary

c) empirical

d) theoretical

System of natural science knowledge

natural science is one of the components of the system of modern scientific knowledge, which also includes complexes of technical and human sciences. Natural science is an evolving system of ordered information about the laws of motion of matter.

The objects of study of individual natural sciences, the totality of which as early as the beginning of the 20th century. bore the name of natural history, from the time of their inception to the present day they have been and remain: matter, life, man, the Earth, the Universe. Accordingly, modern natural science groups the main natural sciences as follows:

physics, chemistry, physical chemistry;
biology, botany, zoology;
anatomy, physiology, genetics (the doctrine of heredity);
geology, mineralogy, paleontology, meteorology, physical geography;
astronomy, cosmology, astrophysics, astrochemistry.

Of course, only the main natural ones are listed here, in fact modern natural science is a complex and branched complex, including hundreds of scientific disciplines. Physics alone unites a whole family of sciences (mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, electrodynamics, etc.). As the volume of scientific knowledge grew, certain sections of sciences acquired the status of scientific disciplines with their own conceptual apparatus, specific research methods, which often makes them difficult to access for specialists involved in other sections of the same, say, physics.

Such differentiation in the natural sciences (as, indeed, in science in general) is a natural and inevitable consequence of ever narrower specialization.

At the same time, counter processes also occur naturally in the development of science, in particular, natural science disciplines are formed and formed, as they often say, “at the junctions” of sciences: chemical physics, biochemistry, biophysics, biogeochemistry and many others. As a result, the boundaries that were once defined between individual scientific disciplines and their sections become very conditional, mobile and, one might say, transparent.

These processes, leading, on the one hand, to a further increase in the number of scientific disciplines, but, on the other hand, to their convergence and interpenetration, are one of the evidence of the integration of the natural sciences, which reflects the general trend in modern science.

It is here, perhaps, that it is appropriate to turn to such a scientific discipline, which certainly has a special place, as mathematics, which is a research tool and a universal language not only of the natural sciences, but also of many others - those in which quantitative patterns can be seen.

Depending on the methods underlying research, we can talk about the natural sciences:

descriptive (exploring factual data and relationships between them);
exact (building mathematical models for expressing established facts and relationships, i.e. patterns);
applied (using the systematics and models of descriptive and exact natural sciences for the development and transformation of nature).

Nevertheless, a common generic feature of all sciences that study nature and technology is the conscious activity of professional scientists aimed at describing, explaining and predicting the behavior of the objects under study and the nature of the phenomena being studied. The humanities are distinguished by the fact that the explanation and prediction of phenomena (events) is based, as a rule, not on an explanation, but on an understanding of reality.

This is the fundamental difference between sciences that have objects of study that allow for systematic observation, multiple experimental verification and reproducible experiments, and sciences that study essentially unique, non-repeating situations that, as a rule, do not allow exact repetition of an experiment, conducting more than once of some kind. or experiment.

Modern culture seeks to overcome the differentiation of cognition into many independent areas and disciplines, primarily the split between the natural and human sciences, which clearly emerged at the end of the 19th century. After all, the world is one in all its infinite diversity, therefore, relatively independent areas of a single system of human knowledge are organically interconnected; difference here is transient, unity is absolute.

Nowadays, the integration of natural science knowledge has clearly been outlined, which manifests itself in many forms and becomes the most pronounced trend in its development. Increasingly, this trend is also manifested in the interaction of the natural sciences with the humanities. Evidence of this is the advancement of the principles of systemicity, self-organization and global evolutionism to the forefront of modern science, opening up the possibility of combining a wide variety of scientific knowledge into an integral and consistent system, united by common laws of evolution of objects of different nature.

There is every reason to believe that we are witnessing a growing convergence and mutual integration of the natural and human sciences. This is confirmed by the widespread use in humanitarian research not only of technical means and information technologies used in the natural and technical sciences, but also of general scientific research methods developed in the process of the development of natural science.

The subject of this course is the concepts related to the forms of existence and movement of living and inanimate matter, while the laws that determine the course of social phenomena are the subject of the humanities. However, it should be borne in mind that, no matter how different the natural and human sciences are, they have a generic unity, which is the logic of science. It is the submission to this logic that makes science a sphere of human activity aimed at revealing and theoretically systematizing objective knowledge about reality.

The natural-scientific picture of the world is created and modified by scientists of different nationalities, among whom are convinced atheists and believers of various faiths and denominations. However, in their professional activities, they all proceed from the fact that the world is material, that is, it exists objectively, regardless of the people who study it. Note, however, that the process of cognition itself can influence the studied objects of the material world and how a person imagines them, depending on the level of development of research tools. In addition, every scientist proceeds from the fact that the world is fundamentally cognizable.

