Classes with children on the development of speech. Classes for the development of speech of preschoolers
GAMES FOR CHILDREN FROM ONE TO THREE YEARS
In order to learn to think and speak, one must be able to look and see, listen and hear, that is, process and comprehend information received from the outside world. Without well-developed attention and memory, imitative activity is impossible, and it is precisely this that underlies the teaching of speech.
A baby from one to three years old needs activities with educational toys, so that he learns to distinguish objects by size, color, shape. It is important to constantly involve the child in communication, giving the simplest speech samples to repeat: interjections (ah, oh), onomatopoeia (beep, meow) simplified words (boom, lala).
As soon as the first onomatopoeia and simplified words appear, it is necessary to carry out voice development games (singing of individual vowel sounds or onomatopoeia in a voice of different strength and height).
After all, if a child has a weak exhalation, then his voice will be quiet, and many sounds will not be able to be pronounced.
In a non-speaking baby, the movements of the lips and tongue are not developed enough, in such cases it is necessary to do speech therapy massage and passive articulation gymnastics, as well as hand massage and passive and then active finger gymnastics.
The brain of a child is a very mobile system. The speech zones of the cerebral cortex that are not used in time can eventually “switch” to perform other functions. And this means that after three years it will be extremely difficult or even impossible to teach a baby.
GAMES FOR SPEECH DEVELOPMENT
Speech is made up of active and passive vocabulary. It is necessary to lay the foundation for speech - to accumulate a large enough passive vocabulary in order to make it possible to move to an active dictionary (independent speech). Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to teach the child to understand speech.
You need to learn to speak not only in special classes, but also in everyday life, during everyday communication. To do this, the baby is asked questions that at first the adult has to answer himself. So, the mother makes the bed for the baby and says: “Where will Vanya go now? To the crib. Sleep". If at first the baby said “Bye-bye”, then after a while he will begin to answer this question “Pat” (“Sleep”). Thus, onomatopoeia and babbling words will be gradually forced out of speech.
You need to talk with a small child only about those objects that attract his attention at this moment, or about the actions that he performs. For example, when bathing a baby, it makes no sense to talk about toys, it is better to pay attention to a washcloth, soap and a towel.
The kid, carried away by the game, will begin to repeat the proposed sound complexes and simplified words after you. And no matter what quality these first words will be, it is important that they finally sound. Praise the child and rejoice with him.
GAMES TO DEVELOP SPEECH UNDERSTANDING
Cube and brick (from 1 year old)
Take two cubes (with a side of at least 4 cm) and two bricks (with sides of at least 1 x 4 x 5 cm) of the same color.
Show the kid the cubes, name them and demonstrate how you can build a house (put one cube on top of another). Similarly, teach your child to lay out a path from bricks (put one brick after another).
During the game, constantly repeat the names of the building material, saying: “This is a cube. Let's put a cube on a cube", "This is a brick. Let's put brick by brick."
Now put a cube and a brick in front of the child and ask: “Where is the cube?”, “Where is the brick?” And then ask: “Give me a cube (or brick)!”
...
? The game helps the child develop the ability to distinguish objects by name and shape, teaches the child to perform the simplest buildings according to the model given by adults.
Assignments (from 1 year)
Take 5-8 toys that the baby constantly plays with.
Ask the child to give you toys (objects) whose names the baby knows well, or put the toys (objects) in their place; open or close the door to the room, etc.
Calling the names of loved ones, ask the child to bring them a toy or bring an adult here.
...
? With the help of the game, the child will develop an understanding of speech (without showing) - the names of several objects, actions, the names of others, the execution of individual assignments.
It is forbidden! (from 1 year old)
Seeing the undesirable actions of the child, contact him and, calling the baby by name, strictly say: “No!” At the same time, it is not necessary to name the action itself or the objects taken by the child (for example, do not say: “Do not touch!” or “Put the cup!”), And also take them from the hands of the baby.
...
? The game develops in the child an understanding of the word “no”, the ability to obey the prohibition of an adult.
Familiar things (from 1 year 3 months)
Use toys that the baby constantly plays with; household items. During games, feeding and hygienic care of the child, name the objects and toys used by the baby (car, ball, towel, soap, watch, etc.).
Place four objects (toys) in front of the child and ask them to show each of them. At the same time, ask the child questions: “Where ...?”
Arrange the same objects in front of the baby in a different order and again give the task to show each of the named objects.
...
? The game helps to expand the stock of words understood by the child, denoting household items, toys.
My clothes (from 1 year 3 months)
When getting ready for a walk, dressing after sleep, name the baby's clothing items (shirt, shorts, tights, T-shirt, etc.).
Lay out 4 pieces of clothing in front of the child and ask them to show each of them. At the same time, ask the baby questions: “Where ...?”
Arrange these items in front of the baby in a different order and again give the task to show each of the named items.
...
? The task of the game is to expand the child's stock of understood words on the topic "Clothes".
Show your nose (from 1 year 3 months)
When communicating and playing with a child, often show and name parts of the face of the baby himself, as well as toys: dolls, dogs, teddy bear.
Ask the child to show with his index finger where his nose, eyes, mouth, ears are. Then give the task to the kid to show the same parts of the face on the doll, on the animal toy.
...
Lyalya doll (from 1 year 3 months)
You will need a doll, a doll bed, a plate, a spoon, a trolley (a stroller for a doll).
Show your child different options for playing actions: put the doll to sleep, feed from a spoon, ride in a cart (carriage). Comment on all your actions.
Offer the child: “Feed the doll”, “Put the doll in the crib”, “Ride the doll in the cart”.
...
? The game will help the child to expand the vocabulary of understood words denoting different actions.
Wipe Lala's nose (from 1 year 6 months)
Take the doll and handkerchief. Pointing to the doll, tell the child: “Lyalya has a dirty nose. Here is the handkerchief. Wipe Lyalya's nose.
The kid will apply the handkerchief to the nose of the doll himself.
...
? With the help of this game, the child will learn to display in his game actions often observed in life, expand the vocabulary of understood words.
Fees for a walk (from 1 year 6 months)
Lay out your child's street clothes on a high chair before going for a walk. Say: “Now we will go for a walk. Where is our hat? Here she is. How fluffy it is - touch it with your hands! Let's put a hat on our heads. Like this! Take a look in the mirror. What a beautiful hat - blue-blue! And these are the ribbons at the cap. We will now tie ribbons to keep the ears warm. Like this! Warmly? Warmly!"
...
? The game will demonstrate to an adult how to pronounce their actions when communicating with a baby, and expand the vocabulary they can understand.
Exhibition of toys (from 1 year 6 months)
Make a shelf for the child, located at the level of his eyes, and arrange toys on it. Name the toys on the shelf one by one.
Allow the child to take these toys and play with them, but then ask them to put all the toys back. During the day, bring the baby to the shelf several times, show and name the toys placed on it. At the end of the day, name the toys on the shelf again and ask the child to show them himself.
The next day, replace the toys or, if the baby has not yet remembered the names, leave the old ones, but add a new one.
