Life and management in the mountains. Economic activity of the population in the mountains

>>Man and the lithosphere

§ 16. Man and the lithosphere

Does the earth's crust affect the life and economic activity of people? Undoubtedly! A variety of minerals are located in the bowels of the earth (Fig. 26).

Minerals - mineral formations of the earth's crust, which are used in the economy.

On the map of the atlas, find the largest coal basins in Russia, oil and gas fields.

Minerals are distributed unevenly in the earth's crust, but there are certain patterns in their distribution. Sedimentary minerals have formed in the sedimentary cover of the platforms. Ore minerals predominate in the foundations of the platforms and in the mountains. Thus, differences in structure of the earth's crust largely determine the features of the economy of individual territories. Accumulations of minerals form deposits, and large accumulations form basins.

Table 6

Types of minerals

Table 7

Give other reasons for the settlement of people mainly on the plains.

The surface of the earth's crust- this is a place for the human population and a springboard for its activities. First of all, the absolute heights affect the placement and life of people (Table 7).

Life and management on the plains. Historically, the population has always gravitated towards the plains. This is quite understandable. It is easier to manage the economy here, it is easier to build buildings and roads.

Many plains are almost completely plowed

Harder to assess impact relief but on the life and traditions of people, their history. Nevertheless, such attempts have been made. For example, in the works of the famous Russian historian S. M. Solovyov, one can find arguments that make it possible to build the following scheme.

Life and management in the mountains are determined by the diversity of natural conditions inherent in mountainous regions.

Although Russia is a flat country, the influence of mountains on the economy and the life of people in it is very great. This is not surprising, since almost half of the subjects of the Russian Federation have on their territory the mountains.

Human life in the mountains takes place in difficult, sometimes extreme conditions. This is due to significant absolute heights, difficult terrain and climate. Therefore, the mountains are distinguished by a weaker development of the territory compared to the plains.

Mountains have a peculiar barrier role. It manifests itself both in nature and in human life. The mountains create a natural barrier not only in the way of rivers and air masses. They also impede the movement of people, making it difficult for them to penetrate into new areas, contacts between carriers of mountainous and flat territories. But as the technical capabilities of man grow, the development of modern means, this feature of the mountains weakens.

For example, the route of one of the largest railways in Russia - the Baikal-Amur Mainline - crosses 7 high ridges (Baikal, Bureinsky, Kadar, etc.). To overcome them, the ridges were “permeated” with tunnels.

The Tyrnyauz metallurgical plant was built in the Caucasus Mountains. Molybdenum and tungsten are mined here. Ore is mined using underground explosions. Then she descends through tunnels cut into the rocks to a special platform. Here it is crushed into powder and fed through pipes to the processing plant. Due to the limited space, waste rock is placed on the slopes of the mountains. This creates the danger of collapses, screes, rockfalls, and in case of heavy rains - mudflows.

But the mountains are gradually acquiring new functions: production, sports, wellness. Even high absolute heights are attractive for lovers of mountaineering, skiing, and adventure tourism.

Economic activity in the mountains is associated with altitudinal zonality and a variety of landscapes. For example, due to the harsh natural conditions in the mountainous regions of the Asian part of Russia, agriculture is limited to seasonal animal migrations.

In addition, the mountains are multinational regions. Due to the relative inaccessibility, the mountains served as a refuge for the population, forced by various circumstances (political, economic, etc.) to change their place of residence.

In large mountainous regions with high ridges, the population settled in deep and narrow intermountain valleys. Contacts between neighbors were difficult. Therefore, the mountains, as a rule, are characterized by great ethnic diversity. They live in minorities with a specific culture, way of life and features of the economy. More than 40 nationalities live in the North Caucasus. For example, in the Republic of Dagestan there are only 12 official languages, and the number of language dialects is in the tens.

An important social problem in the development of mountain regions is that the main consumers of their resources are located on the plains, that is, at a considerable distance from the mountains. When mastering the mountains, one must also remember the negative aspects of this process - the degradation of nature, the destruction of cultural and ethnic traditions, etc.

However, not only lithosphere has an effect on the person. The person also affects it. And this impact is multifaceted. The modern technical capabilities of mankind have become so grandiose that, as the great Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky noted, "man has become a major geological force."

