The lexical meaning of a word for example. Lexical meaning of the word examples

The word differs in its sound design, morphological structure and the meaning and meaning contained in it.

Lexical meaning words are its content, i.e. historically fixed in the minds of speakers, the correlation between the sound complex and the object or phenomenon of reality, “formulated according to the grammatical laws of a given language and being an element of a common semantic system dictionary".

The meaning of words does not reflect the entire set of known features, objects and phenomena, but only those that help to distinguish one object from another. So, if we say: this is a bird, then we are in this case we are only interested in the fact that we have before us a kind of flying vertebrates, the body of which is covered with feathers, and the forelimbs are transformed into wings. These features make it possible to distinguish a bird from other animals, such as mammals.

In the process of joint labor activity, in their social practice, people learn objects, qualities, phenomena; and certain signs of these objects, qualities or phenomena of reality serve as the basis for the meaning of the word. Therefore, for a correct understanding of the meaning of words, a wide acquaintance with public sphere in which the word existed or exists. Consequently, extralinguistic factors play an important role in the development of the meaning of a word.

Depending on which feature is the basis of the classification, four main types of lexical meanings of words can be distinguished in the modern Russian language.

1. By connection, correlation with the subject of reality, i.e. according to the method of naming, or nomination (lat. nominatio - naming, name), direct, or basic, and figurative, or indirect meanings are distinguished.

A direct meaning is one that is directly related to an object or phenomenon, quality, action, etc. For example, the first two meanings of the word hand will be direct: "one of the two upper limbs of a person from the shoulder to the end of the fingers ..." and "... as an instrument of activity, labor."

A figurative meaning is one that does not arise as a result of a direct correlation with an object, but through the transfer of a direct meaning to another object due to various associations. For example, portable the following values hand words:

1) (only singular) manner of writing, handwriting; 2) (plural only) labor force;

3) (only pl.) about a person, a person (... with a definition) as the owner, owner of something; 4) a symbol of power; 5) (only singular, colloquial) o influential person able to protect, provide support; 6) (only singular) about the consent of someone to marriage, about the readiness to marry.

The connections of words with a direct meaning depend less on the context and are conditioned by subject-logical relations, which are quite wide and relatively free. The figurative meaning depends much more on the context; it has a living or partially extinct imagery.

2. According to the degree of semantic motivation, the meanings are divided into unmotivated (or non-derivative, idiomatic) and motivated (or derived from the former). For example, the meaning of the word hand is unmotivated, while the meanings of the words hand, sleeve, etc. are already motivated by semantic and derivational connections with the word hand.

3. By degree lexical compatibility meanings are divided into relatively free (all direct meanings of words belong to them) and non-free. Among the latter, there are two main types:

1) a phraseologically related meaning is one that occurs in words in certain lexically indivisible combinations. They are characterized by a narrowly limited, stably reproducible range of words, the links between which are determined not by subject-logical relations, but by the internal laws of the lexico-semantic system. The boundaries of the use of words with this meaning are narrow. So, in the word bosom, the figurative meaning "sincere, sincere" is realized, as a rule, only in combination with the word friend (friendship);

2) a syntactically determined meaning is one that appears in a word when it performs an unusual role in a sentence. In the development of these meanings, the role of context is great. For example, when using the word oak in the role of characterizing a person: Eh, you, oak, didn’t understand anything - its meaning “dumb, insensitive” (colloquial) is realized.

A variety of syntactically conditioned meanings includes the so-called constructively limited, which occurs only under the conditions of using a word in a certain syntactic construction. For example, the relatively recent meaning of “district, region, place of action” in the word geography is due to its use in a construction with a noun in the genitive case: geography of sports victories.

4. According to the nature of the performed nominative functions, the meanings are actually nominative and expressive-synonymous.

Nominative are those that directly, immediately name an object, phenomenon, quality, action, etc. In their semantics, as a rule, there are no additional signs (in particular, evaluative ones). Although over time, such signs may appear. (In this case, develop different kind figurative meanings, but this group is distinguished by a different classification feature. See type 1.)

