The language is part of the South Slavic group. Slavic

Number of carriers:

more than 30 million

Classification Category : Slavic branch Compound Language group codes ISO 639-2: ISO 639-5: See also: Project:Linguistics

South Slavic languages- a group of Slavic languages, currently common in South-Eastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula.

Classification

eastern subgroup:
- Old Church Slavonic †;
western subgroup:
- Serbo-Croatian, splitting into:
  - Croatian;
  - Serbian;

The linguistic commonality of the South Slavic languages is less obvious than that of the West Slavic and East Slavic languages. The modern South Slavic languages are divided into two very distinct subgroups: Western (Slovene, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian) and Eastern (Bulgarian and Macedonian). Possible reasons for the sharp differences between them:

The Balkans were populated by Slavs in two streams: eastern and western;
the language of the Bulgarians and Macedonians was greatly influenced by the surrounding non-Slavic peoples.

Main features

A conspicuous difference between the South Slavic languages and the East and West Slavic languages is the preserved system of conjugation of verbs with many past tenses (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect), in which, however, the infinitive either does not exist at all (in Bulgarian), or its use is narrowed. To form compound forms of the future tense, not “to be” or “to have” (as in Ukrainian), but “to want” is used as an auxiliary verb.

The declension has been simplified (in Bulgarian until the complete disappearance of cases, the remnants of which are visible only in pronouns and in phraseological units; in Serbian and Croatian, the dative, instrumental and prepositional plurals coincided).

In vocabulary, with the exception of Slovenian, there is a strong oriental influence (many Turkish words and borrowed through Turkish intermediary).

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Literature

Polovinkin I. N.,.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Notes

Links

in the Ethnologue handbook.

Oriental

Western

Lechitic

Lusatian

Czech-Slovak

Southern

Western

Oriental

Other

The sound of the crackling and rumble of collapsing walls and ceilings, the whistling and hissing of flames and the lively cries of the people, the sight of wavering, then frowning thick black, then soaring brightening clouds of smoke with sparkles and somewhere solid, sheaf-like, red, sometimes scaly gold, moving along the walls of the flame , the feeling of heat and smoke and the speed of movement produced their usual exciting effect on Pierre from fires. This effect was especially strong on Pierre, because Pierre suddenly, at the sight of this fire, felt freed from the thoughts that weighed on him. He felt young, cheerful, agile and determined. He ran around the outbuilding from the side of the house and was about to run to that part of it that was still standing, when a cry of several voices was heard above his head, followed by the crackling and clanging of something heavy that fell beside him.
Pierre looked around and saw Frenchmen in the windows of the house, throwing out a chest of drawers filled with some kind of metal things. The other French soldiers below approached the box.
- Eh bien, qu "est ce qu" il veut celui la, [What else does this need,] one of the French shouted at Pierre.
– Un enfant dans cette maison. N "avez vous pas vu un enfant? [A child in this house. Have you seen the child?] - said Pierre.
- Tiens, qu "est ce qu" il chante celui la? Va te promener, [What else does this one interpret? Go to hell,] - voices were heard, and one of the soldiers, apparently afraid that Pierre would not take it into his head to take away the silver and bronze that were in the box, menacingly approached him.
- Unenfant? shouted a Frenchman from above. - J "ai entendu piailler quelque chose au jardin. Peut etre c" est sou moutard au bonhomme. Faut etre humain, voyez vous… [Child? I heard something squeaking in the garden. Maybe it's his child. Well, it is necessary for humanity. We are all human…]
– Ou est il? Ouestil? [Where is he? Where is he?] asked Pierre.
- Parici! Parici! [Here, here!] - the Frenchman shouted to him from the window, pointing to the garden that was behind the house. - Attendez, je vais descendre. [Wait, I'll get off now.]
And indeed, a minute later a Frenchman, a black-eyed fellow with some kind of spot on his cheek, in one shirt jumped out of the window of the lower floor and, slapping Pierre on the shoulder, ran with him into the garden.
“Depechez vous, vous autres,” he called to his comrades, “start a faire chaud.” [Hey, you, come on, it's starting to bake.]
Running outside the house onto a sandy path, the Frenchman pulled Pierre's hand and pointed him to the circle. Under the bench lay a three-year-old girl in a pink dress.
- Voila votre moutard. Ah, une petite, tant mieux, said the Frenchman. – Au revoir, mon gros. Faut etre humane. Nous sommes tous mortels, voyez vous, [Here is your child. Oh girl, so much the better. Goodbye, fat man. Well, it is necessary for humanity. All people,] - and the Frenchman with a spot on his cheek ran back to his comrades.
Pierre, choking with joy, ran up to the girl and wanted to take her in his arms. But, seeing a stranger, the scrofulous, mother-like, unpleasant-looking girl screamed and rushed to run. Pierre, however, grabbed her and lifted her up; she squealed in a desperately angry voice and with her small hands began to tear off Pierre's hands from herself and bite them with a snotty mouth. Pierre was seized by a feeling of horror and disgust, similar to that which he experienced when he touched some small animal. But he made an effort on himself not to abandon the child, and ran with him back to the big house. But it was no longer possible to go back the same way; the girl Aniska was no longer there, and Pierre, with a feeling of pity and disgust, clutching the sobbing and wet girl as tenderly as possible, ran through the garden to look for another way out.

