Lecture #3

Anthropogenic sources differ from natural sources in their diversity. If at the beginning of the twentieth century 19 chemical elements were used in industry, then in 1970 all the elements of the periodic table were used. This significantly affected the composition of emissions, its qualitative pollution, in particular, aerosols of heavy and rare metals, synthetic compounds, radioactive, carcinogenic and bacteriological substances. Significant sizes of zones of geoecological influence of various sources of technogenic impact.

Sizes of zones of geoecological influence of different sources

Types of economic activity	Source of exposure	Zone sizes, km
Mining	Mine, quarry, underground storage
Thermal power	CHPP, TPP, GRES
Chemical, metallurgical, oil refining	Combine, factory
Transport	Motorway
Railway

The industries that determine the level of atmospheric pollution include industry in general, and especially the fuel and energy complex and transport. Their emissions into the atmosphere are distributed as follows: 30% - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, building materials industry, chemistry and petrochemistry, military-industrial complex; 25% - thermal power engineering; 40% - transport of all types.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is the leader in terms of toxic waste. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are the most polluting industries. The share of metallurgy accounts for up to 26% of the gross all-Russian emissions of solid substances and 34% of gaseous emissions. Emissions include: carbon monoxide - 67.5%, solids - 15.5%, sulfur dioxide - 10.8%, nitrogen oxides - 5.4%.

Dust emission per 1 ton of cast iron is 4.5 kg, sulfur dioxide - 2.7 kg, manganese - 0.6 kg. Together with blast-furnace gas, compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor, hydrogen cyanide and resinous substances are emitted into the atmosphere. Permissible sulfur dioxide emission rate during ore agglomeration is 190 kg per 1 ton of ore. In addition, the composition of discharges into water includes the following substances: sulfates, chlorides, heavy metal compounds.

To the first group include enterprises with a predominance of chemical technological processes.

To the second group- enterprises with a predominance of mechanical (machine-building) technological processes.

To the third group- enterprises that carry out both extraction and chemical processing of raw materials.

In industrial processes of processing various raw materials and semi-finished products, by mechanical, thermal and chemical effects, waste (waste) gases are formed, which contain suspended particles. They have the whole range of solid waste properties, and gases (including air) containing suspended particles belong to aerodisperse systems (G-T, Table 3). Industrial gases are usually complex aerodisperse systems in which the disperse medium is a mixture of different gases, and the suspended particles are polydisperse and have a different state of aggregation.

Table 3

Mixers" href="/text/category/smesiteli/" rel="bookmark"> mixers, pyrite kilns, transport devices in aspiration air, and the like are the result of imperfect equipment and technological processes. In smoke, generator, blast furnace, coke and other similar gases contain dust formed during the combustion of fuel.As a product of incomplete combustion of organic substances (fuel), with a lack of air, soot is formed and carried away.If the gases contain any substances in the vapor state, then when cooled to a certain temperature, the vapors condense and go into a liquid or solid state (L or T).

Examples of suspensions formed by condensation are: sulfuric acid mist in the exhaust gases of evaporators, tar mist in generator and coke oven gases, non-ferrous metal dust (zinc, tin, lead, antimony, etc.) with a low evaporation temperature in gases. The dusts resulting from the condensation of vapors are called sublimates.

Despite the external diversity of the raw materials used in powder technologies, dust ingredients not only obey the same theoretical laws of engineering rheology, but also in practice have similar technological properties, conditions for their preliminary preparation and subsequent recycling.

When choosing a method for processing solid waste, their composition and quantity play a significant role.

Enterprises of a mechanical profile (Group II ), including blanking and forging shops, shops for thermal and mechanical processing of metals, coating shops, foundry production, emit a significant amount of gases, liquid effluents and solid waste.

For example, in closed iron foundry cupolas with a productivity / h per 1 ton of smelted iron, 11-13 kg of dust (mass %) is released: SiO2 30-50, CaO 8-12, Al2O3 0.5-6.0 MgO 0.5-4 .0 FeO + Fe2O3 10-36, 0 MnO 0.5-2.5, C 30-45; 190-200 kg of carbon monoxide; 0.4 kg of sulfur dioxide; 0.7 kg of hydrocarbons, etc.

The concentration of dust in the exhaust gases is 5-20 g/m3 with an equivalent size of 35 µm.

When casting under the influence of the heat of the molten (liquid) metal and when the molds are cooled, the ingredients presented in Table 1 are released from the molding sands. 4 .

Toxic substances in paint shops are released during the degreasing of surfaces with organic solvents before painting, during the preparation of paints and varnishes, when they are applied to the surface of products and when the coating is dried. Characteristics of ventilation emissions from painting shops are given in Table 5.

Table 4

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Oil and gas and mining facilities, metallurgical production and thermal power engineering are conventionally classified as enterprises of the III group.

During oil and gas construction, the main source of technogenic impacts is the musculoskeletal part of machines, mechanisms and transport. They destroy the soil cover of any type in 1-2 passes or passages. At the same stages, the maximum physical and chemical pollution of soils, soils, surface waters with fuels and lubricants, solid waste, domestic sewage, etc.

Planned losses of produced oil average 50%. Below is a list of substances (their hazard class is given in brackets) emitted:

a) in the atmospheric air; nitrogen dioxide B), benz(a)pyrene A), sulfur dioxide C), carbon monoxide D), soot C), mercury metal A), lead A), ozone A), ammonia D), hydrogen chloride B), sulfuric acid B), hydrogen sulfide B), acetone D), arsenic oxide B), formaldehyde B), phenol A), etc.;

b) into wastewater: ammonia nitrogen (ammonium sulfate for nitrogen) - 3, total nitrogen (ammonia for nitrogen) - 3, gasoline C), benz (a) pyrene A), kerosene D), acetone C), white spirit C), sulfate D), elemental phosphorus A), chlorides D), active chlorine C), ethylene C), nitrates C), phosphates B), oils, etc.

The mining industry uses practically non-renewable mineral resources far from completely: 12-15% of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores remain in the bowels or are stored in dumps.