...
? The game will help to expand the child's passive vocabulary.
Lunch for animals (from 1 year 6 months)
Organize a feeding game with animal toys, a toy table and dishes. Tell the child that the animals are hungry. Offer to feed them lunch. At the same time, have a dialogue with yourself:
- Here the cat is running - top-top-top! (Move the toy cat.) What does she say?
- Meow meow! I want to eat!
- Sit down, kitty, at the table! (Sit the cat at the toy table.)
- Who's walking around? The bear is walking - top-top, top-top! What he says?
- Eee! I want to eat!
- Sit down, bear, at the table! (Sit the bear at the toy table.)
You can put a dog, a bunny, a monkey at the table and give everyone a plate and a spoon, having previously discussed that “soup is poured into the plate”.
...
? The game develops the child's understanding of the speech addressed to him.
Who's doing what? (from 1 year 9 months)
Take plot pictures, for example: a boy is eating, a girl is sleeping, children are playing with a ball.
Show your child these simple pictures and tell him who is in them and what he is doing.
Then lay out the pictures on the table and invite the baby to show the one on which the boy eats. Then let the kid choose the picture in which the girl is sleeping and the one where the children are playing. Using the same pictures, you can ask the baby questions: “Who is this?” and "What does it do?"
To the question "Who?" the baby will give you pictures. And to the question "What does he do?" - Demonstrate familiar actions. If speech capabilities allow, then the child will answer questions.
...
? With this activity, the child will learn to understand simple questions.
Body parts (from 1 year 9 months)
When communicating and playing with a child, show and name parts of the body.
Ask the child to show on himself where the different parts of the body are: eyes, forehead, nose, hair, back, stomach, arms and legs.
Ask to show the same body parts on the doll. Let the child show them in the picture.
...
? The game will help the child remember the words denoting parts of the face, will contribute to the development of fine motor skills of the fingers.
Magic bag (from 2 years old)
You will need a bag of bright fabric and small toys. Show the child the bag and say that it is not simple, but magical: now different toys will appear from it. Take out a toy from the bag, for example, a fox, name it, and then pass it on to the baby.
Taking out the next toy from the bag, for example, a cube, name it too. So, one by one, take out 3-4 toys from the magic bag, name them and give them to the child for examination.
When the baby has examined all the toys, ask him to put the toys in the bag. At the same time, call one after another, and let the child put them in turn in a magic bag.
...
? The game develops a child's understanding of speech, expands his passive vocabulary.
Who is it? (from 2 years old)
Take pictures of boy, girl, man, woman. Lay them out in front of the baby and call each one: “This is aunt”, “This is uncle”, “This is a boy”, “This is a girl”.
Ask to show the boy first, then the girl, etc. When the baby shows the picture correctly, give it to him. At the end of the game, all four pictures should be with the baby.
You can continue the game by asking the child to return the pictures to you: first the boy, then the girl, then the aunt and uncle. After receiving the pictures, arrange them in two rows on the table, and then say: “I will hide the girl!” and turn the picture upside down; "Hide the boy!" and flip the next picture, and so on.
Ask the baby to remember: “Where did the boy hide?”, “Where is aunt?” etc. Having given an answer, the baby can turn the pictures upside down by himself. If he made a mistake, name the picture correctly yourself. If the child chooses the picture correctly, praise.
Similarly, play games with pictures that depict domestic (cat, dog, cow, horse) or wild (bear, fox, wolf, hare) animals.
...
? The game develops the child's understanding of the speech addressed to him and improves fine motor skills of the fingers.
What is he doing? (from 2 years old)
Take plot pictures: a cat is sleeping, a cat is eating from a bowl, a cat is playing with a ball. Lay them out in front of the baby and ask them to show where the cat sleeps, where it plays, and where it eats.
You can invite the child to show pictures with the boy: the boy runs, jumps, swims, eats with a spoon from a plate, drinks from a cup, drives a car, draws, plays with a balloon, washes, cries, etc. (for one game - no more than five pictures).
...
? The game develops a child's understanding of speech, expands his passive vocabulary through verbs.
Listen and do (from 2 years old)
In everyday communication, in games, name and show a variety of actions. So, show how you can spin in place, jump, raise and lower your arms, squat, etc.
Then ask the baby to follow your commands. Commands can be as follows: “Sit-get-up-jump”; "Stand up - put your hands up - put your hands down - sit down"; "Jump-circle-crouch"; "Stomp your foot - clap your hands - run to me."
...
? The game will help to consolidate the words denoting actions in the child's passive vocabulary.
Show and hide (from 2 years old)
Take two cubes, two balls, two nesting dolls, two cars. Lay out the toys on the table and ask the child to choose the ones you name and then hide them in the box. For example, say: “Hide the blocks in the box,” and when the child completes the task, comment: “There are no blocks. Where are the cubes? It's in the box there."
Do the same with the rest of the toys.
...
? The game will help develop a child's understanding of the grammatical forms of words: the genitive plural of nouns, the meaning of the preposition "in", the interrogative word "where".
Naughty toys (from 2 years old)
Use any soft toy, such as a cat, to play with. Take a toy and tell your child that the cat has been naughty today:
Jumping, jumping, playing
Where, she doesn't know.
Put the cat on the child’s shoulder (while holding it) and ask: “Where is the kitty?”, And then answer yourself: “On the shoulder.” Then put the toy on the child's head and ask again: “Where is the kitty? On the head." The cat can be put on the child's lap, on the palm.
Similarly, a cat hides under various pieces of furniture, and you comment on her actions: “Pussy under table, under chair, under bed”, etc.
The next time the cat will hide behind any objects: behind closet, behind armchair, behind back, behind a door, behind curtain.
And finally, the pussy got tired of being naughty and lay down to rest. Here she lies at dads, at mothers, at grandmothers and at the baby himself on his knees and sings a song: “Mur-mur-meow! Moore-mur-meow!"
Next time play with a bird hanging from a string that “flies” around the room and sits on various objects, toys and people.
...
? With the help of this game, the child will begin to understand the meaning of prepositions.
THE FIRST IMITATIONS AND WORDS
Who is at the door? (from 1 year old)
Lay out toys or pictures in front of the baby and ask: “Give me moo!” or “Give av-av!”
Next time, add an element of surprise or mystery to the game. For example, ask a child, “Who is that knocking on our door?” Having opened it and found a plush dog, offer to play hide and seek with it.
Then show the baby what kind of circus numbers the dog can show: walk on its hind legs, do somersaults, jump to the ceiling, jump on the baby’s shoulder, etc. Keep in mind that the dog is not silent, but barks loudly and fervently: “ Aw-aw!”
...
? The game helps the baby learn to imitate an adult and pronounce onomatopoeia.
What is the baby doing? (from 1 year old)
Show your baby how to indicate actions that are familiar to him with the help of a certain combination of sounds.
