Recently, the phenomenon of progressive pollution of the seas and the World Ocean as a whole has caused great concern. The main sources of pollution are local domestic and industrial wastewater, oil and radioactive substances. Of particular danger are pollution by oil and radioactive substances, covering vast expanses of the oceans.

Local pollution of the seas by domestic and industrial effluents. The attraction of people to the settlement of sea coasts that has existed since ancient times has led to the fact that at present 60% of all large cities with a population of over a million people in each are located in coastal zones.

On the shores of, for example, the Mediterranean Sea there are countries with a population of 250 million people. Every year, enterprises in coastal cities throw thousands of tons of various untreated waste into the sea, and untreated sewage water is also discharged here. Huge masses of toxic substances are carried into the sea by large rivers. Not surprisingly, in 100 ml of sea water taken near Marseilles, 900,000 E. coli associated with feces were found. In Spain, it is forbidden to use many beaches and bays for swimming.

With the rapid growth of coastal cities and industry in them, the discharge of industrial and domestic effluents into the seas reached such a volume that the sea was unable to process the entire mass of waste. As a result, vast areas of pollution have formed in urban areas. Under the influence of pollution, aquatic organisms are poisoned, fauna is depleted, fisheries are falling, natural landscapes, recreation areas of resorts and beaches are being destroyed. In the strongest form, this is manifested in bays and gulfs, where the exchange of water with the open sea is limited.

To combat sea pollution near cities, in many of them, wastewater is discharged through special pipelines many kilometers long, far from the coast and at great depths. However, this measure does not provide a fundamental solution to the issue, since the total amount of pollution discharged into the sea does not decrease from this.

General pollution of the oceans with oil and radioactive substances. The main pollutant of the seas, the importance of which is rapidly increasing, is oil. This type of pollutant enters the sea in different ways: when water is released after oil tanks have been washed out, in case of ship accidents, especially oil carriers, while drilling the seabed and accidents at offshore oil fields, etc.

The scale of pollution can be judged by the following indicators. About 5-10 million tons of oil is dumped into the World Ocean annually. A few miles from Santa Barbara in California, during the drilling of the seabed (1969), an accident occurred, as a result of which the well began to throw into the sea up to 100 thousand liters of oil per day. Within a few days, thousands of square kilometers were covered with oil. Such accidents are not uncommon; they occur in certain areas of the World Ocean almost regularly, significantly increasing the pollution of the latter.

Pollution of the seas and oceans causes great harm. Oil kills many aquatic animals, including crustaceans and fish. Very often the fish remaining alive cannot be used due to the strong oily smell and unpleasant taste. Oil kills millions of waterfowl every year; their number only off the coast of England reaches 250 thousand. There is a known case when 30 thousand long ducks died as a result of oil pollution off the coast of Sweden. There is an oil slick even in Antarctic waters, where seals and penguins die from it.

Oil "floating islands" wander along the ocean and sea currents or come to the shores. Oil makes beaches unusable, turns the coasts of many countries into deserts. Many sections of the western coast of England, where the Gulf Stream brings oil from the Atlantic, have become such. Oil ruined many European resorts.

In order to prevent the progressive pollution of the waters of the World Ocean, the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization on Maritime Navigation (IMCO) developed the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Oil Pollution, which was signed by the major maritime powers, including Russia. According to the convention, in particular, all sea areas within 50 miles from the coast are prohibited areas where oil cannot be dumped into the sea.

However, in the field of marine water protection, there are many unresolved issues, mainly related to the neutralization of coastal wastewater and further equipping ships with devices and systems for collecting waste (oil residues, garbage, etc.) and delivering them to floating and coastal facilities for cleaning, recycling and destruction.

A great danger is the pollution of the oceans with active substances. Experience has shown that as a result of the hydrogen bomb explosion carried out by the USA in the Pacific Ocean (1954), an area of ​​25,600 km 2 possessed deadly radiation. For half a year, the area of ​​infection reached 2.5 million km 2, this was facilitated by the current.

Plants and animals are susceptible to radioactive contamination. In their organisms there is a biological concentration of these substances transmitted to each other through the food chain. Infected small organisms are eaten by larger ones, resulting in dangerous concentrations in the latter. The radioactivity of some planktonic organisms can be 1000 times higher than the radioactivity of water, and some fish, which are one of the highest links in the food chain, even 50 thousand times.

Animals remain infested for a long time, as a result of which plankton can become infected in clean water. Radioactive fish swim very far from the site of infection.

The Moscow Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, outer space and under water, concluded in 1963, stopped the progressive mass radioactive contamination of the World Ocean. However, the sources of this pollution have survived in the form of uranium ore refining and nuclear fuel processing plants, nuclear power plants, and reactors. An important problem is the method of disposal of radioactive waste. It has been established that sea water is capable of corroding containers, their dangerous contents spread in the water. Additional scientific research and development of methods for neutralizing radioactive contamination in water bodies are needed.

In addition to the above types of pollution, there is also pollution of the world's oceans with plastic household waste.

Accumulations of plastic waste form special garbage patches in the World Ocean under the influence of currents (Fig. 7.) At the moment, five large accumulations of garbage patches are known - two each in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and one in the Indian Ocean.

Rice. 7. The location of sea currents in which "garbage" islands are formed.

These garbage cycles mainly consist of plastic waste generated as a result of discharges from the densely populated coastal zones of the continents. Marine research director Kara Lavender Lo of the Sea Education Association (SEA) objects to the term "blot" because it is loose, small pieces of plastic in nature. Plastic waste is also dangerous because marine animals often cannot see the transparent particles floating on the surface, and toxic waste enters their stomach, often causing death.

Practical methods for combating this type of pollution have not yet been developed and pollution is being monitored.

Pollution of water, atmosphere, and marine environment (Art. 250, 251, 252 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

Water pollution. Article 250 of the Criminal Code establishes criminal liability for pollution, clogging, depletion of surface or ground water, sources of drinking water supply or other change in their natural properties, if these acts have caused significant harm to the animal or plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture (part 1 ), as well as for acts characterized by a higher degree of public danger (parts 2 and 3). In these cases, the qualifying signs are: causing harm to human health, mass death of animals, committing water pollution on the territory of a reserve or reserve, in an ecological disaster zone or in an ecological emergency zone, as well as causing a person’s death by negligence.

Article 250 of the Criminal Code provides for criminal liability for crimes of small and medium gravity. All of them are considered completed from the moment of occurrence of any of the specified consequences.

The subject of the crime is surface and ground water, sources of drinking water supply (the main subject); fauna and flora, fish stocks, forestry and agriculture (additional subject).

The objective side of the main corpus delicti includes: a) actions (inaction) consisting in pollution, clogging, depletion, other changes in the natural properties of waters; b) criminal consequences; c) a causal relationship between the act and the consequences.

Clogging of waters are actions to discharge or otherwise introduce objects or suspended particles into water bodies that worsen the condition and impede the use of water bodies (Article 1 of the Water Code).

Water depletion are actions consisting in a steady reduction in reserves and deterioration in the quality of surface and groundwater, preventing their normal use by exceeding the limits of water withdrawal for industrial, agricultural, municipal and other needs, failure to implement hydrotechnical measures to preserve water reserves, etc., having a character that is not naturally restored and leads to a deterioration in their quality, loss of the ability to self-purify, and so on.

Other changes in the natural properties of waters are the deterioration of the biological diversity of waters, their physical properties (electromagnetic, thermal, therapeutic, radiation) by carrying out explosive, construction and other works directly on water bodies, their bottom and in water protection zones or on the banks of a water body.

Inaction as an element of the objective side can be expressed in the failure to install water control devices and water-metering devices during the construction of hydraulic structures, failure to take measures to prepare (clean) the reservoir bed for flooding, failure to extract toxic substances from wastewater before they are discharged into water bodies, etc.

The subject of the crime is a person who has reached the age of 16.

The subjective side of the crime is expressed in the form of indirect intent.

