The mysterious land of shana tova, tannu-tuva.
Somehow, the Nobel laureate, the brilliant physicist Richard Feynman, was preoccupied with the search for a vanished country...
He asked his friend Ralph Leighton: “Where did the state of Tannu-Tuva go? As a child, I had magnificent triangular and diamond-shaped stamps in my collection. They were released in the country of Tannu-Tuva.” A friend, considering the question another Feynman prank, replies that there is no such country, it is a fiction.
In response, Feynman retrieves the 1943 atlas and shows Layton the state of Tannu-Tuva between the Soviet Union and Mongolia.
It turns out that in 1944, in a whisper and on tiptoe, the territory of the USSR increased immediately by as much as 168,604 km² - that is, by Hungary plus Switzerland combined: the Tuva People's Republic "voluntarily" became part of the Soviet Union.
Feynman admires the name of the capital, the city of Kyzyl, and he and Layton decide to make sure to visit Tuva and Kyzyl, which was very difficult for US citizens in the 70s of the twentieth century. Numerous attempts to obtain travel permits stretched over ten years. During this time, Layton and Feynman learned a lot about the culture, language and history of Tuva, became interested in Tuvan throat singing. Feynman and Leighton's passion for Tuva was passed on to many of their friends and acquaintances, and Ralph Leighton founded the American "Society of Friends of Tuva", which exists to this day.
In an attempt to obtain permission to travel to Tuva, Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman wrote letters to prominent Soviet academics. Feynman did not have time to visit Tuva, he died in 1988 a few weeks before the invitation arrived at his home in the mail.
Reference: Until 1914, Tuva was under the control of China (the Qing Empire, since 1912 the Republic of China) as part of its Mongolian possessions. After the Xinghai Revolution in China and the fall of the Qing Empire in 1912-1913, the Tuvan noyons (local rulers) several times turned to the Russian tsarist government with a request to accept Tuva under the protectorate of the Russian Empire. Since 1914, Tuva voluntarily entered under the protectorate of Russia under the name Uryankhai region as part of the Yenisei province. On June 18, 1918, a joint meeting of the Russian and Tuvan congresses took place in the Uryankhai region, at which the Treaty on Self-Determination of Tuva, Friendship and Mutual Assistance of the Russian and Tuvan Peoples was unanimously adopted. On July 7, 1918, the Uryankhai region was captured by Kolchak's troops. A year later, Soviet power in the Tuvan region was restored. In mid-1921, local Tuvan revolutionaries, supported by the RSFSR, decided to proclaim the national sovereignty of Tuva, and the independent People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva was formed. Since 1926 - the Tuva People's Republic. In 1944, the Tuva People's Republic applied to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for admission to the USSR as an autonomous region in the RSFSR. The request was granted. There was no referendum on this issue.
October 11 of this year marks 68 years since the voluntary entry of the Tuva People's Republic (TNR) into Russia. On August 17, 1944, the VII session of the Lesser Khural of the TNR adopted a declaration on the entry of the Tuva People's Republic into the USSR and petitioned the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to accept the TNR into the USSR. On October 11, at a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a decision was made to accept the Tuva People's Republic as part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
To date, the Republic of Tyva is the youngest republic within the Russian Federation. At the same time, the history of Russian-Tuvian relations has evolved over more than three hundred years. In the 20th century, an epochal event that was of cardinal importance for the economic, political and cultural development of the Tuvan people was the entry of the Tuva People's Republic into the Soviet Union in 1944.
But still, modern Tuva is presented to many as one of the little-studied subjects of our country, not to mention the specifics of this region during the period of the existence of an independent state.
The Tuva People's Republic arose on the territory of the former protectorate of the Russian Empire, known as the Uryankhai Territory, after the October Revolution in Russia. In March 1917, after the announcement of the overthrow of tsarism in Russia, the active creation of Soviets began on the territory of the Uryankhai region. On June 11, 1918, the 5th Congress of the Russian population of the region opened, and on June 13 - the Congress of representatives of the Tuvan people. The question of self-determination of Uriankhai was the main item on the agenda of the Uriankhai congress. On June 18, 1918, a joint meeting of the Russian and Tuvan congresses was held, at which the Treaty on Self-Determination of Tuva, Friendship and Mutual Assistance of the Russian and Tuvan Peoples was unanimously adopted.
In the middle of 1921, local revolutionaries, supported by the Red Army of the RSFSR, decided to proclaim the national sovereignty of Tuva. From August 13 to August 16, 1921, the All-Tuva Constituent Khural (Congress) was held in the village of Sug-Bazhy, in which representatives of all kozhuuns (districts) of Tuva, consisting of about 300 people, took part; it was also attended by a delegation of Soviet Russia and representatives of the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern in Mongolia. On the first day, the Khural adopted a resolution on the creation of an independent Tuvan state of Tannu-Tuva. The resolution stated: "The People's Republic of Tanu-Tuva is a free state of a free people, independent of anyone in its internal affairs, while in international relations the Republic of Tanu-Tuva acts under the auspices of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic." On August 14, the independence of the Republic of Tanu-Tuva was proclaimed. Authorities were created, the first Constitution of 22 articles was adopted. The new Constitution of the TNR, in particular, established freedom of religion.
Despite the de jure political independence of the TPR, the republic was largely dependent on the RSFSR. Thus, the Soviet delegation, which was present at the All-Tuva Constituent Khural, which proclaimed the republic, insisted on enshrining in a special resolution the provision according to which, in the sphere of foreign policy, the TNR was to act "under the auspices of the RSFSR."
Since the formation of the TNR in 1921, the process of economic, political and cultural interaction with the USSR began, which, undoubtedly, was the most economically beneficial for the Tuvan side. At the same time, Soviet-Tuvian cooperation had its expediency for the USSR as well. It became an effective means of ensuring and consolidating Soviet influence in Tuva and ousting foreign (Chinese) capital from there. In the 1920s, both sides took the first steps towards full-scale bilateral rapprochement.