Meaning of SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES

- a group of Slavic languages, including Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian (Serbo-Croatian), Macedonian and Slovenian. Distributed on the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent territory: in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, as well as in adjacent roc-wahs (Greece, Albania, Austria, Hungary, Romania, the USSR), in other European countries, in America (ch. arr. . USA and Canada) and in Australia. The total number of speakers of St. 30 million people They are divided into 2 subgroups: eastern (Bulgarian and Macedonian languages) and western (Serbo-Chorvian and Slovene languages). Yu. i. ascend, like all Slavs, languages, to the Proto-Slavic language. Keeping 600 YUZHNOSLAVYANSK zest among themselves and with other glories, languages at all levels of the language, they reveal and, therefore, differences. Each of them contains elements of praslav. heritage punctuated by innovation. General features that characterize Yu. Ya. as a single group: Praslav. combinations of ort, olt at the beginning of a word with descending intonation were transformed into rat, lat, and not rot, lot, as in other languages (cf.: Bulgarian “equal”, “lakt”, Macedonian “ramen”, “Lakot ”, Serbo-Chorvian “equal”, “lakat”, Slovenian raven, lakat and Russian “smooth”, “elbow”, Czech rovny, loket); ancient nasal? in the majority of southern Slavs, dialects have changed to "e"; differences in nominal inflections are revealed: nouns have husband. and cf. kind of hard declension in Yu. Ya. the ending -om prevailed (with the zap.-glory, and “the rest.-glory. ending -ъм); nouns in -a have a soft declension into the gender, n. numbers and them. and wine. n. pl. the number was established ending -?, [when zap.-glory, and east.-glory. e(b)]; the semi-functional union "yes" is widely used; ancient obscheyuzhno-glory are known. lexical units that are absent or little known from app. and east. Slavs (for example, a verb with the meaning "to step": Bulgarian "gazya", Macedonian "gazi", Serbo-Chorv. "gaznti", Slovenian. gaziti). The phonetics of Yu. Ya. is the result of the transformation of praslav. phonetic systems. Reduced vowels disappeared or turned into full vowels of different quality, cf. lexemes with the meaning "dream", "day", "today (today)"| Bulgarian "sun", "den", "dnes", made. "son", "den", "denes", Serbo-Chorv. "san", "dan" (in the dialects of these languages also "sen", "en",), "danao, sloven. sen, dan, danes, denes; nasal vowels have changed with the loss of nasal articulation, cf. Praslav roka, "hand", Bolg. «rka>, make. , Serbo-Chorv. "hand", Slovenian roka; Praslav pet "five", Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Chorv. "pet", Slovenian. pet. The ancient ё(v) is replaced by vowels ranging from *u> to; vowel matched with. In zap. subgroup phono-logically distinguish between long and short vowels, in the eastern (including eastern. dialects of Serbo-Chorv. lang.) quantities, differences are lost. Consonantism is characterized by affricates varying in languages and dialects, changes in the category of hardness / softness: the consistent hardening of semi-soft consonants in zap. zone, widespread curing. The accentuation is varied: in the east. subgroup stress is monotonic, in Bolg. from. and east. dialects of Serbo-Chorv. lang. - heterogeneous. in Macedonian - fixed; ia most of the territory. app. zones, i.e. in Slovenia. and Serbo-Chorov. languages, stress is polytonic, multi-local, tonic. the characteristics and distribution of stress in word forms are different in dialects. East grammatical development. systems in Yu. Ya. marked by a non-uniform reorganization of the structure in languages and dialects. In Bulgaria and maked. languages have lost the nominal declension, the infinitive, instead of the old forms of degrees of comparison, prefixed formations appear, the article appeared, these same