Hardening of the body - what's what? Hardening of children - air and sun baths, water procedures. What are the benefits of sunlight

The closest star to us is, of course, the Sun. According to cosmic parameters, the distance from the Earth to it is quite small: from the Sun to the Earth, sunlight travels only 8 minutes.

The Sun is not an ordinary yellow dwarf, as previously thought. This is the central body of the solar system, around which the planets revolve, with a large number of heavy elements. This is a star formed after several supernova explosions, around which a planetary system was formed. Due to the location, close to ideal conditions, life arose on the third planet Earth. The Sun is already five billion years old. But let's see why it shines? What is the structure of the Sun, and what are its characteristics? What awaits him in the future? How significant is its impact on the Earth and its inhabitants? The sun is the star around which all 9 planets of the solar system revolve, including ours. 1 a.u. (astronomical unit) = 150 million km - the same is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. The solar system includes nine large planets, about a hundred satellites, many comets, tens of thousands of asteroids (minor planets), meteoroids and interplanetary gas and dust. At the center of all this is our Sun.

The sun has been shining for millions of years, which is confirmed by modern biological studies obtained from the remains of blue-green-blue algae. Change the temperature of the surface of the Sun by at least 10%, and on Earth, all life would die. Therefore, it is good that our star evenly radiates the energy necessary for the prosperity of mankind and other creatures on Earth. In the religions and myths of the peoples of the world, the Sun has always occupied the main place. Almost all the peoples of antiquity, the Sun was the most important deity: Helios - among the ancient Greeks, Ra - the god of the Sun of the ancient Egyptians and Yarilo among the Slavs. The sun brought warmth, harvest, everyone revered it, because without it there would be no life on Earth. The size of the Sun is impressive. For example, the mass of the Sun is 330,000 times the mass of the Earth, and its radius is 109 times greater. But the density of our stellar body is small - 1.4 times greater than the density of water. The movement of spots on the surface was noticed by Galileo Galilei himself, thus proving that the Sun does not stand still, but rotates.

convective zone of the sun

The radioactive zone is about 2/3 of the inner diameter of the Sun, and the radius is about 140 thousand km. Moving away from the center, photons lose their energy under the influence of the collision. This phenomenon is called the phenomenon of convection. This is similar to the process that takes place in a boiling kettle: the energy coming from the heating element is much greater than the amount that heat is removed by conduction. Hot water that is near the fire rises, while colder water sinks. This process is called convention. The meaning of convection is that a denser gas is distributed over the surface, cools and again goes to the center. The mixing process in the convective zone of the Sun is continuous. Looking through a telescope at the surface of the Sun, you can see its granular structure - granulations. The feeling is that it consists of granules! This is due to convection occurring under the photosphere.

photosphere of the sun

A thin layer (400 km) - the photosphere of the Sun, is located directly behind the convective zone and represents the "real solar surface" visible from the Earth. For the first time, the granules on the photosphere were photographed by the Frenchman Janssen in 1885. An average granule has a size of 1000 km, moves at a speed of 1 km/sec, and exists for about 15 minutes. Dark formations on the photosphere can be observed in the equatorial part, and then they shift. The strongest magnetic fields are a hallmark of such spots. And the dark color is obtained due to the lower temperature relative to the surrounding photosphere.

Chromosphere of the Sun

The solar chromosphere (colored sphere) is a dense layer (10,000 km) of the solar atmosphere, which is located directly behind the photosphere. It is rather problematic to observe the chromosphere, due to its close location to the photosphere. It is best seen when the Moon closes the photosphere, i.e. during solar eclipses.

Solar prominences are huge emissions of hydrogen resembling glowing long filaments. Prominences rise to great distances, reaching the diameter of the Sun (1.4 mln km), move at a speed of about 300 km/sec, and the temperature at the same time reaches 10,000 degrees.

The solar corona is the outer and extended layers of the Sun's atmosphere, originating above the chromosphere. The length of the solar corona is very long and reaches several solar diameters. To the question of where exactly it ends, scientists have not yet received a definite answer.

The composition of the solar corona is a rarefied, highly ionized plasma. It contains heavy ions, electrons with a nucleus of helium and protons. The temperature of the corona reaches from 1 to 2 million degrees K, relative to the surface of the Sun.