However, at this stage, the issue of Tuva joining the Soviet state was not raised. A number of factors, both inside and outside the country, were obstacles to its implementation. On the one hand, the unwillingness of the USSR to complicate relations with the Republic of China, which considered Tuva part of its territory, on the other hand, the absence of internal economic and political prerequisites: the feudal-aristocratic leadership of the country, a strong pro-Mongolian group in it; economic policy aimed at developing elements of capitalism; the underdevelopment of the Tuvan Narrevarty, an ideological ally of the USSR, etc. All of the above excluded the possibility of Tuva joining the USSR in these specific historical conditions, and the question of this was not raised by either side. More likely was the inclusion of Tuva in the Mongolian state, which, however, objectively did not meet the interests of either the USSR or the TPR. Both sides linked the future of Tuva with the development of an independent national state.
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the first wave of political repression swept across Tuva. Subsequently, these took place throughout the decade. According to the prosecutor's office of the Republic of Tuva, in the 1930s, 1,286 people were repressed in the TNR, and, according to another version, their number reached 1,700 people. Among those subjected to repressions, as in the USSR, were many prominent statesmen of Tuva.
The expansion of Japan in the Far East prompted the leadership of Tuva to carry out a number of important measures to strengthen the army and the country's defense. The 11th Congress of the TNRP, held in November 1939, instructed the Central Committee of the Party to provide the army with weapons in full in the next 2-3 years and raise its level of combat readiness to an even higher level. On February 22, 1940, the resolution of the Small Khural of the TNR authorized the creation of the Ministry of Military Affairs, which immediately took measures to equip the army with new types of weapons and military equipment, improve the training of command personnel and increase the combat readiness of units and subunits. The first Minister of War of the TPR (1940-1943) was Colonel (later Major General) Hessen Shooma.
The government of the USSR and the command of the Red Army provided the TPR with significant assistance in the development of the material and technical base and training of personnel. The middle and senior command staff of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Army were trained in military educational institutions of the USSR, including the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze and the Academy of the General Staff. In addition, Soviet military instructors and advisers were invited to Tuva.
On June 22, 1941 - the day the Great Patriotic War began - the Congress of the 10th Great Khural of the TPR took place in Tuva. The congress delegates (334 people) who gathered at the meeting unanimously adopted a declaration in which it was proclaimed:
"The Tuvan people, led by their revolutionary party and government, not sparing their lives, are ready to participate in the struggle of the Soviet people against the fascist aggressor with all their might and means until the final victory over him"
With the adoption of the declaration, Tuva marked its entry into the war on the side of the USSR, officially declaring war on Nazi Germany and its allies. It is noteworthy that in announcing support for the USSR in the war against Germany, Tuva was ahead of Great Britain: Winston Churchill's radio message addressed to the Soviet people was broadcast at 11 pm on June 22, and a similar message from Tuva was received already in the first half of the day. Thus, the TNR became the first foreign state to officially become an ally of the Soviet Union in the fight against Nazi Germany after its entry into World War II. At the same time, she pledged to help the Soviet Union. Moscow was transferred to the gold reserves of the republic (about 30 million rubles). From June 1941 to October 1944, Tuva supplied 50,000 horses, 52,000 pairs of skis, 12,000 short fur coats, 15,000 pairs of boots, 70,000 tons of sheep wool, several hundred tons of meat, carts, sledges, harness and other goods for a total amount of about 66.5 million rubles. Dozens of combat aircraft and tanks were purchased with donations from the population.
In 1942, the Soviet government allowed the recruitment of volunteers from Tuva for military service. Even earlier, the mobilization of Russian-speaking citizens into the Red Army was announced. The first volunteers joined the Red Army in May 1943 and were enlisted in the 25th Separate Tank Regiment (from February 1944 as part of the 52nd Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front), which took part in the hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In September 1943, the second group of volunteers (206 people) was enrolled in the 8th Cavalry Division, where they took part in a raid on the German rear in western Ukraine. In total, during the war years, up to 8 thousand residents of the TNR served in the ranks of the Red Army.
On August 17, 1944, the VII session of the Lesser Khural of the TNR adopted a declaration on the entry of the Tuva People's Republic into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and petitioned the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to accept the TNR into the USSR as an autonomous region in the RSFSR; The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by Decree of October 11, 1944, granted the petition and proposed to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR to accept the TNR as part of the RSFSR as an autonomous region. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of October 14, 1944 "On the admission of the Tuva People's Republic into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", the TNR was admitted to Russia on the rights of the Tuva Autonomous Region; no referendum was held on this issue.
Fundamentally, the question of the possibility and even the need for Tuva to become part of the USSR was raised by the leftist government of the TNR, which came to power in the late 1920s and early 1930s and took a cardinal step towards expanding and deepening Soviet-Tuvian ties. It should be noted that the coming to power of the left was ensured, on the one hand, by the support of the Comintern, which sought to consolidate its influence in Tuva in the face of a sharp deterioration in Soviet-Chinese relations, on the other hand, it was determined by the dissatisfaction of the population with the policy of the right-wing feudal-aristocratic leadership of the country and the urgent need to reform Tuvan society. The Tuva revolutionaries saw the building of a socialist society in Tuva as their main task.