Disturbances of the lithosphere associated with human economic activity are very diverse. First of all, the structure of the upper part of the lithosphere changes, the occurrence of rock layers. This happens during the extraction of minerals, the construction of quarries, mines, tunnels, other underground communications, and underground nuclear explosions.

Every year, hundreds of millions of tons of various minerals are extracted from the bowels of the earth. At the same time, only mining waste exceeds 3 billion tons per year. In place of the extracted rocks, voids are formed in the lithosphere. Only a part of them is filled or laid, so the total volume of such voids is constantly growing. Their presence leads to the failure of soils, disruption of the normal movement of groundwater. Violates the lithosphere and drilling, which has taken on a huge scale. About 3 million of them have been drilled in Western Siberia alone. The pumping of oil and gas from the depths of the earth increases the mobility of the earth's layers and leads to the occurrence of numerous man-made earthquakes! Thus, in the region of the largest oil fields in the Volga region, more than 200 such earthquakes have been recorded in the last 15 years alone.

Secondly, the surface of the lithosphere changes. It is leveled, small and large depressions (channels, ditches, pits) or embankments (rock heaps, terraces on mountain slopes) are created in it.

So now relief is formed not only by external and internal forces of nature, but also by man (Fig. 27).

Landforms created in the course of human economic activity are called anthropogenic relief.

Thirdly, in the course of their economic activity, a person creates artificial landforms: buildings, towers, dams, bridges. They, like natural landforms, change the surface of the lithosphere, affect the movement and temperature of the air, the runoff of surface water, etc.

Rice. 27. Types of anthropogenic relief

Tell us about the impact of artificial<|юрм рельефа на различные природные процессы.

This impact is constantly growing as artificial landforms become more and more numerous (Table 8). Their influence is especially significant in the largest cities. For example, summer temperatures in the largest cities of Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod) are the same as in the territories located 200-300 km to the south. For example, in Moscow, with its area of 1000 km2, the total area of artificial landforms is 300 km2. There are practically no large areas of the natural earth's surface left in the city.

Table 8

Growth of the surface of artificial landforms

In many countries of the world, including Russia, huge zones of almost continuous development have formed, stretching for hundreds of kilometers.

Questions and tasks

1. List the features of economic activity in the mountains.
2. Give examples of anthropogenic relief in your area.

Final tasks on the topic

1. What determines the placement of minerals? Name and show on the map the main basins and deposits.
2. How does relief affect human life and economic activity? Give examples of human influence on the lithosphere in our country.
3. Prove that the process of relief formation continues in our time.
4. Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and minerals of the Russian and West Siberian Plains using the following plan:

1) where the territory is located;
2) to which tectonic structure it is confined;
3) rocks of what age compose the territory;
4) average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory;
5) what external processes have participated and are participating in the formation of the relief;
6) what landforms are created by this or that process, their placement;
7) what natural phenomena are associated with the tectonic and geological structure, with the features of the relief, possible measures to combat them.

5. Make a description of any of the mountain ranges of Russia, located in the south of Siberia, using the plan above.
6. Give a description of the relief of your region (territory, republic).
7. Give an assessment of the mineral resource base of Russia.
8. Prove the validity of the statement of V. I. Vernadsky: "Man has become a major geological force."

Geography of Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. 8 cells : studies. for 8 cells. general education institutions / V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze; ed. V. P. Dronova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M. : Bustard, 2009. - 271 p. : ill., maps.

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The relief of the planet is diverse - from high mountains to wide ones. Like all other components of nature, the relief is constantly undergoing changes. Modern relief-forming processes are divided into internal (endogenous), caused by the movements of the earth's crust, and external (exogenous).

Relief in human history

Since ancient times, people have used caves and sheds for permanent parking. Driven hunts were conducted in river steeps or karst massifs.

At the stage of the formation of the most ancient states, man used landforms as protective fortifications. For example, more than a dozen fortresses built in remnant landforms separated Upper Egypt from Nubai.

In the Middle Ages, the binding of agricultural activity to the relief is clearly traced. Farming and were widespread in the plains.

