Compositional structure of the research work

The composition of the research work is the sequence of the main parts of the research. The composition of the research work includes the following parts: title page, abstract and scientific article.

Title page contains the following attributes: titles of the conference and work, information about the author (last name, first name, patronymic, educational institution, group) and supervisors (surname, first name, patronymic, position, place of work).

annotation is a brief description of the work andshould contain the most important information about the work and include the following information: the purpose of the work, the methods and techniques that were used in the work, the data obtained; findings. The abstract is printed on one page and contains: the title (title of the work, full name of the author, locality, educational institution, class), then in the middle the word "Abstract", then the text of the annotation.

Research Article

The scientific article (description of the work) must contain:

Introduction

main part

Conclusion

List of used sources and literature.

In the table of contents the main headings of the work, introduction, titles of chapters and paragraphs, conclusion, list of references, titles of appendices and corresponding page numbers should be included.

Introduction should include the formulation of the problem statement, reflect the relevance of the topic, determine the goals and objectives set for the performer of the work, a brief review of the literature and sources used, the degree of study of this issue, and a description of the personal contribution of the work to solving the chosen problem.

Main part should contain information collected and processed by the researcher, namely a description of the main facts under consideration, a description of the methods for solving the problem, a comparison of previously existing and proposed solution methods known to the author, justification of the chosen solution option (efficiency, visibility, practical significance, etc.). The main part is divided into chapters.

In custody in a concise form, the conclusions and results obtained by the author are formulated. Directions for further research and proposals for the possible practical use of the results of the study.

AT bibliographypublications, editions and sources used by the author are recorded. Information about each publication should include in strict sequence: the author's surname, initials, title of the publication, imprint of the publisher, year of publication, issue number (if the publication is periodical), number of pages. All publications must be numbered and arranged in alphabetical order.

The report may contain applications with illustrative material (drawings, diagrams, maps, tables, photographs, etc.), which should be related to the main content.

The conceptual apparatus of the study

Relevance - the initial and mandatory stage of any research work. Therefore, the introduction should begin with a justification of the relevance of the chosen research topic. The relevance of the research topic is the degree of its importance at the moment and in this situation for solving a specific problem. Relevance coverage should not be wordy.

Disclosure of the relevance of the research topic may be due to:

With a lack of knowledge of the chosen topic. In this case, the study is relevant precisely because certain aspects of the topic have not been fully studied and the study is aimed at overcoming this gap;

With the possibility of solving a specific practical problem based on the data obtained in the study.

One of these directions, or both together, usually figure in the characterization of this element of the conceptual apparatus of scientific research. A formal statement of relevance is unacceptable, which is often found in students' research papers. The relevance of the topic of the proposed study is of decisive importance.

An undoubted indicator of relevance is the presence Problems in this area of ​​research.

Defining a research problem is a rather difficult task. Any scientific research is carried out in order to overcome certain difficulties in the process of learning new phenomena, to explain previously unknown facts, or to reveal the incompleteness of old ways of explaining known facts. These difficulties in the most distinct form manifest themselves in problem situations that require their solution. This situation most often arises as a result of the discovery of facts that clearly do not fit into the framework of previous theoretical concepts.

In a broad sense, a problem means an objective difficulty, a contradiction that arises in science and practice. In scientific research, the essence of the problem is the contradiction between the facts and their theoretical understanding. If we can clearly formulate a problem, then we are not far from its solution.

The correct formulation and clear formulation of the problem is very important, because to a very large extent it determines the strategy of research in general and the direction of scientific research in particular. To formulate a scientific problem means to show the ability to separate the main from the secondary, to find out what is already known and what is still unknown about the subject of research.

It is equally important to correctly formulate the topic at the beginning of the study. Subject research - the perspective from which the problem is considered. It represents the object of study in a certain aspect, characteristic of this work. The topic should reflect the content of the work and have a concise wording.

Closely related to the problemobject and subject of research. The object and subject of research as a category of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular. In the object, that part of it is singled out, which serves as the subject of research. It is on him that the main attention of the researcher is directed, it is the subject of research that determines the topic of the work. Thus, an object - this is a process or phenomenon that gives rise to a problematic situation, a kind of carrier of the problem - what the research activity is aimed at; thing - this is what is within the boundaries of the object. The concept of "subject" of research is much narrower and more specific than the object. The subject includes only those elements, connections, relations within the object that are directly subject to study. One and the same object can be studied from different positions, which determines the subject of research.

From the subject of the study, its purpose and objectives follow. Target - this is a general statement of the final result, which is supposed to be obtained when performing the study.

The formulation of the purpose of the study can be presented in various ways - traditionally used in scientific speech clichés. Let's give examples of some of them. You can target:

• reveal...;
• install...;
• substantiate...;
• specify...;
• develop...

It should also be noted that a study can have only one goal. In accordance with the subject and purpose are determinedresearch objectives.