The solar wind is a continuous outflow of matter (plasma) from the outer shell of the solar atmosphere. It consists of protons, atomic nuclei and electrons. The speed of the solar wind can vary from 300 km/sec to 1500 km/sec, in accordance with the processes taking place on the Sun. The solar wind spreads throughout the solar system and, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field, causes various phenomena, one of which is the northern lights.

Characteristics of the Sun

Mass of the Sun: 2∙1030 kg (332,946 Earth masses)
Diameter: 1,392,000 km
Radius: 696,000 km
Average density: 1,400 kg/m3
Axial tilt: 7.25° (relative to the plane of the ecliptic)
Surface temperature: 5,780 K
Temperature at the center of the Sun: 15 million degrees
Spectral class: G2 V
Average distance from Earth: 150 million km
Age: 5 billion years
Rotation period: 25.380 days
Luminosity: 3.86∙1026W
Apparent magnitude: 26.75m

SUN LIGHT TREATMENT OR HELIO THERAPY

Sunlight treatment, or heliotherapy (from the Greek "helios" - the sun) is one of the most affordable types of treatment. The sun is a natural source of light, and people have long enjoyed the good that God has given them.

ACTION OF SUN LIGHT

Modern research has revealed that when exposed to sunlight, the pineal gland, located in the diencephalon, produces a hormone called melatonin. For example, the rate of aging of the body depends on the amount of this hormone. Melatonin intercepts the so-called free radicals - compounds that are formed as a result of metabolism. Free radicals harm the entire body, make blood vessels fragile, contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, destroy genetic information in the nuclei of cells. What effect does sunlight have?

The blood circulation is stabilized. In the summer, the number of deaths from a heart attack decreases. Solar energy affects sperm production. Scientists have found that sexual activity increases in summer. The heartbeat and pulse become more frequent, blood vessels dilate, and, as a result, blood flow to the skin increases, which makes it look much better. Muscles become more elastic Metabolism increases: food is processed better, fats break down faster, protein is easier to digest. Solar energy has an exciting effect on the brain. Even after a short exposure to the sun, brain activity noticeably improves. Sunlight stimulates the immune system. It is useful to look at the sun - this is a good exercise for the eyes.

Sunlight is essential for the formation of vitamin D, which is the building block for teeth and bones. With a lack of sunlight, children develop rickets, a disease that causes a curvature of the spine. Without vitamin D, normal bone development is impossible. Osteoporosis, which is the cause of bone fragility in old age, is also largely the result of a lack of vitamin D. Osteoporosis is more common in people who lead a sedentary lifestyle and rarely get into the sun. Ultraviolet rays slow down the growth of cancer cells, with the help of sunlight, our body produces substances that successfully fight cancer cells: interleukocytes and interferon. People who rarely go out into the sun are at greater risk of getting cancer.

Heliotherapy comes from the fact that natural remedies contain the healing power of sunlight. Thus, plants or plant extracts that have accumulated sunlight over the summer can be of undoubted benefit in the treatment of diseases. During drying and further processing, medicinal plants are deliberately placed in purple glass vessels and subjected to increased solar radiation. It is believed that from this they come to life and enrich themselves. The violet part of the solar spectrum kills harmful bacteria. Then the plants are processed into solar elixirs, essences for solariums, solar pills.

HELIOTHERAPY IN FOLK MEDICINE OF OTHER COUNTRIES

The English physician Edward Bach developed his flower therapy, which is very popular these days. Its essence is as follows: for each disease and each individual, certain flowers are selected. They are harvested only when they have fully bloomed and absorbed the maximum possible amount of sunlight. Dr. Bach put them in fresh water, exposed them to the sun and waited until they withered, because he believed that this was the only way their energy and healing power were transferred to the water. The doctor called this process of making medicinal potions the "solar" method. The Swiss August Rollier, who called himself a heliotherapist, maintained a "solar clinic" in the Swiss Alps and treated tuberculosis patients there with unprecedented success. Treated with sun and herbs. He argued that the higher the dose of solar irradiation of the plant, the better the treatment. He successfully treated colitis, anemia, gout, atherosclerosis, skin diseases and asthma. He described his method in the book "Healing with the sun."

TYPES OF SOLAR RADIATION

The optical radiation of the Sun consists of visible radiation (own light) and invisible - infrared and ultraviolet radiation. Different layers of the skin absorb these rays differently. The depth of their penetration increases with the transition from ultraviolet to infrared radiation. The sun's rays have a healing effect on the entire body. Blood circulation and the work of the heart muscle are activated, the nervous system is strengthened, physical activity is increased, and the supply of organs and bones with calcium is improved.