The success of the planned transformations in their minds was inextricably linked with the strengthening and expansion of relations with the Soviet state. The coming to power of the left ensured a strong pro-Soviet orientation of the TPR. Moreover, the issue of the entry of the TNR into the Soviet Union was repeatedly raised by them before the leadership of the USSR and was considered as a means of ensuring state security in the face of growing external aggression. Created with direct financial and political support from the USSR, the foundation of socialist production, the laid foundations of a democratic society, the beginning of the introduction of Tuvans to the socialist culture of the Soviet people, etc., served as the basis for subsequent integration with the Soviet state and contributed to the further strengthening of ties between the Tuvan people and the peoples of the USSR. The Great Patriotic War, which became the period of the most intensive ideological, political and economic cooperation, contributed to the maximum acceleration of the processes of bilateral rapprochement. As a result of the policy of the left-communist government of the TPR, by 1944 the republic was a modified model of Soviet society, ready for full integration into the structure of the Soviet state. At the same time, it should be noted that for the Tuvan revolutionaries, building a socialist society was not so much the ultimate goal as a means of overcoming economic backwardness and ensuring socio-political progress. By the beginning of the 40s, even taking into account the successes achieved, the own potential of the TNR did not correspond to the scale of the tasks facing the republic and could not provide the necessary pace of development. Joining the powerful potential of the Soviet state could ensure the creation of industrial enterprises equipped with modern technology, the intensification of agriculture, an increase in the educational level of the population, the development of the Tuvan national culture, etc. which ultimately determined the need for joining the USSR.
Thus, the entry of the Tuva People's Republic into the Soviet Union was due to the national and historical interests of the Tuvan people - the need for socio-economic, political and cultural progress, through familiarization with the potential of the Soviet state. All of the above was of fundamental importance for the Tuvan side and determined the degree of readiness of the republic to join the USSR. However, the readiness of Tuva to become part of the USSR alone was not enough to implement this step in practice. The principal decision on the possibility of its implementation was made by the Soviet leadership, taking into account the strategic and geopolitical tasks in the Far East region, depending on the emerging international situation and the nature of Soviet-Chinese relations.
Priority in the Soviet Far East policy was given to such large states of the region as Japan and China. The Tuva direction was of secondary importance, and the position of the Soviet leadership on the issue of Tuva joining the USSR was built in such a way that this step would not interfere with the solution of the most important strategic tasks. The independent status of the TNR and the unambiguously pro-Soviet orientation of its leadership made it possible to postpone the practical solution of the issue until a favorable moment arose. This circumstance forced the Soviet leadership not to hurry and three times (in 1934, 1939 and 1941) to reject the request of the Tuvan government. In the 40s, with the disappearance of the possibility of including Tuva into the Mongolian state and the officially declared readiness of the TPR to join the USSR, the only question remained when this step would be taken? In this matter, the decisive word belonged exclusively to the USSR. The victories of the Red Army in 1943, which marked a turning point in the course of the war, the growing prestige of the USSR in the world, preparations for the entry of the Soviet Union into the war in the Far East, the intensification of China's policy to return the "lost territories" and the complexity of the upcoming Soviet-Chinese negotiations forced the Soviet Union include Tuva in the USSR in 1944, without waiting for the end of the war.
The defeat of foreign interventionists, the White Guards and the local feudal lords who supported them meant the victory of the national liberation revolution Tuvan people. The revolution in Tuva took place after the victory of the October Revolution, when Soviet Russia already existed and provided the Tuvan people with real military, economic and political assistance. The study of the history of Tuva during the period of the national liberation revolution and the civil war clearly shows that the leadership of the joint struggle of Russian and Tuvan workers against external and internal enemies was carried out by the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the Krasnoyarsk and Minusinsk party organizations.
The defeat of the interventionists and the White Guards on the territory of Tuva created favorable conditions for resolving the issue of national self-determination of the Tuvan people, and formalizing as a result of the outbreak of the civil war, and military intervention.
In the middle of 1921 both international and internal situation of Tuva favored the solution of this issue. In Soviet Russia, the civil war ended victoriously. All its territory, except for the Far East, was cleared of interventionists and internal counter-revolution, and the Soviet people began peaceful creative work. In neighboring Mongolia, the people, under the leadership of the People's Revolutionary Party and with the active and direct help of units of the Red Army, successfully completed the struggle against the Ungern detachments.
A great political event in the life of Tuva was the formation of a local Bolshevik organization. By order of the Sibburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in June 1921, members of the Bolshevik Party (Y. S. Chugunov, F. Falsky, M. Terentiev, N. Nelidov, G. Strelkov, I. Safyanov and others) convened 1 party conference. At the conference, an organizational bureau was elected, which laid the foundation for the creation of a local party organization. This organizing bureau later, in January 1922 was approved by the Sibburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) as the regional bureau of the RCP (b) in Uryankhai.
The creation of a local party organization played a big role in strengthening Soviet power, strengthening party influence among the population, and also contributed to the further deepening and expansion of the anti-feudal revolution of labor arats and the implementation of the Leninist national policy in Tuva.
The District Bureau of the RCP (b) in Tuva took the initiative to convene All-Tuva Khural (congress). As early as October 2, 1920, the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), having considered the issue of the further work of local communists in Tuva, issued a resolution: “Soviet Russia does not intend and is not taking any steps towards the mandatory annexation of the Uryankhai Territory.”
Before convening a general Tuvan congress, the Soviet representatives held a number of meetings and conferences with representatives of the Tuvan khoshuns. June 25-26, 1921 in the center of the western regions - Chadan, a meeting was held with representatives of two Khemchik khoshuns, where more than half of the population of Tuva lived, and therefore the results of this meeting were of decisive importance for all khoshuns. The meeting was attended by a Soviet delegation consisting of representatives of Sibrevkom, units of the Red Army and the headquarters of the partisan detachment, as well as the Russian population of the region. From the Khemchik khoshuns, the meeting was attended by about 80 arats - active participants in the struggle against the interventionists and the White Guards, as well as a number of feudal lords and officials grouped around Buyan-Badorkhu.
The meeting adopted the following resolution: “We, representatives of the two Khemchik khoshuns... find that the only, most faithful and best way for the further life of our people will be exactly the way of achieving complete independence for our country. We are postponing the decision of the question of the independence of Uriankhai in its final form to the future general Uriankhai congress, where we will insist on our present decision. We ask the representative of Soviet Russia to support us at this congress in our desire for self-determination.
