The linguistic norm is a historical phenomenon. The emergence of language norms is associated with the formation and allocation in the national language of a processed and fixed variety in writing - literary language.

literary norm language- this is the generally accepted use of language means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, their forms, syntactic constructions. The main property of the norms is that they are obligatory for all those who speak and write in Russian.

In a broad sense, the language norm means such means and methods of speech that spontaneously formed spontaneously over many centuries and which usually distinguish one type of language from others. From this point of view, professional jargon or the South Russian “akanye” (the emphasis on the vowel sound “a” in oral speech) is normative in its own way.

It is important for us to understand the language norm in the narrow sense - this is the result of the codification of the language, i.e. purposeful ordering of everything related to the language and its application. The results of codifying activity (linguists do this) are reflected in various dictionaries. We turn to dictionaries for information about the norms of pronunciation (spelling dictionaries), usage (compatibility dictionaries, phraseological dictionaries, etc.), spelling or spelling (spelling dictionary), etc.

Thus, from all the means of the language - lexical, morphological, syntactic, etc. - more preferred options are selected. This process is very lengthy. Speakers play a decisive role in the formation and development of a language.

3. Types of language norms

The norm can be imperative (i.e. strictly obligatory) and dispositive (i.e. not strictly obligatory). imperative the norm does not allow variability in the expression of a linguistic unit, regulating only one way of its expression. Violation of the norm is regarded as poor language skills (for example, errors in declension and conjugation, determining the gender of a word, etc.). Dispositive the norm allows variance, making several ways of expressing a language unit possible at once (for example, Cup of tea and a cup of tea, cottage cheese and cottage cheese etc.). Variation in the use of the same language unit is often a reflection of the transitional stage from an outdated norm to a new one. Variants, modifications or varieties of a given language unit can coexist with its main type (thinking and thinking).

There are three formulas of language norms:

A - correct, B - incorrect (the norm is mandatory, and the option is prohibited);

A - correct, B - correct (cottage cheese and cottage cheese);

A - right in style X, B - correct in style At.

Over time, it is possible to replace the old norm and the birth of a new one.

The norm as a historical category is subject to change, due to the very nature of the language. The variance that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means. The more a specific norm satisfies the communicative requirements (it is communicatively expedient), corresponds to the modern speech situation, the longer it remains unchanged.

Signs of the norm of the literary language:

• - relative stability,
• - ubiquity,
• - generality,
• - compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.
• 3. Language norms are a historical phenomenon. For example, the words graduate student and diploma student = a student doing a thesis (30-40 years).

Applicant \u003d graduated from school \u003d entering the university (30-40 years); now a graduate is a graduate of school, and an applicant is entering a university. Therefore, for references, we recommend referring to dictionaries and grammar books published in the 80-90s of the twentieth century and later.

Variants (or doublets) are varieties of the same language unit that have the same meaning, but differ in form. Some options are not differentiated either semantically or stylistically: Otherwise - otherwise, fathom - fathom stack - stack, workshops - workshops. However, the vast majority of options undergo stylistic differentiation: accountants - accountants, condition - condition, wave - wave (the second options, compared to the first, have a colloquial or colloquial connotation).

Classification of variants: according to belonging to the linguistic types of units, variants are distinguished:

• 1. pronunciation (bakery - buloshnaya, woman - woman, rains - doji, etc .;
• 2. inflectional (tractors - tractors, in the shop - in the shop, hectares - hectares, etc.);
• 3. word-formation (cutting-cutting, flashing-piercing, stuffing-stuffing, etc.);
• 4. syntactic: a) prepositional control (ride the tram-ride the tram), b) non-prepositional control (wait for the plane-wait for the plane);
• 5. lexical (movie-film-film, international-international).
• 4. In the linguistic literature of recent years, two types of norms are distinguished: imperative and dispositive.

Imperative (that is, strictly obligatory) are such holes, the violation of which is regarded as a poor command of the Russian language (for example, a violation of the norms of declension, conjugation, or belonging to the grammatical gender). These norms do not allow options, any other implementation of them is considered incorrect: they call, my corn, wash your hair with shampoo.

Dispositive (replenishing, not strictly obligatory) norms allow stylistically different or neutral options: Else-otherwise, stack-stack, croutons-croutons (colloquial), thinking-thinking (obsolete), brown-brown, grade-book, three went students-three students went. The assessment of options in this case is not categorical, they are softer: better or worse, more appropriate, stylistically more justified.

