The historical legacy of Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov. Lev Gumilyov - poet

The parents' marriage actually broke up in 1914; his grandmother was in charge of raising him, in whose estate near Bezhetsk (Tver region) the child spent his childhood. When the boy was 9 years old, his father was accused of participating in a White Guard conspiracy and shot. Later, this fact more than once served as a reason for political accusations of “the son of an enemy of the people.”

In 1926 he moved to live from Bezhetsk to Leningrad, to live with his mother. In 1930 he was denied admission to the Pedagogical Institute. Herzen due to non-proletarian origin and absence work history. For four years he had to prove his right to education, working as a laborer, collector, and laboratory assistant. In 1934 he entered the Faculty of History Leningrad University, in 1935 he was first arrested. Gumilyov was quickly released, but expelled from the university. Over the next two years, he continued his education on his own, studying the history of the ancient Turks and oriental languages. In 1937 he was reinstated in the history department, but a year later he was arrested again. After a long investigation, he was sentenced to 5 years of exile in Norilsk. After the end of his term, he could not leave the North and worked on the expedition of the Norilsk plant. In 1944 he volunteered for the front and as part of the First Belorussian Front and reached Berlin.

Immediately after demobilization, Lev Nikolaevich graduated from the history department of Leningrad University as an external student and entered graduate school at the Institute of Oriental Studies. Taught by bitter previous experience, Gumilyov feared that he would not be allowed to remain free for a long time, so he passed all the exams in a short time and prepared his dissertation. However, the young scientist did not have time to defend her - in 1947, as the son of a disgraced poetess, he was expelled from graduate school. Scientific biography was interrupted again, Gumilyov worked as a librarian psychiatric hospital, and then a researcher at the Gorno-Altai expedition. Finally, in 1948, he managed to defend his PhD thesis on the history of the Turkic Kaganate. He worked for less than a year as a senior researcher at the Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR, until he was arrested again. He spent the new 7-year term in camps near Karaganda and Omsk. During this time he wrote two scientific monographs - Huns And Ancient Turks.

In 1956 he returned to Leningrad and got a job at the Hermitage. The book was published in 1960 Xiongnu, which caused diametrically opposed reviews - from devastating to moderately laudatory. Doctoral dissertation Ancient Turks, which he wrote while still in the camp, Gumilev defended in 1961, and in 1963 he became a senior researcher at the Institute of Geography at Leningrad University, where he worked until the end of his life. In 1960, he began giving lectures on folk studies at the university, which were extremely popular among students. “Political unreliability” no longer bothered him scientific career, the number of published works increased sharply. However, his second doctoral dissertation Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth, defended in 1974, was approved by the Higher Attestation Commission with a long delay - no longer because of the “unreliability” of the author, but because of the “unreliability” of his concept.

Although many of the scientist’s views provoked sharp criticism from his colleagues, they became increasingly popular among the Soviet intelligentsia. This was facilitated not only by the originality of his ideas, but also by the amazing literary fascination of their presentation. In the 1980s, Gumilyov became one of the most widely read Soviet scientists, his works were published in large editions. Gumilyov finally got the opportunity to freely express his views. The constant tension and work on the brink of strength could not last long. In 1990 he suffered a stroke, but did not stop scientific activity. On June 15, 1992, Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov died and was buried at the Nikolskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Historians value Gumilyov primarily as a Turkologist who made a great contribution to the study of the history of the nomadic peoples of Eurasia. He protested against the widespread myth that nomadic peoples played exclusively the role of robbers and destroyers in history. He viewed the relationship between Ancient Rus' and the steppe peoples (including the Golden Horde) as a complex symbiosis, from which each people gained something. This approach was contrary patriotic tradition, according to which the Mongol-Tatars have allegedly always been irreconcilable enemies of the Russian lands.

Gumilyov's merit is his attention to historical climatology. Studying the “great migrations” of nomadic peoples, the scientist explained them by fluctuations climatic conditions– degree of humidity and average temperatures. In Soviet historical science, such an explanation of major historical events is not social, but natural causes seemed dubious, tending toward “geographical determinism.”

After the collapse of Soviet ideological dogmas, many of Gumilev’s ideas were openly accepted by the Russian scientific community. In particular, there was school of socio-natural history(its leader is E.S. Kulpin), whose supporters develop Gumilyov’s concept of strong influence climatic environment and its changes on the development of pre-bourgeois societies.

Among the “general public,” however, Gumilyov is known not so much as a nomad scholar and climate historian, but as the creator of an original theory of the formation and development of ethnic groups.

According to Gumilyov’s theory of ethnogenesis, ethnicity is not social phenomenon, but an element of the bioorganic world of the planet (Earth’s biosphere). Its development depends on energy flows from space. Under the influence of very rare and short-term cosmic radiation (there were only 9 of them in the entire history of Eurasia), a gene mutation occurs (passionary push). As a result, people begin to absorb much more energy than they need for normal functioning. Excess energy splashes out in excessive human activity, in passionarity. Under the influence of extremely energetic people, passionaries, the development or conquest of new territories, the creation of new religions or scientific theories. Availability large number passionaries in one territory, favorable for their reproduction, leads to the formation of a new ethnic group. The energy received by passionate parents is partly transferred to their children; In addition, passionaries form special behavioral stereotypes that remain in effect for a very long time.

Developing, an ethnos goes through, according to L.N. Gumilyov, six phases (Fig.):

1) lifting phase: characterized by a sharp increase in the number of passionaries, the growth of all types of activities, and the struggle with neighbors for “one’s place in the sun.” The leading imperative during this period is “Be who you are meant to be.” This phase lasts approximately 300 years;

2) acmatic phase: passionary tension is the highest, and passionaries strive for maximum self-expression. Often a state of overheating occurs - excess passionary energy is spent on internal conflicts. The social imperative is “Be yourself”, the duration of the phase is approximately 300 years;

3) fracture– the number of passionaries is sharply reduced with a simultaneous increase in the passive part of the population (sub-passionaries). The dominant imperative is “We are tired of the great!” This phase lasts about 200 years. It was at this phase of development, according to Gumilyov, that Russia was at the end of the 20th century;

4) inertial phase: The voltage continues to drop, but not abruptly, but smoothly. The ethnos is experiencing a period of peaceful development, strengthening state power And social institutions. The imperative of this time period is “Be like me.” The duration of the phase is 300 years;

5) obscuration– passionary tension returns to its original level. The ethnic group is dominated by sub-passionaries who are gradually disintegrating society: corruption is becoming legalized, crime is spreading, and the army is losing its combat effectiveness. The imperative “Be like us” condemns any person who has retained a sense of duty, hard work and conscience. This twilight of the ethnic group lasts 300 years.

6) memorial phase – only memories remain from the former greatness - “Remember how wonderful it was!” After the complete oblivion of the traditions of the past occurs, the development cycle of the ethnic group is completely completed. This last phase lasts 300 years.

In the process of ethnogenesis, interaction between different ethnic groups occurs. To characterize the possible results of such interaction, Gumilyov introduces the concept of “ethnic field”. He argues that ethnic fields, like other types of fields, have a certain rhythm of vibration. The interaction of various ethnic fields gives rise to the phenomenon of complementarity - a subconscious feeling of ethnic closeness or alienation. Thus, there are compatible and incompatible ethnic groups.

Based on these considerations, Gumilev identified four various options ethnic contacts:

2) Ksenia– neutral coexistence of ethnic groups in one region, in which they will retain their identity without entering into conflicts or participating in the division of labor (this was the case during the Russian colonization of Siberia);

3) symbiosis– mutually beneficial coexistence of ethnic systems in one region, in which different ethnic groups retain their originality (this was the case in the Golden Horde until it converted to Islam);

4) merger representatives of different ethnic groups into a new ethnic community (this can only happen under the influence of a passionary impulse).

Gumilyov’s concept leads to the idea of ​​the need for careful control over the processes of communication between representatives of different ethnic groups in order to prevent “undesirable” contacts.

IN last years existence of the USSR, when Gumilyov's doctrine of ethnogenesis first became the object of public discussion, a paradoxical atmosphere developed around it. To people far from professional social science, the theory of passionarity seemed truly scientific - innovative, stimulating the imagination, and having great practical and ideological significance. On the contrary, in a professional environment the theory of ethnogenesis was considered best case scenario dubious (“a chain of hypotheses”), and at worst – parascientific, methodologically close to the “new chronology” of A.T. Fomenko.

All scientists noted that despite the global nature of the theory and its apparent soundness (Gumilyov stated that his theory is the result of a generalization of the history of more than 40 ethnic groups), it contains a lot of assumptions that are in no way confirmed by factual data. There is absolutely no evidence that any radiation comes from space, the effects of which are visible for more than a thousand years. There are no more or less solid criteria by which one can distinguish a passionary from a subpassionary. Many ethnic groups of the planet “live” much longer than the period prescribed by Gumilev’s theory. To explain these “long-livers,” Gumilyov had, in particular, to argue that there is no single four-thousand-year history of the Chinese ethnic group, but there is a history of several independent ethnic groups that successively replaced each other on the territory of China. Science still does not know any “ethnic field”. In Gumilyov’s works on the history of ethnogenesis, which claim to generalize the entire ethnic history, experts find many factual errors and false interpretations. Finally, scientists consider Gumilyov’s passionary theory to be potentially socially dangerous. Many critics regard the rationale for banning marriages between representatives of “incompatible” ethnic groups as racism. In addition, the theory of ethnogenesis justifies interethnic conflicts, which, according to Gumilev, are natural and inevitable in the process of the birth of a new ethnic group.

After Gumilyov's death, the controversy surrounding the theory of passionarity largely ceased. The very concept of “passionarity” has entered the wide lexicon as a synonym for “charisma”. However, the idea that ethnic groups are similar to living organisms has remained outside the boundaries of both science and mass consciousness. The works of L.N. Gumilyov continue to be republished in large editions, but they are viewed more as a kind of scientific journalism than scientific works in the proper sense of the word.

Main works: Collected works, vol. 1–3. M., 1991; Discovery of Khazaria. M., Iris-press, 2004; Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. L., Gidrometeoizdat, 1990; Ethnosphere: History of people and history of nature. M., Ecopros, 1993; From Rus' to Russia: essays on ethnic history. M., Ecopros, 1994; In search of an imaginary kingdom. St. Petersburg, Abris, 1994

Natalia Latova

Indicate the numbers of sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilyov was that he was the first to see the connection between active members of society - “passionaries” - and a number of historical events in Eurasia.

2) L.N. Gumilyov drew attention to the fact that social change and gain ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.

3) L.N. Gumilyov, having put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries”, explained the connection between cycles solar activity with the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.

4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilev, owe their historical development primarily to solar activity cycles, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.

5) Studying the features historical development Eurasia, L.N. Gumilev put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries”, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Identical information is conveyed without distortion in sentences 3 and 5.

Answer: 35|53.

Answer: 35|53

Relevance: Current academic year

Rule: Determination of the main information of the text. Exercise 1

Task 1 requires the student to be able to carry out information processing of text.

It is always short in length, always only three sentences and always two correct answers.

This task, like the 2nd one, tests the students’ ability to grasp the logic of the development of the thoughts of the author of the text presented for analysis. At the same time, examinees must have an idea that the same information can be presented using different syntactic structures, and task 1 of control measuring materials aims students to use the entire wealth of syntactic structures available in their native language.

To solve task 1, you need to select main information proposed text. Then:

Condense this information into one sentence yourself;

Find at least one sentence that, in your opinion, contains ALL the information, and compare it with what you got;

Please note that in THREE of the five sentences the information will be:

a) distort the text by adding additions to it or violating cause-and-effect relationships;

b) incomplete, that is, it will convey the content correctly, but only partially;

c) too short.

Next we find the proposal, like two peas in a pod, similar in meaning to what we calculated. Same information. Same facts. But - by others syntactic constructions. For example, the attributive clause will be replaced participial phrase. Homogeneous predicates - participial phrases, etc.

Thus, we get two correct statements.

“History, the treasury of our deeds, a witness to the past, an example and lesson for the present, a warning for the future.”

Miguel de Cervantes

Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov (1912 - 1992) was born on October 1, 1912 in a family of poets of the Silver Age Nikolai Gumilyov And Anna Akhmatova.

WITH early childhood Lev Nikolaevich felt all the bitterness of the family and national tragedy at the turning point of history. At the age of nine, he loses his father, who was shot by security officers on false charges of anti-Soviet activity. Gumilev's childhood and youth passed during the years of revolution and civil war.

The two revolutions of 1917 changed the political face of the country beyond recognition. The February revolution, anarchic in its essence, which overthrew the tsarist government, sowed chaos and revived the destructive power of the mob, sooner or later had to result in bloody tragedy civil confrontation, which happened after the Bolsheviks came to power.

Since childhood, Gumilev was distinguished by curiosity and a critical mind. To a large extent, this circumstance was facilitated by classes with my father, famous poet beginning of the 20th century by Nikolai Gumilyov. Since childhood, Lev Nikolaevich
addicted to books. At first his grandmother read to him, and from the age of 7 he learned to read on his own. His first favorite authors were Jules Verne, Mine Reid, Alexandre Dumas, Walter Scott, Gustave Aimard, and other romantic writers. It was this passion for historical works that touched the children’s mind that became the starting point, which turned into the goal of Gumilyov’s entire life.

The path of a historian chosen by Gumilyov from childhood led him in 1934 to the history department of Leningrad University. However, he did not have time to finish it. In 1935, Gumilev was expelled from the university, and already in 1936 he was arrested, but was soon released and reinstated at the university. Gumilyov's studies did not last long. In 1938, he was again taken into custody, according to the standard for those
times accused of anti-Soviet activities and sentenced to five years. He was never allowed to serve out his sentence. Gumilyov's case was sent for further investigation, and the convict himself was transported to Leningrad. This is how Lev Nikolaevich ended up in “Kresty”.