The so-called planned loss of hard coal is 40%. When developing polymetallic ores, only 1-2 metals are extracted from them, and the rest are thrown out with the host rock. When mining rock salts and mica, up to 80% of the raw materials remain in the dumps. Mass explosions in quarries are major sources of dust and poisonous gases. For example, a dust and gas cloud disperses 200-250 tons of dust within a radius of 2-4 km from the epicenter of the explosion.

The weathering of rocks stored in dumps leads to a significant increase in concentrations - SO2, CO and CO2 within a radius of several kilometers.

In the thermal power industry, a powerful source of solid waste and gaseous emissions are thermal power plants, steam power plants, that is, any industrial and municipal enterprises associated with the process of fuel combustion.

The composition of flue gases includes carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and trioxide, etc. Coal cleaning tailings, ash and slag form the composition of solid waste. Waste from coal preparation plants contains 55-60% SiO2, 22-26% A12O3, 5-12% Fe2O3, 0.5-1.0 CaO, 4-4.5% K2O and Na2O, and up to 5% C. They enter the dumps and the degree of their use does not exceed 1-2%.

It is dangerous to use brown and other coals containing radioactive elements (uranium, thorium, etc.) as fuel, since some of them are carried away with exhaust gases into the atmosphere, and some of them enter the lithosphere through ash dumps.

To the intermediate combined group of enterprises (I + II + III gr.) includes municipal production and objects of communal-urban economy. Modern cities emit about 1000 chemical compounds into the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Atmospheric emissions from the textile industry contain carbon monoxide, sulfides, nitrosamines, soot, sulfuric and boric acids, resins, and shoe factories emit ammonia, ethyl acetate, hydrogen sulfide and leather dust. In the production of building materials and structures, for example, from 140 to 200 kg of dust is emitted per 1 ton of building gypsum and lime produced, respectively, and the exhaust gases contain oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrocarbons. In total, enterprises for the production of building materials in our country emit 38 million tons of dust annually, 60% of which is cement dust.

Pollution in wastewater is in the form of suspensions, colloids and solutions. Up to 40% of contaminants are mineral substances: particles of soil, dust, mineral salts (phosphates, ammonium nitrogen, chlorides, sulfates, etc.). Organic contaminants include fats, proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, alcohols, organic acids, etc. A special type of wastewater pollution is bacterial. The amount of pollution (g / person, day) in domestic wastewater is determined mainly by physiological indicators and is approximately:

Biological oxygen demand (BOD full) - 75

Suspended solids - 65

Ammonium nitrogen - 8

Phosphates - 3.3 (of which 1.6 g - due to detergents)

Synthetic surfactants (surfactants) - 2.5

Chlorides - 9.

The most dangerous and difficult to remove from wastewater are surfactants (otherwise - detergents) - strong toxicants that are resistant to biological decomposition processes. Therefore, up to 50-60% of their initial amount is discharged into water bodies.

Radioactivity should be attributed to dangerous anthropogenic pollution, which contributes to a serious deterioration in the quality of the environment and human life. Natural radioactivity is a natural phenomenon due to two reasons: the presence of radon 222Rn and its decay products in the atmosphere, as well as exposure to cosmic rays. As for anthropogenic factors, they are mainly associated with artificial (technogenic) radioactivity (nuclear explosions, production of nuclear fuel, accidents at

Man has been polluting the atmosphere for thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used throughout this period, were insignificant. I had to put up with the fact that the smoke interfered with breathing, and that the soot lay in a black cover on the ceiling and walls of the dwelling. The resulting heat was more important for a person than clean air and not sooty cave walls. This initial air pollution was not a problem, for people then lived in small groups, occupying an immeasurably vast untouched natural environment. And even a significant concentration of people in a relatively small area, as was the case in classical antiquity, was not yet accompanied by serious consequences.

This was the case until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only in the last hundred years has the development of industry "gifted" us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first man could not yet imagine. Million-strong cities arose, the growth of which cannot be stopped. All this is the result of great inventions and conquests of man.

Basically, there are three main sources of air pollution: industry, domestic boilers, transport. The share of each of these sources in total air pollution varies greatly from place to place. It is now generally accepted that industrial production pollutes the air the most. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into the air; metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which emit nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic into the air; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter the air as a result of fuel combustion for industrial needs, home heating, transport, combustion and processing of household and industrial waste. Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary, entering directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, resulting from the transformation of the latter. So, sulfur dioxide entering the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms droplets of sulfuric acid. When sulfuric anhydride reacts with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed. Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physico-chemical reactions between pollutants and atmospheric components, other secondary signs are formed. The main source of pyrogenic pollution on the planet are thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, which consume more than 170% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuels. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:

• a) Carbon monoxide. It is obtained by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. At least 1250 million tons of this gas enters the atmosphere every year. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with the constituent parts of the atmosphere and contributes to an increase in the temperature on the planet and the creation of a greenhouse effect.
• b) Sulfur dioxide. It is released during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfurous ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere was 65 percent of the global emissions.
• c) Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and exacerbates human respiratory diseases. The precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical enterprises is observed at low cloudiness and high air humidity. Leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km. from such enterprises, are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where droplets of sulfuric acid have settled. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants, annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.
• d) Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil refineries, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.
• e) Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, and celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons. in year.
• f) Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or dust of sodium and calcium fluoride. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.
• g) Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, soda. In the atmosphere, they are found as an admixture of chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, during the smelting of pig iron and during its processing into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. So, in terms of 11 tons of pig iron, in addition to 12.7 kg. 0 sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg. 0 dust particles that determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, resin substances and hydrogen cyanide.

Atmospheric air is polluted by the introduction or formation of pollutants in it in concentrations exceeding quality standards or the level of natural content.

A pollutant is an admixture in the atmospheric air that, at certain concentrations, has an adverse effect on human health, plants and animals, other components of the natural environment, or damages material objects.

Atmospheric air quality is a set of physical, chemical and biological properties of atmospheric air, reflecting the degree of its compliance with hygienic and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality.