Violations of certain letters of norms are qualified as speech errors (in the broadest sense of the word).

The norms of the literary language reflect the originality of the Russian national language, contribute to the preservation of the linguistic tradition, the cultural heritage of the past. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the national language to remain holistic, generally understandable, to fulfill its main function - cultural.

There are norms: orthoepic (stress and pronunciation), lexical, grammatical (morphological and syntactic).

Orthoepic norms - literary pronunciation of words of their forms. These norms are presented in a number of explanatory and orthoepic dictionaries, as well as in reference books on the Russian language and pronunciation.

Lexical norms are the norms of word usage, the use of words in accordance with their inherent meaning, taking into account possible compatibility with other words. Lexical norms are fixed in explanatory dictionaries and fixed by a set of rules that are given in introductory articles to these dictionaries. First of all, the vocabulary of the literary language contributes to the approval of the norm. The same words that are not literary, although they are included in the dictionary, are supplied with marks: region (regional), space. (colloquial), etc.

Under the grammatical (morphological and syntactic) norms is understood the generally accepted and mandatory use of word forms and syntactic constructions. Most of the grammatical norms are formulated in the form of certain grammar rules and are studied at school (for example, the norms of declension, conjugation of words, agreement, building sentences of a particular structure, etc.). Grammatical norms are set out in the school grammar textbook, academic grammar, grammar reference books, etc.

In addition, it is customary to talk about the norm of spelling, phraseological, word-formation, punctuation, stylistic.

Phraseological norms can be defined as fixed phrases in the literary language, which, like words, have their own semantics and are characterized by the constancy of the composition of their components. Phraseological norms can be consulted in phraseological dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries (at the end of the dictionary entry - after interpreting the meanings of a particular word; they are given in bold), as well as in various collections of catchwords and expressions, in dictionaries of proverbs and sayings, etc. etc. In many classifications, phraseological norms are included in lexical norms.

Spelling and punctuation are spelling rules / rules, spelling rules and punctuation rules, punctuation rules. Russian language linguistics

The stylistic norm is the expedient and appropriate use in speech (in a particular style of speech) of language means that are in conditions of stylistic correlation, and therefore have contrasting stylistic properties (for example, such as neutral-bookish, neutral-colloquial, neutral-bookish - colloquial, etc.; compare: things-property; gift-gift; fake-linden; nonsense-nonsense, nonsense; come-arrive-roll, etc.), as well as linguistic means that are outside the conditions of stylistic correlation , but assigned to one or another functional style.

LECTURE 2. LANGUAGE NORM AND ITS FEATURES. OPTIONS, TYPES OF NORMS

Plan:

The concept of a language norm

Norm options.

Norm types.

4. Orthoepy as a science

5. Accent options

1. The Russian language unites the nation and at the same time is an integral and important part of our national culture, reflecting the history of the people and their spiritual quest. Modern Russianists, and in particular, experts in the culture of speech, rightly say that the Russian language, reflecting our national virtues, no less clearly shows all our troubles. The problem of the correctness of Russian speech, compliance with the norms of the literary language is widely discussed in newspapers and magazines, in radio programs. Deviations from the norms in the public speech of politicians, radio and television announcers, a decrease in the general level of literacy of the population, and especially young people, are condemned. At the same time, there is not a single area of ​​human knowledge, human activity, for which a bad, confusing, illiterate professional or everyday speech of a performer would be a boon. A graduate of any university - technical or humanitarian, must be literate, have a culture of speech.

The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance with language norms.

What is included in this concept? Let's offer a definition.

The norm of the language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of language means, the uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of the elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.

The linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposite features. We list the most important of them and give the necessary commentary.

1. Relative stability and stability language norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of the language, which is constantly developing along with the creator and native speaker - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, change. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources 100 years old, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of closet), zhyra(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returnedhis(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of necessarily), need to(instead of necessary) etc.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized prevalence and obligatory nature compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to "manage" the elements of speech. On the other hand, one can also talk about "linguistic pluralism" the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (the author of the speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition and source authority, should also be kept in mind author's individuality able to violate the norms, which, of course, is justified in certain situations of communication.

In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Norms of the language are obligatory for both oral and written speech. It must be understood that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a particular communicative situation.

In general, the literary norm enshrined all the best that was created in the speech behavior of representatives of this society. It is necessary because it helps to preserve the integrity and intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from vernacular, dialectisms, and jargon.

