Homogeneous definitions are examples of sentences. The combination of a single adjective and participial turnover

In Russian between heterogeneous definitions comma not
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is placed.
Several agreed definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while they are in relation to each other
enumerations (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can put the union and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Red
and yellow tulips.

Not homogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumeration
intonation, it is usually impossible to put a union between them and.
Heterogeneous definitions are otherwise related to the defined (main)
word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the composition closest to the main word is associated with
its definition is short.
The definition of short is associated with the whole phrase - passenger
composition (Passenger composition is short).

Definitions are homogeneous if:

designate features different items;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls - blue and white balls; the balls were blue; the balls were
white.

Denote various features of one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn - wooden and burnt barn; barn was
wooden; the barn was burned down.

Describe an object with different parties, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - "cloudy, and therefore dreary."

In context, synonyms are created between definitions.
relations;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the forms are acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in
value.

Represent artistic definitions- epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval cat eyes.

They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the sign they express;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.

A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by the participial
turnover, that is, participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Grey, neatly combed hair.

Stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Hair gray, combed.

The second definition clarifies the first - between the definitions you can put the union that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.

Definitions are heterogeneous if they:

They characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, that is, they express signs related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed - "size and material",
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds - "color and shape",
the oval clouds were grey;
pot-bellied walnut bureau - "form and material",
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;

Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:

Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.

Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.

Relative adjective and single participle;
A neglected orchard.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the common mistakes allowed in writing. The most difficult usually include the setting of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear idea of ​​their features and differences helps to make the record correct and well readable.

What is a definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of the object denoted by the noun. Most often expressed as an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "what?" "whose?". However, there are cases of using a noun as a definition ( plaid dress), an infinitive verb ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of one part of speech and the same shape, depend on the same word. Therefore, they will respond to general question and perform in the sentence the same syntactic function. Homogeneous members are interconnected by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that it is usually possible to rearrange them as part of a syntactic construction.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered above their fellow flowers.". Homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize an object on the same basis. Or another example: Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city, languishing from the heat.". In this sentence, one feature is logically related to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinguishing features

This question is often difficult. To understand the material, let us consider in more detail what features each group of definitions has.

Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
Each definition refers to one word being defined: Cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.»	The nearest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: " On this frosty January morning, I did not want to go outside for a long time.»
All adjectives are usually qualitative: " A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha's shoulder.»	Combination with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: large stone castle, my good friend, the third intercity bus
Can be pasted connecting union AND: " For crafts needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper»	It is impossible to use with And: " In one hand Tatiana was an old one in the other she held a string bag with vegetables»
Expressed in one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent definitions, after a noun	Refer to different parts speech: " Finally got to the first light frost.(numeral + adjective) and hit the road»

These are the main features, the knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means correct punctuation.

In addition, performing syntactic and punctuation analysis suggestions, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always homogeneous

1. The adjectives standing next to each other characterize the object according to one attribute: size, color, geographic location, evaluation, sensations, etc. " In the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, French culture in advance».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature in different ways. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news.».
3. Definitions after a noun, with the exception of terms such as overhead clamshell crane. For example, in A. Pushkin's poem we find: “ On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs". In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, with each definition logically distinguished.
4. Homogeneous members of the sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the sign in ascending order. " The sisters, seized with a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions.».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " Entered the room cheerfully A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

The combination of a single adjective and participial turnover

We must also stop at next group definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Homogeneous almost always are definitions corresponding to the scheme "single adjective + participle turnover". For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen.". However, if the participial turnover is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the whole combination, the rule “punctuation marks with homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly descended on the damp earth.».

One more point must be taken into account. Consider this example: In the midst of the thick, spreading fir-trees darkened at dusk, one could hardly see a narrow path leading to the lake.". This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions, expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word "thick". Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, it is distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases where a comma is optional but preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying, causal features. For example, " at night,(can be inserted BECAUSE) the deserted streets were clearly visible long shadows from trees and lanterns". Another example: " Suddenly, the old man heard deafening,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big, Luzhin, she ... was filled with ... pity"(V. Nabokov). Or A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has come».
3. When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): " Timothy's large, fish-eyed eyes were sad and attentively looked straight ahead.».

Similar homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional Cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood on this site, but now new, high ones flaunted.". As shows given example, in such a case there are two groups of definitions related to the same noun, but having the opposite meaning.

Another case concerns definitions linked by explanatory relations. " Quite different, alien to the boy sounds were heard from the open window". In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is”, will be appropriate.

Punctuation rules

It all depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed in case of unionless connection. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door.". In the presence of coordinating conjunctions("usually", "and") punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them.". Therefore, these proposals are subject to punctuation rules applicable to all syntactic constructions with identical members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. An exception with combinations that allow double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods.". AT this case it all depends on the meaning of the sacrament. A comma is placed if "namely" can be inserted before the word "verified".