Ambient air quality hygienic standard is an ambient air quality criterion that reflects the maximum allowable maximum content of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air, in which there is no harmful effect on human health.

Environmental standard for atmospheric air quality is a criterion for the quality of atmospheric air, reflecting the maximum allowable maximum content of harmful (polluting) substances in the atmospheric air, in which there is no harmful effect on the environment.

Maximum allowable (critical) load is an indicator of the impact of one or more harmful (polluting) substances on the environment, the excess of which can lead to harmful effects on it.

A harmful (polluting) substance is a chemical or biological substance (or a mixture thereof) contained in the atmospheric air, which, in certain concentrations, has a harmful effect on human health and the natural environment.

According to regular observations of Roshydromet, over a 5-year period (2003–2007), the annual average concentrations of suspended solids, sulfur dioxide, phenol and formaldehyde decreased by 5–13%, ammonia, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride and soot decreased by 16– 37%. During the same period, the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide increased by 5–11%. Over a 10-year period (1988-2007), the concentration of carbon monoxide increased by 11%, nitrogen oxide - by 3%, nitrogen dioxide - by 18%.

The level of air pollution in cities remains high. In 2007, the annual average concentrations of any of the substances regularly monitored exceeded the MPC in 187 cities with a population of 65.4 million people. Suspended solids concentrations exceeded the MPC in 71 cities (3.8 million people), nitrogen dioxide – in 93 (9.4 million people), benzo(a)pyrene – in 39 (8.6 million people).

The maximum one-time concentrations exceeded 10 MPC in 66 cities, including the average monthly concentrations of bene(a)pyrene in 25 cities. In seven cities (Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Magnitogorsk, Omsk, Sterlitamak, Norilsk, Tomsk), one-time concentrations above 10 MPC of three or more substances were observed.

In 2008, the gross emission of harmful substances from stationary sources into the atmosphere in the Russian Federation as a whole amounted to 18.66 million tons. 22%) and ferrous (14.6%) metallurgy (Fig. 1).

Power industry

Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere amounted to 4345.7 thousand tons (solids, sulfur dioxide, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, etc.). The largest emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere were noted in 2008 at the following enterprises: Novocherkasskaya GRES - 131.4 thousand tons, Cherepovetskaya GRES, Suvorov - 89 thousand tons, Primorskaya GRES, Luchegorsk 73.6 thousand tons, Ryazanskaya GRES, Novomichurinsk - 66.5 thousand tons, Omskaya CHPP-4 - 65.6 thousand tons, Omskaya CHPP-5 - 60.5 thousand tons.

Rice. 1. The share of industries in the Russian Federation in emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air in 2008

Ferrous metallurgy

Emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in 2008 amounted to 2,188.9 thousand tons. - 327.8 thousand tons, JSC "Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works" - 217.3 thousand tons, JSC "West Siberian Iron and Steel Works" - 205 thousand tons.

The processes of smelting pig iron and processing it into steel are accompanied by the emission of various gases into the atmosphere. Dust emission per 1 tonne of cast iron is 4.5 kg, sulfur dioxide - 2.7 kg, manganese - 0.1–0.6 kg. Together with blast-furnace gas, compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, hydrogen cyanide and resinous substances are also emitted into the atmosphere in small quantities.

Sinter plants are the source of air pollution with sulfur dioxide. During ore agglomeration, sulfur is burnt out from pyrites. Sulfide ores contain up to 10% sulfur, and after sintering it remains 0.2–0.8%. The emission of sulfur dioxide in this case can be up to 190 kg per 1 ton of ore (i.e., the operation of one belt machine produces about 700 tons of sulfur dioxide per day).

Emissions from open-hearth and converter steel-smelting shops significantly pollute the atmosphere. When steel is smelted in open-hearth furnaces, dust is formed during the oxidation of a metal charge from slag, ore, limestone and scale, which are used to oxidize charge impurities, and from dolomite, which is used to fill the hearth of the furnace. During the boiling period of steel, metal vapors, slag and metal oxides, and gases are also released. The predominant part of the dust of open-hearth furnaces consists of iron trioxide (67%) and aluminum trioxide (6.7%). With an oxygen-free process, 3000-4000 m 3 of gases are released per 1 ton of open-hearth steel with a dust concentration of 0.5 g/m 3 on average. When oxygen is supplied to the zone of molten metal, dust formation increases many times over, reaching 15–52 g/m 3 . In addition, the melting of steel is accompanied by the burning out of some amounts of carbon and sulfur, and therefore the exhaust gases of open-hearth furnaces with oxygen blast contain up to 60 kg of carbon monoxide and up to 3 kg of sulfur dioxide per 1 ton of steel being smelted.

The main feature of the converter process is the production of steel from liquid iron without the use of fuel. Cooking of steel according to this principle is carried out in converters with a capacity of 50, 100, 250 tons or more by blowing liquid iron with oxygen, which ensures the burnout of undesirable impurities, such as manganese, phosphorus and carbon, contained in the hot metal. The process of obtaining converter steel is cyclical and lasts 25-30 minutes with oxygen blast. The resulting flue gases consist of particles of oxides of silicon, manganese and phosphorus. Smoke contains a significant amount of carbon monoxide - up to 80%. The concentration of dust in the exhaust gases is about 17 g/m 3 .

Most modern ferrous metallurgy plants have coal coking shops and coke oven gas processing departments. Coke production pollute the atmospheric air with dust and a mixture of volatile compounds. In some cases, such as when the operating mode is disturbed, significant amounts of raw coke oven gas are released into the atmosphere.

Air pollution with dust during coal coking occurs during the preparation of the charge and loading it into coke ovens, unloading coke into quenching cars and wet quenching of coke. In addition, wet extinguishing is accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of substances that are part of the water used.

Industrial accidents in this industry lead to an aggravation of the ecological situation in the region. The construction of high-capacity facilities with insufficient study of the issues of aspiration, ventilation, dust and gas cleaning leads to constant emergency emissions of a significant amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere.