The modern literary language, not without the influence of the media, noticeably changes its status: the norm becomes less rigid, variance is allowed; it focuses not on inviolability and universality, but rather on communicative expediency. Therefore, the norm today is often not so much a ban on something as a choice.

The concept of a norm does not exist without its violation. But the specificity of the cultural and speech norm is that it does not provide for any sanctions as opposed to, say, legal norms or norms of social behavior. Meanwhile, only the actual knowledge of cultural and speech norms, their approval and dissemination in society contributes to the adequate development of the language.

2. The change in language norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants (doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of the norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the Orthoepic Dictionary, the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, the Dictionary of Word Combination, etc.

Exist 3 degrees of normativity:

– norm of the 1st degree- strict, rigid, not allowing options (for example, put, but not lie down; t, call but not calls; socks, but not sock);

– norm of the 2nd degree- less strict, allowing equal options, combined in a dictionary entry by the union "and" (for example, right and ,  right blinds(cf. and pl.), immoral and immoral);

– norm of the 3rd degree- the most mobile, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by a note "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or only a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic."(poetic), "prof."(professional) etc. For example: bank sprat(additional sprats),cup tea(additional expansion tea), compass(prof. compass).

The norm of the 1st degree is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degree - dispositive rules.

At present, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that the language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, a deviation from the norm is possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of the norms that exist in the literary language.

3. In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(gr. correct speech) - the norms of stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors interfere with the perception of the speaker's speech. The social role of correct pronunciation is very great, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the process of communication.

In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Russian Stress, Orthoepic Dictionary, Dictionary of Oral Speech Difficulties, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive marks: “ no rivers."(Not recommended), "not right."(not right), "rude."(rough), "bran."(swear words), etc.

2. lexical rules, or norms of word usage are: a) the use of the word in the meanings that it has in the modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymic series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of the word. Note that morphological norms primarily include: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When building a phrase, it is necessary first of all to remember about management; when building a sentence, one should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using adverbial phrases, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under the general name - grammar rules.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) and punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (writing a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (punctuation marks).

4 . Each literary language exists in two forms - oral and written - and is characterized by the presence of mandatory norms - lexical, grammatical and stylistic. At the same time, the written form of the language is also subject to spelling and punctuation norms (i.e., spelling rules), and the oral form is subject to pronunciation, or orthoepic, norms.

Word orthoepy- Greek origin: orthos - correct, epos - speech. It denotes both the set of pronunciation rules and the science that studies these rules. Orthoepy is the doctrine of the norms of oral speech: the rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, the patterns of stress.

Good literary pronunciation is one of the important indicators of the general cultural level of a modern person. "The correct pronunciation of a word is no less important than the correct spelling. It is known that incorrect pronunciation distracts the listener's attention from the content of the statement, thereby making it difficult to exchange information ... The role of correct pronunciation has especially increased in our time, when oral public speech at meetings and conferences , on radio and television has become a means of communication between thousands and millions of people".

It is especially important to spread the correct Russian literary pronunciation, since the Russian language is not only the language of the Russian people, but also a means of interethnic communication of all peoples, Russia and one of the international languages ​​of our time.

This is facilitated by special reference and teaching aids, scientific and popular science publications, regular radio and television programs.

5. Accentological variants within the literary norm - an inevitable consequence of the evolution of the language. Usually, they do not differ in either semantic or grammatical meaning. For example: m s shlenie - thinking e, b a rust - barge a, born - born, flooded - flooded, true - true, to the hut - to the hut, to the bridge - to the bridge, etc. There are a lot of such equivalent (in meaning, but not in use) accentological doublets in modern Russian - more than 5000 commonly used words." The variability of stress provides a less abrupt and painful transition from the old literary norm to the new one. For example, the accent is graveyard and was generally accepted in the literary language of the 19th century, a new version of the cemetery began to gradually come into use at the end of the 19th century. The old version is still used in poetry today. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. the current stress was the norm a p. Oscillations (turner and turner) began at the end of the 19th century. and continued until the 1930s. 20th century Now everyone says t about kar, but you can still meet b about ndar and bond a p.

The reasons for the change in emphasis are different. Sometimes with literary rival dialect accent (cf. lit. chum salmon and Far Eastern chum salmon). The stress fluctuates in some little-known, exotic words (pimy - pimy, high boots - high boots).