The process of scientific knowledge is the search for truth. However, absolute truth in science is incomprehensible, and with each step along the path of knowledge, it moves further and deeper. Thus, at each stage of cognition, scientists establish a relative truth, realizing that at the next stage knowledge will be achieved more accurate, more adequate to reality. And this is another evidence that the process of cognition is objective and inexhaustible.

1. Unified science and universal language

One of the historical tasks of philosophy was the restoration of the unity of knowledge 68 . The Vienna Circle was also clearly aware of this task. It was impossible to reconcile with the fact that the conceptual systems of physics, biology, psychology, sociology, historical sciences do not have points of contact, that each of these sciences speaks its own language. If specific sciences are considered as having their own subject, their own methods and conditions of justification, then there is no connection between them - first of all, the connection between the natural sciences and the sciences of culture (about the spirit) - and it is not at all clear how their concepts are connected. and laws. True, the concepts and laws of one area can always be used in another area. If they want to not only describe but also explain a certain mental phenomenon, say, perception, then this is possible only if they go beyond the system of psychological concepts and associate this phenomenon with a physical effect and a physiological process. Each prediction has such a complex multidimensional nature. Its conclusion requires the involvement of laws from various specific sciences - the laws of nature and society. But in this case, the laws and concepts of specific sciences must belong to one system and be in mutual connection. They must be united into some unified science with a common system of concepts (with a common language). Individual sciences are only members of this general system, and the languages of these sciences are parts of a common language.

The unified language of science must satisfy two requirements. First, it must be intersubjective, which formally means that it must be a common system of signs and rules, and semantically means that it must mean the same thing for everyone. Secondly, it must be universal. This means that every sentence of any language can be translated into it, and it must be such a system of concepts in which any state of affairs can be expressed. As such a language and such a system of concepts, Neurath and Carnap considered, first of all, physics, which is why this theory was called “physicalism”. The statements of physics describe the properties of space-time objects quantitatively, although they can also give qualitative definitions, for example, to objects of the sensory world, when physical states or processes can be compared to them. Therefore, Carnap later changed this thesis about unification 215 and began to speak not about the system of concepts of physics, but about the observable properties of things and the relationships between things. Thus, the name "physicalism" became inappropriate and was replaced by the names "corporeal" or "material language". Not a quantitative physicalist language, but a qualitative material language forms the unified language of science. This means that all statements about any state of affairs can be translated into statements about the states or processes of the material world. The properties of things do not belong to the uniqueness of the field of sensory perception: the vibrations of a tuning fork can not only be heard, but also seen and touched. The properties of things are intersensitive. On the contrary, sensory qualities are uniquely subordinated to certain bodily processes. A sound of a certain pitch corresponds to vibrations of a certain frequency and amplitude. Therefore, sensory qualities can be unambiguously determined by means of bodily processes, and statements about them can be replaced by statements about these processes. The statement of bodily processes does not depend not only on a certain area of sensory perception, but also on a certain subject. Regarding the states or processes of the material world, in principle, it is always possible to reach an agreement between different people, because the material world is intersubjective. Therefore, a real language will also be intersubjective, i.e., a description with the help of observable properties and relations.

In this language, not only the field of physics can be expressed, but also all other natural sciences. Even if not all biological laws could be reduced to the laws of physics, nevertheless, biological concepts are ultimately reducible to the observable properties and relationships of things. When this does not happen, say for such concepts as "dominant" or "entelechy", then no verifiable consequences can be obtained using these concepts. Therefore, such concepts should not be allowed into science at all.

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Introduction

Logic and language

natural languages

Constructed languages

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Any thought in the form of concepts, judgments or conclusions is necessarily clothed in a material-linguistic shell and does not exist outside the language. It is possible to reveal and investigate logical structures only by analyzing linguistic expressions.

Language is a sign system that performs the function of forming, storing, and transmitting information in the process of cognition.

Language is a necessary condition for the existence of abstract thinking. Therefore, thinking is a distinctive feature of man.

The initial constructive component of the language is the signs used in it.

A sign is any sensually perceived (visually, aurally or otherwise) object that acts as a representative of another object and a carrier of information about the latter (signs-images: copies of documents, fingerprints, photographs; signs-symbols: musical notes, signs of the Morse code, letters in the alphabet).

According to their origin, languages are natural and artificial.