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Large non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Murmansk, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and Novosibirsk Regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Primorsky Territory. Industry enterprises have a significant impact on the formation of the environmental situation in the areas of their location, and in some cases completely determine it. In many areas with developed non-ferrous metallurgy, an unfavorable ecological situation has developed.

The largest amount of pollutants in 2008 was emitted into the atmospheric air by the following enterprises: JSC Norilsk Combine - 2139.5 thousand tons, JSC MMC Pechenganickel, pos. Nickel - 197.4 thousand tons, Severonickel Plant JSC, Monchegorsk - 99.3 thousand tons, Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant JSC - 86 thousand tons, Svyatogor JSC (Krasnoyarsk copper smelter) - 75 .8 thousand tons, Sredneuralsky Copper Smelting Plant JSC - 71.4 thousand tons, Mednogorsk Copper and Sulfur Plant 52.6 thousand tons, Achinsk Alumina Refinery JSC - 47.3 thousand tons, Combine Plant JSC Yuzhuralnickel, Orsk - 39.6 thousand tons, Ufaley Nickel Plant - 33.8 thousand tons. Air pollution is characterized mainly by the emission of sulfur dioxide (75% of the total emission into the atmosphere), %) and washed (10.4%). Sources of harmful emissions in the production of alumina, aluminum, copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel and other metals are various types of furnaces (for sintering, smelting, roasting, induction, etc.), crushing and grinding equipment, converters, loading places , unloading and forwarding of materials, drying units, open warehouses.

Oil industry

In 2008, the largest volumes of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere were noted at the following enterprises: JSC Surgutneftegaz, OGPD Lyantorneft - 105 thousand tons, JSC Varvsganeftegaz, OGPD Bakhilovneft, Raduzhny - 56.1 thousand tons. tons, NGDU Luginetskneft, Kedrovy – 16.8 thousand tons, OGPD Tomsneft, Nyagan – 15.2 thousand tons, OGPD Vasyu-ganneft, town of Strezhevoy – 14.7 thousand tons tons, JSC LUKoil Uralneftegaz 14 thousand tons, JSC Yuganskneft, NGDU Mamontovneft, settlement. Pytyakh - 13.2 thousand tons. Characteristic pollutants formed in the process of oil production are hydrocarbons (44.9% of total emissions), solids (4.3%). A significant share of pollutant emissions is accounted for by products of gas combustion in flares. The degree of utilization of petroleum gas, depending on the fields, ranges from 52.3-95%. At the main fields, where all the facilities necessary for this are available, 80–95% of associated gas is used.

Oil refining industry. In 2008, oil refineries emitted 769.75 thousand tons of pollutants into the atmosphere. The largest emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere were noted at the following enterprises: Novokuibyshevsk Oil Refinery 76.6 thousand tons, Omsk Oil Refinery Production Association - 58.4 thousand tons, NOVOIL JSC (Novoufimsky Oil Refinery) - 55 thousand tons, JSC Kinef » - 55.4 thousand tons, Kirishi, Ufaneftekhim JSC - 50.7 thousand tons, Angarsk Petrochemical Company JSC - 47.9 thousand tons, Yaroslav-Neftesintez JSC - 44 thousand tons. t, Ryazan Oil Refinery - 41.6 thousand tons, Kuibyshev Oil Refinery, Samara - 381 thousand tons, JSC LUKoil-Volgogradneftepererabotka - 37.6 thousand tons, JSC Norsi, Kstovo - 30 .3 thousand tons

The enterprises of the oil refining industry significantly pollute the atmosphere with emissions of hydrocarbons (23% of the total emissions), sulfur dioxide (16.6%), carbon monoxide (7.3%), nitrogen oxides (2%).

In 2008, 74 accidents occurred at refineries, including 4 that resulted in environmental pollution.

coal industry

The ecological situation in the coal-mining regions is affected by 140 mines, 80 cuts, 41 processing plants. In 2008, 545.3 thousand tons of harmful substances were released into the atmosphere.

Engineering industry

Mechanical engineering enterprises are located in many regions of Russia, mainly in large cities and towns, including Moscow, Leningrad, Kaluga, Irkutsk, Tomsk, Rostov, Tver, Bryansk, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Kursk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Voronezh, Novosibirsk , Ulyanovsk, Orenburg regions, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Bashkiria, Mordovia, Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Buryatia.

In 2008, machine-building enterprises emitted 460,000 tons of pollutants into the atmosphere. Enterprises in this industry pollute the atmosphere mainly with solid harmful substances, as well as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Gas industry

In 2008, gross emissions of gas industry enterprises into the atmosphere amounted to 428.5 thousand tons of harmful substances (sulphurous anhydride, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, etc.). The largest emissions were recorded at the following enterprises: SE Severgazprom - 151 thousand tons, Sosnogorsk LPU MG, Ukhta-9 - 84.7 thousand tons, Astrakhangazprom, settlement. Aksaraisky - 73.1 thousand tons, Permtransgaz, Bardymskoye LPU MG - 55 thousand tons, Permtransgaz, Mozhzhenskoye LPU MG - 51.7 thousand tons.

According to the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia in 2008, 26 accidents occurred on main gas pipelines, and 16 accidents occurred on condensate and gas pipelines.

Building materials industry

It includes the production of cement and other binders, wall materials, asbestos-cement products, building ceramics, heat and sound insulating materials, building and technical glass. In 2008, the volume of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in the industry as a whole amounted to 396.6 thousand tons. The emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by enterprises of the building materials industry is mainly in the form of dust and suspended solids, carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides. In addition, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde, toluene, benzene, vanadium pentoxide, xylene and other substances are present in the emissions.

The major sources of atmospheric air pollution are the following industry enterprises: Cement plant, Vorkuta 23 thousand tons, Maltse Portlandcement JSC, Fokino - 14.2 thousand tons, Urelasbest plant, Asbest - 7 .8 thousand tons, JSC "Ulyanovskcement" - 7.6 thousand tons, JSC "Mordovcement", settlement. Komsomolsky - 6.9 thousand tons, JSC "Oskolcement", Stary Oskol - 6.2 thousand tons, JSC "Novoroscement", Novorossiysk - 6.2 thousand tons.