Variants of stress are common in many loanwords, which associated with the influence of different source languages, and in some cases - and languages ​​​​- "intermediaries . So, in the 30s. the variants revolver and revolver were normative (later - only revolver), since this word was erected to different source languages ​​- French and English. Borrowed in the 18th century. from the German language, the word alcohol was pronounced alcohol, but later, under the influence of the French language, alcohol began to be pronounced. Under the influence of the Polish language, which was an intermediary in borrowing, the stress in the words document, pulpit, heretic, climate fluctuated (now only document, heretic, climate).

Some accentological variants originate or persist in a professional environment : agony (for doctors), atom, atomic (for physicists), spark (for drivers), complex numbers (for mathematicians), report (for sailors), chassis (for pilots), mania (for doctors). In the speech of the miners, the obsolete "in the modern literary language, the emphasis is mining, in the speech of the sailors - the compass. Many obsolete stresses are preserved in poetry. From professional speech came to the literary language of the accent wind, text, cutter, boy. The accentological features of borrowed words are often ignored if the borrowing is carried out with the help of an intermediary language. So, through Latin in the XVI-XVIII centuries. such dissimilar names as England, France, Nor-ge were borrowed, which in Russian received the same type of structural and accentological design: England, France, Norway. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. through the French language, many words were borrowed from various Western European languages, which received in Russian the stress on the last syllable characteristic of the French language, including English Liverpool, Milton; Hamlet, Shakespeare, Newton, etc.

Words borrowed through Turkic media usually have an accent on the last syllable, even if this accent does not correspond to the original one: Mohammed, Akhmet (cf. Arabic Ahmad, Muhammad).

For the Russian language, the stress is most typical on the last two syllables, therefore, most often, the stress of the source language remains unchanged in the words of French, Polish and Turkic languages. Words borrowed from the Germanic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages, in which the stress on the first syllable prevails, are perceived as borrowed for a longer time, and in the process of mastering the Russian language, they often experience fluctuations in stress. In some borrowed words, fluctuations in stress last for centuries, as they are supported by vocabulary tradition and poetic speech.

In the XX century. the number of stress fluctuations in borrowed words compared to the 19th century. decreased, which indicates the development of their Russian language.

At present, new fluctuations arise in previously borrowed words, due to the desire to bring the stress of a foreign word closer to the stress in the source language (cf.: Hamlet -> Hamlet, Los Angeles--Los Angeles, Peru-Peru, Newton-Newton, Bacon-Bacon, etc.).

"Newly borrowed words, as a rule, follow the stress of the source language, because in most cases the time for oscillations to occur in them has not yet come. This must be preceded by a certain period during which the words must "take root" in the language, become known to most speakers language and "find" an analogy among the words included in the vocabulary system.

The influence of territorial and social dialects, interlingual contacts, etc., are extralinguistic factors of change and fluctuations in stress. However, intralinguistic reasons turn out to be more important: the influence of analogy, the tendency to dissimilarize grammatical forms and increase the distinctive role of word stress.

Under the influence of analogy, the stress in short forms of passive participles is leveled out: feminine forms are increasingly pronounced with emphasis on the basis, like all other forms, and not on the ending, as they were pronounced before: sold, taken, inclined (instead of the only permissible previously sold, taken , inclined).

The stress in derivative stems is increasingly moving away from the stress in generating ones: whirlwind - swirl (in dictionaries it is also indicated to swirl), luxury - luxurious, tiger - tiger, brake - brake (old stresses are luxurious, tiger, brake), think - thinker, save - deliverer, comfort - comforter (in the 18th - early 19th centuries: thinker, deliverer, comforter). The emphasis was shifted to the suffix -enie in the words calculation, straightening, purpose, melting (in the dictionaries of the 18th century: calculation, straightening, purpose, melting). The original stress of the word intention, provision, concentration is retained, although violations of the literary norm are common: provision, concentration, intention. The stress in the words thinking, discovery, vulgarization, simplification (a linguistic term) and simplification fluctuates within the limits of the literary norm.

A very important pattern of stress change has been established: Russian stress in polysyllabic words tends to the center of the word, and the most common words do not have more than three unstressed syllables in a row.

Obsolete accentological options are fixed in stable phrases, in phraseological units: run your hand over the forehead (what is on the forehead, what is on the forehead), hang it on the wall (climb the wall), the lip is not a fool (but the lower lip), the onset of morning (from morning to morning), twelve languages ​​(twelve languages), about versts (two versts), worried about the fate of his sons (what fates!), cooks porridge (cooks his head), to horses (team: on horses!), bought a goose (like water off a goose), did not know the need (there is no need) .