Attention! Solar radiation is contraindicated in malignant and benign neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases.

Sunbathing. Sunbathing is useful for many diseases. But there are certain rules for taking them, which should be observed so as not to harm yourself. On the first day, you can not be in direct sunlight for more than 5-10 minutes, on the second day, the bath time can be 15 minutes, the next day, the time spent in the sun is increased by another 5 minutes, bringing it to 50-60 minutes. Staying in the sun for more than 1 hour is not recommended.

Infrared radiation. Its source is any heated body, and the intensity and composition of such radiation are determined by the temperature of the body. The human body, by the way, is also a powerful source of infrared radiation. Infrared rays make up to 45-50% of the solar radiation falling on the earth. Under the influence of these rays, blood flow in the tissues increases. Infrared radiation stimulates healing processes in the focus of inflammation. If you expose large areas of the body to radiation, there will be an increase in breathing. Infrared radiation has anti-inflammatory, metabolic and vasodilating effects. It is useful for chronic and subacute non-purulent inflammatory diseases of internal organs, burns and frostbite, sluggishly healing wounds and ulcers, diseases of the peripheral nervous system (myositis, neuralgia), consequences of injuries of the musculoskeletal system. You should not be exposed to infrared radiation in case of malignant neoplasms and suspicions of their presence, a tendency to bleeding, in acute inflammatory and purulent processes, cerebrovascular insufficiency, cardiovascular insufficiency.

Ultraviolet radiation. The ultraviolet part of sunlight is divided into component rays of the spectrum: A - long-wave radiation, B - medium-wave radiation, C - short-wave radiation.

Ultraviolet long-wave irradiation A causes pigmentation, or tanning, of the skin. Under the action of these rays, the body's immune system is stimulated, its resistance to harmful environmental factors increases. Such training of the immune system is especially necessary for people weakened by chronic diseases. Indications for this type of exposure are chronic inflammatory diseases of internal organs (especially the respiratory system); diseases of the joints and bones; burns and frostbite; sluggishly healing wounds and ulcers; eczema; seborrhea; fatigue. Shingles (psoriasis) respond well to sun treatment. At the same time, excessive and uncontrolled ultraviolet radiation leads to skin aging and can cause cell mutation, that is, subsequently lead to malignant neoplasms. Contraindications to long-wave irradiation: benign and malignant tumors, cardiovascular diseases, acute inflammatory and purulent diseases, liver and kidney diseases with severe dysfunction, increased sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.

Medium-wavelength ultraviolet B radiation leads to reddening of the skin. Redness appears after 3-12 hours from the beginning of irradiation, lasts up to 3 days, has clear boundaries and an even red-violet color. When irradiated with medium-wave ultraviolet rays of the surface layers of the skin, the provitamin contained in the drink turns into vitamin D3, an essential component of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in the body. In the kidneys, vitamin D3 regulates the excretion of calcium and phosphate ions in the urine. In the cells of bone tissue, again with the help of this vitamin, calcium accumulates. If this element in the body is not enough, mental performance decreases, the excitability of nerve centers increases, calcium is washed out of bones and teeth, and blood coagulates worse. Children lag behind in development. The reactions that occur during irradiation with medium-wave rays of the UV spectrum stimulate the activity of almost all body systems. Medium-wave ultraviolet radiation is useful in inflammatory diseases of the internal organs (especially the respiratory system); consequences of wounds and injuries of the musculoskeletal system; diseases of internal organs (pneumonia, bronchitis, gastritis); rickets, metabolic disorders; diseases of the nervous and muscular system (neuritis, sciatica); skin diseases; diseases of bones and joints.

Short-wave ultraviolet radiation C has a high bactericidal effect. It is very useful for wounds, cuts, skin diseases (abscesses, acne), purulent inflammation. This radiation, like other types of radiation, is contraindicated in malignant and benign neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases. Ultraviolet radiation devices can be purchased at a pharmacy or electrical stores, successfully using them in the winter.

To properly tan, you need to determine your skin type.

Which sun protection product should you choose? Despite the fact that a lot of information has been written on this topic, the question remains relevant, since many people want to achieve a chic skin color without earning problems with it. Is it possible to combine a healthy skin condition and a tan?