Relief in economic activity

On the plains, it is easier to work the land and graze cattle. The implementation of economic activities in the mountains was much more difficult and extreme. This is due to the difficult terrain and climate. That is why the mountainous areas are less developed than the plains. The number of human activities in the complex terrain was quite limited. Mineral and hydropower resources were mainly used.

In modern conditions, with the growth of human technical capabilities, this feature of the mountainous terrain no longer plays such a big role. Man has learned to change the relief - for example, the Baikal-Amur Mainline is laid through seven high ridges (Baikal, Bureinsky, Kadar, etc.). For the construction of the highway, a network of tunnels was laid through the rocks.

Gradually, the mountainous area acquires new functions: production, sports, tourism, health.

Historically, most of the population lives in the plains. In floodplains and lowlands, it is easier to conduct agriculture, carry out construction work, develop road infrastructure, and mine minerals.

In the production of all types of work in a flat terrain, it is required to use fewer resources (human and material) than in a mountainous terrain.

Detailed solution paragraph § 16 in geography for students in grade 8, authors V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rom, A. A. Lobzhanidze 2014

Name the largest deposits of coal, oil and gas in Russia.

Oil and natural gas from the north of Western Siberia, the Volga-Ural basin, are of the greatest importance in our country. The deposits of the plains of the North Caucasus and Sakhalin Island are less rich. The largest coal deposits in the European part of Russia are located in the Vorkuta region, in the eastern part of the Donets Basin. Brown coal is mined in the Moscow Region basin. In Siberia, the most famous and long-established are the deposits of hard coal, often coked, of the Kuznetsk basin (Kuzbass). But the coal reserves of the Tunguska, Lena, Kansk-Achinsk and other basins located in the sparsely populated regions of Russia are especially large.

Give other reasons for the settlement of people mainly on the plains.

According to the laws of the geographical division of labor, the greatest variety of human activities is ensured here, the development of dangerous geological processes is less likely, the greatest exchange of goods, where, as a result, the highest population density.

questions and tasks

1. List the features of economic activity in the mountains.

Due to difficult natural conditions, from an economic point of view, the mountains cannot compete with the plains. Therefore, in mountainous regions, the number of types of economic activity is limited. They mainly use special resources associated with the mountainous position: mineral, recreational, hydropower, sometimes rare mountain plants. The mountains are gradually acquiring new functions: production, sports, recreation. Economic activity in the mountains is associated with altitudinal zonality and a variety of landscapes. For example, due to the harsh natural conditions in the mountainous regions of the Asian part of Russia, agriculture is limited to seasonal animal migrations. An important social problem in the development of mountain regions is that the main consumers of their resources are located on the plains, that is, at a considerable distance from the mountains. When mastering the mountains, one must also remember the negative aspects of this process - the degradation of nature, the destruction of cultural and ethnic traditions, etc.

2. Give examples of anthropogenic relief in your area.

In any city, anthropogenic landforms predominate: roads, quarries, tunnels, underground sewers, canals. All natural landforms in cities, as a rule, have been changed: relief irregularities are leveled as much as possible, river banks are being fixed, many territories are being raised due to imported sand and stone.

FINAL TASKS ON THE TOPIC

1. What determines the placement of minerals? Name and show on the map the main basins and deposits.

The distribution of minerals depends on the geological structure of the territory. Oil and natural gas from the north of Western Siberia, the Volga-Ural basin, are of the greatest importance in our country. The deposits of the plains of the North Caucasus and Sakhalin Island are less rich. The largest coal deposits in the European part of Russia are located in the Vorkuta region, in the eastern part of the Donets Basin. Brown coal is mined in the Moscow Region basin. In Siberia, the most famous and long-established are the deposits of hard coal, often coked, of the Kuznetsk basin (Kuzbass). But the coal reserves of the Tunguska, Lena, Kansk-Achinsk and other basins located in the sparsely populated regions of Russia are especially large.

Deposits of ore minerals are often associated with those areas of platforms where the basement or younger intrusions of crystalline rocks come close to the surface. Among them are deposits of iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, Aldan shield, Angara-Pitsky and Angara-Ilimsky regions, as well as iron and nickel ores of the Kola Peninsula and polymetallic ores of the Norilsk environs.