At the same time, the fixation of accentological variants for different meanings of polysemantic words often turns out to be unstable. Increasingly, the distinction between options such as rolls a barrel and rolls on a bicycle, knocks down and brings down snow, broke through the door and struck the hour, etc. is lost, expanding the scope of use of a more productive option (rolls, knocks, struck).

Pronunciation of combinations -CHN- and -SHN-

The combination ch, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. [ch]: precise, durable. However, in some words, ch is pronounced as [shn]: of course - horse [shn] o, boring - boring [shn] o. In some cases, pronunciation options are acceptable: bulo[sh]aya - bulo[ch]and I. In new words ch pronounced like [ ch]: filming[ch]oh, then[ch]th etc. In some words, the pronunciation [ sh] is deprecated: creamy - plum[sh]th, brown - measles[sh]left(*):

Combinations with unpronounceable consonants.

With the confluence of several consonants between vowels in some combinations, one of the consonants is not pronounced. Such cases are accompanied in the dictionary by the corresponding marks.

1. In combinations stn, zdn and stl consonants are not pronounced [ t] and [ d]: charming - lovely [sn] th, reed - tro [sn] ik, private trader - cha [sn] ik, ladder - l [sn] nitsa, regional - cloud [sn] oh, sixteen - six [sn] eleven, peer - sver [sn] ik, starry - stellar [know] th, late - after [know] o, idle - right [know] th, happy - happy[sl]ivey, envious - envy[sl]willow, compassionate - sting[sl]willow, conscientious - owl[sl]willow. In a number of words belonging to the book style, in combinations stn, zdn and stl consonants [ t] and [ d] are not completely lost: acet ma, glist ny, compost ny, hollyt ny, withoutd on, free of charged ny, braidt left, post lat.

2. Combinations stsk, ntsk and ndsk pronounced with the consonant [ c with] in place of combinations ts and ds: tourist - turi[c with ]cue, racist - race[c with ]cue, amateurish - amateurish[c with ]cue, Irish - Irish[c with ]cue, Icelandic – islan[c with ]cue, scottish - scottish[c with ]cue.

3. In combinations stk, zdk and ntc consonant pronunciation [ t] is saved: jesst cuet ka, weightt ka, hangt ka, trip - poe[witht to]a, bulky - thunderous[witht to]uh, graduate studentt ka, laboratoryt ka, waitert ka, studentt ka. Consonant [ t] is not pronounced in a borrowed word that has long been mastered in colloquial speech dutch (oven) - golla[nk]a.

4. In combinations RDC and rdch consonant [ d] is not pronounced: heart is[rc]e, core - se[rc]evina, heart - behold[RF]ishko.

5. In combinations vstv and lvl first sound [ in] is not pronounced in words feeling hello and keep silent and also in their derivatives: feeling - chu[st]in, feel - chu[st]wow, sensitive - chu[st]poignant, sensual[st]venous; hello - hello[st]wow hello hello[st]howl; be silent - be silent[st]in-vat.

In other cases, in place of the first in in combination vstv pronounced [ f]: obvious - me[f]stvenny.

6. Combined lnts not pronounced consonant [ l]: sun - with[nc]e.

4. AT words of foreign origin, which are not widely used, there are specific features of pronunciation. for example, in words from different fields of science, technology, politics, culture, as well as proper names, there may be a lack of qualitative reduction of unstressed vowels.

1. In the first and second pre-stressed syllables, at the absolute beginning of a word, as well as in stressed syllables at the absolute end of a word after consonants or vowels in place of a letter about pronounced vowel [ about] without the reduction characteristic of Russian words: b[about]a, b[about]rdo, with[about]no, G[about]gene, B[about]dler, b[about]lero, r[about]to[about]ko, M[about]nparnas, M[about]passan,[about]burrow,[about]tello,[about]ttava, t[about]rnad[about], vét[about], credit[about], Karuz[about], Castres[about], Mexico[about], adazi[about], trú[about], how[about], for[about], Toki[about], Fideli[about].

2. In some little-used proper names in pre-stressed syllables, combinations of letters oh, oh, oh, oh and wow are pronounced as they are written, i.e. without reduction: the island of Aogasuma[about]gasuma, city of Oaxaca -[oa]haka, island of Moorea - M[oo]rea, Lourival - L[OU]rival, luoravetlány - l[wow]ravetlans.