Air pollution. Article 251 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes criminal liability for violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, as well as for violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects that have caused pollution or other changes in the natural properties of air. Qualifying signs allocated according to the consequences of these acts are: causing harm to human health and death of a person through negligence.

The crime is considered completed from the moment of occurrence of any of the specified consequences.

The subject of this crime is the atmospheric air, i.e., the natural mixture of gases in the surface layer of the atmosphere, which has developed during the evolution of the Earth.

The objective side of criminal atmospheric air pollution includes actions (inaction) consisting in violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants or violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects, consequences in the form of pollution or other changes in the properties of air, a causal relationship between them.

Violation of the emission rules established by regulatory legal acts consists in actions, the commission of which is either directly prohibited by law, or carried out in violation of the grounds, procedure, volumes, qualitative composition, time and other conditions of emission established by the rules, or inaction (failure to fulfill the obligations directly provided for by the relevant procedures and instructions, failure to carry out control measurements, not turning on the equipment, etc.).

Violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects consists either in active actions (untimely replacement of filters, shutdown of equipment, change of operating modes of installations, etc.), or inaction.

Emissions are the release of substances from a source into the atmosphere.

Air pollution is the introduction into its composition or the formation of pollutants in it in concentrations exceeding quality standards or levels of natural content. Another change in the natural properties of atmospheric air occurs in the event of an increase in the concentration of chemicals or suspended particles in it, affecting transparency, ozone content, changing the thermal regime, radiation, noise, electromagnetic indicators in excess of sanitary-hygienic and environmental standards for a given region, taking into account the natural background.

The subject of the crime is a special one, i.e. a person who is charged by the relevant acts with the responsibility to comply with the procedure and control the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, the operation of stationary and mobile installations, structures and other objects, including vehicles.

The subjective side is characterized by indirect intent.

Marine pollution. Article 252 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes criminal liability for pollution of the marine environment from sources located on land, as well as for pollution of the marine environment due to violation of the rules for burial or discharge from vehicles or artificial structures erected in the sea of ​​substances and materials harmful to human health and living resources of the sea or hindering the legitimate use of the marine environment. Qualifying signs are allocated according to the consequences of these criminal acts. These include: causing significant harm to human health, flora or fauna, fish stocks, the environment, recreation areas or other legally protected interests, as well as causing the death of a person through negligence.

The crime is considered completed from the moment of causing any of the consequences listed in the text of the article - pollution of the marine environment (under part 1), harm to objects protected by criminal law (under part 2), death of a person (under part 3).

Article 252 of the Criminal Code contains several offenses:

• 1. the main composition of pollution of the marine environment with specific regulation of criminal consequences and alternative signs of a complexly constructed objective side;
• 2. qualified compositions of the first degree of public danger with alternative signs on the subject of the encroachment;
• 3. qualified composition of the second (increased) degree of public danger.

The article provides for crimes of small and medium gravity.

The subject of the crime is the marine environment, i.e. internal sea waters, territorial sea waters, waters covering the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, the open sea, as well as living resources of the sea, inextricably linked with the environment. The objective side includes an act (pollution), consequences, a causal relationship between them.

Pollution of the marine environment - the introduction of substances and materials into it that degrade the quality of the marine environment, limit its use, leading to the destruction, reduction, depletion or disease of the living resources of the sea.

The objective side of qualified compositions also includes the onset of consequences in the form of significant harm to human health, animal or plant life, fish stocks, i.e. the massive death of marine biological resources (fish, marine mammals, other animals and organisms, marine plants, the destruction of commercial fish stocks or their forage bases within a certain region (water area), as well as causing significant damage to recreation areas, i.e., the coastal strip and sea area used for recreational purposes, and the causal relationship between the act and the indicated consequences.

The subjective side of the crime is characterized by indirect intent (the person who committed the crime was aware of the socially dangerous nature of his action or inaction, foresaw its socially dangerous consequences and deliberately allowed them to occur.).

The subject of the crime is special. It may be a person who has reached the age of 16, who is entrusted with official (professional) duties to comply with the rules for protecting the marine environment from pollution, control over compliance with the rules for burial and discharge of pollutants and materials from transport ships, structures artificially erected in the sea. Consequently, the subjects can be captains and owners of ships, other officials, owners, managers and other officials of structures erected in the sea, officials of enterprises that have allowed pollution of the sea from land.

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LECTURE 1. STAGES AND EVENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY FOR THE FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSAL CONVENTION MARPOL 73/78ENVIRONMENT AT SEA

Lecture plan

1.1 Characteristics of modern society

1.2 Tasks of the discipline "Fundamentals of ecology and environmental protection"

1.3 Negative impact of ships on the environment

1.4 International Convention Marpol 73/78

1. 1 Charakteristics of modern society

Modern society is characterized as a society characterized by accumulation and consumption, regardless of the socio-political, ethical and state structure. This is one of the most obvious and negative differences from a sustainable development society. This is contrary to the principle of ecology and the interaction of man with his natural environment. Hence, as a consequence of the violation of the fundamental principle of ecology, the cataclysms and problems that have arisen recently:

Lack of oxygen and drinking water;

Degradation of the ozone layer;

Creation of conditions for the "greenhouse effect";

Pollution of the environment with chemical, physical, biological and radioactive pollutants;

Intensive exhaustion of non-renewable energy sources, which will lead to an energy crisis and military-political conflicts;

Reduction of areas of forests, fertile lands;

- "acid" rains;

Demographic explosion of the human population;

A decrease in the level of the human immune system, the emergence of new diseases against which rational ways of their localization and treatment have not yet been found.

To stop this process, international agreements have been signed, and in many countries government regulations have also been developed aimed at preventing pollution of the seas.

Prevention of pollution of water bodies by ship waste is an important component of the general problem of environmental protection. During the operation of ships, pollution occurs with sewage, dry garbage, food waste, as well as oil products during emergency spills, tank cleaning, etc. The most unfavorable situation develops in places of congestion of ships, for example, in ports.

Along with this, the exhaust gases of diesel engines, which contain soot and components of incomplete combustion of fuel, cause great harm to the environment.

Much attention is paid to the prevention and elimination of oil spills from ships, special technical means of removing them from the water surface. The problem of reducing harmful emissions from the exhaust gases of power plants is becoming more and more acute.

1 . 2 The tasks of the discipline "Fundamentals of ecology and environmental protection»

Ecology is a science that tries to get answers to the questions of the interaction of animate and inanimate nature. The Greek word oikos means house, dwelling, and logos means word, teaching.

Ecology is the study of living organisms in their own “home”, or environment, which includes all external conditions and factors acting on the organism, both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic). Scientists study different interactions by examining different ecosystems: forests, deserts, steppes, rivers, lakes, oceans, or any other set of organisms interacting with each other and with their abiotic environment.

An ecological system is a system consisting of living and non-living elements of the environment, between which there is an exchange of matter, energy and information (the ecological system of Europe, country, region, region, enterprise).

The fundamental object of study of ecology is the interaction of five levels of organization of matter: 1) living organisms; 2) populations; 3) communities; 4) ecosystems; 5) ecosphere.

1. A living organism is any form of life activity. There are from three to 20 categories of living organisms. For simplicity, they are divided into three categories:

Plants;

Animals;

Destructors-reducers (sizes vary from microscopic sizes of bacteria to fungi).

2. A population is a group of organisms of the same species (all perches in a pond, the population in a particular country, or the population of the Earth as a whole).

3. Communities (species) - a set of populations of individuals, whose representatives actually or potentially interbreed with each other in natural conditions. There are from 3 to 30 million species of living organisms in the world. Each organism or population has its own habitat: locality. When several populations of different types of living organisms live in one place and interact with each other, they create a so-called community, or biological community.

4. Ecosystems are the relationship of communities with chemical and physical factors that create a non-living environment. It is an ever-changing (dynamic) network of biological, chemical and physical interactions that keep communities alive and help them adapt to changing environmental conditions.

5. Ecosphere includes all ecosystems of the Earth.

The planetary collection of living and dead organisms interacting with each other and with the inanimate environment (energy and chemicals) is called the ecosphere.