But the mountainous regions are especially rich in various ore minerals. Deposits of ores of non-ferrous and rare metals are concentrated here: copper (Urals, Transbaikalia), lead and zinc (Altai, Primorsky Territory, North Caucasus), tin (Eastern Siberia and the Far East), raw materials for aluminum production - bauxites and nephelines (Northern Urals, Krasnoyarsk region).

2. How does relief affect human life and economic activity? Give examples of human influence on the lithosphere in our country.

The relief significantly affects the life and economic activity of a person. Historically, the population has always gravitated towards the plains. This is quite understandable. It is easier to manage the economy here, it is easier to build buildings and roads. Many plains are almost completely plowed up. Human life in the mountains takes place in difficult, sometimes extreme conditions. This is due to significant absolute heights, difficult terrain and climate. Therefore, the mountains are distinguished by a weaker development of the territory compared to the plains. Mountains have a peculiar barrier role. It manifests itself both in nature and in human life.

In our country, human influence on the lithosphere is manifested in the form of changes in the relief during construction and agriculture; seizures of mineral raw materials during mining; formation of artificial landforms.

3. Prove that the process of relief formation continues in our time.

The continuous formation of the relief is evidenced by the growth of mountain systems, the formation of ravines, the change in river valleys, the formation of dunes, etc. These processes are constantly taking place around us.

4. Make a comparative description of the relief, geological structure and minerals of the Russian and West Siberian Plains using the following plan:

1) where the territory is located;

2) to which tectonic structure it is confined;

3) rocks of what age compose the territory;

4) average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory;

5) what external processes have participated and are participating in the formation of the relief;

6) what landforms are created by this or that process, their placement;

7) what natural phenomena are associated with the tectonic and geological structure, with the features of the relief, possible measures to combat them.

1) The Russian Plain includes the territory from the Barents and White Seas in the north to the Azov, Black and Caspian Seas in the south; in the east the border is the western foot of the Urals, in the southeast the Kuma-Manych depression, in the southwest - the foothills of the Carpathians, in the west the plain goes beyond the state borders.

West Siberian Plain - the plain is located in the north of Asia, occupies the entire western part of Siberia from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Central Siberian Plateau in the east. In the north it is bounded by the coast of the Kara Sea, in the south it extends to the Kazakh hills, in the southeast the West Siberian Plain, gradually rising, is replaced by the foothills of Altai, Salair, Kuznetsk Altai and Mountain Shoria.

2) The Russian Plate lies at the base of the Russian Plain. At the base of the West Siberian Plain lies the epihercynian West Siberian Plate.

3) The Russian plate is based on the Precambrian crystalline foundation. The basement of the West Siberian plate is composed of Paleozoic rocks.

4) The Russian Plain consists of uplands with heights of 200-300 m above sea level and lowlands along which large rivers flow. The average height of the plain is 170 m, and the highest - 479 m - on the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland in the Cis-Urals.

The lowest parts of the West Siberian Plain (50-100 m) are located mainly in its central and northern parts. Low (up to 200-250 m) hills stretch along the western, southern and eastern outskirts.

5) Part of the territory of the Russian Plain and the north of the West Siberian Lowland in the Quaternary was covered by a powerful cover glacier, which formed special landforms such as terminal moraine ridges (Smolensk-Moscow Upland and Siberian Uvaly), moraine hills (Valdai Upland), outwash plains (Meshcherskaya lowland, Oka-Donskaya plain), valleys of runoff of melted glacial waters and boulders found everywhere. Glacial landforms on the Russian Plain are more pronounced than within Western Siberia.

Now on both plains the relief-forming work of flowing waters is expressed, in the south - winds.

6) The glacier formed special landforms: terminal moraine ridges (Smolensk-Moscow Upland and Siberian Ridges), moraine hills (Valdai Upland), outwash plains (Meshcherskaya Lowland, Oka-Donskaya Plain), valleys of runoff of melted glacial waters and boulders found everywhere .

Flowing waters created river valleys on both plains. On the Russian Plain, with a more dissected relief, ravines and gullies became widespread.