Around factories that produce cement, asbestos and other building materials, there are zones with a high content of dust in the air, including cement and asbestos, as well as other harmful substances.

Chemical and petrochemical industry

The main sources of harmful emissions into the atmosphere are the production of acids (sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, etc.), rubber products, phosphorus, plastics, dyes, detergents, artificial rubber, mineral fertilizers, solvents (toluene, acetone, phenol, benzene ), oil cracking.

In 2008, the volume of emissions into the atmosphere in the industry as a whole amounted to 388 thousand tons. The number of enterprises whose activities significantly worsen the quality of atmospheric air in their locations include: JSC Balakovo Fibers, Balakovo, Saratov Region . (toxic effects associated with emissions of carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide), Sintez JSC, Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region. (tetraethyl lead), "Biryusinsky GZ", Biryusinsk, Irkutsk region. (coal ash), Sivinit JSC, Krasnoyarsk (carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide), Apatit JSC, Kirovsk, Murmansk region. (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides), Onega hydrolysis plant, Onega, Arkhangelsk region. (coal ash), JSC "Visko-R", Ryazan (carbon disulphide), JSC "Silvinit", Solikamsk, Perm region. (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides), JSC "Azot", Novomoskovsk, Tula region. (ammonia, nitrogen oxides), Khimprom JSC, Volgograd (vinyl chloride), ACRON JSC, Novgorod (ammonia, nitrogen oxides).

Woodworking and pulp and paper industry

The negative impact of the pulp and paper industry on the environment is largely determined by the low technical level of the main technological processes and equipment.

In 2008, emissions of pollutants by industry enterprises amounted to 351.9 thousand tons. in the areas where three pulp mills are located (JSC Bratsky LPK, JSC Ust-Ilimsky LPK and JSC Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill) there are high concentrations of specific pollutants in the atmospheric air; these enterprises account for 5.4% of the total emissions into the atmosphere from the timber industry complex of the region.

food industry

The impact of food industry facilities on the atmospheric air is determined by the fact that, in addition to the set of harmful substances common to all industries that enter the air from enterprises (solid substances, oxides of sulfur, carbon and other liquid and gaseous substances), the industry is characterized by technological processes accompanied by emissions of strongly smelling components (cooking, frying, smoking, processing of spices, butchering and processing of fish), dry products of animal origin, carcinogens.

In 2001, the Main Geophysical Observatory named after. AI Voeikova and St. Petersburg compiled a list of the most unfavorable cities in Russia in terms of atmospheric pollution. The research was carried out in 89 large cities of the country. Moscow and St. Petersburg hold the championship in terms of pollution, followed by large industrial centers of the Urals, Western Siberia, and Lipetsk occupies 13th place. Tambov and Belgorod are recognized as the most environmentally friendly cities in Russia according to the state of atmospheric air.

Agricultural industry

Sources of atmospheric air pollution are livestock and poultry farms, industrial complexes for the production of meat, enterprises servicing equipment, energy and heat power enterprises. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other foul-smelling gases spread over the territories adjacent to the premises for keeping livestock and poultry in the atmospheric air for considerable distances.

In crop farms, the atmospheric air is polluted with mineral fertilizers, pesticides when treating fields and seeds in warehouses, as well as at cotton ginning plants.

Photochemical fog or smog

The fog itself is not dangerous for the human body, it becomes destructive only if it is excessively contaminated with toxic impurities. Smog is observed in autumn-winter time (from October to February). The main danger is the sulfur dioxide contained in it at a concentration of 5-10 mg/m and above. On December 5, 1952, a high-pressure wave arose over all of England, and for several days not the slightest breath of wind was felt. However, the tragedy broke out only in London, where there was a high degree of atmospheric pollution - more than 4,000 people died there in three or four days. British experts determined that the smog of 1952 contained several hundred tons of smoke and sulfur dioxide. When comparing air pollution in London these days with the level of mortality, it was noted that mortality increases in direct proportion to the concentration and air of smoke and sulfur dioxide. In 1963, the smog that descended on New York killed more than 400 people. Scientists believe that every year thousands of deaths in cities around the world are related to air pollution.

Transboundary air pollution

Transboundary atmospheric air pollution is atmospheric air pollution as a result of the transfer of harmful (polluting) substances, the source of which is located on the territory of a foreign state.

According to the law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" (2009), in order to reduce transboundary air pollution by sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances located on the territory of the Russian Federation, Russia ensures the implementation of measures to reduce emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air, and also takes other measures in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection.

The successful cooperation in this area for more than 20 years between the parties to the Convention is an example of global action in the field of environmental protection.

The Convention is one of the key instruments for environmental protection. It creates a scientifically based framework for progressively reducing the damage caused by air pollution to human health and the environment.

In 2008, the Protocol on Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants was signed under the Convention. It represents an important step towards reducing emissions of substances that can have harmful effects on human health and the environment.



Study of the impact of an industrial enterprise on atmospheric air

3. Air pollution by industrial enterprises

Pollution in ecology is understood as an unfavorable change in the environment, which is wholly or partly the result of human activity, directly or indirectly changes the distribution of incoming energy, radiation levels, physical and chemical properties of the environment and the conditions for the existence of living organisms. These changes can affect a person directly or through water and food. They can also affect a person, worsening the properties of the things he uses, the conditions of rest and work.

Intensive air pollution began in the 19th century due to the rapid development of industry, which began to use coal as the main fuel, and the rapid growth of cities. The role of coal in air pollution in Europe has long been known. However, in the 19th century, it was the cheapest and most affordable type of fuel in Western Europe, including Great Britain.

But coal is not the only source of air pollution. Now a huge amount of harmful substances is emitted into the atmosphere every year, and, despite the significant efforts made in the world to reduce the degree of atmospheric pollution, it is located in the developed capitalist countries. At the same time, researchers note that if there are now 10 times more harmful impurities in the atmosphere over the countryside than over the ocean, then over the city there are 150 times more of them.