The purpose of the study of ecology is: 1 - the formation of the ability to understand, analyze and act in various ecological systems; 2 - individual awareness and, on this basis, the ability to make confident and effective decisions.

The objectives of the discipline "ecology" are to study:

The main sources of pollution of atmospheric air, water basin and lithosphere;

Ways to improve technological processes, equipment, devices and machines that reduce the negative impact on the environment;

Technology and equipment for cleaning, recycling industrial waste;

Principles for preventing environmental pollution from water transport facilities and ships.

Cycle of chemicals in nature;

Stages of development of life on Earth;

The concept of sustainable development of society.

The history of the development of environmental problems. Stages of development of life on Earth.

The age of the planet is 9-12 billion years.

There are three main periods in the development of life on Earth:

prebiological;

The emergence of the biosphere;

Formation of the noosphere.

The prebiological period covers from the origin of the Earth to the appearance of life on it, i.e. the smallest microorganisms existed at the expense of organic matter synthesized under abiotic conditions. At this time, the Earth's atmosphere contained other poisonous gases. There was practically no free oxygen in the atmosphere. However, thanks to ultraviolet radiation, chemical reactions became possible, which led to the formation of complex organic molecules - amino acids. They, in turn, served as material for the construction of the simplest living organisms. The increase in oxygen content due to abiotic processes and the presence of ultraviolet radiation gave impetus to the formation of a protective ozone layer around the planet. This provided reliable protection of living organisms from the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays of the sun.

With the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere up to 3%, the first multicellular microorganisms appeared. It was about 600 million years ago.

Later, with the development of vegetation, it ensured the release of a large amount of oxygen and nutrients, which in turn ensured the evolution of animals. Living organisms in the course of their life activity have transformed part of the bowels and the surface layer of the land, changed the qualitative and quantitative composition of the water and air basins.

The second stage of development is characterized by the emergence of the biosphere - the sphere of life. Over a long period of time, organisms in the course of their life activity have significantly changed the circulation of substances, natural processes, and also ensured the emergence of new directions in the circulation of substances. The energy of the planet has changed, as well as the composition of its near-surface part. The process of evolution of living organisms has led to the emergence of a higher biological species - man.

The third stage is characterized by the appearance of man. At this time, the formation of the noosphere - the sphere of the mind. In this period of the development of the planet, a number of stages are distinguished, differing in the nature of the interaction between society and nature.

At the first stage, the products created by nature were appropriated by people with the help of the means of labor created by them. The main source of energy during this period is the muscular strength of a person. During this period, man was entirely dependent on nature, his behavior and consciousness can be characterized as the unity of society and nature.

At the second stage, agriculture and cattle breeding became the main way of obtaining livelihoods. At this stage of development, society was largely dependent on climatic and other natural conditions, and man did not oppose himself to nature, considering it an integral part, and the behavior and consciousness of people of this period can be characterized as interaction with nature.

The third stage is characterized by the transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. A distinctive feature of this period is that society and nature are presented as two independently existing sides, opposing each other and developing separately from each other.

The history of the development of society shows that its interaction with nature can lead to environmental crises, which until now have been local in nature. The history of the development of society shows that technological progress leads to an increase in the intensity of the harmful effects on the environment. At the same time, with the transition to a higher level of development of society, the prerequisites for the emergence of more severe environmental crises have always been created.

The development of civilization reduces the dependence of people on the elemental forces of nature. But by influencing nature, society has created a new secondary environment - the technosphere.

In connection with the global pollution of the natural environment, another important problem arises - the adaptation of living organisms to new conditions. Unlike the process of changing the quality of the natural environment, which occurs as a result of human anthropogenic activity, the evolution of living organisms and humans is a very slow process.

1 . 3 Negative impactimpact of ships on the environment

The fight against the threat of a global ecological crisis has become an international problem. It cannot be solved within individual countries. Measures taken by some states to protect nature will not be effective if others do not support them. This problem has now become global.

The negative impact of ships on the environment.

The main aspects of environmental protection measures.

During the operation of ships, household and industrial waste is generated, the discharge of which into a reservoir causes significant damage to nature. At the same time, all pollution formed on the ship can be divided into two main groups:

1 - the remains of the transported goods, formed as a result of their incomplete unloading, washing of the deck and holds, tanks, etc.;

2 - pollution resulting from the life of the crew and passengers (sewage and household waste), as well as from the operation of ship mechanisms (oil-containing bilge or bilge water, industrial waste).

Currently, unfortunately, there are very frequent cases of accidental spills of oil products during bunkering of ships and as a result of various emergencies.

Oily waters. During the operation of ship mechanisms, a special type of waste is generated - oily waters under the shale, which accumulate under the slats (bilges) of the engine rooms. The main causes of contamination are water leakage from pipelines, hull plating and bottom fittings, oil leakage during the repair of mechanisms, fuel and oil equipment, etc. The amount of oil products largely depends on the technical condition of the equipment and on the implementation of the rules for its operation. The average daily accumulation of oily waters is mainly determined by the power of the main engine.

Oil products form an emulsion upon contact with water. Its stability increases if emulsifiers are present in such waters, they prevent the coarsening and floating of oil particles. The ions of various metals and salts contained in sea water can also contribute to the formation of an emulsion. It is much more difficult to remove emulsified oil products from water than coarse ones. Therefore, if possible, factors contributing to their formation should be excluded.

Wastewater. When using water for drinking and household needs, sewage accumulates on the ship. The problem of wastewater disposal from ships has arisen since the launch of the first vessel and until recently it was solved by dumping this water overboard without any treatment, hoping for a certain degree of self-purification of the reservoir. However, the ability to self-purify depends primarily on the initial purity of water and the amount of oxygen dissolved in water.

Therefore, despite the fact that the total amount of sewage from ships is much less than that discharged by city sewers, they still cause significant damage to water bodies. This is especially felt in places of congestion of ships. At the same time, the hydrochemical indicators of water deteriorate, such as BOD5, the amount of suspended solids, coli index, pH, transparency, and others.

Garbage (domestic and industrial waste). In the course of domestic and industrial activities on the ship, a number of solid and liquid wastes are generated that must be disposed of. Solid waste includes paper, rags, packaging materials, and food waste. Usually it should be accumulated in special containers installed at the stern of the vessel. Food waste must not be mixed with household waste.

In addition to solid waste, liquid waste is also accumulated on ships, which can be divided into two groups: 1 - sludge from sewage treatment plants, including crushed food waste. They accumulate in a special tank; 2 - sludge from fuel and oil separators. There is a classification of garbage according to the degree of its interaction with the aquatic environment:

Sinking - pollutes the bottom of the reservoir, which harms the benthic fauna, spawning and feeding grounds for fish;

Dissolving - absorbs oxygen from the water of the reservoir for its oxidation, changes its color, taste, etc.

Household solid waste makes up the majority of the accumulated garbage. The main problems in waste handling are associated with the heterogeneity of the composition of household waste and significant fluctuations in the volume of their accumulation, depending on the purpose of the ship, the nature of the voyage, etc.

1 . 4 international conventionIA MARPOL 73/78

In 1973, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which is a UN body, adopted the International Convention MARPOL 73, which defines the technical requirements for the prevention of marine pollution from ships. The initiators of such a convention were a number of countries concerned about the severe pollution of marine waters. These requirements are set out in the Protocol to the MARPOL 73 Convention and adopted at the International Conference held in February 1978. The provisions of MARPOL 73 and the 1978 Protocol are a single document, briefly called the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, which includes five annexes (by types of all shipboard pollution):

Annex 1. "Rules for the Prevention of Oil Pollution";

Annex 2. "Rules for the control of pollution during the carriage of toxic liquid substances in bulk";

Annex 3. "Rules for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packages, Freight Containers, Demountable Tanks or Road and Rail Tanks":

Annex 4. "Rules for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships";

Annex 5. Rules for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships.

State requirements for the prevention of pollution of water bodies by ship-generated waste are determined mainly by the relevant sanitary regulations, as well as regulations developed by various supervised departments. The requirements related to the disposal of ship-generated waste into water bodies, set forth in these documents, differ from those specified by the International Convention MARPOL 73/78.