features arose in the process of development of a number of Balkan languages. region (Alb., Greek, Rum. languages). However, a complex system of past forms has been preserved. time. In Slovenian lang. and in many dialects of Serbo-Croatian, the declension is stable, but the forms of simple past. times have disappeared or are disappearing. In Slovenian lang. preserved forms. hours and soup. The loss of forms of declension in the east. subgroup was associated with transformations in syntax - with an increased development of prepositional constructions. In the vocabulary of Yu. I. with the predominance of fame, formations, stratifications are revealed that arose as a result of contacts with a foreign-speaking population in the Balkans (see Balkan Language Union). Numerous borrowings from the tour. lang., there are borrowings from Greek. lang., rom. languages and dialects, from German and Hungarian. In lit. languages there are many internationalisms, as well as borrowings from Russian. lang. The oldest Lit. glory. yaz. - the Old Slavonic language, which arose in the 9th century, had a great influence on all Slavs, languages. Ancient alphabets: Cyrillic and Glagolitic. Modern speakers of Serbo-Chorv. lang. use writing based on the converted Cyrillic and Lat. alphabet, Slovenes use the Latin alphabet, Bulgarians and Macedonians use the Cyrillic alphabet. letter. Cyrillic converted based on Russian. civil font. The Glagolitic functioned up to the 1st floor. 20th century as a regional church. Croatian letter. Modern south-slav. lit. languages were formed in different socio-ist. conditions, at different times and typologically differ significantly. Bulgarian norms. lit. lang. installed in the 2nd floor. 19th century His vocabulary was enriched with lexic. means of Russian and church-glory, languages. Maked. lit. lang. decorated in ser. 20th century Lit. serbo-horv. lang. formed in the 1st floor. 19th century, on a folk-speech basis with the assumption of varying elements, in particular phonetic ones (Ekavian and Iekavian pronunciation). On the basis of the marginal dialects of Serbo-Chorv. lang. and in connection with an old letter. tradition, there are regional lit. languages Chakavian and Kajkavian, functionally limited by the sphere of art. liters, preim. poetry. A special regional language based on Chakavian is developing in Austria. Slovenian. lit. lang. how the system of book and written norms stabilized in the 2nd half. 19th century, its oral variety functions as a collection of local colloquialisms. koine. 9 Bernshtein SB., Essay compares, grammars of glories, languages. [Introduction. Phonetics], M., 1961; his own, Essay will compare, grammars of glories, languages. Alternations. nominal bases. M.. 1974; Napital R., Slav, languages, trans. from Slovenian, M., 1963; Glory, yaz-knowledge. Bibliography, index of literature published in the USSR [from 1918 to 1970]. parts 1-4, M., 1963-73; Mozhaeva I. E., Yuzhnoslav. languages. Annotated bibliography, LNT-ry index, publ. in Russia and in the USSR from 1835 to 1965, M., 1969; Glory, tongues. (Essays on the grammar of Western Slavic and Southern Slavic languages), M., 1977; B o sh to o-v i ch R., Fundamentals of comparison, grammar of glories, languages. Phonetics and word formation, trans. with Serbohorv, M., 1984; Ju rancid J., Juznoslovanski jeziki, Ljubljana, 1957. V. P. Gudkov.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian is the state language of the Republic of Bulgaria, which is spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of this country. Together with Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian, it is part of the subgroup of South Slavic languages. More than 11 million native speakers of Bulgarian live in Bulgaria and the adjacent territories of Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia and Macedonia, as well as in the regions of Dobruja and Banat in Romania; a number of speakers live in Ukraine and Moldova.