Impact on the atmosphere of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The enterprises of the metallurgical industry saturate the atmosphere with dust, sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases released during various technological production processes.

Ferrous metallurgy, the production of pig iron and its processing into steel, naturally occurs with the accompanying emissions of various harmful gases into the atmosphere.

Air pollution with gases during the formation of coals is accompanied by the preparation of the charge and its loading into coke ovens. Wet quenching is also accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of substances that are part of the water used.

During the production of metallic aluminum by electrolysis, a huge amount of gaseous and dusty compounds containing fluorine and other elements are released into the environment. When smelting one ton of steel, 0.04 tons of solid particles, 0.03 tons of sulfur oxides and up to 0.05 tons of carbon monoxide enter the atmosphere. Non-ferrous metallurgy plants discharge into the atmosphere compounds of manganese, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, mercury vapor, vapor-gas mixtures consisting of phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia and other toxic substances. .

Impact on the atmosphere of petrochemical industry enterprises. Enterprises of the oil refining and petrochemical industries have a noticeable negative impact on the state of the environment and, above all, on the atmospheric air, which is due to their activities and the combustion of oil refining products (motor, boiler fuels, and other products).

In terms of air pollution, oil refining and petrochemistry rank fourth among other industries. The composition of fuel combustion products includes such pollutants as oxides of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon, carbon black, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide.

During the processing of hydrocarbon systems, more than 1500 tons/year of harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere. Of these, hydrocarbons - 78.8%; sulfur oxides - 15.5%; nitrogen oxides - 1.8%; carbon oxides - 17.46%; solids - 9.3%. Emissions of solids, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides account for up to 98% of total emissions from industrial enterprises. As analysis of the state of the atmosphere shows, it is the emissions of these substances in most industrial cities that create an increased background of pollution.

The most environmentally hazardous are the industries associated with the distillation of hydrocarbon systems - oil and heavy oil residues, the purification of oils using aromatic substances, the production of elemental sulfur, and treatment facilities.

Impact on the atmosphere of agricultural enterprises. Atmospheric air pollution by agricultural enterprises is carried out mainly through emissions of polluting gaseous and suspended substances from ventilation installations that ensure normal living conditions for animals and humans in production facilities for keeping livestock and poultry. Additional pollution comes from boilers as a result of the processing and release of combustion products of fuel into the atmosphere, from exhaust gases from motor and tractor equipment, from fumes from manure storage tanks, as well as from spreading manure, fertilizers and other chemicals. It is impossible not to take into account the dust generated during the harvesting of field crops, loading, unloading, drying and finalizing bulk agricultural products.

The fuel and energy complex (thermal power plants, combined heat and power plants, boiler plants) emits smoke into the atmospheric air, which is formed during the combustion of solid and liquid fuels. Air emissions from fuel-burning plants contain products of complete combustion - sulfur oxides and ash, products of incomplete combustion - mainly carbon monoxide, soot and hydrocarbons. The total volume of all emissions is very significant. For example, a thermal power plant that consumes 50 thousand tons of coal containing approximately 1% sulfur every month emits 33 tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere every day, which can turn (under certain meteorological conditions) into 50 tons of sulfuric acid. In one day, such a power plant produces up to 230 tons of ash, which is partially (about 40-50 tons per day) released into the environment within a radius of up to 5 km. Emissions from thermal power plants that burn oil contain almost no ash, but emit three times more sulfuric anhydride.

Air pollution from the oil-producing, oil-refining and petrochemical industries contains a large amount of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide and foul-smelling gases. The emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere at oil refineries occurs mainly due to insufficient sealing of equipment. For example, atmospheric air pollution with hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide is noted from metal tanks of raw material parks for unstable oil, intermediate and commodity parks for light oil products.

Anthropogenic pollution of the environment of Sevastopol

Over the past decades, the share of emissions from cars and trucks has increased significantly. In large cities, motor vehicles account for 30 to 70% of the total mass of emissions ...

Pollution of the environment by solid industrial and household waste

Priority in the development of maximum allowable concentrations in the air belongs to the CIS. MPC - such concentrations that a person and his offspring of direct or indirect effects do not impair their performance ...

Engineering and environmental assessment of the operation of the transport interchange of the ring road near the village. Gorskaya

The assessment of atmospheric air pollution in the area of ​​the projected transport interchange for the ring road in the village of Gorskaya was carried out in accordance with the requirements of OND-86 using the program UPRZA "Ecolog" (version 2.2)...

Monitoring of the chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol of an industrial city

All industrialized countries are affected to some extent by air pollution. The air of big cities that we breathe contains a huge amount of various harmful impurities, allergens...

Assessment of the environmental impact of the designed production building for incinerator plants

The level of background pollution of the surface layer of atmospheric air in the area of ​​the FSUE "Rosmorport" Eastern Branch ecological fleet sludge base is characterized by the presence of: - suspended solids - 0.21 mg/m3 (0...

Assessment of the impact of the enterprise JSC "Vasilkovsky GOK" on the state of the environment

The main sources of pollutant emissions in the Akmola region are vehicles and thermal power plants. Just like in previous years...

The concept and consequences of urbanization

9. Water pollution in cities. 10. Reducing the number of animals, plants ...

Regional complex of environmental pollution (on the example of Tolyatti)

The assessment of the level of atmospheric air pollution is carried out by comparing the concentrations of harmful impurities in the air with hygienic standards ...

The state of the natural environment of the Smolensk region and its protection

The total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial facilities and vehicles in 2008 amounted to 129.009 thousand g.

Ukraine is a zone of ecological disaster. Ecocrisis regions - Dnieper region

Atmospheric air pollution is understood as any change in its properties due to the discharge of aerosol, solid and gaseous substances into them that cause damage to the national economy, health or safety of the population. (Kapinos...

Ecological problems of urban landscapes

A pollutant is an admixture in the air. At certain concentrations, it has an adverse effect on human health, objects of flora and fauna, or damages material values ​​...

Environmental problems of the Kaltasinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The main sources of anthropogenic air pollution in settlements are industrial enterprises, transport and public utilities...