Pollution of sea and river waters entails, first of all, civil (property), administrative, disciplinary or even criminal liability of persons directly responsible for pollution.

Questions for self-examination.

1. What is ecology? Concept, definition.

2. Name the levels of matter interaction.

3. Define an ecosystem.

4. What are populations, communities.

5. Describe the global environmental problems.

6. Characteristics of the main features of the development of society in the 20th, early 21st century.

7. What is the "greenhouse" effect and what is the impact on the environment.

8. What is the ecosphere? Define and describe.

9. What is the essence of the International Convention MARPOL 73/78. What are the objectives of the convention.

LECTURE 2. REGULATORY, ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT POLLUTION WITH HARMFUL SUBSTANCES THAT ARE CARRIED BY SEA IN PACKAGING, FREIGHT CONTAINERS, REMOVABLE TANKS, BULK MOR IN AUTODOROENGINE AND RAILWAY SYSTEMS

Lecture plan

2.1 State of the quality of the hydrosphere

2.2 Wastewater quality indicators

2.3 Basic requirements for environmental protection measures

2.4 Payment for the restoration and protection of water bodies

Basic theoretical provisions

2.1 The state of the quality of the hydrospheress

The Earth's hydrosphere can be divided into two categories - salt and fresh water. Fresh water, along with air and food, is the most important source of human life support.

Transport is one of the largest consumers of fresh water. A large amount is used by all modes of transport for various technological and technical purposes (steam for turbines, for cooling engines, liquids for washing and equipping rolling stock and other processes). Water modes of transport directly affect the degree of water pollution.

Ballast water, water used for washing cargo tankers, and bottom water containing oil products are discharged directly from the vessel into the water.

The oil film delays ultraviolet radiation by 35-40% and thereby reduces the intensity of photosynthesis and the formation of biomass in the ocean. It also hinders the exchange of oxygen between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. The oil film reduces the evaporation of water and, consequently, reduces the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn increases the likelihood of droughts and other adverse events.

In addition, anthropogenic noise, vibration and electromagnetic influences are energy pollutants of the environment. Mechanical vibrations occur in almost all mechanisms with different amplitudes and frequencies, so they can be mono-, bi- and polyharmonic, random with a wide frequency range. Vibration dramatically affects the immune, cardiovascular systems, human blood composition and the development of an occupational disease - vibration disease.

Vibrations that occur on a ship are divided into general vibration of the ship's hull and local vibrations. The main sources of local vibration are: the propeller (mechanical and hydrodynamic imbalance), shafting, main and auxiliary power plants (diesel, mechanisms, compressors, pumps, electric motors), sea waves (when the waves were 3 points, periodic forces increased by 30%, with strong waves - 3-5 times) and shallow water, the process of flowing water around the protruding parts (vibrations occur as a result of the breakdown of vortices) and the steering wheel.

The intensity of noise over the past 300 years in developed countries has doubled every 5-10 years, i.e. increased faster than the increase in energy consumption. Intense noise adversely affects the productivity, well-being and health of humans, as well as animals and even plants.

The main sources of external noise are transport, construction and production processes. Noise depends on the type of engine, speed of movement, operating mode, technical condition of the vehicle and a number of other factors, and its intensity can vary significantly.

Large sea and river vessels during the movement do not create significant external noise. External noise sources on ships are exhaust ducts, propellers, water noise, streamlined hull, as well as auxiliary machines installed on open decks and working mainly in ports during loading and unloading or during maintenance and repair of ships.

All vehicles have warning sirens, horns or whistles that produce sounds of considerable intensity. The most powerful signaling systems are installed on sea and large river vessels, which they use mainly when driving in fog and in other dangerous situations, although due to the low tone, the sounds from such sirens are perceived with less irritation than from the sharp horns of locomotives.

In addition to external noise, internal noise is generated on vehicles that affect passengers and maintenance personnel (ship mechanics, etc.). In the engine rooms of ships where the main engines (usually diesel engines) operate, the noise reaches 80-100 dBA, and in the immediate vicinity of the engines it is even higher.

Currently, more and more people are talking about a new type of pollution of the planet - thermal. The sources of "heating" of the environment due to the imperfection of energy conversion methods are heat losses in various engines and installations.

Thus, water transport pollutes the biosphere: chemically - exhaust gases of diesel engines into the atmosphere and hydrosphere; physically - garbage, sewage, ash, dust, soot, etc.; noise, vibration and thermal pollution.

The negative impact of ships on the environment. The main aspects of environmental protection measures.

2. 2 Wastewater quality indicators

During the operation of ships, waste is generated, which can be divided into two groups:

1. waste generated as a result of incomplete unloading of ships, water treatment of decks, holds and tanks.

2. Waste generated as a result of the life of the crew and passengers (domestic, faecal effluents and household waste), as well as as a result of the operation of ship mechanisms (bearing, oily water, industrial waste).

There are frequent cases of accidental spills of oil products during bunkering of ships, various emergencies, as well as military-industrial conflicts.

The average daily accumulation of HB is mainly determined by the power of the main engine. The concentration of oil products in NI varies widely - from fractions of % to 100%. After a short settling, the average concentration of oil products is in the range of 200-500 mg/dm3.

Currently, both on-board and off-board cleaning of NV from oil products is used. The transfer of NV to floating treatment plants is carried out with the help of a collection vessel or by the delivery vessel itself. Floating treatment stations provide purification of HB up to 5-15 mg/dm3 of oil products. The productivity of treatment stations reaches 200 m3 per day. Oil products in NV are in a coarse and finely dispersed state and this is called an emulsion. It is on the surface of the water. It is easier to remove coarsely dispersed oil products from water than finely dispersed ones.

Wastewater. They are formed when water is used for industrial, drinking and household needs on a ship. Until recently, these waters were discharged into reservoirs without prior purification, because it was believed that they do not cause damage to water bodies. A particularly unfavorable situation is observed in the places of congestion of ships in ports. Therefore, wastewater generated on ships is accumulated in specially designed collectors and then pumped to floating treatment plants for cleaning and neutralization. The volumes of average daily accumulations of sewage can be determined by: cargo fleet 200-250 l/person, passenger fleet 250-300 l/person.

The choice of wastewater treatment method and its effectiveness depend on the composition of wastewater. The mixture of sewage and household water entering the vessel's collection tanks contains pollution in the form of coarse suspension and colloidal particles, as well as in a dissolved state.

The degree of pollution of wastewater can be judged by the following indicators:

BOD5 - biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days. Means the oxygen consumption required for the decomposition of organic matter for 5 days at a temperature of 20o without access to light and air, measured in mg/dm3.

ВВ - the amount of suspended solids contained in 1 dm3 of waste water; The increased content of explosives in the discharged wastewater leads to an increase in the turbidity of the water and further to the disruption of the "food chain" of the reservoir.

Coli index - the number of bacteria of the coli group (E. coli) contained in 1 dm3 of waste water, measured in pieces per 100 ml.

pH is a pH indicator that characterizes the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Transparency - allows you to indirectly assess the degree of pollution of wastewater.

The composition of ship wastewater accumulating in the collection tank is not constant, the ratio of wastewater and household water changes during the day, depending on the mode of operation of the ship.

The maximum allowable discharge (MPD) of substances into a water body is the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable discharge at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. Maximum allowable discharge, MPD, mg/h, is determined by the expression

PDS \u003d Сi. M

where Ci is the concentration of the harmful component in wastewater, mg/dm3;

M is the mass of wastewater generated on the vessel, dm3/hour;

For each enterprise, a PDS standard is established, above which a fine is levied.

Garbage - is divided into household and industrial. There is a classification of garbage according to the degree of its interaction with water:

Floating - leads to pollution of the water surface and the coastal strip;

Sinking - pollutes the bottom of the reservoir, causes special harm to fish spawning grounds;

Dissolving - absorbs oxygen from the water of the reservoir for its oxidation, changes its color, taste.