The origin of the ethnonym "Bulgarian" is connected with the name of the Turkic tribe Bulgars. In 680 AD the Bulgars subjugated the Slavic population in the territory of modern northeastern Bulgaria, but were quickly assimilated by the Slavs, leaving a trace in the Bulgarian language only in the form of a small number of Turkisms. There are three periods in the history of the Bulgarian language: Old Bulgarian, very close to Old Slavonic (10th-11th centuries), Middle Bulgarian (12th-15th centuries) and New Bulgarian (starting from the 16th century). The formation of the modern Bulgarian literary language dates back to the 1820s-1830s, when interest arose in the problems of public education; Its origins lie in the national revival of the second half of the 18th century, marked by the publication in 1762 of the Slavic-Bulgarian history of Paisius of Hilandar.

The Bulgarian language uses the Cyrillic alphabet in writing, while the letters “E”, “Y” and “Yo” are absent in it. Unlike most Slavic languages, the cases have almost disappeared in the Bulgarian language, but the definite, indefinite and so-called "zero" articles are used. The phonetics of Bulgarian speech is distinguished by the rarer use of palatalized consonants in comparison with other Slavic languages. Lexically, the Bulgarian language is quite close to Church Slavonic and still contains many words that are considered archaic in the East Slavic languages. For historical reasons, the Bulgarian language contains many words of Turkic origin.

The South Slavic languages are a group of Slavic languages that includes Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian (Serbo-Croatian), Macedonian, and Slovene. Distributed on the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent territory: in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, as well as in neighboring countries (Greece, Albania, Austria, Hungary, Romania, USSR), in other European countries, in America (mainly the USA and Canada) and in Australia. The total number of speakers is over 30 million people.

They are divided into 2 subgroups: eastern (Bulgarian and Macedonian) and western (Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian). Yu. i. ascend, like all Slavic languages, to the Proto-Slavic language. While maintaining closeness with each other and with other Slavic languages at all levels of the language, significant differences are also found. In each of them, elements of the Proto-Slavic heritage are interspersed with innovations. General features that characterize Yu. Ya. as a single group: Proto-Slavic combinations ort, olt at the beginning of a word with descending intonation were transformed into rat, lat, and not rot, lot, as in other Slavic languages (cf .: Bulgarian “equal”, “lakt”, Macedonian “ramen” ”, “Lakot”, Serbo-Chorvian “raven”, “lakat”, Slovene raven, lakat and Russian “smooth”, “elbow”, Czech rovne, loket); the ancient nasal k in most South Slavic dialects has changed to "e"; differences in nominal inflections are revealed: masculine and neuter nouns have a solid declension in Yu. Ya. the ending -om prevailed (with the West Slavic and East Slavic endings -ъм); nouns with -a soft declension in the genitive singular and nominative and accusative plurals have the ending?k [with West Slavic and East Slavic m (?)]; the polyfunctional union "yes" is widely used; ancient common South Slavic lexical units are known that are absent or little known among Western and Eastern Slavs (for example, a verb with the meaning `to step': Bulgarian "gazya", Macedonian "gazi", Serbo-Chorv. "gaziti", Slovenian. gaziti.

Phonetics Yu. Ya. - the result of the transformation of the Proto-Slavic phonetic system. Reduced vowels have disappeared or turned into full vowels of varying quality, cf. lexemes with the meaning `dream', `day', `today (today)": Bulgarian "son", "den", "dnes", Macedonian "sleep", "den", "denes", Serbo-Chorv. "san ”, “dan” (in the dialects of these languages, also “sen”, “son”, “den”, “dn”), “danas”, Slovenian sen, dan, danes, denes; nasal vowels have changed with the loss of nasal articulation, cf. Proto-Slavic roka `hand', Bolg. "rka", maked. "Raka", Serbo-Chorv. "hand", Slovenian. roca; Praslav pkt `five', Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Chorvian 'pet', Slovak pet. Ancient m (?) is replaced by vowels ranging from 'i' to 'a'; the western subgroup phonologically distinguishes between long and short vowels, in the eastern (including the eastern dialects of the Serbo-Croatian language) quantitative differences are lost. Consonantism is characterized by affricates varying in languages and dialects, changes in the category of hardness / softness: consistent hardening of semi-soft consonants in the western zone, widespread hardening " r ". Accentuation is diverse: in the eastern subgroup, the stress is monotonic, in Bulgarian and the eastern dialects of the Serbo-Croatian language it is variegated, in Macedonian it is fixed; in most of the territory of the western zone, i.e. in the Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian languages, the stress is polytonic, heterogeneous, tonic characteristics and distribution of stress in word forms are different in dialects.