Why this happened is simply explained. Someone at the top of the NKVD thought it was unworthy to simply condemn Gumilyov, and he demanded that he be brought under the “execution” article – “preparation of a terrorist act against the leaders of the country.” While in prison, Gumilyov continued to think about the events of the distant past. It was in “Crosses” that the idea matured in his mind “ passionarity ”, which later became the main theoretical component of Gumilyov’s historical views. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Gumilyov immediately began to rush to the front, but the camp authorities did not send him. In the end, Gumilyov was released in 1943 and immediately volunteered to go to war.

While still in Norilsk, where Gumilyov was serving his five-year camp sentence, for fun he wrote in prison jargon “ The history of the Netherlands' breakaway from Spain”, which became camp folklore for many years. This humorous work revealed not only Gumilyov’s historical insight, but also his wit. After the end of the war, Gumilyov took exams for a university course as an external student, and already in 1948 he successfully defended his PhD thesis on the history of the Khazar Kaganate. The defense of the candidate's dissertation was preceded by several months of work in Altai, on the expedition of the largest Soviet archaeologist Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko (1885 – 1969), engaged in research of the now world famous Pazyryk mounds . However, even defending his dissertation did not save Gumilyov from new charges and a new prison term. In 1949, he again found himself in the dock and received a ten-year sentence. Gumilev was released only in 1956.

Upon release, before last days During his life, Gumilyov persistently studied the history of peoples, which he defined as ethnology. His works did not fit into generally accepted concepts of the historical process, so Gumilyov was not published, kept silent, and sometimes defamed, calling his theories anti-scientific. Nevertheless, Gumilyov continued to work, creating A New Look on the past of humanity.

Scientific activities of L.N. Gumilyov started studying quite early. After moving in 1929 from Bezhetsk to Leningrad, and after due to social origin he is not accepted into the university, he starts working in different organizations. From 1929 to 1934, Gumilyov participated in summer geological, archaeological and biological expeditions. After the end of the Great Patriotic War, by the way, Gumilyov celebrated Victory Day in defeated Berlin, he returned to Leningrad and took exams for the fourth and fifth years of the university as an external student, and in 1946 he entered graduate school at the Institute of Oriental Studies. However, he was never allowed to complete his graduate studies.

On August 14, 1946, the infamous Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad” , which contained unbridled criticism Anna Akhmatova. As a result, she was expelled from the USSR Writers' Union. Accordingly, a period of new persecution began for Lev Gumilyov: he was expelled from graduate school and expelled from the Institute of Oriental Studies. Gumilyov spent the summer of 1948 on the Gorno-Altai archaeological expedition, upon return from which he received permission from the rector of Leningrad State University A.A. Voznesensky for the defense of a candidate's dissertation. Gumilyov chose as the topic of his dissertation “ Detailed political history first Turkic Khaganate”, which became decisive in the further scientific activity of Gumilyov, who devoted his entire life to studying the history of the ethnic groups inhabiting Eurasia.

Already in the first, in fact, scientific work, Gumilyov began to refute the established canons in relation to the history of the Turkic and other peoples of Eurasia. In his mind, a completely different story emerged, especially about the relationships between steppe, nomadic and sedentary peoples. The problem raised by Gumilev in his Ph.D. thesis was continued by him in subsequent works, about which we knew nothing for a long time. And only in the 1990s did we get the opportunity to come into contact with theories and
concepts that were banned.

One of them is concept of Eurasianism , the ideas of which are reflected in numerous works of Gumilyov. It should be noted that Gumilyov not only reflected the ideas of Eurasianism, but also largely contributed to the enrichment of its conceptual content. And here, first of all, we need to introduce such works of the scientist as “Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe”, “From Rus' to Russia. Essays on ethnic history”, “Khazaria and the Caspian Sea”, as well as works devoted to the history of the Turkic Kaganate and the Golden Horde. In all these works, Gumilev defended the idea that the history of the ancient peoples of the steppe has not been fully studied, and in the available sources, their historical path is reflected in a distorted form. Therefore, he said, it is necessary to study history not only from a socio-economic and political position, but, above all, from the point of view ethnogenesis . What did Gumilyov understand by this term? The scientist himself answered this question in his fundamental work “Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth”.

“Ethnogenesis, wrote Gumilyov, is a natural process, therefore, independent of the situation, formed as a result of the formation of culture. It can start at any moment; and if there is an existing barrier in his way - cultural integrity, he will break it or be broken against it. If it begins when “the land lies fallow,” the emerging ethnos creates its own culture as a way of its existence and development. In both cases, impulse is a blind force of natural energy, not controlled by anyone’s consciousness. ”.

In his subsequent works, Gumilev preached the concept according to which historical process determined by the natural course of development of the peoples inhabiting our planet. And here Gumilyov comes to the fore time , space , ethnos , and most importantly - passionarity . Speaking about space, Gumilev wrote: “ space is the first parameter that characterizes historical events " As for time, Gumilev believed that time is the second parameter in which the formation, development and decline of ethnic groups occurs. And why these processes occur, Gumilyov explained as follows: “ ...we can also hypothetically associate the beginning of ethnogenesis with the mechanism of mutation, as a result of which an ethnic “push” occurs, which then leads to the formation of new ethnic groups. The process of ethnogenesis is associated with a very specific genetic trait. Here we introduce new parameter ethnic history – passionarity " All of Gumilyov’s scientific activities were connected precisely with this concept. Through the prism passionarity he considered not only the history of ethnic groups, but also of states.

“Passionarity is a trait that arises as a result of mutation (passionary impulse) and forms within a population a certain number of people who have an increased desire for action. We will call such people passionaries “- this is what Gumilyov himself wrote, explaining the term he himself coined, which he himself introduced into scientific circulation, and which today has become one of the fundamental ones in solving the problems of ethnogenesis.

But not only the problems of ethnogenesis and Eurasianism interested Gumilyov. In his scientific activities, Gumilyov did everything possible to get rid of the preconceived misconception about nomadic peoples and their connections with Russia. Gumilev made a great contribution to rethinking the role and place of the Golden Horde in the history of medieval Eurasia. The idea, rooted in historiography, that the Golden Horde yoke threw Rus' back many centuries, according to Gumilyov, does not correspond to the truth. “ The alliance with the Tatars, Gumilyov wrote, turned out to be a blessing for Rus', from the point of view of establishing order within the country " Moreover, Gumilyov believed that only thanks to the Tatar army was Rus' able to maintain its independence and the opportunity to develop further without falling under the yoke of the Western crusaders. In support of this opinion, we give another quote from the same work of the scientist: “ Where they got involved Tatar troops“,” said Gumilyov, “the crusader onslaught quickly stopped. Thus, for the tax that Alexander Nevsky undertook to pay to Sarai, the capital of the new state on the Volga, Rus' received a reliable and strong army that defended not only Novgorod and Pskov. After all, in the same way, thanks to the Tatars in the 70s of the 13th century. Smolensk, which was under threat of capture by the Lithuanians, retained its independence... ”.

Gumilyov also did not trivially assess the relationship between Rus' and the Golden Horde. Here's what they wrote about this relationship: “ Moreover, the Russian principalities that accepted the alliance with the Horde completely retained their ideological independence and political independence. For example, after the victory in the Horde of the Muslim party represented by Berke, no one demanded that the Russians convert to Islam. This alone shows that Rus' was not a province of the Mongol ulus, but a country allied with the Great Khan, which paid some tax for the maintenance of the army, which it itself needed ”.

The result of Gumilyov’s scientific activity is impressive. He is the author of more than 220 works, including several monographs: “Xiongnu: Central Asia in Ancient Times” (1960), “Discovery of Khazaria: (Historical and geographical study)” (1966), “Ancient Turks” (1967), “Search for a fictional kingdom: The Legend of the “State of Prester John” (1970), “The Huns in China: Three centuries of China’s war with the steppe peoples” (1974), “Old Buryat painting: Historical subjects in the iconography of the Aginsky datsan”(1975). In the post-Soviet era, there was an incredible rise in the popularity of the scientist; his books began to be published in huge editions.

Summing up the results of the study of Gumilyov’s scientific activity, I would like to say the following: Lev Nikolaevich was and remains an outstanding theorist, whose views, hypotheses and concepts played and continue to play a key role in the study of the history of the Great Steppe, the Turkic Kaganate, Volga Bulgaria, the Golden Horde and the Russian state.

Today it is no longer possible to imagine history without Gumilev’s works; they have long been included in the golden fund of scientific thought not only in Russia, but throughout the whole world. Gumilyov's works are now published in many languages ​​of the world and are included in the collections of leading libraries and collections. At the same time, there are quite a few controversial points in the presentation of the scientist’s history, and discussions around the theory passionarity are still ongoing today. This is another confirmation that Gumilyov’s ideas are in demand by historical science.

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dPMZPE CHTENS HYUEOSCH-ECHTPRPGEOFTYUFSHCH, LBL Y LIFBEGEOFTYUFSHCH, UYUYFBMY GEOFTBMSHOHA ("CHSHCHUPLHA") BYYA ZTBOYGEK pKLHNEOSCH Y OE RTYDBCHBMY OBTPDBN, OBUEMSCHYN EE - ULIZHBN, FATLBN, IKHOOBN, NPOZPMBN Y TKHUULYN, - UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPZP OBYUEOYS. hTSD MY LFP CHETOP. rP UKHEEUFCHH, OBTPDSH, PVYFBCHYE ЪDEUSH, YZTBMY UCHPA TPMSH CH UFBOPCHMEOYY LHMSHFHTSCH Y RTPPHYCHPUFPSOY chPUFPLB Y ъBRBDB. sing UPUFBCHMSMY LBL VSH PUPVSHCHK TEZYPO CH LHMSHFKHTOPK YUFPTYY YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB, OE NEOEE CHBTSOSHCHK, YUEN LYFBKULIK Y ECHTPREKULIK. FP, YuFP POY ЪBOINBMYUSH VPMSHYE ULPFPCHPDUFCHPN, OETSEMY ENMEDEMYEN, OE NEYBMP TBCHYFYA YI YULHUUFCHB ABOUT BMFBE, CH DPMYOBY CHEMYLYI TEL: chPMZY, dPOB Y DOERTB, PB YYUBI CH NETSDKHTEYUSHSI USHTDBTSHY BNKHDBTSHY CH RTEDZPTSHSI FSOSH-YBOS. bFY OBTPDSCH U FPZP NNEOFB, LBL SING CHPYMY CH YUFPTYA, UPUFBCHMSMY UBNPUFPSPFEMSHOSHCHK TEZYPO TBCHYFYS YULHUUFCHB, YDEMPZYY, LLPOPNYYLY. y EUMY DP UYI RPT eChTPRB OE UFBMB YUBUFSHA lYFBS, YuFP NPZMP UMHYYFSHUS CH I Ch. (FBOULBS BZTEUUYS), FP LFP ЪBUMHZB IHOOPCH, FATPL, NPOZPMPCH Y TKHUULYI, CHUEZDB UFTENYCHYIUS L PVAEDYOEOYA DMS ЪBEIFSHUEVS PF YOPUFTBOOSCHI PLLHRBOFPCH. th LFP OBYUBMPUSH ЪB FSCHUSYUKH MEF DP OBYEK TBSH.

ABOUT THVETS IX VIII PHR. DP O.b. CH UFERSI GEOFTBMSHOPK BYYY UMPTSYMUS LPNRMELU LPYUECHSHI LFOPUPCH, CH LPFPTPN CHEDHEHA TPMSH YZTBMY IKHOOSCH, OP LHDB CHIPDAYMY DYOMYOSCH, DHOIKH (RTEDLY USOSHVYKGECH Y NPZPMPCH ), KHUKHOY Y LPYUECHSHCHE FYVEFGSHCH BNDP Y lHOSHMHOS. bFB UKHRETFOYUEULBS GEMPUFOPUFSH OBIPDIMBUSH H PRRPYGYY DTECHOENKH LYFBA Y YTBOPSCHYUOPNH FKHTBOKH (AEYUTSBN). RETCHSHCHE RSFSHUPF MEF, DP 209 Z. DP O.B., YUFPTYS LPYUECHOYLPCH RYUSHNEOOOSCHNY YUFPYUOILBNY OE PUCHEEOB, OP UPZMBUOP OBYEK NPDEMY ABOUT LFPF RETYPD YUFPTYY RBDBAF ZHBB R BUUYPOBTOPZP RPDYAENB LFOPZEOEB Y OBYUBMP ZHBSHCH BLNBFYUEULPK. lPOEG LFPC ZHBSH YJCHEUFEO U DPUFBFPYUOPK UFEREOSHA RPDTPVOPUFY. vPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH UYM IKHOOSCH FTBFYMY ABOUT PFTBTSEOYE IBOSHULPK BZTEUUYY, VMBZPDBTS YUENKH UNPZMY KHDETSBFSH OEBCHYUINPUFSH Y GEMPUFOPUFSH DETSBCHSHCH DP LPOGB I P.O. TBZTPNMEOOOSCH USOSHVYKGBNY CH 93 Z., IKHOOSCH TBULPMMYUSH ABOUT YUEFSHCHTE CHEFCHY, YJ LPFPTSCHI PDOB RETENEYBMBUSH U USOSHVYKGBNY, CHFPTBS PUEMB CH UENYTEYUSHE, FTEFSHS KHIMB CH e ChTPRKH, B YUEFCHETFBS ChPYMB Ch lYFBK Y FBN RPZYVMB.