Household solid waste makes up the majority of the accumulated household waste. The main problems are the heterogeneity of the composition of household waste, significant fluctuations in its volume. The volume of industrial solid waste depends primarily on the capacity of the ship's power plant and on the condition of the mechanisms.

On average, about 20 kg of all types of waste accumulate daily on a cargo ship (excluding sewage sludge), and about 400 kg on a passenger ship. For passenger ships, the main share is household waste.

If the ship is not equipped with treatment facilities, then special containers are installed on board to collect and store separately oily and wastewater.

In addition to material waste from ships, energy, in particular, thermal pollution of the environment is possible.

An increase in the temperature of the hydrosphere increases the rate of chemical and biochemical reactions, which contributes to the efficiency of wastewater treatment. On the other hand, with an increase in temperature, the solubility decreases and, consequently, the concentration of oxygen in water, without which self-purification is impossible, the essence of which is the oxidation of organic substances with oxygen during the life of aerobic bacteria.

When discharging the chilled water of the power plant (SPP) of the ship, even if the water is not contaminated, there is a temperature limit.

2 . 3 Basic requirementsenvironmental measures

In 1973, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention Marpol-73, which defines the requirements for the prevention of pollution from ships. With the growth of oil transportation from production areas to the place of processing and consumption, cases of severe accidents of large-capacity tankers (collisions, groundings, explosions, fires) that resulted in oil spills have become more frequent.

In 1978, a Protocol was adopted, which in addition to 1973 is called the Marpol 73/78 Convention, which includes five Annexes.

To prevent pollution of the aquatic environment by bottom water from ships, the Marpol 73/78 Convention provides for the following solutions:

There are three equipment options for compliance with the Annexes of the Marpol 73/78 Convention:

Collective tank;

Collection tank and oil filtering equipment, providing a degree of purification up to 15 ppm, automatic closing of valves when exceeding 15 ppm, oil products in waste water;

Collection tank and separation equipment with cleaning efficiency up to 100 ppm.

Wastewater.

In accordance with the requirements of the Marpol 73/78 Convention, in a coastal zone 12 nautical miles wide, the discharge of wastewater is prohibited if they are not previously cleaned and disinfected in a special ship installation (OSV) to the following indicators:

BOD5, mg/dm3 50

VV mg / dmz 100 + x,

where x is the concentration of explosives in the wash water, mg/dm3

Koli-index, pcs 2500

Under sewage, the Convention provides for:

Drains from all types of toilets, urinals, toilet bowls;

Drains from sinks, bathtubs, showers;

Effluent from rooms where animals are kept;

According to Appendix 1U of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, each ship is subject to the following types of survey:

Initial (before commissioning);

Periodic (at intervals not exceeding 5 years);

Intermediate - in the period between periodic intervals not exceeding 30 months.

Garbage - all types of food, household or operational waste.

Marpol restrictions when dumping garbage:

Dumping into the sea of ​​all types of plastics is prohibited;

Outside the 12-mile zone, garbage passed through the grinder can be dumped, the size of the pieces of which should not exceed 25 mm;

Draw up acts on violation of the rules for the prevention of water pollution, in accordance with the established procedure, bring the perpetrators to justice.

2 . 4 Payment for the restoration and protection of water bodies

Responsibility for water pollution:

Administrative;

Disciplinary;

Criminal.

Questions for self-examination.

1. Organization of environmental service in water transport.

2. Requirements for the prevention of pollution from ships.

3. Legal aspects of the protection of water bodies from pollution by ship waste.

4. Requirements for the prevention of pollution from ships. Marpol International Convention, 73/78

5. State requirements for the treatment of wastewater from ships and liability for pollution of water bodies.

LECTURE 3. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE CONSEQUENCES OF AN OPERATIONAL CASEMARINE POLLUTION

Lecture plan

3.1 Formation of oily waters on ships

3.2 State requirements for the prevention of the marine environment by ship-generated waste

3.3 Responsibility of officials for pollution of the hydrosphere

Basic theoretical provisions

3 . 1 Formation of oily waters on ships

In accordance with Article 15 of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, any annex shall enter into force 12 months after the date on which at least 15 States with a combined merchant ship tonnage of at least 50 % of the gross tonnage of the world merchant fleet.

These five annexes of the Convention, according to the rules existing in the IMO, are combined into three groups and are accepted (ratified) by the states simultaneously: 1st group of annexes 1 and 2; 2nd group - applications 3 and 5; 3rd group - application 4.

Oily waters. Each ship engaged in international voyages must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of Appendix 1 of MARPOL 73/78, which is confirmed by the issuance by the Register of each country to these ships of International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificates. The Convention considers the following technical means to prevent pollution of the aquatic environment by bilge (below) water from ships:

Prefabricated tanks;

Oil filtering equipment with the treatment capacity of the undershale waters to the level of oil content in the discharge of not more than 15 ppm;

Automatic device to close the drain valves when the oil content of the treated water discharged overboard exceeds 15 ppm;

Oil separation equipment with cleaning capacity up to 100 ppm.

The MARPOL 73/78 Convention stipulates the need to comply with more stringent requirements in special areas - the Mediterranean, Black, Baltic and Red, as well as in the bay area (Middle East). In special areas, it is allowed to discharge overboard oily waters with an oil concentration of not more than 15 ppm, and ships are recommended to be equipped with oil-water filtering equipment of the specified cleaning depth. At the same time, the ship must have an automatic device for closing the outboard discharge valves, if the oil content in the treated water discharged overboard exceeds 15 ppm.

There is an amendment to the Convention which states that ships operating exclusively in special areas or operating within 12 nautical miles of the nearest land are sufficient to be equipped with a collecting tank. In this case, it is supposed to accumulate all the NI formed on the ship and then transfer it to the reception facilities of the port. The volume of the combined tank, of course, must be sufficient to guarantee the accumulation of HB during the entire voyage.

Outside the special areas, the MARPOL 73/78 Convention allows the use of oil separation equipment on board the ship, which ensures the purification of bottom waters to an oil content in the discharge of not more than 100 ppm.

Along with the technical requirements listed above, the MARPOL 73/78 Convention contains organizational and legal issues.

The organizational requirements, first of all, include the provision of all ships with the necessary documents: oil operation logs, International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificates, etc.

The legal part notes the provision of sufficiently strict control over the observance of certain provisions of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention by foreign courts. In particular, the memorandum adopted by 14 European states in 1982 provides for inspections of third-country ships for compliance with the above requirements. The Register was instructed to exercise technical supervision over the design, manufacture and operation of shipboard environmental protection equipment, decide on the issue of serial production of this equipment and issue a Type Test Certificate.

The Register recommends several procedures for annual and regular surveys of oil separation and filtering equipment. Analyzes of bilge water samples shall be carried out in laboratories having a Certificate of recognition by the Register.

Wastewater. The requirements of Appendix 4 of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention apply to ships engaged in international voyages, including if the gross tonnage of these ships is more than 200 tons, as well as to ships of a smaller capacity, if they are allowed to carry more than 10 people.

In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, in a coastal zone 12 nautical miles wide, the discharge of sewage is prohibited if they are not previously cleaned and disinfected in a special ship installation to the following parameters:

BOD5, mg/dm3 50

VV, mg/dmz 100+x

Coli-index, pcs/dmz 2500

(x is the amount of explosives in the wash water, mg/dm3)

The term “wastewater” is understood by the Convention to mean the following:

Drains from all types of toilets, urinals, toilet bowls, as well as scuppers located in the toilets;

Effluent from sinks, bathtubs, showers and scuppers located in medical premises;

Effluent from premises where animals are kept;

Other drains, if mixed with those listed above.

Outside the 12-mile zone, the discharge of RV is allowed without pre-treatment in any basin (the concept of a “special area” for RV does not exist), but it is indicated that the vessel must move at a speed of at least 4 knots.