The historical development of the grammatical system in Yu. Ya. marked by a non-uniform reorganization of the structure in languages and dialects. In the Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, the nominal declension and the infinitive have been lost, instead of the old forms of degrees of comparison, prefixed formations have appeared, the article has appeared, these same features arose in the process of development of a number of other languages of the Balkan region (Albanian, Greek, Romanian). However, a complex system of forms of the past tense has been preserved. In Slovene and in many dialects of Serbo-Croatian, the declension is stable, but the forms of simple past tenses have disappeared or are disappearing. The Slovenian language has retained the forms of the dual number and supina. The loss of declension forms in the Eastern subgroup was associated with transformations in syntax - with an increased development of prepositional constructions.

In the vocabulary of Yu. I. with the predominance of Slavic formations, stratifications are revealed that arose as a result of contacts with a foreign-speaking population in the Balkans. Numerous borrowings from the Turkish language, there are borrowings from the Greek language, Romance languages and dialects, from German and Hungarian. There are many internationalisms in literary languages, as well as borrowings from the Russian language. The oldest literary Slavic language, the Old Church Slavonic language, which arose in the 9th century, had a great influence on all Slavic languages. Ancient alphabets: Cyrillic and Glagolitic. Modern speakers of the Serbo-Croatian language use a script based on the converted Cyrillic and Latin alphabets, Slovenes use the Latin alphabet, Bulgarians and Macedonians use the Cyrillic script. Cyrillic has been converted based on the Russian civil script. The Glagolitic alphabet functioned until the first half of the 20th century. as a regional church letter among the Croats.

Modern South Slavic literary languages were formed in unequal socio-historical conditions, at different times and typologically differ significantly. The norms of the Bulgarian literary language were established in the second half of the 19th century. His dictionary was enriched with lexical means of Russian and Church Slavonic languages. The Macedonian literary language was formalized in the middle of the 20th century. The literary Serbo-Croatian language was formed in the first half of the 19th century. on a folk-speech basis with the assumption of varying elements, in particular phonetic ones (Ekavian and Iekavian pronunciation). Based on the marginal dialects of the Serbo-Croatian language and in connection with the old written tradition, there are regional literary languages Chakavian and Kajkavian, functionally limited to the sphere of fiction, mainly poetry. A special regional language based on Chakavian is developing in Austria. The Slovene literary language, as a system of book and written norms, stabilized in the second half of the 19th century; its oral variety functions as a collection of local colloquial koine.

South Slavic languages and dialects - a general designation for the languages of the southern Slavs: Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian and Sloven, with their dialects, sub-dialects and dialects. These languages differ in more or less sharp and characteristic features from other Slavic languages and dialects, and at the same time, no sharp differences can be found between the individual languages and dialects of this group.

Modern Slavic languages. general characteristics

Today, 12 relatively large Slavic literary languages are distinguished:

4 South Slavic (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian);

5 West Slavic (Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian);

3 East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian).

Perhaps Serbian, Croatian and even Bosnian should already be separated.

South Slavic literary languages

Bulgarian language.

The lingvonim is Bulgarian ezik. The first written monuments date back to the 10th century. The writing system is Cyrillic. Analytical language.

Phonetics features:

There are no long and short vowels;

- [g], [w], [j], [h] - semi-soft, other consonants can be hard and soft;

The consonants do not soften before the front vowels, but become soft before the back vowels: mlyako, bryag;

The consonants have lost their softness at the end of the word and before the consonants: den / day /, request / request /;

Final consonants are deafened, there is also assimilation in deafness - sonority;

The stress is forceful, different-placed, mobile.