For example, when feeding a child, say: “Am-am!”, When bathing: “Kup-kup!”, And putting to bed: “Bye-bye!” When playing outdoor games with your baby, do not forget to voice your actions. While dancing, hum: “La-la-la!”, stamping your feet, say: “Top-top-top!”, clapping your hands: “Clap-clap!”, jumping: “Jump-hop!”
Playing with the child in the ball, repeat the sound complexes and the words: “Oops!”, “On!”, “Give!” When showing your baby how to dig sand or snow with a shovel, do not forget to voice your actions: “Cop-cop!” and encourage your child to do so.
...
Musical toys (from 1 year old)
Show your child how to play musical instruments and let them play by themselves.
Show how musical toys sound: a pipe: “Doo-doo-doo!”, an accordion: “Tra-ta-ta!”, a bell: “Ding-ding!”, a drum: “Boom-boom!”
After that, pronounce the appropriate onomatopoeia and, without taking musical instruments in your hands, depict how they play the pipe, harmonica and bell (see the description of finger games). Encourage your baby to repeat movements and onomatopoeia after you.
...
? The game teaches the baby to actively use onomatopoeia.
What is Lala doing? (from 1 year old)
It is useful to organize a game with a doll, showing the child familiar actions with it, and, of course, voice them.
Let the doll laugh, cry, play pranks, fall, surprise the baby with his ability to dance. During the game, call her the babble word "Lalya". Voice how the doll cries: "Wah-wah!" Show your child how to rock the doll by singing to her a song: "Ah-ah!", And when she falls asleep, say: "Bye-bye!" Feed the doll with your child (am-am) learn to walk (top top), and when the doll falls, say “Bukh!”, “Lale bobo!” Let Lyalya learn to sing (la la la) dance (tra-ta-ta), clap (clap clap), saying goodbye (bye Bye).
...
? The game teaches the baby to actively use onomatopoeia.
Show the child a toy cow and say: "Moo-hoo!", then show the cat: "Meow!" etc.
You can take turns hiding these little animals in a house made of cubes, behind a screen (a big book), a curtain or under a table and ask the baby to guess who is giving the voice.
Let the kid guess sound riddles, and you will guess them.
First answer correctly, and then deliberately make a mistake. The kid will be surprised at the wrong answer, but he will soon realize that this is a mistake and will have fun. As a result, the game will become even more interesting.
...
? The game teaches the baby to actively use onomatopoeia.
Who lives in a fairy tale? (from 1 year old)
After your child learns to recognize and imitate animal voices, look through books with familiar fairy tales and poems.
Ask the kid to show the characters he knows and voice them.
...
? The game teaches the baby to actively use onomatopoeia.
Clockwork toys (from 1 year old)
You can repeat onomatopoeia by playing with clockwork toys. To do this, first show your child a clockwork toy and demonstrate how it works. Start the toy with a key or by pressing a button and, watching with your child how it moves, pronounce the appropriate onomatopoeia.
Next time, tell your baby that he himself will be a clockwork toy (chicken, frog, duck, etc.). “Turn” it with your index finger, like a key, or press an imaginary button and ask to show how the toy moves or “says”. If the baby is silent, say that the toy is broken, “fix” it and offer the game again.
...
? The game teaches the baby to actively use onomatopoeia.
The first sounds and words of the little man are quite funny and make adults smile. However, no one will smile if they hear upside down words and incomprehensible phrases from an adult. Communication is an important element of our life. The ability to correctly and competently express one's thoughts, the ability to clearly formulate answers to the questions posed, as well as the ability to pronounce all sounds - this is what not only children, but also adults should strive for.
Speech therapy classes for children at home is a constant communication with the child in a playful way. Having interested the child, you can engage with him by playing games for the development of speech, such as
- finger games (games for the development of fine motor skills)
- articulation gymnastics
- games for the development of hearing, games for onomatopoeia and logorhythmics (poems with movements)
- poems for speech development and vocabulary replenishment
The most difficult thing is to interest the child. And this is a very serious problem. After all, seating a little fidget is not so simple. But in general, it is not necessary to sit down, you can work with a child when he plays in his hut or jumps on the sofa. Classes should be held in the form of a game. Then it will be easier for you, and the child will learn the material without tantrums and whims.
Are you looking for speech therapy classes for children 2 - 3 years old?
A few tips before starting classes with children at home:
- classes should be initially short (2-3 minutes). Then we gradually increase them. Maximum 15-20 minutes at a time.
- activities should be fun for the child. Do not force or insist, so you can completely discourage the child from hunting for anything.
- It is better to practice more often, but little by little. Often performing the same exercise, the child develops a skill.
- use laughter during class. Do not scold for incorrect pronunciation or if the child fails to do something. It’s better to find out with your child why he has such a naughty tongue and how to fix it. It is better to be an ally and friend to a child than a strict teacher. How to properly praise a child.
I would like to dwell in more detail on each of the types of games that you need to play with your child.
Finger games are one of the types of development. A close relationship has been established between the human hand and the speech center of the brain.
Learning texts using "finger" gymnastics stimulates the development of speech, spatial thinking, attention, imagination, brings up the speed of reaction and emotional expressiveness. The child remembers poetic texts better; his speech becomes more expressive.
You need to do every day for 5 minutes, then such exercises will be effective.
Articulation gymnastics is gymnastics for the tongue and lips. The tongue is the main muscle of the organs of speech. The tongue needs to be trained and developed so that it can correctly perform certain specific movements, which are called sound pronunciation. Lips and tongue should be flexible and strong.
To perform articulatory gymnastics, you need a mirror. The child must see how his tongue works, where it is located. In order to bring the exercises to automatism, you need to constantly exercise. It is important to perform the exercises correctly, carefully monitor the position of the tongue.
You need to exercise every day for 5-7 minutes. Preferably 2 times a day. The result is correct and clear speech.
For correct sound pronunciation, it is also necessary to perform tasks that are aimed at developing voice, breathing and speech hearing.
Onomatopoeia games, hearing development and logorhythmics
Speech or phonemic hearing is the ability to hear, recognize and distinguish sounds correctly.
Hearing development games
1. "Ears - rumors"
Target: to consolidate the ability to differentiate sounds, develop auditory attention.
The speech therapist shows wooden, metal spoons, crystal glasses. Children name these objects. The teacher offers to listen to how these objects sound. Having installed the screen, reproduces the sound of these objects in turn. Children recognize sounds and name the objects that make them.
2. "Who said "Meow?""
Target: improve the ability to distinguish the voices of pets by ear.
Material: tape recorder, audio recording with the sounds of the voices of pets.
3. "Who is standing at the traffic light?"
Target: develop auditory attention, recognize and name modes of transport.
Material: tape recorder and audio recording with street noises.
The speech therapist turns on an audio recording with the sounds of the street. Children listen to the sounds and name the transport that has stopped at the traffic light (car, truck, tractor, motorcycle, cart, tram).
4. "Where does it ring?"
Target: develop auditory attention, the ability to navigate in space with eyes closed.
Children stand with their eyes closed. A speech therapist with a bell moves silently around the group and rings. Children, without opening their eyes, point with their hand in the direction of the sound source.