The rulers of Daa and Beezi khoshuns Buyan-Badorkhu and Chimba were forced to admit at a meeting that, together with the White Chinese, they tried to Ot tuk-Dash in October 1920 destroy the Soviet delegation that came for peace talks. This public exposure of the anti-popular role of the feudal lords contributed to a certain extent to the decline of their influence among the arats. And far from accidental, but quite a natural event, reflecting the growing fraternal friendship and solidarity of the Tuvan and Russian peoples, was the transfer to the Soviet delegation of weapons seized by the Khemchik arats as a result of their defeat of the White Chinese detachment and the gang of Ataman Kazantsev (more than 500 rifles, several machine guns, a three-inch gun and ammunition). More than once, the hands of the White Guards-Ungernists and feudal lords reached out to this weapon. In addition to weapons, the arats donated 320 horses and a large amount of food to the Red Army and partisans.
After the end of the meeting, the combined detachment marched along the southern border of Tuva. The detachment, numbering 450 fighters, included partisans from Tuva and Usinsky, a Red Army machine-gun team, and a paramilitary convoy. The leadership was carried out by the military Council. About 50 armed arats joined the detachment.
In full order of battle under red banners and revolutionary slogans: "Proletarians of all countries, unite!", "Freedom to the oppressed peoples!" July 9, 1921 returned to Bai-Khaak. Partisans, Red Army soldiers and arat volunteers during the campaign explained to the population the policy of the Soviet government, the ideas of peace and friendship of peoples, the significance of the upcoming All-Tuva Congress.
The campaign once again demonstrated to external and internal enemies the unity of the working people of Tuva and their readiness to repulse any attempt on the revolutionary gains of the Tuvan and Russian peoples.
By convocation All-Tuva Khural a lot of preparatory work has been done. Labor arats, sent to sumons and khoshuns, conveyed to the inhabitants a message about the convening of the All-Tuva Congress and invited them to the congress. Meetings were held in separate khoshuns and sumons on the issue of national self-determination of Tuvans.
Large Tuvan feudal lords pursued a dual policy during the preparation of the All-Tuvan Congress. One group of feudal lords ( Buyan-Badorkhu, Chimba beezi etc.) supported the demand for the creation of an independent state, hoping to get into the bodies of the new government and continue to maintain the feudal system in the country. The other most conservative part of the feudal lords, headed by the ambyn-noyon Sotnam Balchir, the ruler of the Todzha khoshun Tonmit, openly opposed the independence of Tuva, counting on the support of the reactionary feudal lords of northwestern Mongolia. Ultimately, both pursued the same goal - to isolate Tuva from Soviet Russia, to preserve patriarchal-feudal relations in Tuva, their feudal privileges and rights, and to prevent revolutionary changes in the life of the people.
For a correct understanding of events, it should be borne in mind that many feudal lords, especially those who demagogically declared themselves defenders of the interests of the people, still enjoyed significant influence on the poor arats. For centuries, the need for unconditional obedience to the khans, noyons, officials, whose power was allegedly consecrated by the burkhan (god) himself, was inspired by the arats. And although the general political level of the Arat masses had grown sufficiently under the influence of the October Revolution, nevertheless, a significant part of the population had not yet become involved in socio-political life and had little understanding of the events that were taking place. Taking advantage of the political backwardness of the bulk of the nomadic arats and the absence of a leading core - a revolutionary party and trained personnel from among the poor arats - feudal-theocratic circles for a number of years after the proclamation of the Tuva People's Republic dragged their proteges into the authorities.
Taking into account the difficult conditions that arose during the preparation of the national congress, Sibrevkom appealed to the population of Maady-Choodu sumon and Todzha khoshun, where work was carried out most openly and hostilely against the convening of the upcoming Khural of representatives of Tuva. It said: “Your people already know that the peoples of Russia overthrew the power of the white tsar and destroyed all the reactionary forces of his generals who were trying to seize power into their own hands. Now throughout our great country there is the power of the Soviets, the power of the working people. Our Soviet government ... extended a helping hand to all small peoples, like yours, languishing under the yoke of oppressors. We sincerely wish that your people throw off their slavish chains and establish their people's power on the same just principles as our Soviet government, and we will help you in every possible way in this ... We are currently negotiating with all the Khoshuns of Tannu-Tuva separately, and by August 5, we invite all sumons and arbans of Tuva to choose their delegates and send them to the All-Tuva Congress, so that your people can decide how best to arrange their lives ... ".
The simple and understandable words of the appeal influenced the arats. Many of the labor arats were active distributors of appeals and appeals of the Sibrevkom. The labor arats of the indicated sumons and khoshuns resolutely demanded that they join the opinion of the majority of the population of Tuva, and the officials were forced to submit to the will of the people.
August 13-16, 1921 in the area of Sug-Bazhi (now Kochetovo, Tandinsky district) All-Tuva Constituent Khural (congress)
representatives of all khoshuns of Tuva. The congress was attended by: a delegation of Soviet Russia (16 people), representatives of Mongolia and the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern.
The number of representatives of the Tuvan khoshuns was about 300 people, and more than 200 were labor arats. Many of them, such as Oyun Dozulday, Oyun Alday-ool, Natpit and Kara-Bashtyg, actively participated in the congress.
On the agenda Great Khural there were 26 questions, the main ones were the national self-determination of Tuva, the adoption of the first Constitution, the strengthening of friendly relations with the revolutionary peoples of Soviet Russia and Mongolia. Greetings were delivered by I. Safyanov on behalf of the Sibrevkom, on behalf of the Red Army regiment commissar Y. Chugunov, on behalf of the regional committee of the Russian population of the region G. Strelkov, on behalf of the red partisans S. Kochetov, on behalf of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks - M. Terentyev.