rP RTYOSFPK OBNY FETNYOPMPZYY, LRPIB II-V CHCH. DMS CHUEI LFOPUPCH, CHIPDICHYI CH "IHOOULYK" UKHRETFOPU, VSHMB ZHBPK HRBDLB, RPUME LPFPTPK PUFBMYUSH OELPFPTSHCHE TEMYLFSHCH, OP IPD LFOPZEOEB RTECHBMUS.

chFPTK RPDYAEN YNEM NEUFP CH UETEDYOE VI CH. TEHMSHFBFPN EZP VSHMP UPJDBOYE FATLULPZP LBZBOBFB, PVAEDYOYCHYEZP CHEMILHA UFERSH PF mSPI DP dPOB. rP NBUYFBVBN FATLULYK LBZBOBF RTECHPUIPDIM IKHOULHA DETSBCHH, OP ЪB CHUE EZP DCHHIUPFMEFOEE UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYE CH OEN OEBNEFOSCH PVEEUFCHEOOSCH UDCHYZY. lPOUETCHBFYYN UYUFENSH MEZLP PVYASUOIN FEN, YUFP FATLY CHEMY OERTEUFBOOSCH CHPKOSH U YNRETYSNY UHK Y FBO, U YTBOPN Y bTBVULYN IBMJBFPN, B FBLCE U RPLPTEOOSCHNY, OP OE RP LPTYCHYYNYUS UFEROSHCHNY RMENEOBNY, PUPVEOOP U KHKZKHTTBNY. pDOBLP PVBSOYE "FATLULPZP CHYUOPZP UMS" VSHMP UFPMSH LZHZHELFYCHOP, YUFP NOPZIE DTECHOYE OTPDSCH UFERY: LSHRUBLY (RPMPCHGSHCH), LBOZBTSHCH (REYOOEOZY), LBTMHLY, LSHTTZSHCH (RPFPNLY DYOMYOPCH), FHTTLNEOSCH (RPFPNLY RBTZhSO) Y DBTSE NPOZPMPSCHYUOSCH LYDBOY - CHPURTYOSMY LHMSHFHTH, UCHPYI RPLPTYFEMEK Y UPITBOYMY ITS DBCE RPUME ZYVEMY FATPL CH 745 Z., CH OBYUBME ZHBSHCH YI YUFPTYYUEULPZP UHEEUFCHPCHBOYS.

UNEOYYE FATPL HKZHTSCH VSHMY OTPPDPN ITBVTSHCHN, OP OE BZTEUUYCHOSCHN. sing KHNEMY ЪBEEBFSH UCHPA UCHPVPDH, OP OE UFTENYMYUSH L ЪBCHPECHBOYSN. TsBDOP CHRYFSHCHBS YTBULHA (NBOIEKUFCHP) Y CHYBOFYKULHA (OUEFPTYBOUFCHP) ZHYMPUPZHYY, HKZHTSCH PLBBBMYUSH OE CH UPUFPSOY OMBBDYFSH RPTSDPL X EUVS DPNB, CHUMEDUFCHYE YuEZP UFBMY TSETFChPK EOYUEKULYI LSHTCZSHCHPCH CH 841-847 ZZ. xGEMECHYE PF TBZTPNB KHKZHTSCH URBUMYUSH CH PBYUSCH VBUUEKOB fBTYNB, ZDE TBUFCHPTYMYUSH UTEDY NEUFOSCHI TSYFEMEC, PUEDMSCHI VKHDDYUFPCH. h CHEMYLPK UFERY OBUFKHRYMB ZHBB PVULKHTBGYY (HRBDLB), RTDPDPMTSBCHYBSUS DP XII Ch., LPZDB OPCHSHCHK FPMYUPL CHP'OEU PDOPCHTENEOOOP YUTSKHTYUTSEOEK Y NPOZPMPCH - UPЪDBFEMEK OE FPM SHL UFEROPK, OP Y LPOFYEOFBMSHOPK YNRETYY.

oYUHFS OE NEOEE RTYNEYUBFEMSHOP PVEEE DMS CHUEI OBTPDPC GEOFTBMSHOPK BYY OERTYSFYE LYFBKULPK LHMSHFHTSCH. FATLY YNEMY UCHPA UPWUFCHOOHA YDEMPZYUEULHA UYUFENKH, LPFPTHA POY PFUEFMYCHP RTPPHYCHPRPUFBCHYMY LYFBKULPK. rPUME RBDEOYS CHFPTPZP LBZBOBFB CH BYYY OBUFKHRYMB LRPIB UNESCH CHETCH. fPZDB HKZHTSCH RTYOSMY NBOYIEKUFCHP, LBTMHLY - YUMBN, VBUNBMSH POZHFSCH - OEUFPTYBOUFCHP, FYVEFGSHCH - VKHDYYN CH EZP YODYKULPK ZHTNE, OP LYFBKULBS YDEMPZYS FBL OYLPZDB OE RETEYBZOKHMB YUETE CHEMILKHA UFEOH.

b FERETSH, LPZDB NSCH PVTYUPCHBMY PVEYE LPOFHTSCH FENSH, RPRTPVHEN RPTUMEDYFSH YUFPTYLP-LHMSHFKHTOSH LPMMYYY CHEMYLPK UFERY VPMEE RPDTPVOP.

1. ъБДББУБ rTPFYCHPRPUFBCHMEOYE "bBRBDDB" - "chPUFPLH" LBL LFOPPLHMSHFHTOSHCHI GEMPUFOPUFEK UMPTSYMPUSH EEE CH BOFYUOPUFY PFTBTSBMP HTPCHEOSH OBHLY FPZP READING. rPD "ъBRBDPN" FPZDB RPOINBMBUSH UMMYOP-TYNULBS LHMSHFKHTB, "chPUFPLPN" OBSCHCHBMBUSH RETUYS Y RPDCHMBUFOSH EK UENYFULYE Y LBCHLBULYE OBTPDSH. pVB OBCHBOYS VSCHMY Y PUFBMYUSH HUMPCHOSCHNY FETNYOBNY, OE UCHSBOOSHNY U ZEPZTBJEK.

fBL, nBTPLLP METSYF ЪBRBDOOEE yFBMYY, OP CHUEZDB RTYYUYUMSMPUSH L "chPUFPLH". oP LFP OEUHEEUFCHEOOP, EUMY ЪBTBOEE HUMPCHYFSHUS P OBYUEOYY FETNYOPCH, CHBTSOEE DTHZPE: "ъBRBD" CH UPCHTENEOOPN RPOINBOY - LFP TPNBOP-ZETNBOULBS eChTPRB U ЪBPLEBO ULYNY RTDPDPMTSEOYSNY H BNETYLE Y bCHUFTBMYY, B "chPUFPLPCH" OE PDYO, B NOPZP.

lYFBK, YODYS, yTBO, UYTS U EZYRFPN Y UECHETOPK bZHTYLPK PFMYUBAFUS DTHZ PF DTHZB OE NEOSHIE, YUEN PF ECHTPRSCH. dPMZPE CHTENS vBMLBOULYK RPMKHPUFTPC, ЪБЧПЭЧБУШК ФХТЛБНИ, И ТПУУС, РПДУОООБС ъПМПФПК ПТДЭ, OE CHLMAYUBMYUSH CH RPOSFYE "ъBRBD", B OEUIPDUFChP nPOZPMYY U LYFBEN VSC MP CHUEZDB OBUFPMSHLP PYUECHYDOSCHN, YuFP LYFBKGSHCH III Part DP O.b. RPUFTPIMY CHEMYLHA UFEOH, YUFPVSH PFDEMYFSHUS PF LPYUECHOILPC CHEMYLPK UFERY, RTPFSOHCHYEKUS PF nBOSHYUTSKHTYY DP lBTRBF Y DBTSE rBOOPOY. fBL LKhDB RTYUYUMYFSH CHEMYLHA UFERSH Y RTYNSCHLBAEKHA L OEK MEUOKHA ЪPOKH - FBKZH: L "bBRBDKH" YMY "chPUFPLH"? rP-CHYDYNPNKH, GEMEUPPVTBOBOP CHSCHOUFY EE LBL PFDEMSHOHA PF FPZP Y DTHZPZP, UBNPUFPSFEMSHOKHA GEMPUFOPUFSH, LPFPTBS Y SCHYFUS RTEDNEFPN OBEZP YUUMEDPCHBOYS. fPMSHLP CH LFPN UMKHYUBE KHZPM ЪTEOYS OE VHDEF RTPFPYCHPTEYUYFSH ZBLFBN YUFPTYY LFOPUPCH YYUFPTYY LHMSHFHTSCH.

rTYUFBMSHOPE YHYUEOYE LPYUECHPK LHMSHFHTSCH echTBYY FBYMP TSD OEPTSYDBOOPUFEK, ABOUT YFP PVTBFYMY CHOINBOYE UOBYUBMB TKHUULYE, B CHUMED UB OINY ZHTBOGKHULYE PTYEOF BMYUFSCH. sing RETEUFBMY UYYFBFSH tPUUYA "ЪБДЧПТЛБНЯ ЭЧТПРШ", B nPOZPMYA - RETYZHETYEK lYFBS. oBPVPTPF, UFBMP SUOP, YuFP YUFPTYYUEULYE OBLPOPNETOPUFY TBCHYFYS UETEDYOSCH LPOFYEOFB, EZP ЪBRBDOPK Y CHPUFPYUOPK PLTBYO, MEUOPK Y UFEROPK Kommersant YNEAF PVEYE YUETFSHCH, FPYUOOEE, UCHPA UREGYZHYLKH LHMSHFHTSCH, LPFPTBS TELP PFMYUBEF LFPF TEZYPO Y PF "bBRBDB" Y PF "chPUFPLB".

ьFPF FEYU, PYUECHYDOSHCHK UREGYBMYUFBN, CHSHCHCHBM OEDPCHETYE FAIRIES, LFP RTYCHSHL RTEDCHSFPK UIENE, KHUFBTECHYEK HTSE CH UTEDOYE CHELB. bFP REYUBMSHOP, OP OE HDYCHYFEMSHOP. CHEDSH DBCE MADI RP-UCHPENKH PVTBPCHBOOSCHE UYFBMY, UFP POY TSYCHHF ABOUT RMPULPK ENME, B RPFPN, UPZMBUYCHYYUSH, UFP ENMS YBTPPVTBIOB, RPMBZBMY, UFP POB METSIF CH GEOFTE N YTB, B uPMOGE Y RMBOEFSHCHTBEBAFUS CHPLTHZ OEE. CHURPNOYN, YuFP CH OBYEN CHELE CH BNETYLE YNEM NEUFP "PVEISHSOYK" UKHDEVOSHCHK RTPGEUU: KHYUFEMS YLPMSCH UKHDYMY ЪB YЪMPTSEOYE CHZMSDPCH dBTCHYOB.

xYOOSHCH RYYHF LOYZY OE DTHZ DMS DTHZB, B DMS YYTPLZP YUFBFEMS. rПФПНХ OEPVIPDYNB UFTPZBS BTZKHNEOFBGYS, RPDTPVOPE YЪMPTSEOYE UPVSHCHFYK YUFPTYY YUEFLPE PVPVEEOYE, DBVSH YUFBFEMSH OE KHFPOHM CH LBMEKDPULPRE DBF, ZBLFPCH Y LLPFIYUEULLY OBCHBOYK. lBL LFP UPCHNEUFYFSH?

bChFPT LFYI UFTPL CHSMUS ЪB FBLKHA ЪBDБУХ. at 1930 Z. RP UYE CHTENS BY UPVYTBM NBFETYBM Y RYUBM P DESOSI IKHOOPCH, FATPL, IBBT Y NPOZPMPCH. EZP FTHD CHSHCHMYMUS CH UPJDBOYE "UFEROPK FTYMPZYY", PRHVMYLPCHBOOPC CH UENY LOYZBI Y UFB RSFYDEUSFY UFBFSHSI . uFBFSHY CHSHRPMOSMY TPMSH LBNOEK, J LPFPTSCHI ULMBDSHCHBMUS ZHKHODBNEOF YDBOYS; LOYZY VSHMY UFEOBNY, B OBUFPSEIK PUETL - LTPCHMS, CHEOYUBAEBS RPMKHCHELPCHHA TBVPFH.

yNEOOOP LFP YETTBTIYUUEULPE RPUFTPEOYE RPЪCHPMYMP YЪVETSBFSH RETEOBUSHEEOOPUFY VYVMYPZTBZHYEK, LPFPTBS RPMOPUFSHHA RTYCHEDEOB H YUBUFOSCHI UFBFSHSI Y NPOPZTBZHYSI. ABOUT LFY CHURPNPZBFEMSHOSH TBVPFSH RTYCHEDEOSH PFUSCHMPYUOSCH UPULY, Y LTYFYLH MEZLP RTPCHETYFSH IPD NSHUMY BCHFPTB.

lTPNE FPZP, PLBBBMPUSH OEPVIPDYNSCHN YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH FTBLFBF "LFOPZEOYY VYPUZHETB ENMY" (Moscow, Moscow, 1989).

fBLYN PVTBBPN, DBOOBS TBVPFB RTEDUFBCHMSEF PRSHCHF YUFPTYLP-ZEPZTBZHYUEULPZP UYOFEEB, RPUCHSEOOOPZP RTPVMENE PVASUOEOYS FENOSHI CHPRTPUPCH ZEOYUB LHMSHFHTSHY YULHUUFCHB nPOZPMYY CH DTECHOPUFY Y UTEDOECHELPCHSHE. th POB ЪBCHETYBEF YUUMEDPCHBOYE, YVP DMS YULHUUFChPCHEDB Y LHMSHFHTPMPZB VHDEF CHUEZP MYYSH RPDURPTSHEN, UFHREOSHA DMS DBMSHOEKYI PFLTSCHFYK Y PBTEOYK. yULTEOOE TsEMBA VKHDHEIN YUFPTYILBN LHMSHFKhTSCH HUREYB Y OBDEAUSH ABOUT VMBZPDBTOPUFSH RPFPNLPCH, TBDI LPFPTSCHI BCHFPT TBVPFBM CHUA TSYOSH.