5. Finger game "Thunderstorm"
Target: coordinate the movement with the text, taking into account changes in the dynamics and tempo of the sound.
The speech therapist reads the words of the game, and the children perform movements according to the text.
dripped drops (tap on the table with two index fingers).
It's raining (quietly knock with four fingers of both hands).
It pours like a bucket (tap loudly with four fingers).
The hail has gone (knocking with the bones of their fingers, knocking out a fraction).
Thunder (drumming fists on the table).
Lightning flashes (draw a lightning bolt in the air with your fingers, make a sh sound).
Everyone quickly runs home (clap hands, hands are hidden behind the back).
The sun shines bright in the morning (describe a large circle with both hands).
Speech imitation or onomatopoeia
This is the reproduction after the speaker of the sounds, words, phrases uttered by him.
To play, use figurines or pictures of animals. Moms and their babies. After all, the mother frog shouts KVA, and the frog screams KVA. Remember the fairy tale about the three bears, the father bear growls loudly, the mother bear is quieter, and the bear cub squeaks.
Games to imitate everyday noises:
- The clock is ticking - tic-tac
- Water drips - CAP-CAP
- The kid stomps - TOP-TOP
- Hammer knocks knock-knock
- Scissors cut CHIC-CHIC
- We swing on the swing
- We eat carrot Khrum-khrum
- The car is driving bb
Logopedic rhythm or logorhythm- a combination of movement, speech and music. The adult reads the verse and shows the movements, the child repeats. Nothing complicated. Children are fun and interesting. Of course, an adult needs to read and learn the necessary rhymes in advance and learn the movements to them. Also, you need to choose the musical accompaniment for the poems in advance. It is advisable to practice in the afternoon 2-3 times a week.
Game "Walk" (development of general motor skills)
Along the narrow path (walking in place)
Our feet are walking (raising legs high)
By pebbles, by pebbles (shifting from foot to foot at a slow pace)
And into the hole... boom! (sit on the floor on the last word)
Poems for speech development - tongue twisters and vocabulary replenishment
Tongue twisters are short rhyming phrases. Tongue twisters are the best exercises for practicing clarity and literacy of speech. Tongue twisters increase the child's vocabulary, improve diction, and also develop speech hearing.
In order for a child to speak competently, to be able to express his thoughts and feelings, he needs his own vocabulary.
Your child's vocabulary consists of:
- passive vocabulary (those words that the child understands)
- active vocabulary (those words that the child says)
Initially, the child's active vocabulary is small, but over time, the child will transfer those words that were in the passive vocabulary to the active one. The larger the passive vocabulary, the better.
To increase your vocabulary, look at pictures together, read books, comment on your actions.
For classes with my child, I use various manuals, one of the last successful acquisitions is the “Big Album for the Development of Speech” and “Lessons of a Speech Therapist. Games for the development of speech.
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This book consists of 3 sections, each section contains detailed instructions on how to do it.
- finger gymnastics
- 1 group. Hand exercises (page 8-29)
- 2 group. Finger exercises are conditionally static (pp. 30-47)
- 3rd group. Dynamic Finger Exercises (page 48-57)
- articulation gymnastics. Presented with the help of fairy tales with verses, there are additional cards plus there are images of the correct result of the exercise. (pp. 64-110). Also in this section there are games for the development of speech hearing, auditory attention.
- Tongue Twisters. Grouped according to "difficult" sounds to help your child practice specific sounds. (pp. 111-169)
I bought this book here. If you have questions about the book, please ask.
This book has 3 blocks, each for a specific age:
- Developing the speech of the baby (page 6-89)
- development of speech understanding
- development of general motor skills
- breathing exercises
- finger games
- articulation gymnastics
- onomatopoeia
- We develop the speech of a younger preschooler (pp. 92-183). For children 3-6 years old
- We develop the speech of an older preschooler (pp. 186-277).
This book is great for increasing a child's vocabulary, developing logical thinking, attention, memory and imagination.
I have not found the same book Ozone appeared), but there is a separate books for toddlers children from 3 to 6 years old and older preschoolers. Which is also very convenient if you need a book for a 4-year-old child. I found this book when my son was already 3 years old. But I didn’t worry, my daughter is growing up, and we will study with her in the first block.
Work with your child only in a good mood, believe in your child, rejoice in his successes, help overcome failures. Speech therapy classes with your child at home will help you become even closer and dearer. Be patient and good luck!
How do you deal with a child? What do you use for this? Does the child like to play? Please share in the comments your methods of developing speech in a child and how much time you spend doing certain exercises.
How to teach a child to say what to do and what not to do.
Every mother wants to see her child healthy, active, intellectually developed. And with what impatience we expect the first words from our child! Alas, the wishes of parents do not always come true. And there are reasons for everything. Let's look into them in more detail.
Causes of speech disorders
Medical
- Unfavorable course of pregnancy (threat of interruption, toxicosis, infection and intoxication, etc.).
- Reception by a pregnant woman of alcoholic beverages, narcotic drugs.
- Complications during childbirth (premature birth, asphyxia, birth trauma, etc.).
- Head injuries in the period up to three years.
- Hearing loss in a child.
- Features of the structure of the speech apparatus.
- Genetic (hereditary) factor.
- Prolonged thumb or nipple sucking.
- Left-handedness.
Social
- The disinterest of surrounding adults in communicating with the child. This is manifested in an insufficient speech environment, that is, the baby rarely hears the competent correct speech of an adult, games with a child are not accompanied by explanations. An adult takes care of a child silently, without focusing on his actions.
- Incorrect speech of adults in the immediate environment of the child. This can be both an incorrect pronunciation of sounds, and an elementary "lisping". As a result, the child imitates what he hears.
- The requirements of adults to pronounce the sound correctly, while not showing the child the correct articulation. This can lead to the formation of a distorted sound (for example, a throaty "R" sound).
I would like to note that incorrect pronunciation is not inherited. Some anatomical features may be inherited, for example, the structure of the teeth, the inertia of the nervous system. But these violations can be corrected by doctors - specialists.
Characteristics of a 3-year-old child
Let's dwell on the characteristics of the speech development of a three-year-old child.
After the child reaches this age, there is a sharp jump in the development of both intellectual and speech. The peculiarity of this period is that the child becomes especially sensitive to language. He enjoys capturing all the sounds around him and quickly absorbs them.
The vocabulary of a child of this age is about 1900 words. It mainly consists of nouns and verbs, but adverbs (warmly, scary), adjectives (beautiful, big) also begin to appear in speech. The kid begins to use generalizing words (animals, flowers, toys). At this age, there is an active use of pronouns (mine, yours). In general, this age is characterized by rapid word formation, the baby actively changes words to make sentences.
The vocabulary of a child at the age of 3 increases significantly, but since speech is still not formed, there may be problems in pronunciation of words
The grammatical structure of speech at the age of three years is not yet formed. There are errors in the construction of sentences (“Give me a big mitten!”). But the child well retells the familiar short tales - "Rocked Hen", "Gingerbread Man". At this age, a preschooler can already maintain a simple dialogue.