3. In non-Russified borrowed words in place of letters e and I unreduced vowels can be pronounced in all prestressed syllables: legato -[l'e]gato, Vespucci -[w'e]sleep, Nero -[AD]ron, gyar -[g'a]Er, Lyashko -[l'a]school, genocide -[g'e]notsud, Benvenýto –[b'env'e]nuto, lambiosis -[l'a]mbioz, Lyatoshunsky -[l'a]Toshno.

4. After [ well], [w] and [ c] in some borrowed words, an unstressed letter e can be pronounced without reduction: masterpiece - sh[uh]Devre, Chenier - W[uh]no, ginseng - well[uh]Nshén, Gerard - F[uh]rár, time trouble - c[uh]ytnot, centuria - c[uh]ntýria, Ceres – C[uh]rera, mielut - mi[uh]lut, piety - pi[uh]tét, chevrolet - w[uh]role, Sheri-dan - Sh[uh]ridan, Gerardin - F[uh]arden.

5. At the beginning of words of foreign origin, as well as after a vowel in place of a letter uh the sound is pronounced [ uh]: ek-ran -[uh]crane, ether -[uh]fur, eucalyptus -[uh]vkalypt, Evry-duka -[uh]vridka, dielectric - di[uh]lecturer, coefficient -to[uh]Officer, Buenventura - Bu[uh]inventory. The pronunciation in these cases of the sound [ and] is wrong, as it gives speech a reduced stylistic coloring.

6. In most words of foreign origin, consonants before e soften. However, in many non-Russified borrowed words, consonants before e do not soften. The labial consonants [ p, b, c, f, m] and dental consonants [ t, d, s, s, n, r]. A special mark is given next to such words in the dictionary. Recently, there has been a tendency to preserve the hardness of the consonant, if such is the pronunciation in the source language. In the prefix de- there is a tendency to soft pronunciation. Some words allow two consonant pronunciations. However, unambiguous rules for the pronunciation of hard-soft consonants before e it is impossible to cite, each case should be checked in a dictionary and memorized.

Questions for self-control:

1. What is the norm of the language and what are its features?

2. What is the inconsistency of the norm?

Introduction

A language norm is a historically conditioned set of commonly used language means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a particular historical period. The language norm is the result of a collective understanding of the language, but is based on the private, individual use of language means in the process of speech activity of each native speaker separately.

norm linguistic literary codification

language norm. Aspects and features

One of the main features of the literary language is its normalization, i.e. the existence of norms.

Language norms(norms of the literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of language means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences). A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as: compliance with the structure of the language; mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers; public approval and recognition. Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional slang, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.

The linguistic norm is defined and studied in at least two aspects.

First of all, the language norm is understood as stable variants of language units fixed in the process of communication. In this case, the norm determines what is widespread in a given period of development of the national language, describes the options that are often found in speech. With this approach, the language norm reflects the words actually used in the language, their forms and pronunciation features, as well as syntactic constructions (sentences). Thus, the norm understood takes into account the frequency of pronouncing the variant sounds (compared to ringing), the variant ahny (compared to them), but in no way evaluates the correctness or incorrectness of the options. One can draw an analogy between such an understanding of the language norm and an indicator of the central tendency in statistics. Just as the indicator of the central trend in statistics does not reflect the assessment of the phenomenon, the most common variants of language units detected by the language norm are not evaluated.

Secondly, the language norm is considered not only as a linguistic, but also as a socio-historical category. In this case, the norm reflects the social aspect of communication, which is manifested not only in the selection and description of linguistic phenomena, but primarily in the system of their assessments. The variants of language units found in speech are not considered as frequent or rare, but as correct or erroneous, appropriate or inappropriate, beautiful or ugly. We can say that the linguistic norm, understood as a socio-historical category, evaluates the linguistic variants described by the linguistic norm, understood linguistically. The assessment of a linguistic phenomenon includes a normative (correct/incorrect), situational (appropriate/inappropriate) and aesthetic (beautiful/ugly) component. The language norm has two constructive features: the plan of functioning and the plan of codification.