Tasks - these are successive steps that ensure the achievement of the goal and specify it. Objectives should be interrelated and reflect a common path to achieve the goal.

It is necessary to formulate the tasks very carefully, since the description of their solution in the future will form the content of the chapters. The headings of the chapters are born precisely from the formulations of the problems. Objectives are best formulated as a statement of what needs to be done in order for the goal to be achieved.

The next important stage of work on the study is the nominationresearch hypotheses. Translated from ancient Greek, hypothesis means "foundation, assumption." The hypothesis specifies how the original fact should be transformed into the desired state.

When formulating a hypothesis, verbal constructions of the type are usually used: “if ..., then ...”; "as..."; "provided that...". The hypothesis must satisfy a number of requirements:

• be verifiable;
• contain an assumption;
• be logically consistent;
• match the facts.

After the formulation of the hypothesis, the stage of determiningresearch methods. Methodis the way to achieve the goal of the study. The very possibility of implementing the study depends on the choice of method - it is carried out and a certain result is obtained. Methods should be consistent with the phenomenon being studied, correspond to it.

Scientific research methods are traditionally divided into two groups: theoretical and empirical methods. Theoretical methods reveal the essence of the studied phenomena, reveal regular connections and relationships. They are used in defining the problem and formulating the research hypothesis (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, idealization, deduction, induction, etc.). Empirical methods serve as a means of collecting specific facts, aimed at their identification and description of phenomena (observation, conversation, interview, questioning; study, experiment). For each stage of the study, such a set of methods is thought out that provides a complete and correct solution of the tasks.

Rules for registration of research work

Text Requirements

The work is done on standard pages of A4 white paper. The text is printed in bright font (font size - 12 kegel) with one and a half intervals between lines on one side of the sheet. All typewritten, handwritten and drawing material must be legible. All abbreviations in the text must be deciphered. The volume of the text of the article, including formulas and the list of references, should not exceed 10 standard pages. For illustrations, no more than 10 standard pages can be allocated additionally. Illustrations are performed on separate pages, which are placed after links in the main text. It is not allowed to increase the format of pages, glue pages of illustrations into a booklet, etc. Pages are numbered in the upper right corner. The main text of the report is numbered in Arabic numerals, illustration pages - in Roman numerals.

PLAN-SUMMARY

classes in the group of the second year of study of the journalism section of the IAS

Head Zgodko Lyudmila Anatolyevna

Lesson topic: The structure of research student work

Target: continue to familiarize students with the methodology for writing student research papers in philology, study the structure of the work and the requirements for the content of structural parts

Tasks:

Review previously studied key theoretical concepts;

Repeat the structure of the research work (title page, content, introduction, main part, conclusion, list of references) and the requirements for the content of structural parts;

To develop in students and listeners the skills of independent research work, mastering the methods of modern scientific research;

To cultivate cognitive activity and interest in the study of educational material.

Lesson type: lesson on the study of new knowledge - an interactive lecture

Forms of work: individual, collective.

Didactic material and visualization: tutorials, multimedia slides, tests

Lesson progress:

1. Organizational moment: organizing a group, preparing for work in class, checking the number of students in the journal

2. Repetition and testing of knowledge - express survey:

What types of research work do you know? (report, abstracts of the report, scientific article, scientific report, abstract, monograph);

What types of research papers do you most often come across in class at school?

Based on the theoretical information studied in previous lessons, what are the main differences between research papers on philology by students-members of the IAS from school essays?

List the main stages of research organization? (selection of a topic, drawing up a plan, selection of literature, definition of the research problem, object, subject, goals and objectives of the research, acquaintance with topical problems of the theory and practice of a particular science, methodology and methods of scientific research, scientific (theoretical part of the work), research part of the work, independent study of scientific, popular science literature, compilation of bibliography, annotations of primary sources, analysis of research results, conclusions).

3. Learning new material: interactive lecture using multimedia slides.

Any scientific research has a well-known generally accepted structure, in which the following are distinguished: introduction; the main part, consisting of sections, subsections; conclusion, applications, bibliography.

In turn, each of these elements is written according to its own rules accepted in the scientific community, a certain general matrix, easily readable by any other researcher (a single system for designing research is typical for all humanities).

It is very important, therefore, to master the scientific apparatus, to have an idea of ​​the sequence, the interaction of various constituent elements in the work, primarily in the introduction and conclusion, containing the main characteristics, provisions and conclusions of the work.

Title page. It is the first page of an educational or scientific work and serves as a source of information necessary to search for a document. It is drawn up according to the established pattern.

Content. Includes the order of the individual parts of the work, indicating the pages on which the corresponding chapter begins. The content is placed immediately after the title page, starting on a new page. The content includes: an introduction, sequentially listed titles of all sections, subsections, paragraphs and subparagraphs, if they have headings of the essence of the work, a list of references, titles of applications and page numbers on which the beginning of the material is placed. The table of contents may list the numbers and titles of illustrations and tables, indicating the pages on which they are located.