The Khural heard and discussed the report on the international situation. When discussing the issue of national self-determination of Tuva, the official of the Todzha khoshun, Lopsan Meeren, opposed the creation of an independent Tuvan state, allegedly referring to the desire of the Todzhans to remain subordinate to the Mongolian state. During the discussion on this issue, the representative Mongolian Provisional People's Government, created in March 1921. Expressing the interests of the Mongolian feudal lords, he stated with a clearly provocative purpose that "Tuvans are Mongols and therefore must submit to Mongolia."
The representatives of the labor arats, with the support of the delegates of Soviet Russia, resolutely rejected the attempts of the feudal lords to impose their will on the congress. The All-Tuva Khural adopted a historic resolution on the creation of an independent Tuvan state. “The People’s Republic of Tannu-Tuva,” the Khural resolution said, “is a free state of a free people, independent of anyone in its internal affairs, while in international relations the Republic of Tannu-Tuva operates under the auspices of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.”
So, on the second day of the meeting of the Great Khural, August 14, 1921. independent Tuva People's Republic (TNR).
Further, the Constituent Khural approved Constitution (Basic Law) of the Tuva People's Republic. The constitution consisted of 22 articles, which summarized the first gains of the revolution and legislated the formation of the TPR.
The first Constitution provided for the basic principles of the foreign policy of the Tuvan national state. A special article consolidated the friendship of the Tuvan people with the peoples of Soviet Russia: "The Republic, in alliance with Soviet Russia, is waging a decisive struggle against the white gangs and other imperialists who seek to turn the territory of Tannu-Tuva into a colony of foreign capital." This article of the Constitution confirmed the anti-imperialist nature of the Tuvan national liberation revolution.
The Constitution stated that “All citizens of the Tannu-Tuva Ulus are equal before the law, issued with the consent of the whole people. Punishment with sticks, shackling in stocks and torture during interrogation are canceled and replaced by fines and forced labor.” The discussion of the paragraph of the Constitution of the TNR on the equality of all citizens of the republic before the law and on the abolition of corporal punishment, naturally, caused great discontent and fierce resistance from the feudal lords. They could not in any way agree that the arats - yesterday's slaves of them - became full masters of their own destiny, began to rule the country. Buyan Badorhu stated: “I could not agree that this congress equalizes my rights with the very last person of our khoshun.”
The labor arats present at the meetings of the Khural reacted vividly to all the issues discussed. The following approving conversation between the arats is recorded in the Khural protocol: “Do you hear, they say that every person enjoys equal rights before the law. This is very good!"
The Constitution thus dealt a severe blow to the feudal lords who defended the medieval system of torture and punishment, hated by the masses of the people, laid the foundation for the elimination of the political foundations of feudalism and feudal-serf relations.
the Constitution of the People's Republic of China freedom of religion was established. The lower strata of the lama, who were engaged in personal households, were equalized in rights and duties with the rest of the citizens, the leading position of theocrats in the political life of the country, which they occupied in the old colonial-feudal Tuva, was destroyed. But, at the same time, the higher clergy and monastic households were exempted from carrying out state duties and from taxation. In this issue, as in a number of others, the influence of the feudal lords and the lamaist church had an effect on significant sections of the arats, and, consequently, on the participants in the Khural.
First Constitution approved elected central and local authorities, which was a great political and revolutionary achievement of the Tuvan people. The supreme legislative power belonged to the People's Khural of representatives of all khoshuns, convened at least once a year. From February 1922, the People's Khural began to be called the Great (Ulug) Khural. Executive power was exercised by the government - the General Central Council. In khoshuns and sumons, the authorities were khoshun and sumon Khurals, convened twice a year.
However before 1923 for officials in state bodies in the center and in the regions, the old feudal and bureaucratic ranks were retained. The execution of judicial duties was entrusted to the relevant authorities - the sumon, khoshun and Central Councils. The unification of the executive branch with the judiciary is a relic and a kind of tribute to the old feudal system. Despite this, the organization of the court case on a new basis, namely the administration of justice by elected bodies of people's power, provided that all citizens are equal before the law, was one of the great achievements of the Tuvan arats.
Certain issues were resolved at the Constituent Khural administrative division of Tuva. The main thing here was that the khoshuns from feudal destinies became new administrative regions of the people's democratic state.
After making decisions on the main items on the agenda, the feudal lords present at the Khural tried to exclude the representatives of Soviet Russia from participating in the further work of the congress. Representatives of the Soviet delegation, by no means imposing their will on the Constituent Khural, defended the interests of the labor arats in their speeches and exposed the reactionary maneuvers of the Tuvan feudal lords. The majority of the congress participants unanimously spoke in favor of the participation of representatives of Soviet Russia in resolving all issues submitted for consideration by the Khural.
Constituent Khural considered the issue of Soviet citizens living on the territory of Tuva. On this issue, the Khural protocol recorded: "The Russian population located on the territory of Tannu-Tuva ... is considered a Russian Soviet autonomous colony, living according to the Constitution of Soviet Russia and directly subordinate to it."
All-Tuva Constituent Khural 1921 was of great historical importance for the further free development of the Tuvan people.
The All-Tuva Khural addressed the Soviet government with a request for comprehensive assistance and support in strengthening and developing the young republic. Soviet government September 14, 1921 sent through the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR an appeal to the Tuvan people, in which they welcomed the formation of a new state:
« ... At the present time, when the workers and peasants of Russia have overthrown the hated despotic tsarist government and completely removed the tsarist officials from power, the workers 'and peasants' government of Russia, expressing the will of the working masses, solemnly declares that it does not at all consider the Uryankhai Territory as its territory and no has no view of it".
Recognizing independence Tuvan People's Republic, the Soviet government guaranteed her all-round economic, political and cultural assistance and support in her further historical development.