Morphological features:

The declension system has been completely lost, but the vocative form has been preserved;

Simple past tenses have been preserved;

The infinitive is lost;

The verb has three conjugations.

The Bulgarian language was written in the 10th century. It is extremely difficult to distinguish Old Church Slavonic from Old Bulgarian. The Bulgarians themselves do not use the term "Old Church Slavonic", but speak of " Old Bulgarian» language. The same term was used by A. A. Shakhmatov. Bulgarian writing developed successfully until the 14th century. Already at this time, the tendency towards analyticism makes itself felt: nouns and adjectives cease to decline. At the end of the XIV century. after the conquest of Bulgaria by the Turks, the book tradition was actually lost. In Russian journals of the early 19th century. they even wrote that the Bulgarian language had already gone out of use, and all Bulgarians were "turkified". All hopes for the revival of the Bulgarians associated with Russia. Long before the Russian troops in 1877-1878. liberated Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke, other assistance was provided, perhaps no less important. The first history of the Bulgarians and the first grammar of the Bulgarian language were written by the Russian scientist of Ukrainian origin Y. Venelin (1802-1839), who devoted his whole short life to the revival of the Bulgarians. Y. Venelin was buried in the St. Danilov Monastery, a memorial plaque was installed on his grave, on which it is written in Bulgarian "Bulgaria is grateful".

A very characteristic feature of the Bulgarian language is that on the basis of the demonstrative pronoun, the definite article was formed, while it is written together with the word. For example, the word book denotes a book in general, but when it comes to some specific, already named book, one must say books.

Only in the 19th century, after the acquisition of independence by Bulgaria, did the Bulgarian literary language revive again. It is formed on the basis of folk dialects without any connection with the ancient tradition. A significant role in the development of the Bulgarian literary language was played by the work of Hristo Botev (1848-1876) and Ivan Vazov (1850-1921). The Bulgarian literary language was significantly influenced by the Russian literary language.

Serbo-Croatian

Linguonyms: among the Serbs - Srpsko-Hrvatsky jezik, among the Croats - hghatsko-srpski jeik. The first monuments date back to the 20th century; literary language was formed in the XIX. The writing system is Cyrillic among the Serbs, Montenegrins; Latin - among the Croats. Inflectional language.

One of the dialects of the Serbo-Croatian language - Kajkavian - forms a transitional band from Serbo-Croatian to Bulgarian.

It should be borne in mind that the South Slavic languages are less united than the West Slavic and East Slavic languages. Two subgroups are usually distinguished here - the Bulgarian-Macedonian and the Serbo-Croatian. To a certain extent, this is due to historical reasons: the formation of the Balkan language union, as a result of which the language of the Bulgarians and Macedonians was influenced by non-Slavic languages, very different in structure: Romanian (Romance group), Albanian and New Greek (single languages in the Indo-European family of languages ).

Differences in the history, religion, writing system of Serbs and Croats led to the emergence of two subgroups of the Serbo-Croatian language: Croatian (Zagreb) and Serbian (Belgrade). Sometimes the first subgroup is also called western, and the second - eastern.

The peculiarity of the subgroups of the Serbo-Croatian language is manifested mainly in the vocabulary: “ bread": srbsk. - leb, hrvt. - kruch; « a week": srbsk. week, hrvt. - sedmica.

Features of the Serbo-Croatian language in the field of phonetics:

The presence of musical stress;

Vowels can be long or short;

Final consonants are not stunned;

There is no softening of consonants before front vowels;

Soft consonants are indicated by letters j, Љ, Њ, ћ, ђ, the rest of the consonants are solid;

The sound [p] is syllable-forming: etc״ st, wed״ bin;

The sound [x] is weakened, therefore it is either not pronounced (vm. bread - leb) or replaced by "j" or "in": muwa (fly), ki jati (sneeze);

Features in the field of morphology:

Three declensions;

The vocative form has been preserved;

All simple and compound past tenses of the verb have been preserved;

The infinitive is retained, although sometimes it is replaced by a construction consisting of a particle "Yes" and the personal form of the present tense: let's go for the sake of it(Russian IM going to work);

Three verb conjugations: 1 - thematic vowel "a" (look),П - thematic vowel "e" (guinea), Ш - thematic vowel "and" (see).