In connection with the above, each ship falling under Annex 4 of the Convention must be equipped with devices to possibly prevent the discharge of untreated SS. Such devices are ship's prefabricated tanks, as well as WWTP installations. The specific type of equipment is chosen by the shipowner based on operational or economic considerations. Therefore, at present, ships brought into line with the requirements of Annex 4 of the Convention can be divided into three groups according to the degree of equipment:

1. Equipped with prefabricated tanks;

2. Equipped with OOSV installations;

3. Equipped with prefabricated tanks and WWTP installations.

Each ship falling under Annex 4 of MARPOL 73/78 shall be subject to the following types of survey:

Initial - before commissioning; Based on the results of the initial survey, an International Ship Certificate is issued;

Periodic - at intervals established by each state (not exceeding 5 years);

Intermediate - in the period between periodic, after a period of time not exceeding 30 months.

According to the Register Rules currently in force, all domestic ships engaged in international voyages must undergo a re-certification every year, during which devices are checked to prevent the discharge of untreated SS. At the same time, the operability of the mechanisms that make up the device is checked. At the request of the controlling organizations, a series of samples of the processed WW can be taken (if the ship has an ESW installation) to assess the effectiveness of their processing. Comparison of the results thus obtained with the IMO norms provides the basis for the decision to renew the International Certificate.

Trash. Annex 5 of the Convention includes rules for the prevention of pollution of water bodies by garbage from ships. At the same time, the term “garbage” means all types of food, household or operational waste (with the exception of fresh fish and its remains) that are generated during the normal operation of the vessel, with the exception of substances listed in other annexes of the Convention.

The Convention provides for the following restrictions on the discharge of garbage from ships:

It is prohibited to dump all types of plastics into the sea, including synthetic garbage bags;

Floating upholstery and packing material may be dumped beyond 25 miles from shore;

Outside the 12-mile zone, garbage passed through the grinder can be dumped if the pieces of ground are not more than 25 mm;

In special areas, it is forbidden to dump any type of garbage, except for food waste, which can be dumped outside the 12-mile zone.

If the garbage is mixed with other waste, the discharge of which falls under different requirements, then more stringent requirements are imposed on it.

Thus, in accordance with the requirements of the Convention, each ship engaged in international voyages must have at least one of the following devices: containers for collecting garbage; devices for crushing or pressing garbage; incinerator (incinerator). In addition, the Convention states that all interested states are obliged to provide their ports and terminals for the reception of garbage.

Appendix 6"Cooperation in the fight against marine pollution" establishes the procedure for the relationship of the states - parties to the conventions in cases of liquidation of accidental spills of oil and other harmful substances in the sea. It is instructed to maintain readiness for such operations by providing ready-to-operate equipment, ships, manpower for work both in coastal and open sea areas.

The Convention points out the need to develop and use systems for monitoring and mutual notification of significant spills, the mutual exchange of information on the means of combating emergency spills and mutual assistance during the elimination of the consequences of accidental spills of oil or other harmful substances.

After the adoption of the annexes of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Regional Conferences were held, stipulating pollution and their prevention in the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas.

In addition to international agreements governing the discharge of pollution from ships, territorial coastal and fishery sea areas are subject to additional pollution prevention requirements established by the internal laws and regulations of states.

3.2 State requirements for pollution preventionmarine environment ship waste

State requirements for the prevention of pollution of water bodies by ship-generated waste are determined mainly by the relevant sanitary regulations, as well as the rules developed by various regulatory agencies. The requirements related to the disposal of ship-generated waste into water bodies, set out in these documents, differ from those specified by the International Convention MARPOL 73/78.

Wastewater. Discharge from vessels (except for high-speed ones, also having no more than 3 people on board) of untreated WW is prohibited into inland waters. The regulatory documents state that the WW to be cleaned and decontaminated should not exceed the following values ​​of controlled indicators, at which it is possible to discharge them from ships:

BOD5, mg/dm3 50 (for self-propelled vessels - no more than 40)

BB, mg/dmz 50

Koli-index, pcs/dmz 1000

It is allowed, as a rule, to divert the processed SV when the vessel is moving at a speed of at least 4 km/h.

At the same time, cleaned NV can be dumped from self-propelled vessels when the vessel is moving at a speed of at least 4 km/h.

Trash. In inland waters, the dumping of any type of ship's garbage, including food waste, is prohibited.

Legal aspects of the protection of water bodies from pollution by ship waste.

The problem of protection of water basins is a complex problem, including technical, technological, economic, medical and social aspects. All of them are regulated by legal norms.

Regulations on the protection of marine basins provide for the obligation of all ministries and departments that have ships and floating facilities to equip ships with oily water separators or devices for collecting these waters, other harmful substances, ship sewage and garbage and delivering them to floating or shore reception facilities. .

Authorized officials within the limits of internal maritime and territorial waters have the following rights:

Stop, visit and inspect ships and other floating facilities to determine the causes and circumstances of the discharge or loss of substances harmful to human health or living resources of water bodies;

Give instructions to eliminate violations of the established rules for operations with toxicants;

Detain ships and other floating facilities that have allowed illegal dumping or have not taken the necessary measures to prevent the loss of these substances;

Draw up acts on violation of the rules for the prevention of water pollution, in accordance with the established procedure, bring the perpetrators to justice.

3. 3 Responsibility of officialsx persons for pollution of the hydrosphere

Responsibility for pollution of water bodies can be:

Civil law (property);

Administrative;

Disciplinary;

Criminal.

Civil Liability consists in the obligation of the shipowner to compensate for the property damage caused by the ship from pollution of water bodies. There is a list of substances whose discharge is prohibited. This list applies to all ships and other floating facilities, regardless of their departmental and national affiliation, within the maritime and territorial waters of the country.

to administrative individual citizens and officials are held liable. It is envisaged to bring the perpetrators to justice in the form of a fine for pollution and clogging of water.

Disciplinary liability provides for the following penalties: remarks, reprimand, severe reprimand, transfer to a lower-paid job, dismissal. The decision on the choice of a measure of disciplinary responsibility is carried out taking into account the reasons for the violation and its consequences. One of the effective measures of disciplinary responsibility is the deprivation of bonuses for certain categories of workers responsible for the rational use and protection of water.

Criminal liability provides for imprisonment for a certain period, depending on the type of violation or correctional labor.

The fee directed to the restoration and protection of water bodies is paid for:

Discharge into water bodies of wastewater, the content of harmful substances in which exceeds the established standards;

Discharge into water bodies of wastewater, the content of harmful substances in which exceeds the established limits of MPD;

For the discharge into water bodies of wastewater, the content of harmful substances in which exceeds the established standards, and wastewater of standard quality in excess of the established MPD limits, an increased fee is provided.

Questions for self-examination.

1. Negative impact of ships on air quality.

2. Negative impact of ships on the quality of the hydrosphere and life

3. The negative impact of ships on the pollution of the lithosphere, the impact of pollution on the biosphere.

4. The main aspects of environmental protection measures to protect the environment from ships.

LECTURE 4. REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF LOADENVIRONMENTAL OIL SENSATIONS

Lecture plan

4.1 Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by sewage

4.2 Rules for the sanitary protection of coastal areas of the seas

4.3 Classification of polluted water treatment methods

Basic theoretical provisions

4 . 1 Rules for the protection of surface watersfrom sewage pollution

protection sea atmospheric pollution

The conditions for the release of wastewater into water bodies are regulated by the Rules for the Protection of Surface Water from Pollution by Wastewater and the Rules for the Sanitary Protection of Coastal Areas of the Seas. Compliance with the conditions for the release of wastewater into water bodies is controlled by sanitary and epidemiological stations and basin management. The rules establish water quality standards for reservoirs depending on their functional purpose - fishery, household and recreational. The rules for the environmental safety of ships of inland and mixed navigation establish clear provisions for supervision, regulate clear requirements for equipment and devices of ships to prevent pollution of the hydrosphere by oil, sewage, garbage and treatment facilities (table 1)