Sound pronunciation at this age is still imperfect. There are replacements for hissing sounds (SH-S-F), sometimes they may not be pronounced at all (ball - arik). The sounds "L" and "R" are often absent, as they are the most difficult to pronounce.
When should you see a speech pathologist?
Each child is individual. Someone starts speaking early, but uses two-word constructions for this for a long time, someone starts speaking by the age of three, but in whole sentences and without any special violations of sound pronunciation. It all depends on the pace of the overall development of the child, his environment, past illnesses, etc.
The general development and environment of the child directly affects speech and sound pronunciation.
But still there are certain signs that should not be left unattended by parents.
Here are some of them:
- the child does not show interest in toys, all his games are stereotyped and monotonous;
- a baby after the age of two cannot cope with simple tasks, such as putting a large bead on a rope, assembling a tower of cubes;
- does not understand simple instructions, such as fetching a ball;
- if the child does not speak, and there is a history of hereditary diseases, diseases during pregnancy, birth injuries.
You need to contact such specialists as a neurologist, psychologist, speech therapist. They will conduct the necessary examination and, if necessary, prescribe treatment. Remember, the sooner qualified assistance is provided to the baby, the more effective it will be. The faster the child will catch up in the development of their peers.
What activities can you do with your child at home?
Every mother knows that if you properly organize the activities of the child at home, you can achieve great success in his development.
Let's take a look at the types of activities that contribute to this:
- Finger games. Now everyone knows that the development of motor skills affects the development of speech. It's all about the structure of the cerebral cortex, in which the zones responsible for the development of motor skills are also responsible for speech.
- Articulation gymnastics. Where without her? After all, only well-developed muscles of the articulatory apparatus contribute to the correct position of the tongue and lips during the pronunciation of a sound.
- Games for the development of hearing.
- Poetry memorization, reading, storytelling.
Let's dwell on this in more detail.
finger games
First, let's figure out what finger gymnastics is. These are movements of the fingers and hands, which can be active and passive. The first option is suitable for infants, the second - for preschool age. Gymnastics includes the following activities: massage, finger games that are combined with rhyming text (poems) and manipulations with small objects.
What are the benefits of finger gymnastics?
- The development of speech. In another way, the same hemispheres follow the work of the fingers as the development of speech. Therefore, I improve small movements, and you thereby improve speech.
- The development of touch. It is clear that by working with fingers, the child learns to feel the surface and size of different objects, thereby developing tactile sensations.
- Motor development. It is clear that the more often the child works with his fingers, the more perfect and subtle his movements, the better coordination.
- The development of a sense of rhythm and the development of memory. Finger games do not pass without pronouncing any poems, nursery rhymes, the repetition of which, in combination with rhythmic hand movements, serves to develop memory and a sense of rhythm.
Toddlers of the age of three play with interest finger games that are supported by speech. Sometimes it is difficult for them to pronounce the text themselves, so it is enough for an adult to do it first. Do not forget to pronounce the words expressively, then lowering, then raising your voice, making pauses. After several repetitions, the baby will remember the new game and will be happy to repeat after you.
We offer several finger games for kids of three years.
Lock
The handles must be fastened into the lock, while interlacing the fingers. Say a rhyme and swing the resulting castle to the sides:
There is a lock on the door.
Who could open it?
They knocked, (while you pronounce the word “knocked” - touch each other with your palms, while not disengaging the woven fingers).
Twisted, (also, without disengaging the lock, stretch one handle towards you, the other away from you, successively changing them).
Pulled, (on this word, you should pull the handles in different directions, while straightening your fingers, but without completely disengaging the lock).
And they opened it, (release the handles, spread them wide to the sides).
tassel
Paint with a soft brush
Chair, table and cat Masha. (Connect all the pads of the fingers of the hand and, with the movements of the fingers and wrist, swing the brush from right to left and vice versa. To the right - spread the fingers. To the left - gently connect the pads of the fingers.)
This counting rhyme should not be pronounced quickly, while the movements should fall in time and rhythm.
Bug
I am a cheerful Maybug.
Gardens all around
Above the lawns
And my name is
Zhu-zhu ... (Squeeze the fist. Spread the index finger and little finger to the sides ("mustache"). Move the "mustache".)
See the video below for a few more finger gymnastics exercises.
Articulation gymnastics
Performing articulation exercises is an integral part of the work on the formation of the correct sound pronunciation. Their benefits are obvious, they strengthen the muscles of the articulatory apparatus, make them more mobile, and help increase the volume and strength of movement.
With their help, the child develops the skills to use the exact positions of the organs of articulation for the correct pronunciation of the sound. These exercises are simple and can be used by parents at home.
It is important that certain conditions are observed during articulation gymnastics:
- exercises must be performed in front of a mirror so that the child sees the position of his tongue in the oral cavity. You need to ask clarifying questions: “Where is the tongue?”, “What are your lips doing?”.
- do not perform exercises for too long, the child may get tired and lose interest in the lesson. 5-10 minutes will be considered optimal.
- the pace of the exercises should be even, then gradually accelerate. It is necessary to observe that the movements are accurate, otherwise the exercises will not be beneficial.
At home, it is best to use poems and pictures when conducting games for the development of articulation. This will make the lesson more vivid, interesting. We give an example of exercises for the development of articulation.
“Kitten laps milk” - open your mouth wide and make 4-5 movements with a wide tongue, imitating how a cat laps milk, after which you can close your mouth and relax.
"Shovel" - open your mouth wide and put a calm soft tongue on the lower lip, holding it in this position for 3-5 seconds, after which the tongue is removed and relaxed; "Proboscis" - stretch your lips forward, imitating a kiss, and hold for 3-5 seconds in this position, then return your lips to a calm position, relax and rest; "Hamster" - with your mouth closed, inflate your cheeks and hold for 3-5 seconds in this position, then exhale and relax.
The following video offers several articulation exercises that will also help you learn how to pronounce sounds quickly and correctly.
Hearing development games
The formation of sound pronunciation directly depends on how well the child distinguishes the sounds of speech by ear. In another way, this property is called phonemic hearing. In order for a child to speak clearly, he needs to be able to distinguish the sounds of speech. He must be able to compare his speech with the speech of others, control his pronunciation.
By the age of 3-4, the child already knows how to distinguish vowel sounds in the speech of others, then voiced and deaf consonants, hard and soft, hissing. In order for the development of hearing to occur in accordance with the norm, it is necessary to perform exercises with the baby to develop this ability. They include tasks to distinguish between the volume of a sound, the source of a sound, and the recognition of an object that makes a sound - such games are offered to young children.
Children who are 3 years old more often offer tasks for finding and distinguishing sounds in words. These can be the following games: "Where is the sound?" - it is necessary to determine the location of the sound in the word (at the beginning, at the end, in the middle); "Who will come up with more words with sound ..." - a game for inventing words with a given sound; “Stomp if you hear a sound ...” - develop the ability to hear a given sound in a word, etc.