The first monuments in Serbo-Croatian were written in the 12th century. However, from the end of the 14th century, as in Bulgaria, the book tradition was interrupted due to the Turkish conquest. By the 19th century two independent centers of the literary language are gradually taking shape - in Belgrade (Serbs) and in Zagreb (Croats). The people, related in language and origins, was torn apart not only by state, but also by religious borders. The Serbs remained Orthodox, the Croats adopted Catholicism. Bosnians became Muslims. In this regard, the writing systems turned out to be oriented to different cultural and historical areas: the Serbs still use the Cyrillic script, while the Croats use the Latin-based script. The Latin alphabet appeared among the Croats due to the fact that from the 16th century they became part of Hungary and adopted Catholicism. Before this period, the Glagolitic alphabet was used.

The relatively independent development of the Serbian and Croatian literary languages continued until the middle of the 19th century, but sensible representatives of both the Serbian and Croatian intelligentsia understood that the dispersion of bookishness could lead to the loss of both written traditions. Thanks primarily to the efforts of Vuk Karadzic (1787-1864), in 1850 an agreement was signed between the cultural figures of Serbia and Croatia on a single Serbo-Croatian language. Of great importance for the consolidation of the new literary language were the folklore texts collected and published by V. Karadzic, mostly of a song nature. With their originality, the songs he collected made a huge impression on the entire Slavic world: songs from the collection of V. Karadzic were translated into Russian by A.S. Pushkin. A.X. Vostokov, A.N. Maikov and others. The folklore principle was dominant in the poetry of the Serbs and Croats for almost the entire duration of the 19th century.

The uniqueness of the Serbo-Croatian language, in general, limited in the number of speakers, was that it served several nations at once living in adjacent territories.

Under the conditions of national rapprochement, some residents of Yugoslavia refused to determine their nationality according to the proposed traditional division and indicated “Yugoslav” in the “nationality” column during the census, identifying themselves exclusively with their country of residence. It should be borne in mind that the Serbo-Croatian language was mostly spoken by the Slovenes and Macedonians living in Yugoslavia. Up to the middle of the 20th century. The Serbo-Croatian literary language developed in general according to the precepts of V. Karadzic: two pronunciation norms were adopted (Belgrade - Serbian and Zagreb - Croatian), two alphabetic systems (Cyrillic and Latin) were allowed to be used, lexical differences were recorded between the two varieties of the literary language (in general insignificant).

In the 70s. 20th century between Serbs and Croats there was a split, which ultimately led to the collapse of Yugoslavia. Probably, today there is every reason to talk about two languages - Serbian and Croatian. True, there is a problem with Montenegrins and Muslims: what language do they now speak, if until now they spoke Serbo-Croatian? Of course, it is possible to announce the existence of separate Montenegrin and Muslim (or Bosnian) languages, but this will be a purely political decision that does not correspond to any linguistic reality.

Macedonian language

The lingvonim is Make "Donski jazik. The first written monuments date back to the 19th century. The writing system is Cyrillic. The language is analytical.

In the field of phonetics and graphics:

Soft [n "] and [l"] are transmitted in the same letters as in the Serbian script; in other cases, softness is indicated by the icon "above the letter: g", k";

Smooth [p] - syllabic: prvo (right);

- [x] at the beginning of the word is lost: leb (bread), in other positions it is replaced by “v”: zedov (zedoh – sigh);

The stress in polysyllabic words falls on the third syllable from the end: make "donski", in two-syllable words - on the first syllable: ja "zik.

In the field of morphology:

An analytical way of expressing the relationship between words: mi "rizba on se" noto (smell of hay);

The vocative form has not been preserved;

The Macedonian language is the only one among the Slavic languages where there is a special category of proximity - remote and: proximity is conveyed by suffixes - o, -va, -vo, remoteness -on, -na, -no;

The infinitive is lost;

All simple and complex forms of the past tense of verbs have been preserved.

The Macedonian language is closest to the Bulgarian language. It is the youngest Slavic literary language. It received official status only after the Second World War, when the Macedonian Socialist Republic appeared as part of Yugoslavia.