Environmental problems of the Republic of Belarus

Gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in 2007 turned out to be 2.5% lower than in 2006. The decrease in their amount affected both stationary and mobile sources. In industry, an increase in annual production by 8 ...

Ecological and economic assessment of the environmental impact during the construction and operation of the Vorgavozh gold deposit of JSC REP "Berezovskoye"

Pollution charge is a form of compensation for the economic damage from pollutant emissions into the air, which reimburses the cost of compensating for the negative effects caused by air pollution...

Examination of the impact of the Severonickel plant on the environment of the Kola Arctic

KMMC, a subsidiary of MMC Norilsk Nickel, is located in close territorial proximity to the borders of Norway and Finland...

Atmospheric pollution The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth. The quality of the atmosphere is understood as the totality of its properties that determine the degree of impact of physical, chemical and biological factors on people, flora and fauna, as well as on materials, structures and the environment as a whole. Atmospheric pollution is understood as the introduction of impurities into it that are not contained in natural air or change the ratio between the ingredients of the natural composition of air. The population of the Earth and the rate of its growth are the predetermining factors for increasing the intensity of pollution of all geospheres of the Earth, including the atmosphere, since with their increase, the volumes and rates of everything that is extracted, produced, consumed and sent to waste increase. Main air pollutants: Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Hydrocarbons Aldehydes Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr) Ammonia Atmospheric dust

Impurities Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas also known as carbon monoxide. It is formed as a result of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) in conditions of lack of oxygen and at low temperatures. At the same time, 65% of all emissions come from transport, 21% - from small consumers and the household sector, and 14% - from industry. When inhaled, carbon monoxide, due to the double bond present in its molecule, forms strong complex compounds with human blood hemoglobin and thereby blocks the flow of oxygen into the blood. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - or carbon dioxide, is a colorless gas with a sour smell and taste, a product of the complete oxidation of carbon. It is one of the greenhouse gases.

Impurities The greatest air pollution is observed in cities where ordinary pollutants are dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. In some cities, due to the peculiarities of industrial production, the air contains specific harmful substances, such as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, styrene, benzapyrene, carbon black, manganese, chromium, lead, methyl methacrylate. In total, there are several hundred different air pollutants in cities.

Impurities Sulfur dioxide (SO2) (sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It is formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels, mainly coal, as well as during the processing of sulfur ores. It is primarily involved in the formation of acid rain. The global SO2 emission is estimated at 190 million tons per year. Prolonged exposure to sulfur dioxide on a person first leads to a loss of taste sensations, shortness of breath, and then to inflammation or edema of the lungs, interruptions in cardiac activity, impaired blood circulation and respiratory arrest. Nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide) are gaseous substances: nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2 are combined by one general formula NOx. In all combustion processes, nitrogen oxides are formed, mostly in the form of an oxide. The higher the combustion temperature, the more intense the formation of nitrogen oxides. Another source of nitrogen oxides are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, and nitro compounds. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 65 million tons per year. Of the total amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere, transport accounts for 55%, energy - 28%, industrial enterprises - 14%, small consumers and the household sector - 3%.

Impurities Ozone (O3) is a gas with a characteristic odor, a stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen. It is considered one of the most toxic of all common air pollutants. In the lower atmospheric layer, ozone is formed as a result of photochemical processes involving nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds. Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. These include thousands of different air pollutants found in unburned gasoline, dry cleaning fluids, industrial solvents, and more. Lead (Pb) is a silvery gray metal that is toxic in any known form. Widely used for paint, ammunition, printing alloy, etc. about 60% of the world's lead production is consumed annually for the production of acid batteries. However, the main source (about 80%) of air pollution with lead compounds is the exhaust gases of vehicles that use leaded gasoline. Industrial dusts, depending on the mechanism of their formation, are divided into the following 4 classes: mechanical dust - is formed as a result of grinding the product during the technological process; sublimates - are formed as a result of volumetric condensation of vapors of substances during cooling of a gas passed through a process apparatus, installation or unit; fly ash - the non-combustible fuel residue contained in the flue gas in suspension, is formed from its mineral impurities during combustion; Industrial soot is a solid highly dispersed carbon, which is part of an industrial emission, and is formed during incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. The main sources of anthropogenic aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants (TPP) that consume coal. Combustion of coal, production of cement and smelting of pig iron give a total emission of dust into the atmosphere equal to 170 million tons per year.

Atmospheric pollution Impurities enter the atmosphere in the form of gases, vapors, liquid and solid particles. Gases and vapors form mixtures with air, and liquid and solid particles form aerosols (dispersed systems), which are divided into dust (particle sizes over 1 µm), smoke (particle sizes less than 1 µm) and fog (liquid particle sizes less than 10 µm). ). Dust, in turn, can be coarse (particle size over 50 µm), medium-dispersed (50-10 µm) and fine (less than 10 µm). Depending on the size, liquid particles are divided into superfine mist (up to 0.5 µm), fine mist (0.5-3.0 µm), coarse mist (3-10 µm) and spray (over 10 µm). Aerosols are often polydisperse; contain particles of various sizes. The second source of radioactive impurities is the nuclear industry. Impurities enter the environment during the extraction and enrichment of fossil raw materials, their use in reactors, and the processing of nuclear fuel in installations. Permanent sources of aerosol pollution include industrial dumps - artificial mounds of redeposited material, mainly overburden, formed during mining or from waste from processing industries, thermal power plants. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust. The combustion of hard coal, the production of cement and the smelting of pig iron give a total emission of dust into the atmosphere equal to 170 million tons/year. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. Among the dangerous anthropogenic factors that contribute to a serious deterioration in the quality of the atmosphere, one should include its pollution with radioactive dust. The residence time of small particles in the lower layer of the troposphere is on average several days, and in the upper one day. As for the particles that have entered the stratosphere, they can stay in it for up to a year, and sometimes more.

Atmospheric pollution The main sources of anthropogenic aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants (TPP) that consume high-ash coal, processing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and other plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are characterized by great chemical diversity. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - oxides of metals: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, and asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises.