Operational plan- this is the "reality" of the norm, i.e., the presentation by speakers and writers (listeners and readers) of what is correct and appropriate in speech, and what is erroneous. This "reality" of the norm is presented in the minds of people unformulated, as a habit. Functioning norms are embodied in everyday speech and do not exist outside the collective. As an example, let's cite the dialogue of schoolchildren standing in front of a shop window: "You can't puddle a bag on the window, you'll break the glass!" - "We must say not to puddle, but to lie!" Both interlocutors use incorrect variants of the verb, however, in the mind of one of them, the variant lie represents a functioning norm, not being a codified norm (the codified norm recommends putting the variant). Functioning norms are formed on the basis of the frequency of the variant in speech experience.

Codification plan- this is an explanation and description of the norms in the specialized literature. Codification involves the awareness of the norm, fixing it in the codes of rules. Such a set of rules may exist separately from the speakers and rarely appear in everyday speech. For example, the normative variant of pronunciation of the provision is very rare even in official speech, being displaced by the non-recommended vernacular variant of the provision. The codified norm is established on the basis of an analysis of functioning norms, socio-historical and cultural conditions of communication.

The norm as a set of stable and unified language means and rules for their use, which are deliberately fixed in dictionaries and textbooks, is a specific feature of the literary language at all stages of its development. The norm of the literary language is developed by specialists on the basis of the analysis of oral and written speech in various situations of communication. It is described both in scientific and mass publications intended for a wide range of readers of different ages. Possession of the literary norm of the native language is one of the indispensable conditions for education. In the dictionary of linguistic terms, the norm is defined as "the most common of the coexisting, entrenched in the practice of exemplary use, language (speech) variants that best perform their function" (Rosenthal, Telenkova 1976: 210).

language norm literary codification

The concept of a norm is usually associated with the idea of ​​correct, literary literate speech, and literary speech itself is one of the aspects of a person’s general culture.

The norm, as a socio-historical and deeply national phenomenon, characterizes, first of all, the literary language - recognized as an exemplary form of the national language. Therefore, the terms "linguistic norm" and "literary norm" are often combined, especially when applied to the modern Russian language, although historically this is not the same thing.

Language norm develops in the real practice of verbal communication, is worked out and fixed in public use as an uzus (Latin usus - use, use, habit); the literary norm is undoubtedly based on the usage, but it is also specially guarded, codified, i.e. legitimized by special regulations (dictionaries, codes of practice, textbooks).

literary norm- these are the rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic language means adopted in social and linguistic practice. The norm is historically mobile, but at the same time stable and traditional, it has such qualities as familiarity and obligatory nature. The stability and traditional nature of the norm explain a certain degree of retrospectiveness of the norm. Despite its fundamental mobility and variability, the norm very carefully opens its borders for innovations, leaving them for the time being on the periphery of the language. A.M. spoke convincingly and simply about this. Peshkovsky: “The norm is what was, and partly what is, but by no means what will be.”

The nature of the norm is two-sided: on the one hand, it contains the objective properties of an evolving language (the norm is the realized possibility of the language), and on the other hand, social taste assessments (the norm is a stable way of expression enshrined in the best examples of literature and preferred by the educated part of society). It is this combination of the objective and the subjective in the norm that creates the somewhat contradictory nature of the norm: for example, the obvious prevalence and general use of a linguistic sign does not always (or at least not immediately) receive approval from the codifiers of the norm. Thus, the living forces that direct the natural course of the development of language (and the consolidation of the results of this development in the norm) collide with the traditions of linguistic taste. The objective norm is created on the basis of the competition of variants of linguistic signs. For the recent past, classical fiction was considered the most authoritative source of the literary norm. At present, the center of norm formation has moved to the mass media (television, radio, periodicals). In accordance with this, the linguistic taste of the era also changes, due to which the very status of the literary language changes, the norm is democratized, it becomes more permeable to the former non-literary language means.

The main reason for changing the norms is the evolution of the language itself, the presence of variance, which ensures the choice of the most appropriate options for linguistic expression. The meaning of expediency, convenience is more and more noticeably included in the concept of exemplary, standard of normative language means.

The norm has a certain set of features that must be present in it in their entirety. K.S. writes in detail about the signs of the norm. Gorbachevich in the book "Word variance and language norm". He identifies three main features: 1) the stability of the norm, conservatism; 2) prevalence of the linguistic phenomenon; 3) the authority of the source. Each of the signs separately can be present in a particular linguistic phenomenon, but this is not enough. In order for a language tool to be recognized as normative, a combination of features is necessary. Thus, for example, errors can be extremely common, and they can persist over a long period of time. Finally, the language practice of a sufficiently authoritative printed organ may turn out to be far from ideal. As for the authoritativeness of the artists of the word, then there are special difficulties in assessing, since the language of fiction is a phenomenon of a special plan and high artistry is often achieved precisely as a result of free, not according to strict rules, use of the language.