2. uFTBOB Y CHPDKHI. FPF ZBLF, YuFP TBOPPVTBYE UFYMEK Y ChPDEKUFCHYK YЪPVTBYFEMSHOPZP YULHUUFCHB ABOUT ЪTYFEMS YNEEF NEUFP KH CHUEI OBTPDPC Y DBTSE KH PDOPZP Y FPZP TSE OBTPDB CH T BOOSCHI ZHBBI EZP UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYS, PFNEYUEO DBCHOP, OP FPMLPChP FP PVIASOOEOYS LFPNH ZHEOPNEOH OEF. fBL LBL NPOZPMSHULYK PTOBNEOF LTBKOE UREGYZHYYUEO Y PFMYUBEFUS PF PTOBNEOPCH UPUEDOYI UFTBO, FP KHNEUFOP ЪBDBFSH CHPRTPU "B RPYUENH?" Part XVII-XVIII Part. About BFP PFCHEUBMY RTPUFP: TBS Zepztbjyuyuulbs Ducks Zhptnythef Tboye Ruiyuyulye Ulmbdschop, Medpchbphemshop, methoyuyopk TBOPPVTBYS LHMSHFHT. bFB FEPTYS OBSCCHBEFUS ZEPZTBJYUEULYN DEFETNYOYNPN. UPЪDBOB POB vPDYOPN (Part XVI Ch.), TBCHYFB nPOFEULSHE (Part XVIII Ch.), ZETDETPN Y ABOUT UBRBDE RPMSH'HEFUS RPRKHMSTOPUFSHA DBCE Ch XX Ch.

FEPTYS LFB RTPUFB Y RPPFPNKH UPVMBYFEMSHOB, OP OBDP RPNOIFSH, YuFP RTPUFPFB - BOFYRPD YUFYOSCH. OBRTYNET, RTYTPDOSH HUMPCHYS ъBRBDOPK ECHTPRSH Y sRPPOY UFBVYMSHOSHCH, FBL LBL PNSCHCHBAEYE YI NPTS UNSZYUBAF LPMEVBOYS LMYNBFB, B RYЪPDYUUEULYE RPCHSHCHYEOOSH KHCHMBTSOEOYS , IPFS POY Y RTYOPUSF OELPFPTSHCHE VEDUFCHYS, OEDPUFBFPYUOSCH, YUFPVSH OBTHYYFSH YOETGYA LHMSHFKHTOPK DPNYOBOFSCH, FP EUFSH NOPZPCHELPCHHA FTBDYGYA. b FEN OE NEOEE FTBDYGYY UNEOSAF PDOB DTHZHA: ABOUT HTPCHOE UKHRETFOPUB - LMBUUYUEULBS BOFYUOPUFSH MMBDSH Y TYNB UNEOYMB DTECHOAA LHMSHFKHTH REMBUZPCH Y FTHULPC, B UBN B KHUFKHRYMB NEUFP CHYBOFYKULPK ABOUT CHPUFPLE Y TPNBOP-ZETNBOULPK ABOUT UBRBDE. th ABOUT HTPCHOE YЪPMYTPCHBOOPZP LFOPUB, OBRTYNET H sRPOYY, ABOUT UNEOKH LHTZBOOPK LRPIE ChPYOUFCHEOOSCHI SNB-FP RTYYMB LRPIB BLFYCHOPZP UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB VKHDYKULYI RBZPD Y IT BNPC, LPFPTBBS PLPOYUYUMBUSH LTYUFBMMYBGYEK UTEDOECHELPCHPK SRPOULPK LHMSHFHTSCH CH FPN LMBUUYUEULPN CHYDE, CH LBLPN POB RPRBMB CH RPME ЪTEOYS ECHTPREKGECH XVIII Part fBN POB CHPURTYOYNBMBUSH LBL LBLPFYLB, YUKhDBYUEUFCHP OBTPDB, KHEDYOYCHYEZPUS ABOUT PUFTPCBI PF CHUEZP GYCHYMYYPCHBOOPZP NYTB. OP ЪB LBLYE-FP UFP RSFSHDEUSF-DCHEUFY MEF PF LFYI RTEDUFBCHMEOYK OE PUFBMPUSH Y UMEDB - RTPYЪPYMP "SRPOULPE YUKhDP", Y SRPOGSH HTSE OE HYUBFUS, B UBNY HYUBF "GYCHYMYY" JPCHBOOSCHK NYT", RTYUEN OE FPMSHLP CH RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFY, OP Y CH MYFETBFKHTE, TSYCHPRYUY Y CH LYOENBFPZTBZHE. sRPOULBS LHMSHFHTB DEMBEF FTEFYK CHYFPL. mBODIBZhF FHF OH RTY YUEN.

OP, NPTSEF VSHCHFSH, CH GEOFTE echTBYKULPZP LPOFYEOFB, ZDE DYBRBPO LMYNBFYUEULYI LPMEVBOYK LKHDB VPMSHYE, ZDE RPUFPSOOP YUETEDHAFUS CHELPCHSHCHE BUKHIY U LRPIBNY RPCHSHCHYE OOPZP KHCHMBTSOOYS, DEMP PWUFPYF YOBYUE? rTPCHETYN Y FP CHPNPTsOPE PVASUOOYE, PRYTBSUSH ABOUT UPVUFCHOOOSCH YUUMEDPCHBOYS.

rPUTEDYOE echTBYKULPZP LPOFYEOFB, PF huUUHTY DP dHOBS, FSOEFUS CHEMILBS UFERSH, PLBKNMEOOBS U UECHTB UYVYTULPK FBKZPK, B U AZB - ZPTOSCHNY ITEVFBNY; bFB ZEPZTBJYUEULBS ЪPOB DEMYFUS ABOUT DCH RPMPCHYOSCH, OERPIPTSYE DTKhZ ABOUT DTHZB. chPUFPYUOBS RPMPCHYOB OBSHCHBEFUS chOKHFTEOOOEK BIJEK - CH OEK TBURPMPTSEOSCH nPOZPMYS, dTsKHOZBTYS Y chPUFPYUOSCHK fHTLEUFBO. PF UYVYYYY PFDEMSAF ITEVFSCH UBSOULYK, iBNBT-dBVBO Y sVMPOPCCHCHK, PF FYVEFB - lHOSHMHO Y OBOSHRBOSH, PF LYFBS - CHEMILBS UFEOB, FPYuOP RTPchedeoobs NETSDH UHIPK UFERSHA Y UHV FTPRYLBNY UECHETOPZP lYFBS, B PF ЪBRBDOPK RPMPCHYOSCH - zPTOSHK bMFBK, fBTVBZBFBK, UBKHT Y ъBRBDOSCHK fSOSH -yBOSH. fP TSEUFLP PYUETYUEOOOSCHK ZEPZTBZHYUEULYK TEZYPO, OP LHMSHFKHTOSHCHPDEKUFCHYS MEZLP RETEYBZYCHBAF ЪB ZEPZTBZHYUEULYE ZTBOYGSCH .

ъBRBDOBS YUBUFSH CHEMYLPK UFERY LBL CHNEEBAYK MBODYBZhF LHMSHFKHTOPZP BTEBMB CHLMAYUBEF OE FPMSHLP OSCHOEYOYK lBBBIUFBO, OP Y UFERY rtyyuetOPNPTSHS Y DBTSE, CH PFDEMSHOSHE RETYPDSH YUFPTYY, CHEOSETULHA RHYFH. UFPYULY ЪTEOYS ZEPZTBZHYY XIX Part LFB UFERSH - RTDPDPMTSEOYE CHPUFPYUOPK UFERY, OP "ABOUT UBNPN DEME LFP OE FBL, YVP OBDP KHYUFSHCHBFSH OE FPMSHLP IBTBLFET RPCHETIOPUFY ENMY, OP Y CHPDKHI ".

bFNPUZHETOSHCHE FPLY, OEUKHEYE DPTsDECHSHCHE YMY UOETSOSCHE FHYUY, YNEAF UCPA ЪBLPOPNETOPUFSH. GYLMPOSH U bFMBOFYLY DPOPUSF CHMBZH DP ZPTOPZP VBTSHETB, -PFDEMSAEEZP CHPUFPYUOHA UFERSH PF ЪBRBDOPK. OBD nPOZPMYEK CHYUYF PZTPNOSHCHK BOFYGYILMPO, OE RTPRHULBAEYK CHMBTSOSHI EBRBDOSHCH CHEFTPCH. ON OECHYDYN, YVP RTPTBYUEO, Y Yuete OEZP MEZLP RTPIPDSF UPMOEUSHE MHYUY, TBULBMSAEYE RPCHETIOPUFSH ENMY. rППФПНХ ЪНПК ЪДЭУШ ШЧШЧРБДБЭФ НБМП УЭЗБ, й ФТБЧПДОСЧ ЦИЧПФОШЧ НПЗХФ TBЪЗТЭВБФШ EЗП й ДПВШЧЧБФШ LPTN - UKHIHA LBMPTYKOHA FTBCHH. CHEUOPK TBULBMEOOBS RPYUCHB TBBNSHCHBEF OYTSOYE UMPI CHPDHIB, VMBZPDBTS YUENH CH ЪBBPT CHFPZBEFUS CHMBTSOSCHK CHPDKHI YYYYTYYY, ABOUT AZE, FIPPLEBOULYE NHUUPO Shch. ьFPK CHMBZY DPUFBFPYuOP, YUFPVSH UFERSH ЪББЪМЭОЭМБ ЪПВеУРИУМБ ЛПРШЧФОСХИ ЛПТНН О CHEUSH ZPD. b FBN, ZDE USCHF ULPF, RTPGCHEFBAF Y MADI. CHPF RPYUENH YNEOOP CH CHPUFPYUOPK UFERY UPJDBCHBMYUSH NPZHYUYE DETSBCHSH IKHOOPCH, FATPL, KHKZHT Y NPZPMPCH.

b ABOUT ЪBRBD UFERY UOETSOSCHK RPLTPCH RTECHSHCHYBEF 30 UN Y, IHTSE FPZP, PE CHTENS PFFEREMEK PVTBKHEF PUEOSH RTPYuOSCHK OBUF. fPZDB ULPF ZYVOEF PF VEULPTNYGSHCH. rППФПНХ УЛПФПЧПДШЧЧХХЦДЭОШЧ О МЭПП, ПВШУП УХИП, ЗПОСФШ УЛПФ ABOUT ZPTOSHCHE RBUFVIEB - DTSEKMSKH, YuFP DEMBEF NPMPDETSSH, B UFBTYLY ЪBZPFBCHMYCHBAF ABOUT JINH UEOP. fBL, DBCE RPMPCHGSH YNEMY UCHPY RPUFPSOOSHE ЪYNPCHLY, FP EUFSH PUEDMSCHE RPUEMEOYS, Y RPFPNKH OBIPDIMYUSH CH UBCHYUYNPUFY PF DTECHOETHUULYI LOSJEK, YVP, MYYEOOOSCH UCHPVPDSCH RETEDCHYTSEOYS RP UFERSN, POY OE NPZMY HLMPOSFSHUS PF HDBTPCH TEZKHMSTOSCHI CHPKUL. chPF RPYENH CH ЪBRBDOPK RPMPCHYOE CHEMYLPK UFERY UMPTSYMUS YOPK VSCHF Y YOPE PVEEUFCHOOPE KHUFTPKUFCHP, OETSEMY CH CHPUFPYUOPK RPMPCHYOE .

OP CH NYTE OEF OYUEZP RPUFPSOOPZP. GYLMPOSH Y NHUUPOSCH YOPZDB UNEEBAF UCHPE OBRTBCHMEOYE Y FELHF OE RP UFERY, B RP MEUOPK ЪPOE LPOFYEOFB, B YOPZDB DBTSE RP RPMSTOPK, FP EUFSH RP FKHODTE. fPZDB KHLBS RPMPUB LBNEOYUFPK RKHUFSHCHOY ZPVI Y RKHUFSHHOY VEF-rBLDBMB TBUYYTSEFUS Y PFFEUOSEF ZHMPTH, B UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, Y ZHBHOKH ABOUT UECHET, L UYVYTY, Y ABOUT AZ, L LYFBA Y uPZDYBOYE. CHUMED ЪБ ЦИЧПФОШНИ ХИПДСФ І МАДІ "Ч РПИУЛБИ ЧПДШШ І ФТБЧШШ" , Ъ ЪФОВИУUEУЛЕ ЛПОФБЛФШЧ Ъ РМПДПФЧПТОШНY UFBOPCHSFUS FTBZYUOSCHNY.

ъB RPUMEDOYE DCH FSCHUSYU MEF CHELPCHBS ЪBUHIB RPUFYZMB CHEMYLHA UFERSH FTYTSDSCH - PE II-III CHCH., and CH. Y XVI CH., - Y LBTSDSCHK TB UFERSH RHUFEMB, B MADI MYVP TBUUEYCHBMYUSH, MY VP RPZYVBMY. OP LBL FPMSHLP GYLMPOSH Y NHUUPOSCH CHPCHTBEBMYUSH ABOUT RTYCHSHCHYUOSCH RHFY, FTBCHB PDECHBMB TBULBMEOOKHA RPYUCHKH, TSYCHPFOSHCH LPTNYMYUSH EA, B MADI UOPCHB PVTEFBMY RTYCHSHCHUOSCHK VSCHF Y YPVIMYE.