Introduction. The introduction briefly outlines the assessment of the current state of the problem, the existing gaps in knowledge in this subject area, leading scientists in this field of knowledge. In the structure of the introduction, the following main elements are distinguished: the relevance of the study, its purpose, objectives, object and subject of study, the degree of study, novelty, methodology, the declared structure of the entire work, and practical significance.

The relevance of research - the most voluminous part of the introduction. The urgency of the problem for society as a whole can be substantiated. Then - the relevance of the study of this problem precisely from the standpoint of a particular science. The theoretical and practical significance of the work increases if some extremely little-studied, but important topics for the development of science are studied.

Objective. At the level of student research work, only one main goal is usually formulated, which is also reflected in the title of the work. The connection of the title with the goal is one of the key when formulating the goal.

Scientific work is aimed at acquiring some new knowledge about the subject. In this regard, research operations cannot be goals (wordings starting with the words “analyze”, “explore” are erroneous if they are not supported by a complementary one - “with a goal”). Indeed, objects and phenomena are also analyzed with a certain goal, which means that analysis is not the ultimate goal in itself.

Correctly formulating the goal should begin with the words: “define”, characterize”, “identify”, “find”, “form / create” or synonyms that are close in meaning.

Bearing in mind that the goal is related to the title, it is desirable to include some problematic aspect in the title when choosing a topic, which can easily be translated into a goal, in one of the formulations proposed above.

Object of study - an entity limited by a specific framework, or a certain phenomenon, a set of homogeneous elements, a process / functioning, etc., containing the subject of research. The connection between the object and the subject is easily remembered according to the formula: "we examine such and such an object for something." An object always contains an object, and not vice versa.

Subject of study coincides with the title of the work and is contained in the goal immediately after the predicate ("to reveal ... what?", "to determine ... what?", "to form ... what?").

The subject and object of research must correspond to the general subject of journalism.

Tasks - research operations that must be performed to achieve the goal set in the work. Thus, they are also associated with the purpose, and most often with the structure of the work.

In the first place in the list of tasks are theoretical, comprehending or reviewing, revealing the typological characteristics of a certain phenomenon,

revealing a particular trend.

Then there are the practical tasks. The wording begins with the words “analyze”, “explore from positions”, etc. Often, some of the methods used are already stated here. This group of tasks is aimed at the object of study.

Main part. The structure and composition of the main part may vary depending on the specifics and direction of the work performed. The main part should contain at least 2, but no more than 4 chapters.

Conclusion (or conclusions). In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized, the author's proposals and conclusions arising from the entire work are formulated.

Bibliography. The list of references includes only those works that are referenced in the text of the work. The list is drawn up in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003.

Applications. The appendices contain material that is necessary for the completeness of the work, but including it in the main part may change the orderly and logical view of the work. These can be sample documents, diagrams, tables, photographs, maps, reference data, etc. Applications are located at the end of the work, after the list of the main used literature.

4. Consolidation of the studied– testing:

What structural part of the work is the first page of an educational or scientific work and serves as a source of information? (title) - 1 point;

What structural part of the work includes the order of arrangement of individual parts of the work with indication of pages (content) - 1 point;

How many chapters can a main body contain? (2-4 chapters) - 1 point;

In what structural part of the work the results of the study are summarized, the author's proposals and conclusions are formulated, arising from the entire work - (conclusion) - 1 point;

5. Summing up the lesson, homework, commenting

References:

Alekseev N.G. The concept of development of research activities of students / N.G. Alekseev, A.V. Leontovich, A.S. Obukhov, L.F. Filippov. - /;

Alekseev N.G. Criteria for the effectiveness of teaching students research activities /N.G. Alekseev, A.V. Leontovich. - ;

Afanasiev M.G. Questions of journalism. - M .: Higher School, 1987.-146 p.

Zagvyazinsky VI, Atakhanov R. Methodology and methods of psychological and pedagogical research. – M.: Academy, 2001. – 208 p.

Leontovich A.V. On the value bases of students' research activities. -

MAN: preparation of scientific research projects / Emphasis. M. Golubenko. - K .: Ed. zagaloped. gaz., 2005. - 128 p. - (B-ka "School of the world")

General requirements:

The work must be neatly framed in compliance with the following requirements:

- paper sheet size A4;

- font: Times New Roman, the size 14 (in large tables, size 12 can be used);

- text must be aligned in width pages;

- page margins: top - 2 cm, bottom - 2 cm, left - 3 cm, right - 1.5 cm;

- line spacing: one and a half ;

Pages must be numbered (the number is placed in the lower margin in the center).