The patronage of Soviet Russia had nothing to do with the so-called protectorate, patronage or guardianship in the bourgeois, imperialist world.
Under the conditions of imperialism, a protectorate or guardianship is only a special form of colonial domination by the imperialist powers over the peoples enslaved by them. Soviet Russia, and later the Soviet Union, invariably and unswervingly observed the sovereignty of the TPR and contributed to its strengthening. The formation of the TPR and the fraternal assistance of the Soviet Union contributed to the development and further strengthening of friendship between the Tuvan and Soviet peoples.
Tuvan People's Republic, as an independent independent state, arose and strengthened under the influence of the Great October Socialist Revolution as a result of direct state assistance from the victorious proletariat of Soviet Russia, as a result of the victory of the national liberation revolution of labor arats in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolutions.
The formation of an independent Tuvan state in 1921 under the then historical conditions was the only correct solution to the problem. In Tuva, in fact, in practice, one of the main provisions of the wise Leninist national policy was implemented - the right of nations to free national self-determination, up to secession and the formation of an independent state.
However, putting forward the slogan about the right of nations to self-determination, to secession and the formation of an independent state, V.I. Lenin emphasized that the right to secede must not be confused with the obligation to secede. Therefore, Lenin put forward his famous formula of disunity for unification, but unification voluntary, lasting, strong. The 23-year existence of the TNR has fully confirmed this theoretical one. In 1944 Tuva voluntarily entered the great family of peoples of the USSR.
The Republic of Tuva (capital - the city of Kyzyl) is a subject of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Siberian Federal District. This region has a significant tourism potential, which, unfortunately, is still little used. This article is intended to shed light on the sights of Tuva unfamiliar to the general public. They are mostly natural. The whole region is located in the picturesque region of the Western Sayan. So in the Republic of Tuva there are snow-capped peaks with eternal glaciers, and tundra, and taiga, as well as steppes and even semi-deserts. In terms of tourism, the region is also interesting because, due to geographical isolation, the national color and ancient traditions of nomads have been preserved intact here. And the local beliefs of the Tuvans - an interesting mix of Buddhism and pagan shamanism - put religious scholars into a stupor. People come here in search of Asian spirituality, admire the beauty of the mountains and improve their health in local healing springs.
Tuva or Tyva?
Where is
Where is the Republic of Tuva located? The capital of the region, the city of Kyzyl, is located just 20 kilometers west of the geographical center of Asia. In the south, Tuva borders on Mongolia, and on the other three sides - on such subjects of the Russian Federation as Buryatia, Khakassia, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region. The territory of the Republic is thus located in Eastern Siberia, in the very south of our country. Eighty percent of its land is occupied by peaks ranging from two to three kilometers above sea level. The lands rise in the west. The highest points of the Republic are concentrated here: Mongun-Taiga (3976 m), Ak-Oyuk and Mongulek. In the Sayans, in the upper reaches of the Great Yenisei, there is a plateau of Derby-Taiga basalt, where there are sixteen volcanoes considered to be extinct.
How to get there
By train you will not get to the original region of Tuva. The Tuva Republic knows only air, bus and river communications. The nearest railway station is located 44 kilometers from Kyzyl - in the city of Abakan. The small airport of the capital of the Republic accepts only a few flights. Pilatus planes fly daily from Krasnoyarsk. In summer three times a week you can get to Kyzyl from Novosibirsk. Bus service has been established to Irkutsk and Tomsk. From the end of April until freezing up, a motor ship runs along the Great Yenisei from Kyzyl to the village of Toora-Khem. Helicopters deliver tourists to hard-to-reach places.
Climate
The Republic of Tuva is surrounded by mountains on all sides. Its capital is in the basin. This geographical position causes a sharply continental climate. There is a frosty (in the basin with little snow) winter and a very hot but rainy summer. The temperature in January is usually - 30 ° C (there are frosts and up to 40 degrees). In July, the thermometer shows +25 ... +35 ° C. In the basin, the summer is dry - only 200 mm of precipitation per year, while on the slopes of the mountains they fall up to a thousand millimeters. The most favorable time for visiting the republic for the purpose of tourism is May and September. Then comfortable temperatures prevail here, the risk of falling under a downpour is reduced.
The capital of the Republic of Tuva - Kyzyl
The view of the city, standing at the confluence of two rivers, Biy-Khem and Kaa-Khem (Big and Small Yeniseev), is simply amazing. Mountains rise in the background, and this primeval beauty transforms the prefabricated Soviet buildings of the Khrushchev period. You will not find any antiquities in Kyzyl - after all, the city is barely a hundred years old. But an attentive tourist can still find local flavor in this Soviet depersonalization. It has become especially pronounced in recent years. These are raised "Chinese" corners of the roofs, a stadium in the form of a giant yurt. Kyzyl is able to surprise a visiting tourist and even plunge him into a culture shock. So, on Mount Lenin, the mantra “Om-mane-padme-hum” is laid out of stones, calling the Dalai Lama to the city. And if you visit the museum, you will learn the Tuvan version of the origin of the Homo sapiens species. There, under the effigy of the clubfoot owner of the forest, there is such an inscription: "The bear is the ancestor of people."
Where to stay and what to see
There are only four hotels in Kyzyl. The largest is the Buyan-Badyrgy hotel complex. Lovers of small family-type hotels are waiting for a cozy "Cottage". You should start getting acquainted with the city from Arat Square. It houses the Drama Theater and the Government House. The Republic of Tuva, whose capital strikes with exoticism, clearly prefers muses rather than officialdom. The Temple of Arts looks much more imposing than the Government House. But the main attraction of the square is the prayer wheel. It contains over a million mantras. One turn of the drum cleanses the soul better than Great Lent - so the locals assure. It is also worth visiting the local temples. In the most visited Buddhist shrine - Tsechenling datsan - they study the philosophy of Enlightenment, practice meditation and yoga, and pray. Shamanism in Tuva is also in honor. There are several centers where you can undergo a purification ceremony or find out the future.