OP CHPF YuFP CHBTsOP: ZTBODYPЪOSCHE UFIYYKOSHCHES VEDUFCHYS OE CHMYSMY OH ABOUT LHMSHFKHTH, OH ABOUT LFOPZEOY. sing ChP'DEKUFCHPCHBMY FPMSHLP O IP'SKUFChP, B YUETE OEZP - ABOUT HTPCHEOSH ZPUKHDBTUFCHOOOPK NPEY LPYUECHSHI DETSBCH, YVP FE UMBVEMY CH LLPOPNYYUEULPN Y CHPEOOPN PFOPEYOSI, OP CH PUUFBOBCHMYCHBMYUSH, LBL FPMSHLP HUMPCHYS TSYJOY RTYVMYTSBMYUSH L PRFYNBMSHOSHCHN. CHPF RPYUENH RTYOGYR ZEPZTBZHYUEULPZP DEFETNYOYNB OE CHSHCHDETTSBM RTPCHETLY ZBLFBNY. CHEDSH EUMY VSC ZEPZTBZHYUEULYI HUMPCHYK VSHMP DPUFBFPYUOP DMS RPOINBOYS ZHEOPNEOB, FP CH YUFPTYYUEULPN CHTENEY RTY UPITBOOOY KHUFPKYUYCHPZP MBODYBZHFB OE CHP'OILBMP VSC OILBLYI YЪNEOOYK, OE RPSCHYMPUSH VSC OPCHSHHI OBTPDPCH, U OPCHSHNYY NYTPCHPKYTEOOYSNYY OPCHSHCHNYYUFEFYUEULYY LBOPOBNYY. th OE VSHMP VSC TBCHYFYS, RPFPNH YuFP RBUFSHVB PCHEG OE FTEVHEF TBCHYFYS FEIOIL.

pChGB IPDYF RP UFERY Y EUF FTBCHH, B UPVBLB PCHGH PITBOSEF. mHYUYE OE RTYDHNBFSH, Y, OBYUIF, OHTSEO OE RTPZTEUU, B BUFPK. OP ABOUT UBNPN DEM OYLBLPZP ЪBUFPS CH CHEMYLPK UFERY OE VSHMP. OBTPDSH FBN TBCHYCHBMYUSH OE NEOEE VHTOP, YUEN CH ENMEDEMSHIUEULYI TBKPOBI ъBRBDDB Y chPUFPLB . UPGYBMSHOSHE UDCHYZY VSHCHMY, IPFSH Y OERPIPTSYE ABOUT ECHTPREKULYE, OP OE NEOEE OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHE, B FOPZEOE YYEM RP FPK TSE UIENE, LBL Y PE CHUEN NYTE.

MEZEODB P RTEUMPCHKhFPK OEURPUPVOPUFY LPYUECHOYLPCH L CHPURTYSFYA LHMSHFKHTSCH Y FChPTYUEUFCHH - LFP "YUETOBS MEZEODB". lPYUECHOILY CHEMYLPK UFERY YZTBMY CH YUFPTYYY LHMSHFHTE YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB OE NEOSHYHA TPMSH, YUEN ECHTPREKGSCHY LIFBKGSHCH, EZYRFSOE, BGFELY YOLY. fPMSHLP TPMSH YI VSHMB PUPVPK, PTYZYOBMSHOPK, LBL, CHRTPYUEN, KH LBTSDPZP LFOPUB YMY UKHRETFOPUB, Y DPMZPE CHTENS EE OE NPZMY TBZBDBFSH. fPMSHLP ЪB RPUMEDOYE DCHB CHELB TKHUULYN HYUEOSCHN - ZEPZTBZHBN Y CHPUFPLPCHEDBN - KHDBMPUSH RTYRPDOSFSH RPLTSCHCHBMP yYYDSCH Y OBD bfpk RTPVMENPK, BLFHBMSHOPUFLPPTPK OEUP NOOOOB.

dMS FPZP YUFPVSH RPUMEDHAEIK YUFPTYYUEULYK BOBMYY LFOPMPZYUEULYK UYOFE VSHCHMY HUREYOSCH, OEPVIPDYNP RTYOSFSH Y UPVMADBFSH PDOP (FPMSHLP PDOP!) PZTBOYUCHBAEE X UMPCHYE - CHEUFY RPCHEUFCHPCHBOYE ABOUT ЪBDBOOPN HTPCHOE. rPOSFYE HTPCHOS YUUMEDPCHBOYS YJCHEUFOP CHUEN EUFEUFCHPYURSHCHFBFEMSN, OP OE RTYNEOSEFUS CH ZHNBOIFBTOSCHI OBHLBI. th UTS! dMS YUFPTYY POP PUEOSH RPMEЪOP.

pVASUOIN FEYU YUETE PVTB. YYHYUBFSH ЪCHEDOPE OEVP YUETE NYLTPULPR - VEUUNSHUMEOOP. yUBBLYECHULYK UPVPT - FPCE. dB Y YUEMPCHELB YMY EZP LBYOE MHYUYE OBVMADBFSH RTPUFSHN ZMBBPN. OP DMS YHYUEOYS VBLFETYK NYLTPULPR OEPVIPDYN. fBL Y CH YUFPTYY. fBN, ZDE FTEVHEFUS YTPFB CHZMSDB, OBRTYNET DMS HSUOOOYS UHDSHVSH LFOPUB YMY UKHRETFOPUB (UYUFENSH YOULPMSHLYI LFOPUPCH), TBCHOP LBL UFYMS - ZPFYLY YMY VBTPLLP , - NEMLYE PFMJUYS OE YNEAF OBYUEOYS. b RTY RPCHSHCHYEOYY FTEVPCHBOYK L RPDTPVOPUFY (ULTHRHMEOPUFY) NPTsOP PRYUBFSH OE FPMSHLP, DPRKHUFYN, BNZHPTKH, OP DBCE PFVYFSHCHK PF OEE YUETERPL. pDOBLP ABOUT LFPN HTPCHOE NSCH LFOPUB OE EBNEFYN, LBL NHTBCHEK OE CHIDYF nPOVMBOB.

chShchVPT HTPCHOS PRTEDEMSEFUS RPUFBCHMEOOOPK ЪBDBUEK. OBN OHTsOP PICHBFYFSH RTPNETSKHFPL CH FTY FSHCHUSYU MEF - nPOZPMYA Y UPRTEDEMSHOSHE UFTBOSH (RPUMEDOYE - DMS UBNPLPOFTPMS Y RPRPMOOYS YOZHPTNBGYY). OYCE bFPZP HTPCHOS VHDHF HTPCHOY BFPNOSHCHK, NPMELHMSTOSHCHK, LMEFPYUOSCHK, PTZBOYNEOOSHCHK Y RETUPOBMSHOSCHK, ZTBOYUBEIK U UHVFOYUEULN. b CHCHYE - RPRHMSGYPOOSCHK, CHYDPPCHPK (PFOPUSEYKUS HCE L VYPMPZYY), VYPUZHETOSHCHK Y, OBLPOEG, RMBOEFBTOSCHK. dMS OBYEK TBVPFSHOY OYTSOYE, OH CHETIOYE KHTPCHOY OE OHTSOSCH, IPFS ЪБВШЧЧБФШ POYI OE UMEDHEF. ъБ OYNY NPTsOP UMEDYFSH "VPLPCHSHCHN ЪTEOYEN", FP EUFSH KHYYFSHCHBFSH RP NETE OBDPVOPUFY. Eumi Yuifbfemsh Untr Chuen Chuen Chechen Chechen, NPTSOP RTIMBUIFSH RPZTHYFSHUS CH RTPPPIMPA, DMS OBNPN PVPVEOOOOPN Khtpchoy - Mbodzhfop -RPRHMSGYPOPOPOPOPOPOPOP.

3. YUFPTYS RTYTPDSCH YYUFPTYS MADEK. pVB ZHEOPNEOB YNEAF UPVUFCHEOOSCH ЪBLPOPNETOPUFY. bFOPZEOY - RTPGEUU RTYTPDOSHCHK. BY YDEF RP IPDH READING Y OEPVTBFYN, LBL CHUE RTPGEUUSCH VYPUZHETSCH. according to CHP'OILBEF CHUMEDUFCHYE RTYTPDOSHCHY SCHMEOYK, RPLB EEE OE CHSHSUOOOSCHI DP LPOGB, Y CHEDEF UEWS RPDPVOP FETNPDYOBNYUEULPK UYUFENE, UOBYUBMB TBUYYTSS BTEBM, B RPFPN RPUFEREOOP FET SS UYMKH RETCHPOBUBMSHOPZP YNRKHMSHUB - "FPMYULB" Y UMYCHBSUSH U PLTHTSBAEEK UTEDPK CH RPDCHYTSOPN TBCHOPCHEUYY - ZPNEPUFBYE. UBN RP UEVE ON OE PUFBCHMSEF UMEDPCH, І NSH OE OBMY VSCH P UKHEEUFCHPCHBOY FBLYI SCHMEOYK, EUMY VSC YI OOETZYS OE ZHYLUYTPCHBMBUSH CH RBNSFOILBI LHMSHFHTSCH - FEIOILY, YUL KHUUFCHB Y RYUSHNEOOPUFY. b LFP HCE OE YUFPTYS RTYTPDSCH, B YUFPTYS MADEK, FPYUOEEE, Y'DEMYK THL Y KHNPCH MADULYI, FP EUFSH FEIOPUZHETSCH.

h PFMYYUYE PF RTYTPDOSCHI ZHEOPNEOPCH UPJDBOOSCH MADSHNY RTEDNEFSCH OE NPZHF UBNPCHPURTPYCHPDYFSHUS Y RTYURPUPVMSFSHUS L PLTHTSBAEEK UTEDE. sing NPZHF FPMSHLP UPITBOSFSHUS YMY TBTYBFSHUS, OP ЪBFP CH VMBZPRTYSFOSHI HUMPCHYSI SING OE RPDCHMBUFOSHCH CHUEYUFTEVMSAEENKH READING. rППФПНХ SING ITBOSF YOZHPTNBGYA, ЪБМПЦЕОХА Х OYI YI UPЪDBFEMSNY - NBUFETBNY, ЪPDYUNY, IHDPTSOILBNY. fPMSHLP POY, DESFEMY LHMSHFHTSCH, UDEMBMY CHPNPTsOPK OBHLH YUFPTYA, TBUYYYCHYKHA PVMBUFSH RTYNEOOYS YuEMPCHYUEULPZP YOFEMMELFB ABOUT DEUSFLY FSCHUSYUEMEFYK, CH UBNSHCH ZMKHV YOSCH RBMEPMYFB - TSJOY OBUYI RTEDLPCH.

fY DTECHOYE YEDECHTSCH, DPVSHCHFSHCHE BTIEMPZBNY, CHSHCHCHBAF PDOPCHTEENOOOP CHPUFPTZ Y DPUBDH. "nPTFYNET KHYMET UTBCHOYCHBEF BTIEPMPZYA VEЪ DBF U TSEMEЪOPDTPTTSOSCHN TBURYUBOYEN VEY KHLBBOYS READING" . th ChTSD MY RTBCH EZP PRRPOOF, RPMBZBAEIK, YuFP FBLPE TBURYUBOYE MKHYYE PFUHFUFCHYS CHUSLPZP TBURYUBOYS . dBFYTPCHLY RBNSFOYLPCH NPZHF VSHFSH PYYVPYUOSCHNY, LMBUUYZHYLBGYS YI - UMKHYUBKOPK, B YOFETRTEFBGYS - RTEDCHSFPK. lFP OE VTPUBEF FEOY ABOUT BTIEMPZYA RBMEPMYFB Y OEPMYFB, OP FPMSHLP PYUETYUYCHBEF ZTBOYGSCH EER,.CHPNPTSOPUFEK. fBN, ZDE OEF DBF Y YNEO, RETED OBNY EEE OE YUFPTYS, B RTEDSHUFPTYS. OP LBL FPMSHLP RPSCHMSAFUS FE Y DTKHZIE - YUFPTYL ABOUT LPOE, BY UTSBF FEUOSCHN DPUREIPN TSEUFLPK YOZHPTNBGYY, PUFBCHMSAEEK ENKH RTBCHP ABOUT CHPPVTBTSEOYE, OP OE ABOUT VEURPUCHOOKHA ZhBO FBYA.