Volume work is determined by the Competition Regulations:

All-Russian competition for the best scientific work of students in the natural, technical and humanities - 35-45 pages;

- Regional competition for the best scientific and creative work of students - up to 35 pages;

Regional competition for the best scientific and creative work of graduate students and applicants - up to 50 pages.

At the same time, applications are not included in the scope of work, which allows the researcher to keep within the established framework.

Structure and content of research work

Any research work must contain the following sections in the specified sequence:

title page;

introduction;

main part;

conclusion;

list of used literature;

applications (if necessary).

Title page

Page numbering starts with it, but the number on the title page is not put.

A sample of the design of the title page of the work sent to the All-Russian competition for the best scientific work in the natural, technical and humanities is given in Appendix 1, for the regional competition - in Appendix 2. No abbreviations and transfers in the title of the work are allowed. There is no dot at the end of the title of the work.

Chapters, paragraphs and subparagraphs are numbered with Arabic numerals. After the number, as a rule, a period is not put. The first chapter is numbered 1. The paragraphs are numbered within the chapter; the paragraph number consists of the chapter number and the paragraph number separated by a dot (for example: 1.2). The subparagraph number consists of the number of chapter, paragraph and subparagraph separated by dots (for example: 2.3.1).

INTRODUCTION…..

Chapter 1. Title of the chapter .... (Theoretical part of the work)

1.1 Title of the first paragraph ….

1.2 Title of the second paragraph ….

Chapter 2. Title of the chapter .... (practical part of the work)

2.1 Title of the first paragraph….

CONCLUSION ….

CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS….

List of used literature

Appendix….

Introduction

The introduction should contain an assessment of the current state of the scientific and practical problem being solved, the basis and initial data for the development of the topic. The introduction involves a description of the situation that prompted the student to start researching this topic. It contains a clear and concise substantiation of the research topic, its relevance and novelty, the degree of development of the research problem at the present stage, the object and subject of research, goals and objectives are formulated, hypotheses are built (main and partial, working).

Introduction begins with rationale relevance research. Relevance research shows the importance of the topic of work for the development of any theoretical problem or the solution of practical problems. Relevance can also be determined by the high prevalence of the phenomenon under study. Here a brief description of the state of the research area of ​​interest is given (what has already been done in science in this direction and what has remained undiscovered) with the subsequent formulation of the problem in the form of an explicit contradictions between the needs of science and practice and the lack of existing knowledge.

This is followed by the definition an object and thing research . An object - this is that part of practical activity or scientific knowledge with which the researcher deals. Definition object research allows answering the question: what is being considered? Thing shows some aspect of the consideration, gives an idea of ​​how the object is considered , what new relationships, properties, aspects and functions of the object reviews this study.

On the basis of the formulated problem, the definition of the object and subject of research, the goal . Target - this is an idea of ​​​​the result, about what should be achieved in the course of work.

It is important to define novelty research, which is determined by the absence of similar studies, novelty of the topic, methodological solution, originality of the problem statement, goal, hypothesis

One of the most important points in the study is the construction hypotheses . Hypothesis - this is a scientific assumption, a preliminary explanation of any fact or phenomenon. Hypothesis requires a proof and therefore cannot be trivial. Hypothesis substantiated in the course of theoretical analysis and formulates in a concise form the expected results of the study.

The formulated goal and hypothesis of the study determine its tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the set goals . In scientific research, tasks are usually formulated as relatively independent and complete stages of research.

The volume of the introduction usually does not exceed 2 pages.