The problem of the literary Macedonian language is one of the most painful in Slavic studies. In ancient times, Macedonia was part of the First Bulgarian Kingdom. Many monuments of the Old Church Slavonic language were created in this territory. After Bulgaria lost its political independence, the problem of the territorial community of Macedonia and Bulgaria did not arise, since until the middle of the 19th century. All these lands were part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1877, the territory of the Balkans was liberated by Russian troops. According to the original peace treaty, the state of Bulgaria was to be formed, which was to include the lands of Macedonia. After 9 months, Russia, weakened by the war, was forced to sign a new treaty, according to which Macedonia was no longer part of Bulgaria. Until now, the Slavists of Bulgaria believe that the Macedonian dialects are an organic continuation of the Bulgarian ones and do not recognize the separate status of the Macedonian literary language, considering it a variant of Bulgarian. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Macedonia became an independent state. The Macedonian literary language has not yet been marked by significant literary achievements. In the sources available to us, texts in Macedonian are mostly translations from other languages or songs of a folklore nature. We should probably agree with the Bulgarian Slavists that the differences between the Macedonian language and Bulgarian do not exceed the differences between dialects of the same language.

The development of the literary Macedonian language began after the 2nd World War. The basis is the central dialects of the Macedonian language, where the influence of the Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian languages is weakest ”The spelling was established in 1945, the first school grammar was published in 1946. The letter is close to the Serbian graphics.

Slovenian

Linguonym - slovenski jezik

The first written monuments date back to the 10th century. The literary language was formed in the 16th century. The writing system is Latin (in the Croatian version). The language is inflectional.

The fact that the first written monuments date back to the 10th century allowed the Slavic scholar Mikloshich to assert that all Old Church Slavonic texts were written in Old Slovene. This idea is not shared by most scientists.

In the field of phonetics:

There are short and long vowels, long ones are stressed;

The consonants have lost their softness before front vowels;

Soft consonants only [n] and;

- [r] syllable-forming smooth.

In the field of morphology:

The vocative form has been lost;

The dual number is preserved;

Soupin has been preserved;

Simple verbal past tenses are lost.

In general, the Slovenian language is characterized by a high degree of dialect fragmentation. Therefore, the literary language unites people who speak different dialects. Like Croats, Slovenes use the Latin alphabet.

After the collapse of Yugoslavia, Slovenia for the first time in its centuries-old history acquired the status of an independent state. This will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the development of the language.

The oldest monument of the Slovenian language dates back to the 10th-11th centuries. These are the famous Freisingen passages, which are texts of religious content written in Latin. Already this monument reflects the features inherent exclusively in the Slovene language, which are absent in other Slavic languages. The territories of residence of Slovenes are drawn into the sphere of influence, first of the state of the Franks, then of Austria. Written language in Slovenian does not develop; the language of culture at this time is Latin and German. With the spread of Protestantism, the revival of the Slovenian language also begins. In 1550, Primoz Trubar (1508-1586) publishes the first book, a primer, in Slovene; in 1584 Yuri Dalmatin published the complete text of the Bible in Slovenian. In the 17th century Catholic reaction stops the development of the Slovene language. Favorable conditions for its functioning again develop in the 18th century. The final formation of this literary language takes place in the 19th century. The national poet of Slovenes is Franz Prešern (1800-1849). In his work, the possibilities of the Slovenian language found the highest expression.

Rusyn language

Linguonym: Russian language. (The Rusyns call their language that, and the Russian language is the Russian language).

This is a microlanguage. It is conditionally considered by us as South Slavic

Written monuments and literary form date back to the 20th century. The writing system is Cyrillic. The language is inflectional.

Rusyns in the 16th century moved from mixed Ukrainian-Slovak villages. They lived in the territory that belonged to Austria-Hungary.

The First Grammar was published in 1923. Spelling rules - in 1971 Cyrillic is close to the Ukrainian version.

The stress is fixed, on the penultimate syllable. Difficult past times have survived.

Rusyns consider themselves part of the Ukrainian people, but they call the Rusyn language their native language (“mother's conversation”).