YuFPTYS CHEMYLPK UFERY, DPMZPE CHTENS OE YNECHYEK UPVUFCHOOOPK RYUSHNEOOPUFY, OBUYOBEFUS U FTHDPCH DCHHI CHEMILYYUFPTYLPCH DTECHOPUFY - zETPDPFB Y USCHNB GSOS. pVB POY TBURPMBZBMY YUFPYUOILBNY, OSHCHOE KHFBUEOOSCHNY, Y RETEDBMY OBN UCHEDEOYS P ULIZHBI, DYOMYOBY Y RTEDLBY IKHOOPCH. fY UCHEDEOYS OE CHUEZDB RPMOSH, OP POY CHSHCHDETTSBMY RTPCHETLH YUFPTYYUEULPK LTYFYLPK, LBL UTBCHOYFEMSHOPK, FBL Y CHOKHFTEOOEK. EUMY TSE DPVBCHYFSH L YI TBUULBYOBN DBOOSCH RBMEPZEPZTBZHYY Y RBMEPPHOPZTBZHYY, FP NSCH RPMKHYUN UCHSHOKHA LBTFYOH YUFPTYY CHEMYLPK UFERY ЪB FTY FSHUSYU MEF . bFP FPF ZHKHODBNEOF, ABOUT LPFPTPN NPTsOP UFTPYFSH ЪDBOYE YUFPTYY LPYUECHPK CHPPVEE Y YUFPTYY YЪPVTBYFEMSHOPZP YULHUUFCHB CH YUBUFOPUFY. dBCE EUMY LFB YUFPTYS VKhDEF OEYUYUETRSHCHBAEEK, UBNB ZHYLGYS MBLHO YMY ЪBYNUFCHPCHBOYK VKhDEF PVASUOEOB YOPZDB UFYIYKOSHNY VEDUFCHYSNY - CHELPCHSHNY ЪBUKHIBNY, Y MY CHPDEKUFCHYSNY VPMEE UIMSHOSHI UPUEDEK, YMY UPVMBOBNY YOPYENGECH, UKHNECHYI CHOEDTYFSH CH KHNSCH Y UETDGB LPYUECHOILPC DTPVSEEE DKHY NBOIEKUFCHP, KhFEYBAEE OEUFPTYBOU FPP, RLPK "TSEMFPK CHETSH" Y UFTPZPUFSH YUMBNB. rППФПНХ ЪБКННУС ИУФПТYEK UFTBOSHCHY OBTPDPCH (LFOPUPCH), ITS OBUEMSCHIYI, PREDEDEMYCH DMS OBYUBMB UBNP RPOSFYE "LFOYUEULBS YUFPTYS".

ьФОПЗЭОЪ - РТТПДОСЧК CHURSHCHYLB LFK BOETZYY - RBUUYPOBTOSCHK FPMYUPL, RTPYUIPDSEIK CH FPN YMY YOPN TEZYPOE RMBOEFSHCH, - RPTPTsDBEF DCHYTSEOYE, IBTBLFET LPFPTPZP PRTEDEMSEFUS PVUFBOPCHLPK: ZEPZTBZHYUUEULPK, ​​CHMYSAEEK ABOUT IP'SKUFCHOOKHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH LFOPUB, UPGYBMSHOPK Y YUFPTYUUEULPK - FTBDYGYSNY, KHOBUMEDPCHBOOSCHNY PF RTPYMSCHI LFOPZEOYPCH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, LFOOYUEULBS YUFPTYS PRYUSCHCHBEFUS CH YUEFSHTEI RBTBNEFTBI, RPDPVOP FPNKH LBL MAVPK RTEDNEF YNEEF DMYOH, YYTYOKH, CHCHUPFKH Y CHTENS PF NPNNEOFB EZP U PJDBOYS. ьФБ ЖПТНХМИТПЧЛБ YULMAYUBEF RTYTBCHOYCHBOYE LFOPUB L TBUPCHPNH FYRKH, YVP TBUSCH - VYPMPZYUEULYE FBLUPOSCH - OBIPDSFUS ABOUT RPTSDPL CHCHCHIE YUFPTYUUEULZP READING; RPULPMSHLH LFOPZEOY - RTPGEUU BOETZEFYUEULYK, DMS PVTBBPCHBOYS OPCHPZP LFOPUB OEPVIPDYNP RETCHYUOPE UPYUEFBOYE TBOSHI LPNRPEOFPCH, CH FPN YUYUME BOFTPRMPZYU EULYI. bFOPMPZYS - OBHLB UBNPUFPSFEMSHOBS, OP YNEOOOP POB DBEF CHPNPTSOPUFSH KHUFBOPCHYFSH IBTBLFET LPTTEMSGYY NETSDH YUFPTYEK OBTPDPC Y YUFPTYEK LHMSHFHT.

CHYUOP NEOSSUSH, KHNYTBS Y CHPTPTDSDBSUSH, LBL CHUE TSYCHPE ABOUT OBYEK RMBOEFE, LFOPUSCH PUFBCHMSAF UMED VSHMPZP RKHFEN ACCOUNTINGOYS DESOYK, LPFPTSCHE UPUFBCHMSAF ULEMEF FUYUEULPK YUFPTY Y. lFPF UMED - RBNSFSH P UPVSHFYSI.

OP YuFP VSHCH NSCH OBMY P RTPYMSHI CHELBI, EUMY VSH OE VSHMP OH RBNSFOYLPCH, KHCHELPCHYYYI YI CH LBNOE Y VTPOJE, OH TSYCHPRYUY, ZHTEULPCHPK Y UFBOLPCHPK, OH RYUSHNEOOPUFY, RPCHEUFCHH AEEK P OYI CH UFYIBI Y CH RTPJE? OYYUEZP!

4. nPOZPMYS DP IHOOPCH Y NPOZPMCH. oEF OH PDOPK UFTBOSHCH, ZDE VSHCH U CHTENEO RBMEPMYFB OE UNEOYMPUSH.OEULPMSHLP TB OBUEMEOYE. y nPOZPMYS OE YULMAYUEOYE. PE CHTENS MEDOYLPCHPZP RETYPDB nPOZPMYS VSHMB UFTBOPK PIET, OSHCHOE RETEUPIYI, B FPZDB PLBKNMEOOOSCHY ZHUFSHCHNYY BTPUMSNYY PLTHTSEOOSCHY OE RKHUFSCHOEK, B GCHEFHEEK UFERSHA. zPTOSHCHE MEDOILY iBNBT-DBVBOB Y ChPUFPYUOSHI UBSO DBCHBMY UFPMSH NOPZP YuYUFPK CHPDSH, YuFP ABOUT ULMPOBY IOFS Y nPOZPMSHULPZP bMFBS TPUMY ZHUFSCH MEUB, LPE-ZDE UPITBOYEUS OSH OE, RETETSYCH OUEULPMSHLP RETYPDPCH TSEUFPLYI KHUSHIBOYK UFEROPK ЪPOSH eCHTBYKULPZP LPOFYEOFB, RPZHVYCHYI PITB Y RTYDBCHYYI NPZPMSHULPK RTYTPDE ITS UPCHTENEOOSHCHK PVMY L .

fPZDB UTEDY PIET Y MEUPCH CH UFERY RBUMYUSH UFBDB NBNPOFPCH Y LPRSHFOSCHI, DBCHBCHYI RYEH IEOILBN, UTEDY LPFPTSCHI RETCHPE NEUFP ЪBOINBMY MADI CHETIOEZP RBMEPMYFB. sing PUFBCHYMY RPFPNLBN RTELTBUOSCHE UIENBFYUEULYE YЪPVTBTSEOYS TSYCHPFOSCHI ABOUT UFEOBY REEEET Y KHFEUCH, OP YUFPTYS LFYI RMENEO, OE YNECHYI RYUSHNEOOPUFY, LBOKHMB CH RTPYMPE VECHPCHTBFOP.

NPTsOP FPMSHLP ULBJBFSH, YuFP CHEMYLBS UFERSH, RTPUFYTBCHYBSUS PF NHFOP-TSEMFPK TELY IHBOI RPYUFY DP VETEZPCH MEDPCHYFPZP PLEBOB, VSHMB OBUEMEOB UBNSHNY TBMYUOSCHNY MADSHN Y. ъDEUSH PIPFYMYUSH ABOUT NBNPOFPCH CHSHCHUPLPPTPUMSHE ECHTPPREPYDOSH LTPNBOSHPOGSCH YYTPLPMYGSHCHE, KHLLPZMBYSHCH NPOZPMPIDSCH dBMSHOEZP chPUFPLB Y DBTSE OPUBFSCH BNETYLBOPYDSCH, CHYDYNP, RETEUELBCHYE VETEOZPCH RTPMYCH Y CH RPYULBI PIPFOYUSHEK DPVSHYU DPIPDIYCHYE DP NYOKHYOULPK LPFMPCHYOSCH.

lBL ULMBDSHCHBMYUSH PFOPYEOYS NETSDH OYNY - OEYCHEUFOP. OP OEF UPNOEOYS CH FPN, YuFP POY YOPZDB CHPECHBMY, YOPZDB ЪBLMAYUBMY UPASCH, ULTERSENSHCHE VTBYUOSCHNY, KHBNY, YOPZDB UUPTYMYUSH Y TBUIPDYMYUSH H TBOBOSHE UFPTPOSCH, YV P UFERSH VSHMB YYTPLB Y VPZBFB FTBCHPK Y CHPDPK, B OBYUIF, ЪCHETEN, RFYGEK Y TSCHVPK. fBL VSHMP CH FEYUEOYE FAIRIES DEUSFY FSCHUSYUEMEFYK, RPLB MEDOIL RETEZPTBTSYCHBM DPTPZH zPMSHZHUFTENKH Y FERMSCHN GYLMPOBN U bFMBOFYLY.

OP MEDOIL TBUFEF MYYSH FPZDB, LPZDB FERMSHCHK CHEFET (U FENRETBFKHTPK PLPMP OHMS) OUEEF ABOUT OEZP IPMPDOSHCHK DPTSDSH Y NPLTSHCHK UOEZ. b RPULPMSHLH FY PUBDL OEUMYUSH ABOUT CHPUFPL PF bBPTULPZP NBLUINKHNB, MEDOIL OBTBEYCHBM UCHPK ЪBRBDOSCHK LTBC Y RETEDCHYZBMUS PF fBKNSHTTB (18 FSHUSYU MEF DP O.B.) WHERE OOPULBODYA (12 FSHUSYU MEF DP O.L.), PFLKHDB URPM CH UECHETOPE NPTE Y TBUFBSM . b H FY TSE FSCHUSYUEMEFYS EZP CHPUFPYUOSCHK LTBC FBSM RPD MHYUBNY UPMOGB, YVP BOFYGYLMPO, FP EUFSH SUOBS RPZPDB, RTPRKHULBM UPMOEUSHE MHYUY DP RPCHETIOPUFY ENMY YMY, CH DBOOPN UMHUBE, MSDB. u FBAEEZP MEDOILB UFELBMY THYUSHY YUYUFPK CHPDSH, LPFPTSCHE PTPYBMY UFERY, RTYNSCHLBCHYE L MEDOILH, OBPPMOSMY CHRBDYOSCH, RTECHTBEBBS YI CH PIETB, Y UPЪDBCHBMY FPF VMBZPDBF OSCHK LMYNBF, CH LPFPTPN TBUGCHEFBMB LHMSHFKHTB CHETIOEZP RBMEPMYFB.

OP LBL FPMSHLP MEDOIL TBUFBSM Y GYLMPOSCH RTPTCHBMYUSH ABOUT CHPUFPL RP MPTSVYOE OYLPZP DBCHMEOYS, RPIMY DPTSDY Y UOEZPRBDSHCH, B PF YЪVSHCHFLB CHMBZY CHSTPUMY MEUB, PFDEMY CHYYE UECHETOKHA UFERSH - FHODTH - PF ATsOPK - RKHUFSCHOY. nBNPOFSH Y VSHLY OE NPZMY DPVShCHBFSH LPTN YJ-RPD FTEINEFTPCHPZP UMPS UOEZB, Y ABOUT NEUFE TPULPYOPK UFERY RPSCHYMBUSH FBKZB - YEMEOBS RKHUFSHCHOS, ZDE TsYCHHF MYYSH LPNBTSH, ЪБКГШШ ЪЛПУХАЭИЕ УЭЧЭСО ПМОПОY. b ABOUT AZA CHSHCHUPIMY PYETB, RPZYVMY FTBCHSHCHY LBNEOYUFBS RKHUFSCHOS zPVY TBDEMYMB nPOZPMYA ABOUT UPCHTENEOOHA CHOEYOAA Y CHOKHFTEOOAA. oP, L UYUBUFSH, CH I FSCHUSYUEMEFYY DP O.B. LFB RKHUFSCHOS VSHMB EEE OE YYTPLB Y RTPIPPDYNB DBTSE RTY FPZDBYOYI OEUPCHETYEOOSCHI URPUPVBI RETEDCHYTSEOYS: ABOUT FEMEZBI, ЪBRTSSEOOOSCHI CHPMBNY, HERE LPMEUUB ЪБNEOSMY LBFLY YJ UFChPMPCH MYUFCHEOYGSHCH, RTPUCHETMEOOOSCH DMS KHUFBOPCHLY PUEK.