Traditionally, a certain compositional structure of research has developed, the main elements of which, in the order of their arrangement, are the following: 1. Title page 2. Table of contents 3. Introduction 4. Chapters of the main part 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliographic list 7. Applications according to strictly defined rules. After the title page, a table of contents is placed, which lists all the R&D titles and indicates the pages from which they begin. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the headings in the text. Introduction. Here, the scientific novelty and relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set are usually substantiated, the object and subject of research are formulated, the chosen method (or methods) of research is indicated, and the theoretical significance and applied value of the results obtained are reported. The scientific novelty of R&D gives the author the right to use the term "For the first time" when describing the results obtained, which means the absence of similar results before their publication. Scientific novelty is manifested in the presence of theoretical provisions that were first formulated and substantiated in their content, methodological recommendations that are put into practice and have a significant impact on the development of science in general and its individual areas. The relevance of the topic is assessed from the point of view of modernity and social significance, a problem situation is created, a way out of which you propose. In order to inform the R&D reader about the state of development of the chosen topic, a brief review of the literature is compiled, which should ultimately lead to the conclusion that this particular topic has not yet been disclosed (or has been disclosed only partially or in the wrong aspect and therefore needs further development). A review of the literature on the topic should show a thorough acquaintance with the specialized literature, the ability to systematize sources, critically examine them, highlight the essential, evaluate what was previously done by other researchers, and determine the main thing in the current state of study of the topic. All publications of any value that are directly and immediately related to the research topic should be named and critically evaluated. From the formulation of the scientific problem and the proof that that part of this problem, which is the subject of research, has not yet received its development and coverage in the specialized literature, it is logical to move on to formulating the purpose of the research being undertaken, as well as point out the specific tasks to be solved in accordance with to this end. This is usually done in the form of an enumeration (explore…, describe…, establish…, identify…, derive a formula, etc.). The formulation of these tasks must be done as carefully as possible, since the description of their solution should form the content of the R&D chapters. This is also important because the headings of such chapters are “born” precisely from the formulation of the objectives of the research being undertaken. A mandatory element of the introduction is the formulation of the object and subject of research. An object is a process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation and is chosen for study. A subject is something that is within the boundaries of an object. The object and subject of research as categories of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular. In the object, that part of it is singled out, which serves as the subject of research. It is on him that the main attention is directed, it is the subject of research that determines the topic of research, which is indicated on the title page as its title. An obligatory element of the introduction is also an indication of research methods that serve as a tool in obtaining factual material, being a necessary condition for achieving the goal set in such a work. The introduction describes other elements of the scientific process. These include, in particular, an indication on which specific material the work itself was made. It also gives a description of the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic), as well as the methodological foundations of the study. In the chapters of the main part of the research, the research methodology and technique are discussed in detail and the results are summarized. All materials that are not essential for understanding the solution of a scientific problem are included in appendices. The content of the chapters of the main part must exactly correspond to the research topic and fully disclose it. These chapters should show the ability to present the material concisely, logically and with arguments. The research ends with the final part, which is called the "conclusion". Like any conclusion, this part of the R&D serves as an ending, determined by the logic of the research, which is in the form of a synthesis of the scientific information accumulated in the main part. This synthesis is a consistent, logically coherent presentation of the results obtained and their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks set and formulated in the introduction. It is here that the so-called "inferential" knowledge is contained, which is new in relation to the original knowledge. This inferential knowledge should not be replaced by a mechanical summary of the conclusions at the end of the chapters that present a brief summary, but should contain that new, essential that constitutes the final results of the study, which are often presented in the form of a number of numbered paragraphs. Their sequence is determined by the logic of the study design. At the same time, not only its scientific novelty and theoretical significance, but also practical value, arising from the final results, is indicated. After the conclusion, it is customary to place a bibliographic list of used literature. This list is one of the essential parts of R&D and reflects independent creative work. Each literary source included in such a list should be reflected in the text. If the author makes a reference to any borrowed facts or cites the works of other authors, then he must indicate in the subscript where the materials are taken from. Works that are not referenced in the text and that have not actually been used should not be included in the bibliographic list. It is not recommended to include encyclopedias, reference books, popular science books, newspapers in this list. If there is a need to use such publications, then they should be given in subscripts. Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the text of the main part are placed in the appendix. The content of the application is very diverse. For example, these can be copies of original documents, excerpts from reporting materials, production plans and protocols, certain provisions from instructions and rules, previously unpublished texts, correspondence, etc. In form, they can be text, tables, graphs, maps. Applications cannot include a bibliographic list of references, auxiliary indexes of all kinds, reference comments and notes, which are not applications to the main text, but elements of the reference apparatus that help to use its main text. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with indicated in the upper right corner of the word "Application" and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one annex, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the number sign), for example: "Annex I", "Annex 2", etc. The numbering of pages on which appendices are given should be continuous and continue the general pagination of the main text. The connection of the main text with the applications is carried out through links that are used with the word "see"; it is usually abbreviated and enclosed with the cipher in parentheses in the form: (see appendix 5).

To better reflect the logic of scientific research in scientific papers, text rubrication, i.e. division of the manuscript into separate logically subordinate parts. The simplest section is paragraph(indent to the right at the beginning of the first line of each piece of text).

Paragraphs are designed to emphasize the thoughts of the author, as well as to make their presentation more complete. Proper breakdown of the text into paragraphs helps in the process of reading and understanding what is read.

Very often the chapters of the main part are divided into several paragraphs. Such a division should be made taking into account the logical rules for dividing the concept. These rules are as follows:

1. List all types of a divisible concept, i.e. the chapter in its semantic content must exactly correspond to the total semantic content of all paragraphs related to it.

2. The chosen sign of division must remain unchanged throughout the division, i.e. it is unacceptable to replace one sign of division with another, which may lead to incomplete division and/or partial coincidence of the content of various paragraphs in one chapter.

3. Members of the division must be semantically mutually exclusive, and not related to each other as a part and a whole.

4. Continuity of the fission process, i.e. when dividing, you should go to the nearest species without jumping over them.

For example:

What other requirements apply to the headings of chapters and paragraphs? They should briefly and accurately reflect the content of the text relating to them, neither reducing nor expanding the amount of semantic information contained in them. You should not use highly specialized or local terms in headings, it is unacceptable to include abbreviations, abbreviations, and various formulas in the heading.