Events
Most tourists come to Kyzyl in transit - on the way to healing springs and mud lakes. But there are dates on the calendar when you should definitely visit the Republic of Tuva. First, it's New Year's. It is celebrated here according to the lunar calendar (end of January or beginning of February). There are games, horse races, sports competitions "khuresh" everywhere. In these battles, men fight one on one. In August, when the shepherds descend from the mountains, the traditional Naadym holiday takes place. Day of the Republic of Tuva is celebrated on the second Sunday of September. Literally all holidays are accompanied by horse races, wrestling of bogatyrs “khuresh” and archery. During the performance of local bands, you can hear throat singing. This is another attraction in the culture of the Tuvan people.
And the successor of TNR
Mongolian People's Republic Mongolian People's Republic
Tuvan People's Republic(Latin - Tuv. Tyʙa Arat Respuʙlik, Cyrillic - Tuv. Tyva Arat Republic) - a partially recognized (USSR - in and Mongolian People's Republic - in) state in Southern Siberia from to years. In 1921-1926 it was officially called Tannu Tuva. It was not recognized by China, part of which was considered by most countries of the world. In 1944, it became part of the USSR as the Tuva Autonomous Region within the RSFSR.
Story [ | ]
emergence [ | ]
It originated on the territory of the former protectorate of the Russian Empire, known as the Uryankhai Territory, after the October Revolution in Russia.
In March 1917, after the announcement of the overthrow of the monarchy in Russia, the active creation of Soviets began on the territory of the Uryankhai region. In March 1918, at the IV Congress of the Russian population of the region, Soviet power was proclaimed in Tuva. On June 11, 1918, the 5th Congress of the Russian population of the region opened, and on June 13 - the Congress of representatives of the Tuvan people. The issue of self-determination of Uriankhai was the main item on the agenda of the Uriankhai congress convened by the Regional Council of Deputies (chairmen - Bespalov S.K. (03.25.1918 - 05.02.1918), Terentyev M.M. . On June 18, 1918, a joint meeting of the Russian and Tuvan congresses was held, at which the Treaty on Self-Determination of Tuva, Friendship and Mutual Assistance of the Russian and Tuvan Peoples was unanimously adopted.
In June 1918, a Chinese delegation of high-ranking Chinese officials arrived in the region to get acquainted with the situation in the region for trade expansion. Essential goods of Chinese and Mongolian merchants were much cheaper than Russian ones. Such cheapness naturally aroused the sympathy of the Tuvans for the Mongols and the Chinese. Dissatisfaction with the Russian government was intensified by the bans that they imposed on the entry of Chinese and Mongols into the territory of the region with "the almost complete absence of Russian goods on the market."
On July 7, 1918, the Uryankhai region was captured by Kolchak's troops. In the fall of 1918, the invasion of Tuva by Chinese troops under the command of Yang-Shichiao began. They occupied the southern and western regions. Following the Chinese, Mongolian troops entered Tuva under the command of a large feudal lord Maksarzhav. They set their sights on the capital of the region, Belotsarsk.
Soviet power on the territory of Tuva did not last long: in July 1918, the IV Regional Congress announced the liquidation of the Soviets and the support of the Provisional Siberian Government of P.V. Vologda.
In the spring of 1919, an anti-Russian rebellion broke out in Tuva: clashes between local residents and Russian peasants and merchants began. It was with the Russian population that the Tuvans connected the White Guard robberies and violence. The rebels were led by Tuvan officials. The looting of the Russian population began. The demoralization and weakness of the White Guard troops did not allow them to cope with the rebels, as well as to paralyze the aggressive actions of the Chinese and Mongolian armed forces.
On June 14, 1919, detachments of red partisans under the command of A. Kravchenko and P. Shchetinkin, who retreated under strong pressure from Chinese troops, left the territories of the Kansk and Krasnoyarsk districts of Russia and entered the territory of the Uryankhai region. The leadership of the partisans managed to negotiate with the Mongols, promising them to leave Tuva as soon as possible. The Chinese did not dare to launch active military operations against them. The partisans fell into the hands of large "stocks of cartridges ... gunpowder and lead" abandoned by the Whites during the retreat. The Russian population poured into the partisan detachments, fleeing from the rebellious Tuvans, as well as the Mongols and Chinese. On July 18, 1919, the Red partisans won a series of military victories over Kolchak's army and captured the city of Belotsarsk, the capital of the Uryankhai Territory. After the victory over Kolchak, the Red Army defeated the Chinese troops. In late 1920-early 1921, the last Chinese soldiers left Tuva. In the summer of 1921, in connection with the revolution that began in Mongolia, the Mongolian detachment also left Tuva. Soviet power in the region was restored. Now the fate of Tuva was to be decided in Moscow. The Bolshevik leadership, intent on preserving Tuva, was well aware that there were no conditions for successful "Sovietization" there.
In mid-1921, local revolutionaries, supported by the Red Army of the RSFSR, decided to declare the national sovereignty of Tuva. In June 1921, in the center of the western kozhuuns - Chadan - a meeting was held with representatives of two Khemchik kozhuuns, Daa and Beise, where the majority of the Tuvan people lived. The decision adopted by the meeting read: “We, representatives of the two Khemchik kozhuuns, find that the only, most correct and best way for the future life of our people will be exactly the way to achieve the complete independence of our country. We are postponing the decision of the question of the independence of Uriankhai in its final form to the future general Uriankhai congress, where we will insist on our present decision. We ask the representative of Soviet Russia to support us at this congress in our desire for self-determination..