Table 1. Classification of polluted water treatment methods

Cleaning method	Classification
1 Solids removal
straining	Metal gratings
upholding	Sand traps - horizontal, with circular movement of water, vertical aerated, combined
mechanical separation	Open hydrocyclones, pressurized hydrocyclones
filtration	Microfilters, electromagnetic filters - designs Type of material - quartz sand, slag, gravel, anthracite; Single layer, multilayer
2 De-oiling
upholding	Settling tanks, oil traps; by types of reagents - Na2CO3, H2SO4, NaCl, Al2(SO4)3, NaCl + Al2(SO4)3
mechanical separation	Pressure hydrocyclones
flotation	According to the method of bubble formation - pressure, pneumatic, foam, chemical, biological, electroflotation
filtration	Filter material - quartz sand, dolomite, expanded clay, glauconite, polyurethane foam
3 Purification of soluble impurities
Extraction	By type of extractants - benzene, butyl acetate
	Sorbents - activated carbon, ash, peat, sawdust, slag, clay
Neutralization	Types of emitted contaminants - acids, alkalis, reagents - NaOH, KOH, limestone, lime, dolomite, Chalk, marble, magnesite, soda
Electrocoagulation	Emitted pollution - chromium, other heavy metals, cyanides
Ozonation	By types of emitted pollution (heavy metals, cyanides, sulfides)
Conditioning	Processing method - ferric chloride, lime, heat treatment, treatment with polyelectrolytes; freezing; electrocoagulation
Dehydration	Drying on silt pads; vacuum filtration; filter pressing; vibration filtering, thermal drying
4 Purification from inorganic impurities
The use of artificial and natural structures	Method of processing - fields of filtration, irrigation, in biological ponds, with natural aeration, with artificial aeration, biological filters, aerotanks (activated sludge, oxygen tanks).

Specific capital costs for the construction of a complex for primary treatment are 1.5-1.8 times less than for secondary treatment, and 8-10 times less than for tertiary treatment. Moreover, water purification up to 99% costs 10 times, and purification up to 99.9% - 100 times more expensive than up to 90%.

...

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General characteristics of pollution of natural and anthropogenic origin, physical, chemical and biological pollution of the natural environment. Consequences of pollution and adverse change in our environment, control and disposal of waste.

Crimes that infringe on objective relations for the protection and rational use of water and atmosphere, as well as ensuring environmental safety:

water pollution (art. 250);

pollution of the marine environment (art. 252);

air pollution (art. 251).

Water pollution (Article 250 of the Criminal Code)

The subject of the crime is surface water, including surface watercourses and reservoirs on them, surface water bodies, glaciers and snowfields, groundwater (aquifer, pools, deposits and natural groundwater outlet).

Internal sea waters, the territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation, open waters of the World Ocean do not belong to the subject of this crime.

The waters of storages that do not have ecological significance (settlers, pools, reservoirs, wells, etc.) do not relate to the subject of the crime in question. Their pollution, poisoning, depletion, depending on the nature of the act, can form the composition of sabotage (Art. 281), crimes against life and health (Chapter 16), violations of sanitary and epidemiological rules (Art. 236), violations of labor protection rules (Art. 143).

The objective side of the crime is pollution, clogging, depletion or other change in the natural properties of the above components of the hydrosphere with untreated and untreated sewage, waste and garbage, or toxic or environmentally aggressive products (oil, oil products, chemicals) industrial, agricultural , municipal and other enterprises and organizations.

Pollution of water bodies is the discharge or otherwise entry into water bodies of objects or suspended particles that worsen the condition and impede the use of such objects.

Pollution of water bodies is a discharge or otherwise entering water bodies, as well as the formation of harmful substances in them that degrade the quality of surface and ground waters, limit the use of, or negatively affect the condition of the bottom and shores of such objects.

Water depletion is a steady reduction in reserves and deterioration in the quality of surface and groundwater.

Composition by design: material, the crime is over in case of causing significant harm to the animal or plant world, fish stocks, forestry or agriculture. The nature of these consequences is extremely diverse. In addition, they lie in various areas of nature management and environmental protection. This is a matter of fact and evaluation precisely as “substantial harm”. Significant harm to the animal and plant world can be expressed in a decrease in the populations of wild animals, birds, drying up of trees, shrubs in forests of all kinds. Harm to fish stocks is determined by the death of fish, the destruction of spawning grounds, feeding areas.

The subjective side is characterized by any form and type of guilt.

Atmospheric pollution (Article 251 of the Criminal Code)

The subject of the crime is atmospheric air, which is a specific natural object that performs important ecological, economic and health-improving functions.

The objective side of atmospheric pollution consists in violation of the rules for the release of pollutants into the atmosphere or in violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects, if these acts have caused pollution or other changes in the natural properties of the air.

Emission refers to the entry of substances harmful to the environment from a corresponding source into the atmosphere. Maximum allowable emissions into the atmosphere (MAE) are set separately for each source, taking into account the fact that they do not lead to exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of substances harmful to the population, flora and fauna.

Violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere or violation of the rules for the operation of installations, structures and other objects may consist of:

in excess of the established standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere;

in excess of the standards of physical impact;

in the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere without the permission of specially authorized state bodies;

in harmful physical impact on the atmosphere without the permission of such an authority, when obtaining it is necessary in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

in the non-use of installed facilities, equipment, apparatus intended for cleaning and controlling emissions into the atmosphere.

Standards for acoustic and other pollution, maximum permissible levels (MPL) of vibration, electromagnetic and other types of impacts are established by the relevant Regulation of March 2, 2000 (SZRF. 2000. No. 11. Art. 1180), and state control over the state of air is carried out in accordance with the Regulation of January 15, 2001 (SZRF. 2001. No. 4. Art. 293).

Composition by design: material, the crime is over from the moment of pollution or other change in the natural properties of the air.

Air pollution with substances harmful to human health as a result of violation of labor protection rules in industrial premises (workshops, laboratories, warehouses, etc.) is not covered by the signs of the act in question and, in the presence of appropriate circumstances, may constitute a crime under Art. 143 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (violation of labor protection rules).

The subjective side can be expressed both in the form of intent and negligence.

Subject: special - a person obliged to comply with these rules.

Pollution of the marine environment (Article 252 of the Criminal Code)

The subject of the crime is sea waters (internal sea waters, the territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation, waters of the open sea) and the living resources of the sea. Internal sea waters are waters that go deep into the land, communicating with the ocean and straits (Black, Baltic, White Seas). Inland waters include sea waters stretching towards the coast from the baselines adopted for counting the width of the territorial sea of ​​the Russian Federation, which includes coastal sea waters 12 nautical miles wide, measured in accordance with international law and the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 10, 2000 approved the Rules for the Development and Approval of Standards for Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Harmful Substances and Standards for Maximum Permissible Harmful Impacts on the Marine Environment and Natural Resources of Inland Sea Waters and the Territorial Sea of ​​the Russian Federation.

Radioactive materials in solid or liquid state should also be considered as pollutants. If before that they were illegally acquired, stored, used, transferred to someone or destroyed, the deed should also be qualified in conjunction with Art. 220.

Requirements in the field of environmental protection when using radioactive substances and nuclear materials, including during their disposal, are set out in a general form in Art. Art. 48, 51 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection".

The objective side is expressed in pollution of the marine environment from sources located on land, or due to violation of the rules for burial or discharge from vehicles, or artificial islands, installations or structures erected in the sea of ​​substances and materials that are harmful to human health and living resources of the sea or hinder the legitimate use marine environment.

Harmful substances include, for example: oil, oil products, mercury, lead, cadmium and their compounds, chlorides, phosphates, sulfates, etc.

Composition by design: formal.

The subjective side of the crime is characterized by intentional or negligent guilt.

The subject of the crime may be the captains and other members of a Russian or foreign ship, other floating craft located in the waters of the Russian Federation, or employees of platforms, other structures artificially constructed in the sea, whose official duties included preventing the discharge of harmful substances into the sea; aircraft commanders, as well as employees of coastal enterprises, institutions, organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, and other persons through whose fault the marine environment was polluted.

Article 250 Water pollution

Main Immediate Object- public relations in the field of ensuring environmental safety, protection and rational use of water. Additional, direct object there are relations for the protection of human life and health (parts 2 and 3).