7) A small number of natural phenomena are associated with the tectonic and geological structure on the plains. Near abrasion and erosion slopes, especially steep ones, tectonic cracks are widened by weathering, and as a result of various processes, rocks are displaced (landslides, subsidence of massifs, etc.).

5. Make a description of any of the mountain ranges of Russia, located in the south of Siberia, using the plan above.

Characteristics of the Ural Mountains

1. where the territory is located;

Mountain system in the Urals, located between the East European and West Siberian plains.

2. what tectonic structure is confined to;

The mountain system is confined to the Ural-Mongolian folded belt.

3. breeds of what age compose the territory;

The territory is composed of Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks.

4. average, minimum and maximum heights of the territory;

Average heights are 1000-1500 m. The highest point is Mount Narodnaya (1895 m). Minimum heights - 400-500 (Polar Urals).

5. what external processes have been and are involved in the formation of the relief;

Glaciers, permafrost weathering, flowing waters are involved in the formation of the relief.

6. what landforms are created by this or that process, their placement;

Permafrost weathering in the Subpolar and Polar Urals forms stone rivers - kurums. Alpine glacial relief is rare. Landforms created by flowing waters are represented everywhere - river valleys, ravines.

7. what natural phenomena are associated with the tectonic and geological structure, with the features of the relief, possible measures to combat them.

Common natural phenomena are mudflows, landslides, avalanches. The main measure to combat them is to fix the slopes in a natural way (plantations) and with the help of engineering structures.

7. Give an assessment of the mineral resource base of Russia.

The mineral resource base of Russia in terms of quantitative indicators has no analogues in the world, and in terms of quality indicators it is a very mixed picture. For some types of raw materials, Russia has a huge resource potential, while for others it experiences an acute shortage.

Fuel and energy resources ensure the functioning of the fuel and energy complex, which is the most important component of the Russian economy. Oil. In terms of proven oil reserves, Russia is one of the leading oil-producing countries. The main deposits are located in Western Siberia, the Ural-Volga region and in the European North. In terms of explored gas reserves, Russia ranks first in the world (more than 32% of world reserves) and provides 30% of its world production. 770 gas fields have been explored in Russia. The main gas reserves are located in Western Siberia (77.8%). Russia is one of the countries with a unique coal potential. Proved coal reserves in Russia account for 11% of the world's proven reserves. Russia ranks third in the world in terms of coal reserves after the United States (445 billion tons) and China (269 billion tons). Almost 80% of coal reserves are located in Western and Eastern Siberia.

Ferrous metal ores (iron, manganese and chromium) occupy the second place in the industrial sector of Russia after fuel and energy resources in terms of production volume. The main reserves of iron ores are concentrated in the Central Black Earth, Ural and East Siberian regions.

In terms of the number of explored reserves of non-ferrous and rare metals and the volume of their production, Russia occupies a leading position in the world mineral resource complex. Among them, copper, nickel, aluminum consistently constitute an important article of Russian export.

8. Prove the validity of the statement of V. I. Vernadsky: "Man has become a major geological force."

Man at the present stage of the development of society has indeed become a powerful geological force. This is manifested in a strong transformation of natural complexes. Man in the course of his economic activity changes the relief, creates artificial landforms, and withdraws a huge amount of mineral raw materials.

on the topic: " Man and mountains.

Lesson designed: geography teacher

MOU "Secondary School No. 81"

Textbook: “Geography of Russia. Nature and population "Grade 8

Target: to form students' ideas about different types of human economic activity in the mountains.

Tasks:

* determine the main directions of human economic activity in the mountains;

* find out the impact of human economic activity on the nature of the mountains;

*explain the fragility of the natural balance in the mountains;

*deepen students' knowledge of the influence of climatic conditions of mountains on lifestyle and human health;

* consolidate the skills and abilities to use various sources of information; *continue to improve your contour mapping skills.

Lesson type: learning lesson.

Equipment: physical map of Russia , map of Russia "Natural zones and biological resources of Russia", contour map of Russia.

During the classes.

1. Organizing time.

Greetings. The class is divided into 3 groups.