The following heading numbering systems are possible:

The use of characters of different types - Roman and Arabic numerals, uppercase and lowercase letters, combined with paragraph indents;

The use of only Arabic numerals located in certain combinations.

In modern scientific and technical texts, mainly a purely digital numbering system is used, in which the numbers of the largest parts of a scientific work (the first stage of division) consist of one digit, the numbers of the constituent parts (the second stage of division) consist of two digits, the third stage of division - from three digits, etc.

There are three main methods of presenting scientific materials: strictly sequential, holistic (with subsequent processing of each chapter) and selective (when chapters are written separately in any order).

With a strictly consistent presentation of the research material, the author does not proceed to a new section until the previous one has been completely completed. This leads to the fact that the work can take a very long time, since while one section is being processed, the rest of the material, even if it almost does not need to be processed, will lie without movement.

When using a holistic approach, the time spent is reduced by about half due to the fact that the entire work is first written in draft form, and then it is processed in parts and details, with additions and corrections.

The final choice of this or that technique is purely individual and depends only on you.

The language and style of written scientific work has its own characteristics, based on the traditions of communication between scientists developed over the years.

Basically, a scientific presentation consists of reasoning, the purpose of which is to prove the truths revealed as a result of the study of the facts of reality.

A characteristic feature of the language of written scientific speech is the formal-logical way of presenting the material. The means of expressing logical connections are special functional-syntactic means of communication, which indicate:

The sequence of development of thought (at first, first of all, then, firstly, secondly, then, so, etc.),

Contradictory relations (however, meanwhile, while, nevertheless),

Cause-and-effect relationship

The transition from one thought to another (before moving on to ..., let's turn to ..., consider, stop at ..., having considered, move on to ..., it is necessary to stop at ..., it is necessary to consider),

The result, the conclusion (so, thus, therefore, in conclusion, we note that everything that has been said allows us to draw a conclusion, summing up, it should be said ...).

Pronouns, adjectives and participles (data, this, such, named, indicated, etc.) can be used as means of communication.

The scientific text includes only accurate information and facts obtained as a result of long-term observations and scientific experiments, therefore, for their exact verbal expression, special terminology. This makes it possible to give detailed definitions and characteristics of scientific facts, concepts, processes, and phenomena in a concise and economical form.

It is very important not to mix different terminology in one text, since each science has its own terminological system. Also, instead of the terms accepted in this science, professional words and expressions common among narrow specialists cannot be used.

Due to the specifics of scientific knowledge, which seeks to establish scientific truth, the main stylistic feature of scientific speech is the objectivity of presentation. Therefore, in the text of scientific papers, introductory words and phrases are often used, indicating the degree of reliability of the message. For example, with the help of such introductory words, a fact can be represented:

As quite reliable (of course, of course, really);

As supposed (apparently, it must be assumed);

As possible (possibly, probably).

In order to maintain the objectivity of the presentation of the material, it is imperative to indicate the source of the message, who expressed this or that thought, who specifically owns this or that expression. For this purpose, special introductory words and phrases are used in the text (according to the message, according to the information, according to the opinion, according to the data, in our opinion, etc.).

As a rule, in a scientific work, the presentation is conducted in the third person (“he”, “she”, “it”, “they”), since attention is focused on the content and logical sequence of the message, and not on the subject. The second person form of pronouns is not used in the singular (“you”). The first person pronouns are relatively rarely used, moreover, usually the author acts in the plural and uses “we” instead of “I”, which allows him to reflect his opinion as the opinion of a certain group of people, a scientific school or a scientific direction.

At the same time, excessive use of the pronoun “we” in the text also makes a bad impression, so the authors of scientific works try to use constructions that exclude the use of this pronoun. These designs include:

Indefinitely personal proposals (for example, “At the beginning, they formulate the goals of the examination, and then select and form a group of experts”);

Third person statement (for example, "the author believes ...");

Sentences with passive verbs (for example, "An economic and mathematical model has been developed ...").

One of the most important conditions that ensure the scientific and practical value of information contained in a written scientific work is semantic accuracy. An incorrectly chosen word can significantly distort the meaning of what is written, giving the possibility of a double interpretation and giving the whole text an undesirable tone.

Do not abuse pseudo-scientific terminology and foreign words, especially if you yourself do not know the exact meaning of these words and expressions.

The necessary quality of scientific speech is its clarity, i.e. Ability to write in an accessible and understandable way.

Unnecessary verbosity should be avoided. A necessary and obligatory quality of competent scientific speech, which determines its culture, is brevity. It is important to be able to avoid unnecessary repetition, excessive detail and verbal garbage. The goal in this case can be formulated as follows: “how can you not only more accurately, but also briefly convey the essence of the matter.

Quotations can be used in the text of a scientific work to confirm one's own arguments by referring to an authoritative source or to illustrate one's criticism of certain provisions expressed by the cited author.