Poetry memorization, reading, storytelling
Many parents know that memorizing poems by children is useful. Let's see what?
- The horizons are expanding, the active vocabulary of the child is increasing. The child begins to use in speech not just memorized words, he uses grammatical constructions already familiar to him. Thus, his speech becomes more correct and rich.
- Memory develops. It has been proven that a child remembers rhyming structures better. The more the baby remembers small quatrains, the easier it will be for him to memorize more complex works at an older age.
- The general level of human culture rises. Indeed, in poetry, writers reflect the norms of behavior that are remembered by the baby along with rhymed lines.
The benefits of reading are endless. Let's formulate the main advantages of this exciting activity: works of art teach good, explain how it is better than evil, introduce you to the outside world, expand vocabulary, teach you to overcome difficulties, develop fantasy, imagination. In addition to the indicated benefits, family reading brings mother and baby closer, gives a positive emotional mood. Kids are happy to listen to an adult, and it becomes even more interesting for them when what they read is supported by bright and clear illustrations.
In order for this exciting activity to benefit the baby, let's remember a few rules that parents must follow.
- The choice of book depends on the time of day, the mood of the baby and his well-being.
- Do not read scary stories at night.
- Before you start reading to a child, get acquainted with the work. Evaluate if the baby will like it, and what is the end of the story.
- Read expressively, not mechanically. Delve into every word.
- Read regularly, not once in a while.
By following these simple rules, you will turn the time spent with your child into a real pleasure for both of you.
Remember, the activities that you decide to conduct with your child should not look like classes at all. Everything should be carried out in a playful way, at those moments when the child feels good and is in high spirits. Otherwise, it may have the opposite effect, the child will become withdrawn or aggressive.
3 years
Now many mothers are engaged with their babies in the development of motor skills, memory, attention, perception. But a lot of people forget about speech. The proposed complex is universal: for children who do not have speech problems, it will help develop beautiful clear speech. And for those who have impaired sound pronunciation, exercises will help you speak correctly faster. The exercises are quite simple, you just need to familiarize yourself with them in advance and figure out how to motivate the baby. Perhaps these will be appropriate pictures or a fairy tale composed on the go.
The first five exercises make up a complex of articulatory gymnastics, it is better to perform them sequentially one after another, 3-5 times each. At first, it is advisable to do this in front of a mirror so that the baby can control and evaluate himself.
1. Exercise "Window"
Open your mouth wide and hold it in this position until the count 5. Close your mouth.
2. Exercise "Fence"
Part your lips in a smile, show closed teeth. Hold the lips in this position until the count of 5.
3. Exercise "Watch"
Smile, open your mouth, move your tongue either to the left or to the right corner of your mouth.
4. Exercise "Knead the dough"
Smile, open your mouth, slap your lips on your tongue, saying: "five-five-five." Then bite your tongue with your teeth, saying: "ta-ta-ta."
5. Exercise "Horse"
Smile, open your mouth wide, click your tongue loudly, as if imitating the clatter of a horse's hooves.
The following five exercises help develop voice power, speech breathing and phonemic hearing (it is necessary for distinguishing sounds and correctly listening to other people's speech). After conducting articulation gymnastics, you can choose one of these exercises, or several, and play.
6. The game "Echo"
Stand with your child facing each other. Throw a ball to him and say a combination of vowel sounds loudly. For example: "ay", "wa", "io", etc. The task of the child is to catch the ball and repeat the same combination, only quietly. Then you need to change with the baby. He pronounces the syllables loudly, and you - quietly.
7. The game "Steamboat"
Invite the child to buzz like a big steamer, then like a small steamer. Like a steamship that sails far and near. At the same time, say "doo-doo" with varying degrees of volume and strength of voice.
8. The game "Clap when you hear"
Goal: development of phonemic hearing, the ability to clearly perceive what is heard and differentiate sounds that are similar in sound.
We explain to the child that he will have to clap his hands when he hears a certain sound. For example: the sound "m". Then the adult pronounces a series of sounds, where "m" alternates with others. For example: "m", "v", "n", "l", etc. And monitors the correct performance of the task by the child. In the future, this exercise can be complicated and learn to isolate the desired sound first in syllables, and then in words.
9. Game "Football"
Purpose: development of speech breathing.
On the table we build from improvised means (matchboxes, children's cubes) a semblance of a football goal. We roll several small balls from cotton wool - these will be balls. We offer the kid to blow on the ball and score goals in the goal. At the same time, we make sure that when exhaling, he does not inflate his cheeks.
10. Proverbs, tongue twisters, tongue twisters
Just pick the ones you like, learn with your child and repeat periodically. Their role in the development of speech is very great. No wonder actors, announcers, TV presenters are constantly practicing in the skill of pronouncing tongue twisters.
To diversify speech games, to make them more intense and interesting, I recommend purchasing special manuals. Recently, they are produced in large quantities and you can choose the one that you like and is right for you.
For example:
- "Lessons of a speech therapist" Kosinova E.M.;
- "Album on the development of speech for the smallest. Learning to speak beautifully and correctly” Novikovskaya O.A.;
- "Album on the development of speech for the smallest" Batyaeva S.V.;
- "Album on the development of speech" Volodin V.S.;
- "Speech therapy games for children" Gavrilova A.S., Shanina S.A., Rashchupkina S.Yu.
Ekaterina Petunina
When a four-year-old toddler does not pronounce individual letters, lisps or distorts words, this causes anxiety among parents, especially if there are examples of peers with almost impeccable speech in the immediate environment. About what speech defects for children of 4 years old are considered the norm, and when to talk about, and what to do to eliminate this backlog - and will be discussed in this article.
Features of the speech apparatus at 4 years old
A child at the age of four is already sufficiently proficient in such a tool as speech, and knows how to use it to communicate with the outside world. A small person no longer simply pronounces words and puts them into sentences, but with the help of words he expresses his own thoughts and draws independent conclusions from information received from outside.
The circle of communication of children of this age group is also expanding significantly. The child already has little communication with parents and relatives, he wants contact with the world in the face of various strangers, and the child not only willingly makes such contact, but also acts as its initiator. 
The word "why" most often flies off the language of parents in relation to the child during this particular period of his life. Experts believe that the more questions the “why” asks, the better mental development he demonstrates. The fact that after asking a question, your child often loses interest in the answer without listening to it to the end, is also the norm, the little man has not yet learned to concentrate, and parents should try to formulate answers simply and clearly.
Did you know? If it seems to you that your baby is silent only when falling asleep, do not be surprised: it should be so. At this age, the norm for a child is an almost continuous speech flow throughout the entire time of wakefulness.
The vocabulary of a four-year-old baby is rich enough to communicate, but still too poor to, for example, retell a fairy tale to his grandmother, told by his mother the day before, or detail the events of the past day. On the other hand, thanks to an excellent memory, a rhyme or the same fairy tale, if it is short, the baby can literally repeat without even fully understanding the meaning of individual words and phrases.