2. Repetition of previously studied material

In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the nature of the mountains of Russia and found out the reasons for the change in natural zones in the mountains. In order to remember the main points of the last lesson, please answer the following questions:

How do climate conditions change when climbing mountains?? (the temperature drops by 6 degrees Celsius with each kilometer, the pressure drops by 1 mm of mercury for every 10.5 meters, the amount of precipitation increases, temperature drops are characteristic, wind may increase)

What is altitudinal zonality, what determines the number of altitudinal zones in mountains? (this is a natural change in natural conditions and landscapes with the rise of the mountain, the number of belts depends from geographical mountain positions, mountain height, slope exposure, and distance from oceans)

-What mountain systems in Russia are characterized by the largest number of high-altitude belts? (most altitudinal belts in the Caucasus, Altai mountains)

Exercise. It is necessary to build in the correct sequence the natural belts of the Caucasus Mountains ( the task is performed by one student at the blackboard, from pre-prepared cards ).

Answer:

- Nival belt

-Alpine meadows

- Subalpine meadows with patches of birch crooked forest and thickets of rhododendron

- Coniferous spruce and fir forests

- Broad-leaved beech forests

- Broad-leaved oak forests

- Oak forest-steppe

-Steppe

In the last topic, we got acquainted with new concepts, let's definition this concepts.

* hair dryer (warm and dry strong, gusty wind blowing from the mountains into the valleys)

* Bora (a strong gusty wind that occurs when cold air flows over a mountain range and displaces warmer, less dense air on the other side)

* loaches(mountains devoid of vegetation or with sparse moss, grass or shrub vegetation)

*Alpine meadows (located above the subalpine, they are characterized by low perennial grasses, thickets of shrubs).

*Subalpine meadows (these are meadows with a continuous grass cover, often high (up to 2-2.5 m.), Undersized shrubs, crooked forests and light forests (pine, elfin cedar))

*Endemics (species, genera, families of plants and animals, the distribution area of \u200b\u200bwhich is very limited)

3. Learning new material.

Mountains, like a magnet, have attracted people since ancient times. Many scientists consider mountains to be the cradle of mankind. In any case, the remains of human ancestors covered with volcanic ash were found in a gorge near Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. And the most ancient traces of the presence of primitive man on the territory of Russia were found in the mountains - in Altai and the Caucasus. It was easier for a person, especially a primitive one, completely dependent on the conditions of the natural environment, to survive the consequences of unfavorable times in the mountains.

How do people live in the mountains now, what would a modern person “get” from the mountains, and how does a person influence the nature of the mountains.

We will find answers to these and other questions in today's lesson.

Let's write the topic of the lesson: "Man and mountains"

A. Types of economic activity in the mountains.

Focusing on the map of natural and economic zones of Russia (account Alekseev, pp. 150-151), please answer question:

What types of economic activities can be found in the mountains?

The main types of economic activity in the mountains.

Agriculture Mining Recreational

In the mountains, under optimal climatic conditions, it is possible to grow such crops as: tea, citrus fruits, grapes, tobacco, in the foothills it is possible to grow cereals and others. Crop production will be, first of all, spread in the mountain systems of southern Russia, primarily in the Caucasus, the Southern Urals and Altai, and agriculture in the south of the mountains of the Far East is also possible. Due to the significant steepness and dissection of the slopes, the agricultural development of the mountains has not received continuous distribution.

Teacher addition. The fifth part of the reindeer pastures of Russia is concentrated in the mountains. In the mountains there are fewer midges, midges and gadflies.

Numerous recent studies have confirmed the conclusions of the outstanding Russian scientist that the mountains were the centers of speciation of cultivated plants and domestic animals. It was in the mountains that cereals and fruit crops grew in the wild, herds of wild goats and rams, bulls and wild boars grazed.

In addition, in mountainous areas, many agricultural crops grow faster and reach large sizes, this is facilitated by increased solar radiation, sufficient moisture and the absence of droughts.

Group number 2. Mining.

Mountainous areas in tectonic terms are mountain-folded formations that are rich in various rocks of igneous and metamorphic origin. Therefore, all the major mountain systems of Russia can be marked on the map. But the most striking examples are the Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, Altai and other mountains of the South of Russia. In the same mountain systems, mining is mainly carried out.

This type of activity most strongly affects the natural landscapes of mountains, because mountain landscapes cannot be restored.

Group #3. Recreational activity.