The text of a quotation can be of two types: direct, when the text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and given with the preservation of the author's spelling, or indirect, when, by retelling the thoughts of other authors in your own words, it is possible to achieve significant savings in the text.

In any case, it is necessary to reproduce the quoted text exactly, since any reduction can distort the meaning that was invested by the author of the quoted excerpt, and also do not forget to indicate the source of the quote.

In order to make digital material, as well as evidence and justification for the proposed provisions, conclusions and recommendations more visual special forms of reporting should be used, such as diagrams, tables, graphs, charts etc.

Depending on the content of the table, there are two types:

1. Analytical, which are the result of processing and analysis of indicators. Usually after them a generalization is made as new knowledge (conclusion).

2. Non-analytical, which usually contain raw data that serves only for information or ascertainment.

If the text contains more than one table, then all of them must be numbered in Arabic numerals (the “Table ...” is written above the upper left corner, indicating the serial number of the table).

The title of the table, if any, should reflect its content, be precise and concise. The title should be placed above the table.

When transferring part of the table to the same or other pages, the title is placed only above the first part of the table.

It should also be remembered to indicate the sources of all data given in the tables.

Very often, to present statistical data illustrating a particular conclusion or pattern, it is better to use graphs or charts. The following requirements are imposed on the design of illustrations in scientific work:

1. The illustration must be embedded in the text and associated with it, i.e. it should organically complement what has been said.

2. All illustrations must be consecutively numbered (except for the case when there is only one illustration in the entire text).

3. Links to illustrations are placed in the text in the place where it refers to the topic associated with the illustration. The link can be issued either in the form of an expression enclosed in parentheses, or using a special turnover, for example: “(Fig. 2)”, or “As can be seen from Fig. 2 ...”, or “... as can be seen in Fig. 2 ". You should not format the link as an independent phrase.

4. Each illustration must be provided with a caption, which must correspond to the main text and content of the illustration.

The following basic requirements are imposed on the design of the manuscript of a scientific work:

1. All texts are printed on standard A4 paper (210x297 mm).

2. The number of characters per line is 60-65 (including spaces), the number of lines on a full page is 28-30.

3. Margin sizes: top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm, right - 10 mm , left - 20-30 mm. The paragraph indent size is 5 characters (10 mm).

Topic 9.

Control

Archiving and record keeping

The structure of research work. Task application Introduction This test is devoted to the theme of the structure of the research work. The purpose of writing this paper is to study the structural elements of the research work.

Page 2

Topic: “The structure of research work. Requirements for the introduction, abstract, main part and conclusion.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 3

1. The structure of the research work………………….. 4
2. Requirements for the title page and table of contents………………….. 5
3. Abstract requirements…………………………………………….. 6
4. Introduction requirements……………………………………………. 7
5. Requirements for the main part……………………………………….. 7
6. Requirements for the conclusion and applications …………………….. 8

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 10

Bibliography………………………………………. eleven

Application (tasks)……………………………………………………… 12

Introduction

This test is related to the topic “The structure of research work. Requirements for the introduction, abstract, main part and conclusion.

The relevance and significance of this topic is determined by the fact that no scientific work can be done without dividing into appropriate parts.

In the modern world, clear requirements for research work have been developed.

The purpose of writing this paper is to study the structural elements of the research work.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

Reviewed since structure of research work;

The requirements for the title page and table of contents are considered;

Considered the requirements for the abstract;

Considered requirements for introduction;

The requirements for the main part are considered;

The requirements for the conclusion and applications are considered;

The main provisions of the work are formulated.

When writing the work, various educational materials were studied: methodological recommendations, teaching aids and legal acts.

The list of used literature is given at the end of the work.

1. 
   Research work structure

Any work of a scientific nature can be conditionally divided into three parts: introductory, main and final.

All materials obtained in the process of research are developed, systematized and formalized in the form of a scientific work. This is a document that contains comprehensive systematized information about the work performed.

General requirements for research work:

Clarity and logical sequence of presentation of the material;

Persuasiveness of the argument;

Brevity and accuracy of wording, excluding the possibility of ambiguous interpretation;

Concreteness of the presentation of the results of the work;

Research work structure:

title page;

list of performers;

essay;

list of symbols, symbols, units and terms;

introduction;

main part;

conclusion;.

- list of used and c sources;

- applications.

1. 
   Title page and table of contents requirements

The title page is a page of the manuscript, which indicates the overhead data, information about the author, title, subtitle data, information about the supervisor, place, year of work.

The overhead data includes: the full name of the educational institution, faculty, department for which the work was performed. The full surname, name and patronymic of the author are then indicated.

The title of the work is written in the middle part of the title page.

The subheading data indicates the type of work (course or diploma, master's thesis).

Then, closer to the right edge of the title page, the academic degree, academic title, full surname, name and patronymic of the supervisor are written.