Purpose of the work: to get acquainted with different types of language in logic, to understand their differences.

Work tasks:

.Consider the essence of the language of logic;

.Determine the structure of the language of logic;

.Identify the differences between natural and artificial language.

Logic and language

The subject of the study of logic are the forms and laws of correct thinking. Thinking is a function of the human brain. Labor contributed to the separation of man from the environment of animals, was the foundation for the emergence of consciousness (including thinking) and language in people. Thinking is inextricably linked with language. In the course of collective labor activity, people had a need to communicate and transfer their thoughts to each other, without which the very organization of collective labor processes was impossible.

Speech can be oral or written, sound or non-sound (as, for example, with the deaf and dumb), external or internal speech, speech expressed using natural or artificial language.

Language is not only a means of communication, but also the most important component of the culture of any people.

Artificial languages of science arose on the basis of natural languages. These include the languages of mathematics, symbolic logic, chemistry, physics, as well as algorithmic programming languages for computers, which are widely used in modern computers and systems. Programming languages are called sign systems used to describe the processes of solving problems on a computer. At present, there is a growing tendency to develop the principles of “communication” between a person and a computer in natural language, so that computers can be used without intermediary programmers.

In logical analysis, language is considered as a sign system.

A sign is a material object (phenomenon, event) that acts as a representative of some other object, property or relationship and is used to acquire, store, process and transmit messages (information, knowledge).

The main functions of the sign:

Isolation of objects that are known;

mental operation.

The main characteristics of the sign:

1.Subject meaning - an object that is denoted by a sign;

2.Semantic meaning is a characteristic of an object expressed by a sign.

Types of signs:

1.Index signs are signs that are in relation to a causal relationship with the denoting object;

2.Signs images - signs that are in relation to similarity with the denoting object;

.Signal signs - signs that notify that the object is in a certain situation;

.Signs symbols are special signs that act as a means of communication and knowledge.

Names stand out among the signs of symbols.

A name is a word or phrase denoting a particular object. (The words "designation", "naming", "name" are considered as synonyms.) The subject here is understood in a very broad sense: these are things, properties, relationships, processes, phenomena, etc., both of nature and social life, mental the activities of people, the products of their imagination and the results of abstract thinking. So, the name is always the name of some object. Although objects are changeable, fluid, they retain a qualitative certainty, which is indicated by the name of this object.

The names are divided into:

Simple (book, bullfinch);

Complex or descriptive (the largest waterfall in Canada and the USA);

Own, that is, the names of individual people, objects or events (P. I. Tchaikovsky);

General (active volcanoes).

Every name has a meaning or meaning. The meaning or meaning of a name is the way in which the name denotes the subject, that is, the information about the subject contained in the name.

Signs are divided into linguistic and non-linguistic.

By origin, languages are natural and artificial.

Natural languages are sound (speech) and then graphic (writing) information sign systems that have historically developed in society. They arose to consolidate and transfer the accumulated information in the process of communication between people. Natural languages act as carriers of the centuries-old culture of peoples. They are distinguished by rich expressive possibilities and universal coverage of various areas of life.

Artificial languages are auxiliary sign systems created on the basis of natural languages for accurate and economical transmission of scientific and other information. They are constructed using natural language or a previously constructed artificial language. A language that acts as a means of building or learning another language is called a metalanguage, the main language is called an object language. The metalanguage, as a rule, has richer expressive possibilities compared to the object language.

2.natural languages

Natural languages are sound (speech) and then graphic (writing) information sign systems that have historically developed in society. They arose to consolidate and transfer the accumulated information in the process of communication between people. Natural languages are carriers of centuries-old culture and are inseparable from the history of the people who speak them.

Everyday reasoning is usually conducted in natural language. But such a language was developed in the interests of ease of communication, the exchange of thoughts, at the expense of accuracy and clarity. Natural languages have rich expressive possibilities: they can be used to express any knowledge (both ordinary and scientific), emotions, feelings.

Natural language performs two main functions - representative and communicative. The representative function lies in the fact that the language is a means of symbolic expression or representation of abstract content (knowledge, concepts, thoughts, etc.), accessible through thinking to specific intellectual subjects. The communicative function is expressed in the fact that language is a means of transferring or communicating this abstract content from one intellectual subject to another. By themselves, letters, words, sentences (or other symbols, such as hieroglyphs) and their combinations form a material basis in which the material superstructure of the language is realized - a set of rules for constructing letters, words, sentences and other linguistic symbols, and only together with the corresponding superstructure that or some other material basis forms a concrete natural language.