Recreational activity - human activity, aimed at creating places of rest.

Mountain areas have long attracted tourists with their beauty, height and obscurity. In the mountains, tourists can engage in mountaineering and skiing, extreme sports. In some areas, springs of mineral and geothermal waters have been discovered. Here tourists are attracted by the opportunity to heal and relax. The most famous holiday destinations are

in the Caucasus and Altai. Tourism is also possible in other mountains, but not for mass visits, because there are no conditions for this. The Kamchatka peninsula can be called a unique place, because there is no other valley of geysers anywhere in Russia.

If during various types of recreation all the rules of behavior in nature are observed, then this type of activity will not cause much harm to nature.

B. The influence of natural conditions on human life in the mountains.

We have found out that a person leads an active life in the mountains.

Question: But is the life of a person in the mountains so carefree?

Answer. In the mountains, people's lives are under constant threat. Most often in the mountains there are such processes as: earthquakes, snow avalanches, mudflows.

In addition, people in the mountains are more isolated than people living in the plains. Mountain trails and roads are sometimes completely inaccessible.

Question: What are mudflows, snow avalanches? (Mudflows - water-mud streams; snowier than an avalanche - a huge amount of snow coming down from the top of a mountain)

Question: What problems can a person face when moving from flat areas to foothill and mountainous areas.

Answer: Dizziness, pressure changes and heart problems .

Therefore, very strong and strong-willed people live in the mountains, kt. can live in such harsh conditions.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

So, we have found out what kind of economic activity a person carries out in the mountains and, based on your answers, we made a map.

Question: What types of business. activities are carried out in the mountains, which have the greatest impact and which have the least.

Question: Who can benefit from the information we put on the contour map? Answer.

· Tourists

· school students

· Ministry of Emergency Situations

· ecologists, etc.

Question: Which mountains are currently most affected by human economic activity (Caucasian, Altai and Ural mountains).

Question: Which mountains are least affected by households. human activity? (mountains of the north-east of Russia, the northern Urals, the mountains of southern Siberia, etc.).

Question: The North Caucasus is characterized by a fairly high population density and multinational composition. Why do you think?

Question: Why are mountain landscapes unstable and unstable?

Question: What natural phenomena are found in the mountains?

Exercise. Plot on a contour map the main human activities in the mountains in Russia.

5. Homework.

& 34, answer questions 1-3 (verbal)

filling the contour map to the end, pp. 8-9.

Once upon a time I had to visit the Crimean mountains. They amazed me with their beauty and grandeur. On very many of these mountains, the remains of cave cities have been preserved, where people used to live and run their household. Now almost no one lives on these mountains. People equip their life next to the beautiful mountains and run a tourism business.

Mountain views

There are a lot of different mountains in the world, and depending on the structure of the mountain, its geographical location, the economic activity of people on these mountains also differs. According to the structure of the peaks of the mountain there are:

plateau-like;
peaked;
domed.

In the same way, mountains differ in origin and height, there are high, medium-high, low and others.

Features of economic activity in the mountains

Historically, different mountain peoples inhabit the territory of many mountains. Their economic activity is completely dependent on the mountains. On their slopes, people breed animals, grow all the necessary plants, build their homes, sew clothes and shoes. Their life is original and sometimes does not require inputs from outside.

Unlike the life of mountain peoples, modern man also conducts his economic activities in the mountains. In most cases, the type of economic activity depends on the geographical latitude and natural resources of these mountains.

So, in the Alps, the human economy has a storey structure, where viticulture is located at the first stage, then agriculture and cattle breeding. In the mountains of the Caucasus, agriculture and cattle breeding are also carried out. In the Alps, in the Urals and other mountains, mining is widely carried out, minerals are mined.

In Canada, deforestation and the production of charcoal or paper are widely developed. The energy of mountain rivers is widely used, on which hydroelectric power stations are built.

A person has learned to live in the mountains and arrange his economy on the mountain slopes, but for me personally, the best mountain activities are tourism and rock climbing.

The mountains are so different in every season that it is possible to arrange excursions and different hikes all year round. For lovers of extreme sports, various ascents are possible, for lovers of snow - mountain slopes, and in summer you can visit forests and mountain lakes.