The lower part of the title page indicates the place and year of writing the work.

The titles of chapters and paragraphs should exactly repeat the corresponding headings in the text.

1. 
   Abstract Requirements

The abstract must contain:

volume information;

the number of illustrations;

the number of tables;

Number of books of work;

sources used;

list of keywords;

abstract text.

The list of keywords should characterize the content of the reviewed study. The list should include from 5 to 15 keywords in the nominative case, printed on a line, separated by commas.

The text of the abstract should reflect:

Object of study,

Objective,

Research method and equipment,

The results obtained and their novelty,

Degree of implementation,

Efficiency, scope,

Main design characteristics,

Technical and operational characteristics.

The optimal length of the text of the abstract is 1200 characters, but not more than 2000 characters.

1. 
   Introduction Requirements

The introduction is intended to introduce the reader to the range of problematic issues raised in the work. It defines :

Relevance;

Novelty;

Scientific and practical significance of the topic,

The degree of development;

Goals and objectives of the study;

Object and subject of research

Research methods;

Practical base of research.

In dissertations, they also indicate the provisions submitted for defense and the practical value of the results obtained, information about their approbation.

The introduction of the work should contain an assessment of the current state of the research problem being solved, the basis and initial data for the development of the topic, and the rationale for the need to complete the work.

Usually the volume of the introduction does not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.

1. Requirements for the main part

The main part should include:

Choice of research direction;

Theoretical and (or) experimental studies;

Generalization and evaluation of research results.

The research work should reflect:

- substantiation of the choice of the accepted direction of research, methods for solving the problem and their comparative assessments, development of a general methodology for conducting research, analysis and generalization of existing results;

the nature and content of the theoretical studies performed, research methods, calculation methods, for experimental work - the rationale for the need for experimental studies, the principle of operation of the developed equipment, the characteristics of this equipment, the assessment of measurement errors, the experimental data obtained;

Assessment of the completeness of the solution of the task, compliance of the performed studies with the program, assessment of the reliability of the results (characteristics, parameters), their comparison with similar results of domestic and foreign works, justification for the need for additional studies, negative results leading to the need to stop further studies.

1. Requirements for the conclusion and applications

The conclusion should contain brief conclusions on the results of the research work performed or its individual stages, proposals for their use, including implementation, assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of implementation. In the conclusion to the work, for which it is impossible to determine the technical and economic effect, it is necessary to indicate the economic, scientific, social value of the results of the work.

Usually the volume of the conclusion should not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.

The list of references includes only those literary sources that were used in writing the work and mentioned in the text or in footnotes. The list of references is drawn up by sections, in accordance with the requirements of the state standard.

Annexes should include a report on patent research, if they were carried out in the course of R&D, author's certificates, patents, if they were published or received as a result of R&D.

If necessary, supporting material should be included in the appendices for the sake of completeness of the report:

Intermediate mathematical proofs, formulas and calculations;

tables of auxiliary digital data;

protocols and test reports;

descriptions of equipment and instruments used in experiments, measurements and tests;

instructions and methods, descriptions of algorithms and programs for tasks solved on a computer, developed in the process of performing research;

auxiliary illustrations;

a copy of the decision of the scientific (scientific and technical) council;

acts on the implementation of research results.

Applications are not counted when calculating the total number of study pages.

Conclusion

Thus, it is possible to formulate aspen conclusions on the work.

Any research work has a clear structure.Research work has the following structure: title page; list of performers; essay; content; list of symbols, symbols, units and terms; introduction; main part; conclusion;. list of used and c exacters; applications.

The title page is a page of the manuscript, which indicates the overhead data, information about the author, title, subtitle data, information about the supervisor, place, year of work

The abstract must contain information about the volume; the number of illustrations; the number of tables; the number of books of work; sources used; list of keywords; abstract text

The introduction is intended to introduce the reader to the range of problematic issues raised in the work. It defines: relevance; novelty; scientific and practical significance of the topic, the degree of development; goals and objectives of the study; object and subject of research research methods; practical base of research.

The main part should include: choice of research direction; theoretical and (or) experimental studies; generalization and evaluation of research results.

In conclusion, in a logical sequence, they state the results of the study, indicate the possibility of their implementation in practice, and determine further prospects for working on the topic.

Bibliography

1. Bilukha M.T. Fundamentals of scientific research. - K .: Vishcha school .., 1997. - 271s.
2. Kapitsa P.L. Experiment, theory, practice. - M., Nauka, 1977. - 420 p.
3. Rachkov P.A. Science of Science. - M. Publishing House of Moscow University., 1974. - 242p.
4. Ruzavin G.I. Scientific research methodology: textbook for universities. M., Infra-M, 1999. - 245 p.
5. Sabitov R.A. "Fundamentals of scientific research": Proc. allowance /K., Vishcha school, 2001 - 118 p.

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