Thing crimes - surface or ground water, sources of drinking water supply.

the waters of the internal seas and the territorial waters of the Russian Federation are not the subject of the crime in question. The waters of storages that do not have ecological significance (settlers, pools, reservoirs, wells, etc.) also do not belong to the subject of the crime in question.

Water protection relations are regulated by the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare, VK; other federal laws; laws of subjects of the Russian Federation; normative legal acts that must be applied in accordance with the VC. Specific standards for maximum permissible concentrations of emissions and discharges of pollutants into water bodies are approved by specially authorized federal executive bodies in the field of environmental protection and sanitary and epidemiological supervision. Outside the permissible levels, pollution becomes dangerous and entails criminal or administrative liability (Articles 8.13 - 8.16 of the Code of Administrative Offenses).

the objective side crimes constitutes pollution, clogging, depletion surface or ground water, sources of drinking water supply or other change their natural properties.

Pollution water bodies - discharge or otherwise enter water bodies, as well as the formation of harmful substances in them that degrade the quality of surface and ground waters, limit their use or negatively affect the state of the bottom and banks of water bodies. Clogging - discharge or otherwise entering water bodies of objects or suspended particles that worsen the condition and impede the drinking use of water bodies. Water depletion - sustainable reduction of reserves and deterioration of the quality of surface and ground waters (art. 1 of the VC).

Pollution, clogging, depletion of surface or ground water, sources of drinking water supply or other change in their natural properties (Article 250 of the Criminal Code) may be the result of a violation of not only the rules for water use, but also other rules in the field of environmental protection and nature management (in particular, transportation , storage, use of mineral fertilizers and preparations).

The issue of damages essential decided on a case-by-case basis based on the actual circumstances of the case.

Between the act and the consequences must be established causation. Corpus delicti material. The crime is considered finished since the onset of the crime.

Subject crime - a sane individual who has reached the age of 16. Both officials or persons performing the specified functions in a commercial or other organization, as well as other persons who have committed this crime (ordinary workers, citizens), may be held criminally liable.

With S.S. crime can be deliberate so careless. The person is aware of the social danger of the action (inaction) being performed, foresees the possibility or inevitability of the occurrence of the consequences specified in the law, and desires their occurrence (direct intent) either realizes the social danger of the action (inaction) being committed, foresees the possibility of such consequences, does not want, but consciously allows them, or treats them indifferently (indirect intent).

In the event of a negligent form of guilt, the person does not foresee the possibility of these consequences, although with the necessary care and foresight, he should have and could have foreseen them. (negligence), or foresees these consequences, but without sufficient grounds presumptuously counts on their prevention (frivolity).

Qualifying features named: causing harm to human health, mass death of animals, committing the acts specified in Part 1 of this article on the territory of a reserve or wildlife sanctuary or in a zone of ecological disaster or a zone of ecological emergency.

Has material composition and finished from the date of such damage. These acts, committed in the zone of ecological disaster or in the zone of ecological emergency, have formal composition. A crime finished from the moment they were made.

With S.S. these crimes can also be deliberate and careless.

Special qualifying mark part 3: infliction through the negligence of a person's death(one or more) as a result of the acts specified in parts 1 and 2 of this article.

The commented article competes with Art. Art. 8.13, 8.14 of the Code of Administrative Offenses.

Article 251 . Air pollution

Main direct an object- public relations in the field of environmental safety, protection and rational use of the atmosphere. Additional immediate an object(parts 2 and 3) - relations for the protection of human life and health.

Thing crimes - the atmosphere. Atmospheric air protection relations are regulated by the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare, Federal Law No. 96-FZ of May 4, 1999 "On Atmospheric Air Protection" (as amended on June 25, 2012) and other regulatory legal acts.

With O.S. the crime is characterized by a violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere or a violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects.

Typical violations of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere or the rules for the operation of installations, structures and other objects are exceeding the established standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere; exceeding the standards of physical impact; release of pollutants into the atmosphere without the permission of specially authorized state bodies; harmful physical impact on the atmosphere without the permission of such an authority, when obtaining it is necessary in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Effects crimes - pollution or other change in the natural properties of the air.

Pollution - this is the entry into the air or the formation in it of pollutants (soot, dust, gases, acids, other chemicals) in concentrations exceeding the hygienic and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality established by sanitary and environmental legislation. Other change in the natural properties of air- this is an excess of the permissible effects of noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, a change in the electromagnetic, thermal properties of air.

Crime has material composition and is considered finished since the occurrence of these consequences. Subject crimes - special- a sane natural person who has reached the age of 16, responsible for the operation of installations, treatment and other facilities and facilities, or who has committed a violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.

With S.S. crime can be committed deliberately so by negligence.

qualifying sign- Causing by negligence harm to health. special qualification- negligently causing death to a person.

Guilt in the crimes provided for in parts 2 and 3, in relation to causing harm to the health or death of a person, just be careless.

criminal liability for air pollution occurs only in cases where the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere, as well as the level of harmful physical effects on the atmospheric air, exceed the established standards, as a result of which harm to human health has been or could be caused. In other words, it was not the pollution itself or any other change in the properties of the air that could be criminal, but only one that created a real threat of harm to people's health or led to such consequences.

Article 252 . Marine pollution

Direct object of the crime- relations to ensure global environmental security and in the field of protection of waters and living resources of the sea. Safe conditions for the use of sea waters are fixed in a number of international treaties to which Russia is a party, as well as the Law on the Continental Shelf; Federal Law "On internal sea waters, the territorial sea and the adjacent zone of the Russian Federation", the Law on Environmental Protection, etc. Thing crime - marine environment.

The place of commission of the crime is the territorial sea, the high seas, inland seas, the maritime exclusive zone, the continental shelf.

O.S. crime is expressed in the pollution of the marine environment. The crime can be committed by actions (eg by dumping pollutants) or by omissions (eg by failure to take measures to prevent pollution). Radioactive materials in solid or liquid state should also be considered as pollutants. As sources pollution, the commented article names coastal sources, vehicles, structures erected in the sea.

Breaking the rules reset the substances and materials specified in the commented article are considered finished if substances and materials are buried in the sea, the discharge of which is unacceptable under any circumstances, or other substances in excess of the permissible norms, or at a distance from the coast less than the established limit, or in places prohibited for discharge, or without appropriate protection.

Breaking the rules burial, unlike dumping, it involves immersion in water of harmful substances and materials previously placed in some kind of container (container, barrel, sunk vessel), or burying them in the bowels of the seabed, or placing them in the folds of the bottom topography - cracks, depressions, canyons etc.

Under obstruction by pollution of the lawful use of the natural environment understood, for example, pollution of recreation areas and beaches with oil; destruction, damage to shellfish growing areas, destruction of fish stocks; damage to the taste of fish, preventing its use as food; damage or destruction of seaweed plantations, etc. acts that make it impossible or hinder the use of the marine environment.

The crime is considered finished since marine pollution. Subject crimes - a sane person who has reached the age of 16: the captain, another member of a Russian or foreign ship or other floating facility located in the waters of the Russian Federation, or an employee of a platform or other structures artificially constructed in the sea, whose official duties include preventing the discharge of harmful substances into the sea, the commander of the aircraft, as well as an employee of coastal enterprises and structures, regardless of the form of ownership, and another person, through whose fault the pollution of the marine environment occurred, special.

the qualifier is causing significant harm to legally protected interests. concept significant harm to other legally protected interests disclosed in the analysis of Art. Art. 246, 247 of the Criminal Code. It seems that, when assessing the extent of damage, it is necessary to take into account the persistence of pollution, the type of pollutant, the area of ​​pollution, the number of dead living organisms, the environmental value of contaminated sites (reserve, wildlife sanctuary, spawning ground), the amount of material costs necessary to eliminate pollution, and etc.

The crime is considered finished when the interests named in the law have been substantially harmed. Between the act and the ensuing consequences, it is necessary to establish the existence causation. Corpus delicti material.

A particularly qualifying sign of a crime is called death of a person by negligence. The offense in this case is also material, reckless guilt.