Conclusion

Analysis of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy in more depends on the knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members suggestions.

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a complete picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions interconnected writing connection; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions, you can usually insert a union and .

For example: Ran into the room funny, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, an alliance can be put between them and .) were in a vase red, orange and yellow flowers. (Red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles. At the same time, only nearest definition, and the other refers to the combination of the noun being defined with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinative connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union and .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality and relative ).

For example: Ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them and .)

were in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are inconsistent definitions.)

For demarcation homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Designate signs homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
designate features that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
designate artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: female young, lovely, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
designate signs that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are combined by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; AT thick, dark gray strands shone in her hair; pale, strict face; cheerful, good-natured laugh; deserted, surly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put a comma.

For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry was suddenly heard twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate the shape and material: P gnarled walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate the size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: sullen siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: Fell at the end of November first easy snowball.(The words first and easy first- numeral easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). my old house.(The words "my" and " old" belong to different parts of speech: my- pronouns old- adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(The words " launched" and "fruit" belong to different parts of speech: launched- single communion fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial turnover) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle turnover should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after participle turnover, if there are no special separation conditions, a comma is not put.

Between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov – honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig – academic degree and rank; World Cup Winner, Champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, owner of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate technical sciences, Professor- a list of different ranks.

If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and commas are not separated.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army - position and military rank; chief designer design institute for construction engineering for precast concrete engineer - position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor pedagogical sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student of the Institute of Physical Education.

We continue to explore the levels language system, relying on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the proposal.

Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Homogeneous members, connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected by a coordinating link and have the following features:

1) often act as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;

2) are interconnected by a coordinative connection, therefore they are equal in rights and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;

3) if these are secondary members, then they spread one member of the sentence and equally define it lexically;

4) in speech are often interconnected by a special enumerative intonation.

Exercise. Read two sentences and identify in them: a) grammatical basis; b) guided by the signs of homogeneity, which members of the proposal are homogeneous.

1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, cottages.(A. Chekhov)

2) Earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)

The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:

a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as the same members of the sentence: in the first example by additions, in the second by subjects and predicates;

b) any members of the sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.

I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the proposal that are not homogeneous

With homogeneous members connected by intonation, commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.

1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark that separates homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of the enumeration (a connecting union can be inserted between them and), For example:

The embankment is crowded steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)

Sentences with homogeneous members can be complicated by isolated secondary members. When punctuating, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:

Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation to sentries who take his place.(A. Herzen)

Exercise. Explain all the punctuation marks in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?

2. Semicolon common homogeneous members are separated, connected by the intonation of the enumeration, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if in speech the statement is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:

Along the ravine on one side neat barns, cells with tightly closed doors; on the other side five six pine hut with shed roofs.(I. Turgenev)

Exercise. Prove it's incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?

3. Dash is set if homogeneous members are connected by opposing relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them a or but. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative union, for example:

Not fishing sail small - ships I dream.(N. Nekrasov)

Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.

Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?

4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, they are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic journalistic functional styles and give form to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.

no signs punctuation is not separated:

1) two verbs included in the complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicate in this case is a single semantic whole, for example:

I'll go horse with oatsfeed ;

2) repeated identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, so (believe it, don’t believe it, you don’t want to, write like that, you have to write it like that), For example:

Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.

Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:

White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)

Hyphen put:

1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to enhance the action or feature; however, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the enumeration intonation, for example:

By blue-blue clouds float in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);

2) between paired combinations-synonyms (to know the truth-truth), antonyms (terms of sale), associative combinations (pick mushrooms and berries), which represent a single concept, for example:

We called a neighbor from the other side and went more than once, this and that tasted, but soberly.(N. Leskov)

II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single agreed definitions

Before you begin to study the paragraph, remember:

a) which adjectives are qualitative, which are relative;

b) what definitions are called agreed;

c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.

In the neighborhood of single agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, and not between heterogeneous ones.

Definitions are homogeneous (a comma is put)

Definitions are heterogeneous (no comma)

1. When reverse order words when agreed definitions are after the word being defined, for example (watch the intonation): Alyosha gave him a mirror, small, foldable, round. 2. When direct order words, when agreed definitions come before the word being defined, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them are combined according to some common features(in appearance, the similarity of the impression made, causation, etc.). Then: 1) each definition directly refers to the noun being defined; 2) there are synonymous relations between the definitions, the intonation of the enumeration arises when the conjunction is allowed and. For example: Big, fat, fat the boar was digging with its nose in the ground right next to the house. The boar is big and fat and well-fed; all definitions characterize the noun being defined as " appearance subject". 3. In direct word order, if this definition is an epithet: Gloomy, homeless night found the travelers in the forest. 4. In direct word order, if the first definition is an adjective, and the second is a participle: It was kinda sad about that. old, already touched by autumn garden.