Ultraviolet rays are called waves of energy with a shorter extent than the rays of daylight. They are divided into three types: ultraviolet A (UVA), B (UVB) and C (UVC). Only the first two types have the ability to pass through the atmosphere; under their influence, the skin takes on a different shade, writes med2.ru.

Exposure to UVA rays leads to the launch of skin aging mechanisms and the early appearance of wrinkles, since their action does not cause pain and goes unnoticed. The main means of maintaining skin health include protection from such rays. UVB rays, in turn, can burn the skin.

Logical conclusion: if these waves are so dangerous, then you should just avoid sun exposure. However, there is one "but". Under the influence of ultraviolet rays, vital vitamin D is formed in the skin. Fifteen minutes is considered the norm for being in the sun to produce the required amount of this vitamin.

In addition, ultraviolet light delays the progression of skin diseases such as psoriasis or lupus, and also reduces acne and eliminates the causes of its occurrence.

To continue the conversation about a harmless tan, it should be remembered that in all people the skin does not resist ultraviolet radiation in the same way. Based on this, experts divided the earth's population into six blocks.

1st block. It refers to people with extremely fair skin and hair. There is an alternative name for such people - albinos. Their skin is not able to protect themselves from radiation, because of which it instantly turns red, but does not tan. To maintain health, they are not recommended to spend time in the sun, but simply to be under an awning.

2nd block. People with Baltic, English or Scottish roots. They are distinguished by light blue eyes, light curls and the presence of freckles. The skin of the people of this block is able to sunbathe, but very little, most often burns appear on it. To avoid a sad outcome, it is recommended to use cosmetics with a maximum level of protection. The shade appears only after four days.

3rd block. People with dark hair and eyes, but with fair skin, are mostly Central Europeans. The skin of such people tans normally, but with excessive exposure to the sun, burns can occur. Recommended times are morning and afternoon interval. The first few days, it is imperative to use cosmetics with a maximum degree of protection. The shade also appears after four days.

4th block. People with swarthy skin and brown eyes, i.e. representatives of the East. The skin of such people tans evenly, burns are rare. The first few days of being under the sun, it is necessary to use means with an average level of protection.

5th block. People with extremely dark skin and dark hair, mostly Africans and Indians. Sunburn lays down easily, there are no burns. However, such people also need to wear protective equipment when in extremely hot climates.

6th block. The last block includes African Americans and Australian Aborigines. Their black skin is not susceptible to burns, so they do not need protective equipment. It is advised to use only moisturizing cosmetic substances.

There are many different ways and methods of strengthening children's health by hardening - from the simplest and most gentle to the more painstaking and intense.

Since ancient times, the natural forces of nature have been used and now remain the main and most effective means of hardening: the sun, air and water.

Hardening should be considered as a conscious application in a certain system of measures that increase the body's resistance, educate the ability to quickly and without harm to health be applied to various environmental conditions. Hardening should begin from early childhood and continue throughout life, modifying the forms and methods of its application depending on age.

The healing value of air, sunbathing, water procedures is undoubted. Hardened children get sick less, tolerate diseases more easily.

When hardening, one must be guided by certain principles, these include: gradualness, systematicity, taking into account the individual characteristics of the child. If these principles are not observed, then hardening will be random.

Compliance with the principle of gradualness is especially important for children, since the children's body does not yet have great resistance. To have the effect of hardening, it is necessary to gradually increase the load.

Events that have already started cannot be interrupted. But systematicity is needed not only in holding this or that special event. If all events are held, and the children walk a little, dress too warmly, not in accordance with the weather, then hardening cannot be considered complete.

It is also necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the child. There are sensitive children, more gentle means of hardening are applied to them, or more gradually, carefully, but it is not advisable to completely abandon the means of hardening. Children should take an active part in hardening activities, know the order of their implementation.

Of great importance is the interest of children. The personal example of adults is also of great importance: if adults themselves are afraid of the cold, do not like walks, they are unlikely to be able to raise hardened children.

Hardening with water.

Water is a generally accepted means of hardening. The advantage of water over other means of hardening is that water procedures are easy to dose.

The principle of gradualness is easiest to maintain precisely when using water: you can take water at the temperature that is needed in this case, gradually reducing it.

When conducting water procedures with preschool children, the following rules should be followed:

1. It is necessary that children approach the water with a warm body, while it is necessary that in the room where this happens, the temperature must comply with accepted standards for a given age, and also that children do not have to wait long for their turn.