Already realizing that all objects and actions around have their own names, the baby can independently replace an unknown name with a collective one, for example, call a violet a flower, and a herring a fish. 
In addition to nouns and verbs, the little man already uses more complex parts of speech in conversation - pronouns, adverbs, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions. Case inconsistency and errors in the use of such service parts of speech are completely normal at this age.
To simple questions, the baby already gives not monosyllabic, but rather detailed answers.
The vocabulary of a child by the age of four reaches an average of two thousand words.
Further, this age is characterized by a very rapid improvement in speech, it improves right before our eyes, the baby begins to try to speak correctly, imitating adults (it turns out, of course, not immediately, but the attempts are obvious).
It is normal if, intuitively sensing the presence of complex words in the language (airplane, ship, etc.), the baby begins to invent his own new words in the same way.
In some cases, the little one even tries to explore rhymes and compose simple rhymes. 
However, the speech apparatus at this age is still far from perfect. It is not a deviation from the norm if the baby:
- confuses cases, agreement of gender and number (opened the “door”, the cat “ran”, etc.);
- swaps or skips syllables or sounds in compound words;
- does not pronounce whistling, hissing and sonorous sounds: hissing sounds are replaced by whistling ones (“ezik” instead of “hedgehog”, “sum” instead of “noise”) and vice versa (“zhayats” instead of “hare”, “sheledka” instead of “herring”), and sonorous "l" and "p" are replaced by "le" and "y" respectively ("yiba" instead of "fish", "swallow" instead of "swallow").
In addition, the child already knows how to adjust the volume of speech depending on the specific circumstances (at home, speak quieter, and louder on a noisy street). Speech begins to take shape.
Another feature of this age is that the baby begins to notice speech errors in other children. 
The main characteristics of a child's speech at 4 years old
All of the above is considered the norm rather conditionally. All children are individual both in terms of mental abilities and temperament, some develop faster, others slower, and to say that Olya knows two thousand words and writes poetry, and Vasya only a thousand and gets confused in simple sentences, therefore, is mentally retarded , is completely wrong.
Did you know? The concept of the norm for boys and girls is also very different: in terms of speech, four-year-old girls are ahead of their male peers by an average of 4 months, which is a lot for this age!
In addition, constant communication with loved ones for children of 4 years old is the best activity for the development of speech, therefore, in a child growing up in a loving and attentive family, the speech apparatus and vocabulary are objectively better developed than in a baby who is not needed by anyone.
However, there are objective indicators that indicate that something is wrong with the child's speech. 
Pathology Tests
Test your child on their own by asking them to complete the following tasks(not necessarily immediately, otherwise the baby will lose interest in the “game” and stop trying, and the test result will be unreliable):
- pronounce your last name, first name and patronymic without prompting;
- list the names of parents, family members, close friends and other people who are in the immediate circle of constant communication;
- describe some interesting situation or adventure (wait for the right opportunity and choose the moment when something happened to the baby that was supposed to impress him);
- recognize a loved one in a group photo or in a photograph where he is depicted in his youth (pattern recognition test);
- divide into groups a certain set of edible-inedible items, clothes, dishes, etc.), and after completing the task, justify your choice;
- describe the signs of a particular object (sharp needle, sour apple, sweet strawberry, dark night, cold winter);
- name the action performed in the picture or in the proposed situation (the girl is crying, the boy is playing around, the cat is running away);
- verbatim repeat what they heard;
- retell what they saw or heard (fairy tale, cartoon);
- speak first loudly, then quietly.
Rate the results. But be kind to your child! Important! The presence of errors in the performance of the task does not indicate speech disorders. If the faults are minor and the child is able to correct them after being told what the mistake was, there is no cause for concern.
The reason to think and consult a specialist is the presence of the following signs(not one, but a whole series of the following):- the baby's speech is obviously too fast or too slow, so much so that it seems that the child is doing it on purpose;
- The “speaker” speaks as if he had taken porridge in his mouth, it is impossible to understand him even to close people;
- the child communicates in separate words, without putting them into sentences in accordance with the rules of grammar;
- the baby does not perceive what they say to him (do not confuse with whims and unwillingness to fulfill the requirements);
- "swallowing" the endings of words is constantly present;
- “one’s own opinion” is not visible in the speech, it consists entirely of phrases heard somewhere;
- the child's mouth is constantly ajar, even if he is silent, and there is so much saliva that it splashes during a conversation or hangs from his lips at rest.
Causes of speech disorders
There can be many reasons for speech disorders. Some of them are signs of a serious illness, while others simply indicate a lack of attention to the baby. In particular, there are such factors that can affect children's speech:
- Hereditary factor (genetic abnormalities).
- Intrauterine or generic.
- Consequences of the transferred disease.
- Unfavorable family environment.
The second group of reasons is a number of diseases and other harmful factors that a woman could encounter during and (stress, infectious diseases, acceptance, attempt, trauma, alcohol, intrauterine fetal hypoxia, harmful production, birth asphyxia, etc.) .
Speech problems can also be caused by those that have befallen the baby himself in the first years of his life. This is especially true of infectious diseases, injuries of the head and palate. 
We will not talk separately about the unfavorable situation in the family, everything is clear here.
How to identify a speech disorder
Speech disorders in a child can manifest themselves in different ways. In the age group of interest to us, they are usually classified as follows:
- phonation(there is no intonation, it is impossible to adjust the volume of speech, etc.);
- structural-semantic(general problems with speech up to its complete absence);
- phonetic(defects in pronunciation and perception), etc.
Did you know? Humanity has known about speech problems for a long time. As follows from the Old Testament, even the prophet Moses had them. According to legend, the pharaoh wanted to kill little Moses because the baby allowed himself to play with the crown, which the priests saw as a bad omen. On the advice of another priest who stood up for the future prophet, the baby had to be shown gold and burning coals: if the baby chooses gold, he will die, if coals, he will live. Moved by the hand of the guardian angel, the child reached for the coal and raised it to his lips. Because of this, the speech of the prophet subsequently remained slurred.
At the first stage, parents, having noticed certain signs of speech disorders in their 4-year-old child, should indicate this problem to the pediatrician, the latter, in turn, recognizing the fears as justified, sends the baby to a speech therapist. In most cases, already at this stage, children and their parents receive the necessary recommendations and a set of speech therapy exercises for self-study at home. But sometimes, in order to understand what exactly causes speech problems, the child sometimes needs to be comprehensively examined. To this end, a pediatrician and a speech therapist can involve narrow specialists, in particular:
- neurologist;
- otolaryngologist;
- psychiatrist;
- psychologist;
- audiologist.
- magnetic resonance imaging;
- encephalogram;
- Ultrasound of the brain (echoencephalography).
In addition, doctors will definitely conduct their own testing of the baby, study the motor skills of the facial muscles, and analyze information about the social and living conditions in which the child grows. If, in general, everything is in order with the baby, his treatment will consist only in performing special exercises for the tongue, intended for children of 4 years old, taking into account the individual characteristics of a particular small patient.