Based on the semantic status of natural language, the following can be noted:

1. Since a language is a set of certain rules that are implemented on certain symbols, it is clear that there is not one language, but many natural languages. The material basis of any natural language is multidimensional, i.e. is divided into verbal, visual, tactile and other varieties of symbols. All these varieties are independent of each other, but in most real-life languages they are closely related, and verbal symbols are dominant. Usually, the material basis of a natural language is studied only in its two dimensions - verbal and visual (written). At the same time, visual symbols are considered as a kind of equivalent of the corresponding verbal symbols (the only exceptions are languages with hieroglyphic writing). From this point of view, it is permissible to speak of the same natural language having different varieties of visual symbols.

Due to differences in the basis and superstructure, any specific natural language represents the same abstract content in a unique, inimitable way. On the other hand, in any particular language, such abstract content is also represented, which is not represented in other languages (in one or another specific period of their development). However, this does not mean that each particular language has its own special sphere of abstract content and that this sphere is part of the language itself. The sphere of abstract content is unified and universal for any natural languages. That is why translation from one natural language to any other natural language is possible, despite the fact that all languages have different expressive capabilities and are at different stages of their development. For logic, natural languages are of interest not in themselves, but only as a means of representing the sphere of abstract content common to all languages, as a means of “seeing” this content and its structure. Those. the object of logical analysis is the abstract content itself as such, while natural languages are only a necessary condition for such an analysis.

The sphere of abstract content is a structured area of clearly distinguishable objects of a special kind. These objects form a kind of rigid universal abstract structure. Natural languages represent not only certain elements of this structure, but also certain integral fragments of it. Any natural language to some extent really reflects the structure of objective reality. But this mapping is superficial, imprecise and contradictory. Natural language is formed in the process of spontaneous social experience. Its superstructure meets the requirements not of purely theoretical, but of practical (mainly everyday) human activity and therefore is a conglomeration of limited and often contradictory rules.

.Constructed languages

Any artificial language has three levels of organization:

1.syntax - the level of the structure of the language, where relationships between signs are formed and studied, ways of forming and transforming sign systems;

.cinematics, which explores the relationship of a sign to its meaning (meaning, which means either the thought expressed by the sign, or the object denoted by it);

.pragmatics, which explores the ways in which signs are used in a given community using an artificial language.

The construction of an artificial language begins with the introduction of the alphabet, i.e. a set of symbols that denote the object of a given science, and the rules for constructing formulas of a given language. Some well-formed formulas are taken as axioms. Thus, all knowledge, formalized with the help of an artificial language, acquires an axiomatized form, and with it evidence and reliability.

Artificial languages of varying degrees of rigor are widely used in modern science and technology: chemistry, mathematics, theoretical physics, computer technology, cybernetics, communications, shorthand.

The role of formalization of natural language in scientific knowledge and in logic in particular:

Formalization makes it possible to analyze, clarify, define and clarify concepts. Many concepts are not suitable for scientific knowledge due to their uncertainty, ambiguity and inaccuracy.

Formalization takes on a special role in the analysis of evidence. Representing the proof as a sequence of formulas obtained from the original ones with the help of precisely specified transformation rules gives it the necessary rigor and accuracy.

Formalization, based on the construction of artificial logical languages, serves as a theoretical foundation for the processes of algorithmization and programming of computing devices, and thus the computerization of not only scientific and technical, but also other knowledge.

The artificial language generally accepted in modern logic is the language of predicate logic. The main semantic categories of the language are: names of objects, names of features, sentences.

Object names are separate phrases denoting objects. Each name has a double meaning - subject and semantic. The subject meaning of a name is the set of objects to which the name refers. The semantic meaning is the properties inherent in objects, with the help of which a set of objects is distinguished.

The logical language also has its own alphabet, which includes a certain set of signs (symbols), logical connectives. With the help of a logical language, a formalized logical system is built, called the predicate calculus.

Artificial languages are also successfully used by logic for precise theoretical and practical analysis of mental structures.

Intended for the logical analysis of reasoning, the language of predicate logic structurally reflects and closely follows the semantic characteristics of natural language. The main semantic category of the language of predicate logic is the concept of a name.