The first official Tuvan delegation in Moscow: the signing of an agreement on friendship and cooperation between Tannu-Tuva and the USSR (1925)
On August 13-16, 1921, in the town of Sug-Bazhy near the village of Atamanovka (now the village of Kochetovo in Tandinsky kozhuun), the All-Tuva Constituent Khural (congress) was held, in which representatives of all kozhuuns of Tuva, consisting of about 300 people (over 200 of them were aratami); it was also attended by a delegation of Soviet Russia and representatives of the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern in Mongolia. On the first day, the Khural adopted a resolution on the creation of an independent Tuvan state of Tannu-Tuva. The resolution stated: "The People's Republic of Tanu-Tuva is a free state of a free people, independent of anyone in its internal affairs, while in international relations the Republic of Tanu-Tuva acts under the auspices of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".
On August 14, 1921, the independence of the Republic of Tannu-Tuva was proclaimed, authorities were created, the first Constitution of 22 articles was adopted. The new Constitution of the TNR, in particular, established freedom of religion. The city of Khem-Beldyr became the capital of the republic. By 1923, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Tuva. Later, agreements were concluded with the USSR (1925) and the Mongolian People's Republic (1926), recognizing the independence of Tuva.
The first official delegation of Tannu-Tuva, consisting of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Kuular Donduk, Chairman of the Small Khural and Soyan Dalaa-Surun, manager of affairs, arrived in Moscow in June 1925. The delegation also included Minister of War K. Shagdyr and a representative of the youth of Badan-ool. On June 22, 1925, the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation was signed between the Government of Tannu-Tuva and the Government of the USSR.
First years of independence[ | ]
Gun noyon Buyan-Badyrgy became the first head of the Tuvan state. On August 13, 1921, at the Constituent Khural (congress) of representatives of all the kozhuuns of Tuva, he was elected chairman of the Khural and confirmed Russia's commitment. Under his leadership, the first constitution of the country was developed and adopted, the Tuva Revolutionary Youth Union (TRSM) was created. The 1920s were very difficult for the young state of Tannu-Tuva. The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) claimed its territory, only in 1926 did the MPR recognize the independence of Tuva, but border territorial disputes were not resolved (perhaps this was one of the reasons for the subsequent entry of Tuva into the USSR).
In 1929, the first General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party (TNRP) and the first Chairman of the Government of Tuva, Buyan-Badyrgy, was arrested and executed in 1932. Together with him, the secretary of the Central Committee of the TNRP, Irgit Shagdirzhap, and the former prime minister, Kuular Donduk, were shot.
Sovietization [ | ]
Tuva in World War II[ | ]
On June 22, 1941, at the X Great Khural of Tuva, a Declaration was unanimously adopted, which proclaimed:
Thus, the TNR became the first foreign state to officially become an ally of the Soviet Union in the fight against Nazi Germany, after its entry into World War II.
On June 25, 1941, the Tuva People's Republic declared war on Germany. At the same time, she pledged to help the Soviet Union. Moscow was transferred to the gold reserves of the republic (about 30 million rubles). From June 1941 to October 1944, Tuva supplied 50,000 horses, 52,000 pairs of skis, 12,000 sheepskin coats, 15,000 pairs of boots, 70,000 tons of sheep wool, several hundred tons of meat, carts, sledges for the needs of the Red Army, harness and other goods for a total amount of about 66.5 million rubles. Dozens of combat aircraft and tanks were purchased with donations from the population.
In 1942, the Soviet government allowed the recruitment of volunteers from Tuva for military service. Even earlier, the mobilization of Russian-speaking citizens into the Red Army was announced. The first volunteers joined the Red Army in May 1943 and were enlisted in the 52nd Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front from February 1944, which took part in the hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In September 1943, the second group of volunteers (206 people) was enrolled in the 8th Cavalry Division, where they took part in a raid on the German rear in western Ukraine. In total, during the war years, up to 8 thousand residents of the TPR and Soviet Tuva served in the Red Army.
Joining the USSR[ | ]
On August 17, 1944, the VII session of the Lesser Khural of the TNR adopted a declaration on the entry of the Tuva People's Republic into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and petitioned the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to accept the TNR as part of the USSR on the rights of an autonomous region in the RSFSR; The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by Decree of October 11, 1944, granted the petition and proposed to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR to accept the TNR as part of the RSFSR as an autonomous region. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of October 14, 1944 "On the admission of the Tuva People's Republic into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic", the TNR was admitted to the RSFSR on the rights of the Tuva Autonomous Region; no referendum was held on this issue.
In the 1960s, on the basis of the development of the economy and culture, the process of formation of republican bodies was completed, which was finally fixed at the extraordinary XIII session of the Lesser Khural of the Tuvan nation. Salchak Toka became the first secretary of the Tuva Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks - the CPSU.
From October 10, 1961 to 1991, Tuva was the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tuva ASSR) within the RSFSR.
Currently, Tuva is a subject of the Russian Federation called the Republic of Tyva (Tuva).
State structure[ | ]
The highest body of power in the Tuva HP was, which was an analogue of the Congress of Soviets in the USSR. In the intervals between the Great Khurals, he acted, which was an analogue of the CECs and worked in a sessional manner. In the intervals between sessions of the Small Khural, its presidium acted. It was the administrative and executive body.
In total, 10 Great Khurals were held:
In 1922, the Russian self-governing labor colony was created as a form of autonomy for the Russian population in Tuva. In 1932, it was replaced by committees of Soviet citizens in the TPR.
Leaders of the Tuva People's Republic[ | ]
heads of state[ | ]
Chairman:
Chairmen of the Presidium:
Heads of government[ | ]
chairmen
Administrative-territorial division[ | ]
In 1921, the territory of Tuva was divided into 7 khoshuns: Beise-khoshun, Daa-khoshun, Maady, Oyunnarsky, Salchaksky, Todzhinsky, Shalyk-Sartylsky.
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