OBLBOKHOE YUFPTYUEULPZP RETYPDB, PE II FSCHUSYUEMEFYY DP O.B., RMENEOB, TSYCHYE UECHETOEE ZPVY, HCE RETEYMY PF OEPMYFB L VTPOJE. sing UPЪDBMY OULPMSHLP PYUBZPCH TBOOPPVTTBOSCHI LHMSHFHT, UHEEUFCHPBCHYI PDOPCHTENOOOP Y, PYUECHYDOP, CHBYNPDEKUFCHBCHYI DTHZ U DTHZPN. bFP PFLTSCHFYE VSHMP UDEMBOP u.y.tKhDEOLP, RTYNEOYCHYN TBDYPLBTVPOPCHCHE NEFPDSH (PRTEDEMEOYS CHPTBUFB RP RPMKHTBURBDH u 14) VHI DBFYTPCHLY BTIEMPZYUEULYI LHMSHFHT OBYV PMEE YHYUEOOPZP TBKPOB - nYOKHYOULPK LPFMPCHYOSCH. PLBUBMPUSH, YuFP BTIEPMPZYUEULYE "LHMSHFHTSCH" OE UMEDHAF PDOB ЪB DTHZPK, LCHPMAGYPOOP UNEOSS DTKHZ DTHZB, B UPUKHEEUFCHHAF Y DBFYTHAFUS OE III FSCHUSYUEMEFYEN.DP O. L., B XVII-XV Ch. DP O.b. tБЪОИГБ РПУФИ Х ФШШУСУХ МЭФ.

uPZMBUOP FEN TSE DBFYTPCHLBN, RETEUEMEOYE RTEDLPCH IKHOOPCH U ATsOPK PLTBYOSCH zPVY OB UECHETOKHA UPCHETYMPUSH OE Ch XII, B Ch and Ch. DP O.b. Y FEN UBNSHCHN UCHSBOP U PVTBPBCHBOYEN YNRETYY UTSPKH, RPTPDYCHYEK BOFYUOSCHK LYFBK Y CHRPUMEDUFCHYY - OBNEOYFHA IBOSHULHA BZTEUUYA. b FY ZTBODYPOSCHE UPVSHCHFYS CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH UPRPUFBCHYNSCH U OBYUBMPN ULYZHULPZP LFOPZEOEB, RPUMEDHAEYE ZHBSH LPFPTPZP PRYUBOSCH zETPDPFPN . yFBL, THVETS DPYUFPTYUUEULYI RETYPDPCH YYUFPTYYUUEULYI URPI RBDBEF OB and Ch. DP O.B., RTYUEN TBYUGB LFYI DCHHI TBDEMPCH-YUFPTYY METSYF FPMSHLP CH UFEREOY OVER TO PUCHEDPNMEOOPUFY. MADY CHUEI READING OBMY OBCHBOYS UCHPYI RMENEO Y YNEOB UCHPYI CHPTSDEK, OP OBYVPMEE DTECHOYE YI OYI DP OBU OE DPIMY, B RPFPNH DMS YJHYUEOYS YI RTYIPDIFUS PZTBOYU CHBFSHUS BTIEPMPZYEK Y RBMEPOFPMPZYEK. ьFP, LPOYUOP, OENBMP, OP OEDPUFBFPYuOP DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH KHMPCHYFSH Y PRYUBFSH RTPGEUUSCH DTECHOYI LFOPZEOYPCH, OE CHRBDBS RTY LFPN CH ZTHVSHCHE PYYVLY, BOBMPZYUOSCH FEN, LBLY E UDEMBMY RTEDYUFCHEOOILY u.y.tKhDEOLP, RPDNEOYCHYE DEKUFCHYFEMSHOHA YUFPTYA CHCHNSCHYMEOOOPK, PFCHEYUBCHYEK YI RTEDCHSFSHCHN NOEOYSN.

oBHLB TBCHYCHBEFUS, IPFS ABOUT ITS RHFY RPUFPSOOP CHPJOILBAF RTERSFUFCHYS, FTEVHAEYE RTEPDPMEOYS. OCHOE CH TBURPTSTSEOY HYUEOSCHI LTPNE DBF, KHUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHI U RPNPESH TBDYPLBTVPOPCHSHI NEFPDPC, RPSCHYMYUSH YNEOB OBTPDPC, TBOEE OBSCHBCHYIUS HUMPCHOP, RP NEUFBN BTIEPMPZYUEULYI ABOUT IPDPL YMY RP YULBTSEOOSCHN YUFEOYSN DTECHOELYFBKULYI YETPZMYZHPCH, LPFPTSCHE CH I CH. DP O.B., PE CHTENEOB USHNB GSOS, ABOUT FTHDSCH LPFPTPZP NSCH PRYTBENUS, RTPYOPUYMYUSH OE FBL, LBL UEKUBU.

th PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP CHNEUFP "RBBSCHTSCHLGSCH" UMEDHEF ZPCHPTYFSH "AEYUTSI", B. c. MBKHZHET DPLBЪBM, YuFP LFY YETPZMYZHSH RTPYOPUYMYUSH "UPZDPK", FP EUFSH UPZDSCH . "fBZBTGSCH" PVTEMY UCHPE YUFPTYUEULPE YNS - DYOMYOSCH, "UAOOKH" - IKHOOSCH, "FPVB" - FBVZBUY, "USOSHVY" - UYVYTSH, "FHLA" - FATLAFSHCH. fPMSHLP UMPPE "LYDBOSH" RTYYMPUSH UPITBOYFSH, YVP EZP RTBCHYMSHOPE ЪCHHYUBOYE "LFBK" RETEYMP ABOUT TSYFEMEK UTEDYOOOPK TBCHOYOSCH, LPFPTSCHI RP PYYVLE UFBMY OBSCHCHBFSH "LYFBKGBN Y"; NEOSFSH LFOPOIN RPЪDOP.

OP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT CHUE KHUREY OBHLY, UCHSBOS YUFPTYS OBTPDPC CHEMYLPK UFERY NPTSEF VSHFSH YJMPTSEOB FPMSHLP U III Part DP O.B., LPZDB VESHSNSOOSCH RMENEOB nPOZPMYY VSHMY PVIEDYOEOSCH IKHOOBNY, B RPMHMEZEODBTOSHCH ULIZHSCH RTYUETOPNPTSHS UNEFEOSHCH UBTNBFBNY. fPZDB CE UPJDBMBUSH NPZKHYUBS DETSBCHB UTEDOOEK BYYY - rBTZHYS Y VSHM PVAEDYOO LYFBK. u LFPPZP CHTENEY NPTsOP PUNSCHUMYCHBFSH FFOYUUEULHA YUFPTYA nPOZPMYY, B UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, Y YUFPTYA EE LHMSHFHTSCH, YVP LBL OEF LFOPUB VEJ LHMSHFHTSCH, FBL OE NPC EF VShchFSH LHMSHFHTSCH VEJ LFOPUB.

DYMEFBOFBN LBCEPHUS, UFP YUFPTYS - LFP "TSYOSH VE OYUBMB Y LPOGB". ABOUT VMYILPN TBUUFPSOY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP OE CHYDOP OH OBYUBM, OH LPGCH. UPCHTENOOYIL OYLPZDB OE CHYDEMY RBUUYPOBTOPZP FPMYULB, RPDPVOP FPNH LBL DTECHOYE TYNMSOE OE EBNEYUBMY, YuFP TEURKHVMYLB DBCHOP UNEOYMBUSH YNRETYEK. OP YUFPTYL, OBIPDSUSH CH DPMTSOPN PFDBMEOY PF UACEFB, CHYDYF UNEOKH GCHEFB CHTENEOY, DBTSE DEMBS RPRTBCHLH ABOUT RMBCHOPUFSH RETEIPDB. pVYFBFEMY CHEMYLPK UFERY OE ЪBNEYUBMY, LBL UNEOYMPUSH CHTENS, CH LPFPTPN SING TSYMY. lBL DP bFPZP YN LBBBMPUSH EUFEUFCHEOOSCHN RBUFY PCHEG Y PIPFYFSHUS, FBL YUETE 150 MEF YI RPFPNLBN VSHMP PYUECHYDOP, YUFP OBDP IPDYFSH CH RPIPDSCH. MADI OE EBNEYUBAF RETENEOSCH UFETEPFYRB UCHPEZP RPCHEDEOYS. yI PVOBTHTSYCHBEF FPMSHLP YUFPTYS DPMZYI RETYPDPCH, FPMSHLP FBN NPZHF VSHFSH ЪBNEYUEOSCH RETEMPNOSH DBFSH BFOYUEULPK YUFPTYY.

yЪ ULBUBOOZP CHSHCHFELBEF, YuFP NPDEMSH FOYUEULPK YUFPTYY DPMTSOB PVASUOYFSH UMPTSOSCHE RETYPDSH, ZDE H ZMKHVPLPN LFOYUUEULPN LPOFBLFE TYFNSCH TBOSHI UKHRETFOYUEULYI GEMPU FOPUFEK RPTPTsDBMY LBLPZHPOYUEULYE LPMMYYYY. rПФПНХ FENB, YЪVTBOOBS DMS YMMAUFTBGYY RTPVMENSH LPOFBLFB - YUFPTYS nPOZPMYY Y UPRTEDEMSHOSHI UFTBO, - ZPDYFUS DMS YURSHCHFBOYS OBEZP NEFPDB. TEYEOYE DPUFYZOKHFP UTEDUFCHBNY LFOPMPZYY, RTPCHETLB - FTBDYGYPOOSCHNY RTYENBNY. TEKHMSHFBF CH PVPYI UMKHYUBSI PDOPOBYEO. ъOBYUIF, LFOPMPZYUEULBS NPDEMSH NPTSEF VSHFSH RTYNEOOOB Y L DTHZPK BPIE, FETTYFPTYY, LFOPUKH, B FBLCE L ZEPZTBZHYUEULYN NPNEOFBN NPDYZHYLBGYY MBOdyBZhFB CH YUFP TYUEULPE CHTENS Y L YUFPTYY UNEOSH "LHMSHFHT". ZhBLFSH ULBYULPPVTBOPZP TBCHYFYS OBVMADBAFUS NOPZYNY PVMBUFSNY OBHLY Y OYZDE OE CHSHCHCHBAF OEDPCHETYS, FBL TSE LBL Y RMBCHOPE UFBOPCHMEOYE CH RTPNETSKHFLBI NETSDH ULBU LBNY.

y CHEDSH PE CHUEI UFTBOBI y X CHUEI LFOPUPCH OBVMADBEFUS FB CE. LBTFYOB. Part VIII Part DP O.b. FBL CHP'OILMY LFOPUSCH - UPJDBFEMY Y OPUYFEMY BOFYUOPK LHMSHFHTSCH: TYN, UMMBDB Y RETUYS - Y RPYUFY PDOPCHTENEOOOP (CH YUFPTYYUEULYI NBUYFBVBI) RPZBUMY. Part I-II ChH. ZPFSH OBYUBMY CHEMILPE RETEUEMEOYE OBTPDPCH, DBLY RPZYVMY CH VPTSHVE U TYNPN, B LTPYEUOSCH ITYUFYBOULYE PVEYOSCH CHSTPUMY CH ЪPMPPHHA CHYBOFYA; Y FPCE YOETGYY ICHBFYMP ABOUT 1200 MEF, LTPNE FAIRIES UMHYUBECH, LPZDB RTPGEUU VSHM PVPTCBO CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHPN UP UFPTPOSHCH. Part VI-VII ChH. BOBMPZYUOP RTPSCHYMY UEVS BTBVsch, TBDTSRKhFSH (LFOPU, UNEYBOOSCHK YI BVPTYZEOPCH Y NYZTBOFPCH: UBLPCH, UPZDYKGECH, LZhFBMYFPCH), FYVEFGSHCH, UTEDOECHELPCCHE LIFBKGSHCH Y SRPOG. Part IX Part Ch ъBRBDOPK eChTPRE OBYUBMYUSH RPIPDSCH CHYLYOZPCH, ZHEPDBMSHOSHE CHPKOSHCH, TELPOLYUFB Y PVTBBPCHBOYE OBGYK, Y LPFPTSHI MYYSH OENOPZYE DPFSOKHMY DP XX Part Part XIV Part RPSCHYMYU SH CHEMILPTPUUSCH, FHTLY, BVYUUYOGSH -OSCHOE LFP NPMPDSH OBTPDSCH; RETED OINY VHDHEEEE. rTPYUYE RTYNETSH PRKHULBEN, YVP NSCHUMSH SUOB: LPYUECHOILY CHEMYLPK UFERY TBCHYCHBMYUSH FBL TSE, LBL Y CHUE RTPYUYE LFOPUSCH, Y EUMY ULYZHULYK CHYFPL LFOPZEOEB VSHHM AB THYEO Y PVPTCBO CHOEBROP CHP'OILYN IKHOOP-USOSHVYKULP-UBTNBFULYN FPMYULPN, FP LFP FPMSHLP RPLBSCHCHBEF, YUFP LFOPZEOOSCH CHQTSCHCHSCH - SCHMEOYE RTYTPDSCH .

dMS FPZP YUFPVSH RPMHYUBFSH YI OBUYI OBVMADEOYK OBKHYUOSCH TEKHMSHFBFSCH, OBDP KHUEUFSH OEULPMSHLP NEMLYI, OP CHBTSOSCHI DEFBMEK. RETCHBS: CHTSCHCH LFOPZEOEB, YMY FPMYUPL (NHFBGYS), PVOBTHTSYCHBEFUS CH YUFPTYY OE UTBH. ENH CHUEZDB RTEDYUFCHHEF YOLHVBGYPOOSCHK RETYPD, PVSHYUOP OEDPMZYK, PLPMP 150 MEF, OP CHULTSCHFS EZP PUEOSH FTHDOP. oEHYUEF bFPZP SCHMEOYS NPTSEF CHOUFY RHFBOYGH CH BOBMY, B OESUOPUFEK UMEDHEF YVEZBFSH. hFPTBS: OILFP OE CYCHEF PDYOPLP; OBYUYF, UPUEDY NPZHF UYMPK PVPTCHBFSH OBYUBCHYYKUS RTPGEUU; UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, LFOPUKH OHTSOP OBKHUYFSHUS UEWS PFUFBYCHBFSH. fTEFSHS: PTYZYOBMSHOBS LHMSHFKHTB, UPJDBCHBENBS LFOPUPN ABOUT RTPFSTSEOY CHUEK EZP TSYOY, YUBUFP RETETSYCHBEF EZP, LBL CHEY, LPFPTSCHE PUFBAFUS RPUME UNETFY YI CHMBDEMSHG B. oBUMEDOILBN RTEDPUFBCHMEOP RTBChP MYVP TBUYUUFYFSH UCHPA YENMA PF YUKhTsPZP IMBNB (B IMBNPN OETEDLP UYYFBAF YEDECHTSCH RTYMPZP), MYVP FTBYUFYFSH UYMSCH OE ABOUT UCHPE FChPTYUEFChP, B ABOUT PITBOKH RBNSFOILPC YUKhTSPK UFBTYOSCH. oEY'CHEUFOP, YUFP IHTSE, OP BCHFPT LFYI UFTPL - YUFPTYL Y RPFPNH VE'PZPCHPTPYUOP RTEDRPYUIFBEF CHFPTK CHBTYBOF.

th OBLPOEG, ЪBNEYUBOYE YUYUFP NEFPDPMPZYUEULPE. netsfsh Yukhtskha LHMSHFHTH RP LPMYUEUFCHH HGEMECHYI RBNSFoilLPCH - RTYOGYRYBMSHOP OECHETOP. NPTsEF VShchFSH TPULPYOBS GYCHYMYYBGYS, RPUFTPEOOBS ABOUT VBJE OEUFPKLYI NBFETYBMPCH - LPTSY, NEIPCH, DETECHB, YEMLB, - Y FHRBS, RTYNYFYCHOBS, OP KHRPFTEVMSAEBS LBNEOSH Y VMBZPTPDODOSHE NEFBMMSCH. pF RETCHPK OE PUFBOEFUS UMEDPC, B PUFBFLY CHFPTPK VHDEF OELKHDB DECHBFSH. b CHEDSH RP YUYUMH OBIPPDPL PGEOYCHBAF "LHMSHFHTH" BTIEPMPZY Y DBTSE YULHUUFCHPCHEDSH. PYUECHYDOP, DMS PGEOLY HTPCHOS LHMSHFHTSCH OBDP YNEFSH RTPCHETPYUOSHE DBOOSCH. yI-FP NSCHY RPUFBTBENUS YYCHMEYUSH YY FUYUEULPK YUFPTYY.