The structure of a speech therapy lesson at home
Aimed at eliminating speech defects, it should be carried out methodically, systematically, only in this case you can count on a high result.
The psychological aspect of working with a child
First of all, parents should not forget about the age of the child. Everything needs to be done to turn the lessons into a fun game. Also, this time should be used to communicate with the baby, so you "kill two birds with one stone" and get a synergistic effect (properly performed exercises and parental attention together will enhance each other's action). 
Gymnastics for fingers
It would seem, what is the connection between fingers and tongue? It turns out to be the most direct. The entire centuries-old experience of speech therapy (and this science has its roots in antiquity) indicates that the development of fine motor skills and speech are directly dependent. That is why speech therapy classes for children of 4 years old always include finger exercises, and when developing a child’s speech at home, this block should not be forgotten.
Gymnastics for fingers in such young children it is carried out not in the form of physical education, but in the form of a game. The child is offered to “make” a hedgehog, a cat, a flower, a ball or a flag with the handles, to show how the bird drinks water or flaps its wings, etc.
A specific set of finger games will be developed by a speech therapist, the task of parents is to strictly fulfill them, devoting at least five minutes a day to the game development of fine motor skills.
Articulation gymnastics with pictures
The next exercise is articulation gymnastics. Its task is to develop and strengthen the muscles of the tongue and lips so that they become strong, flexible and well "obeyed" their master.
The peculiarity of these speech therapy classes for children of 4 years old is that they are held in front of a mirror so that the child can see how his facial muscles work, what position the tongue is in, etc. For the first time, the speech therapist will show the baby's parents how to perform the exercises correctly, in the future this work will be done at home on their own.
The regularity of gymnastics is daily. It is better to give this lesson twice a day for 5-7 minutes than to torment the child for a quarter of an hour in a row and then leave it alone until tomorrow. Under the control of the parents, the baby licks his lips with his tongue, as if he had just eaten sweet jam, “cleans” his teeth, but not with a brush, but with his tongue, depicts a swing with it, etc.
Development of phonemic hearing
A very important part of the lesson is the development of speech (or phonemic) hearing. Our task is to teach the baby to hear and recognize sounds.
Doing these exercises with children at the age of 4 years is a real pleasure. You can come up with a lot of speech therapy games, you can design the attributes necessary for this with your own hands, or you can involve a baby in such a production, then at the same time he will develop fine motor skills, acquire useful skills and expand his horizons.
- Invite the child to listen to how certain objects “sound” (paper rustles, wooden spoons knock, glass clinks on glass). Then the baby should recognize the same sounds, but with his eyes closed.
- Pick up a video on the Internet where the voices of various animals or birds sound. Show them to the child and again offer to recognize the "beast" by the voice with closed eyes.
- In the same way, find a video or sound recording with various noises - the sea, forests, city streets. Let the baby listen to them and ask him to recognize the source of each sound (car, motorcycle, train, wave, etc.).
- Blindfold the child and move around the room with a bell, trying not to make noise. The task of the baby is to accurately show with his finger where exactly the ringing comes from.
- Invite your child to imitate the sounds that various animals make. Pay the child’s attention not only to the appearance, but also to the age of the animal (perhaps the little kitten still doesn’t know how to say “meow”, it only squeaks plaintively and thinly, and can’t do it very loudly, because it’s just a baby). For such a lesson on the development of speech, it is good to use special speech therapy pictures or toys in the form of animals - at 4 years old it will be much easier and more interesting for a child.
Fantasize, do not limit yourself to the exercises that the speech therapist has come up with for your child, and then your kid will perceive the classes as an interesting game and look forward to it!
Speech development
Speech, like muscles, needs to be developed. The vocabulary of the child should be replenished constantly, but how to do this if the baby performs the same routine actions all day long? Try to fill the life of your crumbs with new impressions, and then his speech will be enriched by itself, without any additional effort on your part.
Invite the child to make an interesting and fascinating story on the topic: how I spent the summer (of course, this will only work if the baby really has something to remember). Such speech therapy tasks for children of 4 years old are much more interesting and, importantly, more effective than methodical exercises in front of a mirror. 
Learn poems and tongue twisters with your child, read fairy tales to him, tell fascinating stories and just chat. Do not forget that at this age the baby's vocabulary is divided into two parts: the words that the baby uses during speech, and the words that he does not repeat yet, but already understands. Try to use as many new words as possible in your stories and don't be lazy to explain their meaning. By developing the baby's passive vocabulary, you thereby, albeit more slowly, expand and active.
Exercises for setting the sound "p"
For children 4 years old who do not pronounce individual letters, special exercises are used. For example, at this age, babies very often do not cope, simply skipping it or replacing it with “l”, also difficulties arise with hissing “sh”, “u”. Speech therapy rhymes help a lot with this. There are a huge number of them, they are classified according to specific problematic sounds, the most successful ones can be selected to your liking on the Web, without even resorting to the help of a speech therapist. 
Important! The problem with the “p” sound often has a physiological character (insufficient development of the so-called “bridle”, in connection with which the tongue does not reach the palate, and the baby objectively cannot “growl”). It is for this reason that children who do not pronounce "r" are usually advised to show a specialist nevertheless. For self-control, listen, perhaps your baby “swallows” the letter “p” not always, but only in separate sounds, then, most likely, you just need to practice the skill.
Many exercises for "r" have been developed. Here are a few of them:- The child should open his mouth and press his tongue to the base of the upper teeth. In this position, you need to pronounce the sound “d” several times in a row. Further, the task becomes more difficult. All the same is accompanied by the exhalation of air with its direction to the tip of the tongue. The point is that the baby remembers the vibration that occurs during the exercise. It is she who is present in the pronunciation of the sound "r".
- We pronounce "zh" with a wide open mouth, gradually raising the tongue to the upper teeth. At this time, an adult carefully places a special spatula under the child's tongue and makes movements to the sides to create vibration. The task of the child is to blow on the tongue.
- The kid pulls the tongue back and says “for”, and the adult inserts the spatula under the tongue in the same way as in the previous exercise. If you perform the technique correctly, it will sound exactly “p”, and the child should remember this feeling.
Exercises for setting hissing
Of all the hissers, it is easiest to "agree" with the sound "sh", they usually begin the production with it. The baby is invited to say "sa", slowly raising the tongue to the base of the upper teeth until a hiss is heard. Now with the release of air from the lungs, the child adds "a" to pronounce "sha". An adult should help convert “sa” to “sha”, using the same spatula. We remember the sensations and hone the skill.
"Sch" also starts with a simple "s". The setting involves a spatula, with which the adult places the tongue in the correct position.
To set “h”, we pronounce “t” with an exhalation, and the adult pushes the tongue back with a spatula.
We do not forget about the mirror, and we also do not get tired of showing the child the correct pronunciation technique.
Your baby really wants to cope with the task, so that you can be proud of him! And children are natural imitators. Therefore, if a four-year-old child has speech disorders, but no other pathologies have been identified, the problem will be solved very quickly if you are patient and give your child a little attention and love.
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