In direct word order, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them characterize the subject from different sides, that is, they represent signs related to different concepts. Then: 1) the preceding definition refers to the combination of the subsequent definition with the noun being defined; 2) there are no synonymous relations between definitions, the intonation of enumeration does not arise and it is impossible to insert a union and. For example: Alyosha gave him small folding round mirror on the chest of drawers.(F. Dostoevsky) Three Definitions Related to Supplement mirror, heterogeneous: a) the adjectives expressed by them characterize the subject from different angles: small indicates the size of an object folding- on the property, what can be done with this item, plump- on appearance; b) each previous definition refers to the combination of the following definition(s) + noun: small folding round mirror(folding round mirror could be large), folding round mirror(a round mirror could not be folding).

Exercise. Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve education stylistic figure gradation. What stylistic meaning gradations?

It can be seen from the examples in the table that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed by qualitative adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote different features.

A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is proximity lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:

ended summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author's opinion, the concept warm speaks integral part concepts summer.

Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions are after the word being defined and therefore are homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze the phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.

1. Katya quickly took off her glove, beautiful, velvet. 2. Women rushed to the soldier, wounded, walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a tree, large, like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. There was an oak tree by the road itself, clumsy, old, squat. 5. Boys, not tanned, who had just arrived for the holidays, were fishing from a boat.

July 17, 2015

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear idea of ​​their features and differences helps to make the record correct and well readable.

What is a definition?

This is minor member sentences denoting a sign, property or quality of the object denoted by the noun. Most often expressed as an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "what?" "whose?". However, there are cases of using a noun as a definition ( plaid dress), an infinitive verb ( dream of being able to fly), an adjective in the simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a complex) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Therefore, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are interconnected by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that it is usually possible to rearrange them as part of a syntactic construction.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered above their fellow flowers.". Homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize an object on the same basis. Or another example: Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city, languishing from the heat.". In this sentence, one feature is logically related to another.

Related videos

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinguishing features

This question is often difficult. To understand the material, let us consider in more detail what features each group of definitions has.

Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
Each definition refers to one word being defined: Cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.»	The nearest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: " On this frosty January morning, I did not want to go outside for a long time.»
All adjectives are usually qualitative: " A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha's shoulder.»	Combination quality adjective with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: big stone castle, my good friend, the third intercity bus
You can insert a connecting union AND: " For crafts needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper»	It is impossible to use with And: " In one of Tatiana's hands was an old straw hat, in the other she held a string bag with vegetables»
Expressed in one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent adjectives after a noun	Refer to different parts of speech: Finally got to the first light frost.(numeral + adjective) and hit the road»

These are the main features, the knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means correct punctuation.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always homogeneous

1. The adjectives standing next to each other characterize the object according to one attribute: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " In the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, French culture in advance».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature in different ways. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news.».
3. Definitions after a noun, with the exception of terms such as overhead clamshell crane. For example, in A. Pushkin's poem we find: “ On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs". In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, with each definition logically distinguished.
4. Homogeneous members of the sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the sign in ascending order. " The sisters, seized with a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions.».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile, entered the room cheerfully.».

The combination of a single adjective and participial turnover

We must also dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Homogeneous almost always are definitions corresponding to the scheme "single adjective + participle turnover". For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen.". However, if the participial turnover is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the whole combination, the rule “punctuation marks with homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly descended on the damp earth.».

One more point must be taken into account. Consider this example: In the midst of the thick, spreading fir-trees darkened at dusk, one could hardly see a narrow path leading to the lake.". This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions, expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word "thick". Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, it is distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases where a comma is optional but preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying causal features. For example, " at night,(can be inserted BECAUSE) the deserted streets were clearly visible long shadows from trees and lanterns". Another example: " Suddenly, the old man heard deafening,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin's large, pale face, she... was filled with... pity."(V. Nabokov). Or A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has come».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative sense (close to epithets): " Timothy's large, fish-eyed eyes were sad and attentively looked straight ahead.».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expression in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional Cases

Sometimes in speech one can meet sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood on this site, but now new, high ones flaunted.". As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions related to the same noun, but having the opposite meaning.

Another case concerns definitions linked by explanatory relations. " Quite different, alien to the boy sounds were heard from the open window". In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is”, will be appropriate.

Punctuation rules

It all depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed in case of unionless connection. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door.". In the presence of coordinating unions ("as a rule", "and") punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them.". Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules applicable to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow a double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods.". In this case, it all depends on the meaning of the sacrament. A comma is placed if "namely" can be inserted before the word "verified".

Conclusion

An analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on the knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.