ъBRPNOYCH RETEYUYUMEOOSCH HUMPCHYS, CHETOENUS CH CHEMILHA UFERSH, L IKHOOBNY Y DTECHOYN NPOZPMBN.

5. RETEMPLATE DBFSCH. rTYOSFBS OBNY NEFPDYLB TBMYUEOYS HTPCHOEK YUUMEDPCHBOYS RPJCHPMSEF UDEMBFSH CHBTsOPE OBVMADEOYE: FOYUEULBS YUFPTYS DCHYTSEFUS OETBCHOPNETOP. h OEK, OBTSDKH U RMBCHOSCHNY BOFTPRYKOSCHNY RTPGEUUBNY RPDYAENB, TBUGCHEFB Y RPUFEREOOPZP UFBTEOYS, PVOBTHTSYCHBAFUS NPNEOFSH LPTEOOPK RETEUFTPKLY, MPNLY UFBTSCHI FTBDYGYK, LPMMYYK, RPDULBBOOSCHI RTEDSHDHEYNY UPVSHCHFYSNY, Y UYFKHBGYK, OE CHSHFELBAEYI YY RTYCHSHCHYUOPK TBUUFBOPCHLY UYM. CDTHZ PIPOLBEF OEUFP OPCP, OEPCIDBOOP, LBB VHDFP NPEOSHK FPMUPL RPFTSU FEBFMSHOP RPDPVTBOOOKHOLOKHOPUFHPUFSH PUNEBM, LBLA NEYBAF LPMPDH LBTF. b RPUME LFPZP CHUE KHMBTSYCHBEFUS Y FSHUSYUKH MEF YDEF UCHPYN YUETEDPN.

rTY UMYYLPN RPDTPVOPN YЪMPTSEOY IPDB UPVschFYK LFYI DBF KHCHYDEFSH OEMSHHS - CHEDSH MADI OE CHYDSF RTPGEUUPCH ZPTPPVTBPBCHBOYS, FBL LBL, DMS FPZP YUFPVSH YI PVOBTHTSY FS, FTEVHAFUS FSCHUSYUEMEFYS, B NPFSHCHMSHLY OE ЪOBAF P FPN, YuFP VSCHCHBEF JINB, YVP YI BLFYCHOBS TSYOSH KHLMBDSCHCHBEFUS H OEULPMSHLP MEFOI DOEK . th FHF RTYIPDYF ABOUT RPNPESH OBHLB, UYOFEYTHAEBS PRSHCHF RPLPMEOYK Y TBVPFBAEBS FBN, ZDE MYUOBS Y DBTSE OBTPDOBS RBNSFSH KHZBUBEF RPD DEKUFCHYEN ZHVYFEMSHOPZP READING.

RETEMPLOSHE DBFSCH OE CHSHCHDNLB. h CHEMYLPK UFERY YI VSHMP FTY, Y PVP CHUEI HCE VSHMP KHRPNSOKHFP. rETChPK DBFPK, DTECHOEK Y RPFPNH TBURMSCHCHYUBFPK, OBDP UYUYFBFSH i-IX CHCH. DP O.b. fPZDB RPSCHYMYUSH ULIZHSHCH Y CHPOIL DTECHOYK LYFBK. hFPTBS DBFB - III Part DP O.b. ABOUT YYTPFE PTDPUB Y UECHETOSHI ULMPOPCH OSHYBOS RPSCHYMYUSH FTY OPCHSHHI NPZKHYYI LFOPUB: ABOUT OBRBDE - UBTNBFSCH, CH ZPTBI YOSHYBOS - IKHOOSCH, CH UPCHTENEOOOPK ATsOPK nPOZPMYY - HIKHBOSH Y USOSHVY. bFH NPEOHA CHURSHCHYLKH LFOPZEOEB NPTsOP RPTUMEDYFSH DP YJMEFB, FP EUFSH RPMOPK RPFETY YOETGYY, LPZDB PUFBAFUS FPMSHLP PUFSHCHYYE LTYUFBMMSCHY REREM. fTEFSHS CHURSHCHYLB - NPOZPMSHULYK CHUMEF XII CH., YOETGYS LPFPTPZP PFOADSH OE YUUSLMB. nPOZPMSH ЪDTБЧУФЧХАФ И ФЧПТСТФ, UCHYDEFEMSHUFChP YUENKH - YI YULHUUFChP.

6. iХООХ И ЖБЪБ РПДЯЭНБ ЛПУЭЧПЗП NYTB. oEF, OE VSHMP Y OE NPZMP VSHFSH LFOPUB, RTPYUIPDSEZP PF PDOPZP RTEDLB. CHUE LFOPUSCH YNEAF DCHHI Y VPMEE RTEDLPCH, LBL CHUE MADI YNEAF PFGB Y NBFSH. ьFOYUEULYE UHVUFTBFSCH - LPNRPOOFSH CHP'OILBAEEZP LFOPUB CH NPNEOF ZHMALFKHBGYY OOETZYY TSYCHPZP CHEEUFCHB VYPUZHETSCH UMYCHBAFUS Y PVTBHAF EDOKHA UYUFENKH - OP CHCHK, PTYZIOBMSHOSCHK LFOPU, PVTEFBAEIK CH LFPN UMYSOY GEMPUFOPUFSH, UPYIDBAEKHA UCPA, PRSFSH-FBLY PTYZIOBMSHOHA LHMSHFHTH.

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“I teach them not to be afraid, not to be afraid and to do what needs to be done.”

“Everyone wears a hat, but he wears a top hat,” is the tenacious remark of Nikolai Gumilyov’s eternal opponent, Alexander Blok. The son of a ship's doctor, Nikolai Gumilyov created his biography and did it with passion. Gumilyov learned to oppose himself to society. Many people made contrasts; Gumilyov did it with special sophistication. Maybe because life did not stretch over seven decades, or maybe because of a great talent for PR. Gumilyov played and flirted, but each time sincerely, with an inimitable sense of style.

“And I will conclude it in a short verse, in the frame of sonorous dreams”

Gumilyov began composing at an early age, his first poem was written at the age of six, and at 16 the famous poem “I fled from the cities to the forest” was published. And then the collections flew - “The Path of the Conquistador”, “Romantic Flowers”. Contemporaries scolded the poet for his ardor, but Gumilyov continued to write. Bryusov, faced with early poetry Nikolai Stepanovich noted: “Perhaps, continuing to work with the same tenacity as now, he will be able to go much further than we have planned, he will discover possibilities in himself that we did not suspect.” I looked into the water - the ability to find a clear form for a poem began to play as soon as Gumilyov found his topic. In 1912, turning away from Bryusov and Blok, Gumilyov proposed Silver Age a new artistic movement - Acmeism. Created and beckoned Akhmatova and Mandelstam to search for exact words and love for earthly life: “They stopped the sun with a word, They destroyed cities with a word.” Gumilyov knew how to put an idea into form, and was able to find a system for the artistic movement. In the “Workshop of Poets,” led by Gumilyov, a strict hierarchy was observed; the word of the Master was the law for the participants of the literary association.

"And the erased maps of Africa"

“I didn’t notice the crossing of the equator, I was reading on my camel and reading Baudelaire.” Africa is a place that Gumilyov worshiped and hated; he found himself here and lost himself here thousands of times. In 1907, Nikolai Stepanovich went to Odessa and ended up in Africa. Africa, with its myths, strange cities, primitive fears and cults, attracted Gumilyov since childhood. The poet wrote poems to her and left women for her sake. In St. Petersburg, Gumilev was cramped; among the trees, pygmies and lions it was exciting. To go away, shoot, “aiming between the eyes” is the dream not so much of a Russian dandy as of a person with a claim to a rich imagination. An obsession with changing places drove Gumilyov to the Abyssinian deserts; he was not afraid of washed-out roads, dysentery, or the cowardice of guides; the poet broke out of the city confines to the living myths. Here he could talk with the king of Ethiopia, with God - Jah, every shot was a sacred rite.

“And I love a woman”

Who hasn't heard about the Gumilev-Gorenko couple? Anna Akhmatova gave birth to a son to Gumilev, dedicated several poems, and also endlessly cheated on her. However, here the score was equal: “Akhmatova always aroused a lot of sympathy. Who, who did not write letters to her, did not express delight. But, since she was always sad, had a suffering look, they thought that I was a tyrannical husband, and they hated me for it. And I was the most good-natured husband and took her on a date in a cab." Gumilyov was married twice, fell in love constantly. Women also loved the poet. And thanks to their love, he became the Alain Delon of his time. Men who were not inclined to romanticize the image of Nicholas, need to talk about the poet's appearance, as if they were apologizing, coughing or something. Gumilyov had a sideways eye, a limp, a clubfoot, and could not pronounce the letters “l” and “r” at all. But men and women went crazy about him, they saw him ugliness and died. beautiful woman Petersburg, Larisa Reisner, after the poet’s death, wrote passionately: “If I had seen him before his death, I would have forgiven him everything, told the truth that I never loved anyone with such pain, with such a desire to die for him as I did for him, the poet, Hafiz, a freak and a scoundrel. That's all".

"Sacred long-awaited battle"

This is another passion of Gumilyov; he not only knew how to write about war, he saw its seamy side. The First World War awarded the poet two St. Georges. Nikolai Stepanovich fought, first of all, with himself, checking himself again and again: “It can’t be that this rubbish scared me - and I returned to them and helped them pull out the machine gun.” For the machine gun, Gumilyov received a second Georgy.

“You were sleeping and woke up...”

Russian thought gravitated towards German philosophy. Intellectuals favored Hegel and Nietzsche. Gumilyov was captivated by the idea of ​​a superman. Man is something that must be overcome, every mortal must see himself as a failed product of nature - see and try to educate himself as a philosopher, artist or saint. Gumilyov strived. Confirmation of this is the poem “ Business card" The inscription on the card is short and succinct - each line is about the author:

The very first one, ugly and thin,
Loved only the darkness of the groves.
Fallen leaf, witch's child,
In a word, stopping the rain.

While traveling around England, Gumilyov once met Gilbert Chesterton. Chesterton later wrote: “I’ll just say that when he went out the door, it seemed to me that he could well have left through the window. practical suggestion was that only poets should be allowed to rule the world. He solemnly announced to us that he himself was a poet. I was flattered by his courtesy when he appointed me, as a fellow poet, absolute and autocratic ruler of England." Chesterton was not close to Gumilyov’s ideas, but the “witch’s child” influenced British literature. In one of the stories about Chesterton's Father Brown, Gumilev's Nietzscheanism and Gilbert's Christianity clashed. A young man who imagined himself capable of stopping the rain was saved by a priest, who nailed the superman to a tree with a pitchfork. A Russian officer, imbued with the ideas of Christianity, Gumilev loved not God, but Adam. Nikolai Stepanovich’s theological humor did not go off scale, it was subtle and ironic. In Gumilyov’s poetry there is no obvious mockery of the image of Christ, but the idea of ​​humility played out against the background of the image of the first man, Adam:

“Be stubborn in hard times,
Be gloomy, pale and bent,
But don't mourn those fruits
Unredeemed and despised."

“Tender, pale, in ashen clothes you appeared with tender eyes”

Gumilev’s participation in the conspiracy is based on only two mentions – Odoevtseva and Tagantsev. Odoevtseva, however, was not interrogated. And Tagantsev, in his testimony, twice speaks of Gumilyov’s closeness to Soviet ideas. And, nevertheless, investigator Yakobson wrote: “Citizen Gumilev asserted to the courier of the Finnish counterintelligence that he, Gumilev, is connected with a group of intellectuals, which the latter can dispose of and which, if they act, is ready to go out into the streets to actively fight the Bolsheviks, would like to have I have a certain amount at my disposal for technical needs.” Nikolai Stepanovich knew how to create myths, and was not yet afraid of death, it seemed entertaining to him. No one began to defend Gumilyov (except for Gorky, for whom nothing came of it), no one even established whether the poet, whom Chesterton saw as a communist shortly before his arrest, participated in the Tagantsev conspiracy. A hero obsessed with the love of words, beauty, dangers and wanderings - Gumilyov invited death.