The alphabet of the predicate logic language includes the following types of signs (symbols):

) a, b, c, ... - symbols for single (proper or descriptive) names of objects; they are called subject constants, or constants;

) x, y, z, ... - symbols of common names of objects that take values in one or another area; they are called object variables;

) Р1,Q1, R1,... - symbols for predicates, indices over which express their locality; they are called predicate variables;

) p, q, r, ... - symbols for statements, which are called propositional, or propositional variables (from the Latin propositio - “statement”);

) - symbols for quantitative characteristics of statements; I call them t quantifiers: - general quantifier; it symbolizes expressions - everything, everyone, everyone, always, etc.; - existential quantifier; it symbolizes expressions - some, sometimes, happens, occurs, exists, etc.;

) logical connectives:

Conjunction (conjunction "and");

Disjunction (conjunction "or");

Implication (conjunction "if..., then...");

Equivalence, or double implication (conjunction "if and only if...then...");

Negation ("it is not true that...").

Technical characters of the language: (,) - left and right brackets.

This alphabet does not include other characters. Permissible, i.e. expressions that make sense in the language of predicate logic are called well-formed formulas - PPF. The concept of PPF is introduced by the following definitions:

Any propositional variable - p, q, r, ... is a PFF.

Any predicate variable, taken with a sequence of subject variables or constants, the number of which corresponds to its locality, is a PFF: A1 (x), A2 (x, y), A3 (x, y, z), A" (x, y,. .., n), where A1, A2, A3,..., An are signs of the metalanguage for predicators.

For any formula with object variables, in which any of the variables is associated with a quantifier, the expressions xA(x) and xA(x) will also be BPF.

If A and B are formulas (A and B are metalanguage signs for expressing formula schemes), then the expressions:

A B

are also formulas.

Differences between natural and artificial language

Natural and artificial languages are opposed to each other. To verify this, we note the main differences between them.

First, they differ in the nature of their occurrence. Natural language arises spontaneously, no one specially creates it. People need to communicate with each other, and without language this is impossible. This is where language arises, and it arises naturally, without preliminary deliberation. On the contrary, an artificial language is first invented by someone, and only then does it begin to fulfill its role as an intermediary in communication.

The second difference follows from the peculiarities of its origin: a natural language does not have specific authors, while an artificial one necessarily has at least one such author. Let's take Russian as an example. Can we say that who created it? You can: it was created by the people. But at the same time, not a single representative of the Russian people can claim authorship in relation to their language. This language was created not by any specific authors, but by the whole people. Another thing is artificial languages. We may not know their specific authors, as is the case, for example, with ancient ciphers, but there is no doubt that every artificial language has at least one such creator. Sometimes the name of the artificial language speaks about the author. A striking example is the language commonly known as "Morse code".

Thirdly, natural and artificial languages are distinguished by the scope of application: the first one is universal, while the second one is local. The universality of the use of natural language means that it is used in all types of activity without exception. But artificial language is not used everywhere. This means the local nature of the application. Let's return to the Morse language. Where is it used? As a rule, where it is necessary to transmit information using electromagnetic waves.

Fourth, natural and artificial languages are qualitatively different systems. The first one is an open system, i.e. the system is incomplete and fundamentally unfinished. As the activity of people develops, their native language must also develop. The open nature of any natural language as a system is evidenced by the presence in it of such expressions that are exceptions to the rules, but are used along with the correct expressions.

Another thing is an artificial language. Ideally, this is a closed (finished, completed) system in which everything goes strictly according to the rules, in which there are no exceptions to the rules. The presence of at least one incorrect expression is considered a major drawback of an artificial language, and this drawback is tried to be eliminated as quickly as possible.

sign language logic

Conclusion

Language, as you know, is a means of communication, communication between people, with the help of which they exchange thoughts and information with each other. Thought finds its expression precisely in language; without such expression, the thoughts of one person are inaccessible to another. With the help of language, knowledge of various objects occurs. The success of cognition depends on the correct use of natural and artificial languages. The first stages of cognition are associated with the use of natural language. Gradual deepening into the essence of the object requires more precise research systems. This leads to the creation of artificial languages. The greater the accuracy of knowledge, the more real the possibility of its practical use. Thus, the problem of the development of artificial languages of science is not purely theoretical, it has a certain practical content. At the same time, the dominance of natural language in cognition is indisputable. No matter how developed, abstract and formalized a concrete artificial language is, it has its source in a certain natural language and develops according to the unified natural laws of language.

Bibliography

1.Getmanova A.D. Textbook on logic // Publisher: KnoRus, 2011.

2. Boyko A.P. Logic: Textbook // Publisher: M. Sotsium, 2006.

3.Jol K.K. Logic: study guide // Publisher: Unity-Dana, 2012.

4.Ruzavin G.I. Fundamentals of logic and argumentation: textbook // Publisher: Unity-Dana, 2012.

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