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ON HUMANS All air pollutants have a negative impact on human health to a greater or lesser extent. These substances enter the human body mainly through the respiratory system. The respiratory organs are directly affected by pollution, since about 50% of impurity particles with a radius of 0. µm that penetrate into the lungs are deposited in them. Statistical analysis made it possible to fairly reliably establish the relationship between the level of air pollution and diseases such as upper respiratory tract damage, heart failure, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, and eye diseases. A sharp increase in the concentration of impurities, which persists for several days, increases the mortality of the elderly from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In December 1930, in the valley of the river Meuse (Belgium), severe air pollution was noted for 3 days; as a result, hundreds of people fell ill and 60 people died - more than 10 times the average death rate. In January 1931 in the area of ​​Manchester (Great Britain) for 9 days there was a strong smoke in the air, which caused the death of 592 people. Cases of severe pollution of the atmosphere of London, accompanied by numerous deaths, were widely known. In 1873 there were 268 unforeseen deaths in London. Heavy smoke combined with fog between 5 and 8 December 1852 resulted in the deaths of over 4,000 residents of Greater London. In January 1956, about 1,000 Londoners died as a result of prolonged smoke. Most of those who died unexpectedly suffered from bronchitis, emphysema, or cardiovascular disease.

EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ON HUMANS Nitrogen oxides and some other substances Nitrogen oxides (primarily poisonous nitrogen dioxide NO2), which combine with ultraviolet solar radiation with hydrocarbons (oleophins are the most reactive), form peroxylacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photochemical oxidants, including peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBN), ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrogen dioxide. These oxidizing agents are the main components of photochemical smog, the frequency of which is high in heavily polluted cities located in low latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres (Los Angeles, where smog is observed about 200 days a year, Chicago, New York and other US cities; a number of cities Japan, Turkey, France, Spain, Italy, Africa and South America).

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ON HUMANS Let us name some other air pollutants that have a harmful effect on humans. It has been established that people who professionally deal with asbestos have an increased likelihood of cancer of the bronchi and diaphragms that separate the chest and abdominal cavity. Beryllium has a harmful effect (up to the oncological diseases) on the respiratory tract, as well as on the skin and eyes. Mercury vapor causes disruption of the central upper system and kidneys. Because mercury can accumulate in the human body, exposure to mercury eventually leads to mental impairment. In cities, due to ever-increasing air pollution, the number of patients suffering from diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, various allergic diseases and lung cancer is steadily increasing. In the UK, 10% of deaths are due to chronic bronchitis, with 21; of the population aged years suffers from this disease. In Japan, in a number of cities, up to 60% of the inhabitants suffer from chronic bronchitis, the symptoms of which are a dry cough with frequent expectoration, subsequent progressive difficulty in breathing and heart failure (in this regard, it should be noted that the so-called Japanese economic miracle of the 50s and 60s years was accompanied by severe pollution of the natural environment of one of the most beautiful regions of the globe and serious damage to the health of the population of this country). In recent decades, the number of bronchial and lung cancers, which are promoted by carcinogenic hydrocarbons, has been growing at a rate of great concern. Influence of radioactive substances on the flora and fauna Spreading along the food chain (from plants to animals), radioactive substances with food enter the human body and can accumulate in such quantities that can harm human health.

EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ON HUMANS Radiation of radioactive substances has the following effects on the body: weaken the irradiated body, slow down growth, reduce resistance to infections and the body's immunity; reduce life expectancy, reduce natural growth rates due to temporary or complete sterilization; affect genes in various ways, the consequences of which appear in the second or third generations; have a cumulative (cumulative) effect, causing irreversible effects. The severity of the consequences of irradiation depends on the amount of energy (radiation) absorbed by the body and emitted by the radioactive substance. The unit of this energy is 1 row - this is the dose of radiation at which 1 g of living matter absorbs 10-5 J of energy. It has been established that at a dose exceeding 1000 rad, a person dies; at a dose of 7000 and 200 glad death occurs in 90 and 10% of cases, respectively; in the case of a dose of 100 rad, a person survives, but the likelihood of cancer is significantly increased, as well as the likelihood of complete sterilization.

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ON HUMANS It is not surprising that people have adapted well to the natural radioactivity of the environment. Moreover, there are groups of people living in areas with high radioactivity, much higher than the average for the globe (for example, in one of the regions of Brazil, residents receive about 1600 mrad per year, which is times more than the usual radiation dose). On average, the dose of ionizing radiation received per year by each inhabitant of the planet ranges between 50 and 200 mrad, and the share of natural radioactivity (cosmic rays) accounts for about 25 billion radioactivity of rocks - approximately mrad. It should also take into account the doses that a person receives from artificial sources of radiation. In the UK, for example, a person receives about 100 mrad each year during fluoroscopic examinations. TV radiation - about 10 mrad. Nuclear industry waste and radioactive fallout - about 3 mrad.

Conclusion At the end of the 20th century, world civilization entered a stage of its development when the problems of survival and self-preservation of mankind, the preservation of the natural environment and the rational use of natural resources came to the fore. The current stage of human development has exposed the problems caused by the growth of the Earth's population, the contradictions between traditional management and the increasing rate of use of natural resources, pollution of the biosphere by industrial waste and the limited capacity of the biosphere to neutralize them. These contradictions hinder the further scientific and technological progress of mankind, become a threat to its existence. Only in the second half of the 20th century, thanks to the development of ecology and the spread of ecological knowledge among the population, it became obvious that humanity is an indispensable part of the biosphere, that the conquest of nature, the uncontrolled use of its resources and environmental pollution is a dead end in the development of civilization and in the evolution of man himself. Therefore, the most important condition for the development of mankind is a careful attitude to nature, comprehensive care for the rational use and restoration of its resources, and the preservation of a favorable environment. However, many do not understand the close relationship between human economic activity and the state of the natural environment. Broad environmental education should help people to acquire such environmental knowledge and ethical norms and values, attitudes and lifestyles that are necessary for the sustainable development of nature and society.