2. It is necessary to monitor the timely appearance of reddening of the skin. If this reaction is delayed, it is necessary to promote its onset by carefully rubbing the skin with a towel "to redness".

3. The colder the water, the shorter the time of its "contact with the body" should be.

There are several separate methods of hardening with water:

1. Rubbing is the most gentle of all water procedures. It can be used for all ages. Rubbing is done with a cloth soaked in water, the fabric of which must meet the following conditions: it should absorb water well, not be too soft. It is desirable that the mittens are well moistened, but water should not drip from them. After wiping, the body is rubbed with a dry towel. Rubbing is accompanied by a light massaging action, and massage is always done from the periphery to the center, so the limbs must be wiped from the bottom up (arms from the hand, legs from the foot). Decrease in temperature by one degree in 2-3 days.

2. Pouring - it can be local and general. Local pouring: pouring over the feet, most often used in kindergartens. The initial water temperature is +30, then brought to +18, and in the older groups to +16. The time of dousing the legs is 20-30 seconds.

General dousing should begin with a higher temperature, mainly in summer. After finishing - rub with a towel. A shower is a stronger hardening agent than a douche, since the skin of the child is affected by stronger jets of water, which excite the child. It is especially useful for children who are lethargic and inhibited.

3. Bathing is carried out in natural conditions, that is, in reservoirs (river, lake, sea) in the summer - is one of the best ways to harden.

air hardening

Air is an environment that constantly surrounds a person. It comes into contact with the skin - directly or through the fabric of clothing and with the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Of the special measures of hardening with air in kindergartens, the following are used: sleep without swords, air baths.

hardening by the sun

The sun is a powerful hardening agent. The sun's rays have a general strengthening effect on the body, increase the body's metabolism, feel better, sleep better, and the skin better regulates heat transfer. But the sun can also have a negative effect. Therefore, this procedure must be approached very carefully. In younger children, sunbathing is especially useful, but an individual approach is important. Sunbathing should be done on the move, but games should be played in a calm manner. Sunbathing increases gradually. You have to be careful about overheating. Light panamas are needed. If the child is overheated, it is necessary to cover the face with a towel, take it to the shade, wash, give water.

Ultraviolet rays are moderately beneficial for the human body; under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D is produced in the skin, which is involved in the process of calcium absorption. The sensitivity to ultraviolet light is higher the younger the child. It is impossible to spend direct sunlight with a child under one year old. With babies, you need to be in the lacy shade of trees, they are shown direct sunlight only in the autumn-winter period, as a prevention of rickets. The air temperature during summer tanning should be no more than +30 degrees, it is best to sunbathe on the beach near the river or the sea. The time of sunbathing for children is no more than 20 minutes, the number of such procedures per year should not exceed 20-30.

Now there is a lot of talk about the dangers of direct ultraviolet rays on the human body, as they can cause skin cancer. Therefore, listen to advice and do not appear with your child on the street and open spaces, including on the beach from 11 am to 4 pm. The most useful time for sun exposure is in the morning hours from 8 am to 10 am and in the evening after 5 pm.

Now let's talk about the rules for hardening a child with the sun:

1. Protect your baby's head from sunstroke with a hat from light natural light material.

2. On the baby while sunbathing, there must be a light blouse or a shirt, the best option is a cambric vest.

3. Take children older than a year out into the sun, first in a shirt, then in a T-shirt, after a few days you can remove the T-shirt and combine hardening with the sun. The air temperature should be above 20-22 degrees, and the weather should be calm.

4. Water procedures are applied after sunbathing, and not vice versa, so as not to cause hypothermia of the child. After bathing, dry it well.

5. The duration of the first solar procedure for babies is 3 minutes, in children after a year - 5 minutes. Increase your child's exposure to the sun daily to 30-40 minutes a day.

6. Solar procedures are contraindicated above 30 degrees and children with cancer.

7. In scattered sunlight(in the lace shadow) there is almost the same amount of ultraviolet radiation as in direct rays, but there is much less infrared radiation, which leads to overheating of the body in summer.

8. If your child has sunstroke or overheating, immediately bring him to a cool room, give him water to drink, you can bathe him in the bathroom. For fever and chills, give an antipyretic.

9. To prevent overheating and dehydration during solar treatments, increase the drinking regimen, do not forget a bottle of clean high-quality water for a walk.

10. It is best if the child is in motion during solar procedures.. Sleeping in the sun is useful only in winter.