The quality (sign) of the stability of the norm manifests itself in different ways at different language levels. Moreover, this sign of the norm is directly related to the systemic nature of the language as a whole, therefore, at each language level, the ratio of “norm and system” manifests itself to varying degrees, for example, in the field of pronunciation, the norm depends entirely on the system (cf. the laws of alternation of sounds, assimilation, pronunciation of groups consonants, etc.); in the field of grammar, the system gives out schemes, models, samples, and the norm - speech implementations of these schemes, models; in the field of vocabulary, the norm is less dependent on the system - the content plan dominates the expression plan, moreover, the systemic relationships of lexemes can be adjusted under the influence of a new content plan. In any case, the sign of the stability of the norm is projected onto the linguistic consistency (an extra-systemic linguistic means cannot be stable, sustainable).

Thus, the norm, having the listed features, implements the following criteria for its evaluation: systemic criterion (stability), functional criterion (prevalence), aesthetic criterion (source authority).

An objective linguistic norm is formed spontaneously by choosing the most convenient, expedient variant of a linguistic means, which becomes widespread and widely used. A strictly enforced rule in this choice is compliance with the language system. However, such a spontaneously established norm will not necessarily be officially recognized yet. We need codification of the norm, its legitimization through official regulations (fixation in normative dictionaries, sets of rules, etc.). This is where some difficulties arise in the form of resistance to the new norms on the part of codifiers or the public, and finally, some group of professionals or "lovers of literature". As a rule, it looks like a ban on everything new. Purism is the desire, out of conservative motives, to keep something (for example, in a language) unchanged, to protect it from innovations (purism - French purisme, from Latin purus - clean).

Purism is different. In the history of Russian literature, for example, ideological purism associated with the name of A.S. Shishkov, Russian writer, president of the Russian Academy since 1813, later minister of public education, who acted as an archaist who did not tolerate any innovations in the language, especially borrowed ones. In our time, one can encounter gustatory purism, when linguistic facts are evaluated from the everyday positions “it cuts or does not cut the ear” (it is clear that the ear can have different sensitivity), as well as scientist purism, which deserves more attention, because it is able to influence development of recommendations. Most often, these are the emotions of a bibliophile, who is a prisoner of tradition. This is revealed in prohibitive recommendations placed in dictionaries, manuals, etc. In part, such purism can be useful, it has the quality of a deterrent.

The norm is based on the usage, the custom of use, the codified norm officially legitimizes the usage (or in some special cases rejects it), in any case, codification is a conscious activity. Since codifiers, both individual scientists and creative teams, may have different views and attitudes, different degrees of manifestation of prohibitive intentions, recommendations in officially published documents often do not coincide, especially with regard to stylistic marks in dictionaries, fixing a number of grammatical forms, etc. . Such disagreements testify not so much to the fact that different criteria can be used when covering linguistic facts, when establishing a norm, but to the inconsistency of the linguistic material itself: the language is rich in variant forms and structures, and the problem of choice sometimes turns out to be difficult. In addition, the "language policy" of the moment is also taken into account. At different stages of the life of society, it declares itself in different ways. The term originated in the 1920s and 1930s. and means conscious interference in speech practice, the adoption of protective measures in relation to it. At present, the state of our statehood and the state of society are such that no one even thinks about protective measures in relation to social and speech practice. The literary norm is clearly being shaken, and above all by the mass media. The phrase "linguistic lawlessness" began to be used along with others, where the internal form of this former slang word (lack of measure in anything that is evaluated negatively) is actively manifested - administrative lawlessness, legal lawlessness, lawlessness of power, army lawlessness, etc. This word became so widely used (in different contexts) that even in dictionaries it acquired new marks, in particular, in the Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.Yu. Shvedova of the 90s of the edition, the word is presented with the mark “colloquial”, although before this period the word was not included at all in this dictionary as belonging to criminal jargon. The modern popularity of the word could not go unnoticed in the linguistic environment: articles are devoted to it, many pages in monographs.

So, the codification of the norm is the result of normalizing activity, and the codifiers, observing the speech practice, fix the norm that has developed in the language itself, giving preference to the option that is most relevant for a given time.