For example, the words writer, assistant, make noise, and many others have a proper nominative meaning. others

Expressive-synonymous is the meaning of the word, in the semantics of which the emotional-expressive feature prevails. Words with such meanings exist independently, are reflected in the dictionary and are perceived as evaluative synonyms for words that have a proper nominative meaning. Wed: writer - scribbler, hack writer; assistant - accomplice; make noise - make noise. Consequently, they not only name the object, action, but also give special appreciation. For example, to roam (simple) is not just “to make noise”, but “to behave noisily, fussily, dissolutely, dishonorably”.

In addition to these main types of lexical meanings, many words in the Russian language have shades of meanings, which, being closely related to the main one, still have differences. For example, along with the first direct meaning of the word hand in dictionaries, its shade is also given, i.e. a semicolon indicates "part of the same limb from the metacarpus to the end of the fingers." (Compare in the dictionary the shades of meanings of the word book and many other words.)

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD
Rubric (thematic category)	Lexicology

WORD AND ITS LEXICAL MEANING. LEXICAL ERRORS

Vocabulary – the totality of all words of a given language.

Lexicology the branch of the science of language that studies vocabulary language.

In lexicology, words are studied from the point of view of: 1) their semantic meaning; 2) places in common system vocabulary; 3) origin; 4) usage; 5) areas of application in the process of communication; 6) their expressive-stylistic nature.

The concept of ʼʼlexicologyʼʼ includes the doctrine of stable phrases (phraseological units), the doctrine of dictionaries (lexicography).

Word - the basic unit of the language, it is a sound or a complex of sounds that correlates with some phenomenon of reality: it names an object, creature, attribute, action, property, etc.

The word as the basic unit of language different sides: phonetic (sound), lexical and grammatical.

phonetic side the words: milk[ml ko'].

From the semantic side, each word is characterized by a certain lexical meaning.

Lexical meaning – this is the content of the word, its correlation with the phenomenon of reality, that is, what a separate independent word means.

For example, there is an object ʼʼbridgeʼʼ and there is a word ʼʼ bridgeʼʼ denoting the subject.

The lexical meaning of the word ʼʼ bridgeʼʼ next; ʼʼconstruction for crossing, crossing a river, ravine, railway lineʼʼ.

Although the concept lies at the base of the lexical meaning of the word, it is impossible to put an equal sign between the meaning and the concept. The lexical meaning of the word is multifaceted. In addition to the concept, it may include emotionally expressive coloring. This is explained by the fact that language is not only a means of expressing and forming thoughts, but also a means of expressing feelings and moods. For example, words sun and sun express kindness, love relationship speaker to the named object.

The words good and great, large and huge, beautiful and beautiful, be surprised and be amazed, frugality and avarice express one concept and differ only in the presence or absence of emotionally expressive coloring.

The lexical meaning of a word is closely related to the grammatical one. There is not a single word that has a lexical meaning and does not have a social grammatical design. To express grammatical meanings, there are special material indicators that give the word grammatical formality. So, for example, in the verb decide, used in different forms (decided, decided), the lexical meaning is further complicated by the grammatical meanings of the past tense, singular, masculine and feminine, which is expressed with the help of the ending - a- for feminine zero ending– for masculine gender and suffix - l- past tense.

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Types of lexical meanings of a word

Mapping various words and their meanings allows us to distinguish several types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language.

1. According to the method of nomination, direct and figurative meanings of words are distinguished. The direct (or main, main) meaning of a word is a meaning that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. For example, words table, black, boil have the following main meanings:

1. "A piece of furniture in the form of a wide horizontal board on high supports, legs."
2. "Colors of soot, coal."
3. "Bubbling, bubbling, evaporating from strong heat" (about liquids).

These values are stable, although they may change historically. For example, the word table in Old Russian meant "throne", "reign", "capital".

The direct meanings of words less than all others depend on the context, on the nature of the connections with other words. Therefore, direct meanings are said to have the greatest paradigmatic conditionality and the least syntagmatic coherence.

Portable (indirect) meanings of words arise as a result of the transfer of a name from one phenomenon of reality to another on the basis of similarity, commonality of their features, functions, etc.

Yes, the word table has several figurative meanings:

1. "Item of special equipment or part of a machine of similar shape": operating table, raise table machine tool.
2. "Food, food": rent the room with a table .
3. "A department in an institution in charge of some special range of affairs": reference table .

At the word black such portable values:

1. "Dark, as opposed to something lighter, called white": black bread.
2. "Taking a dark color, darkened": black from sunburn.
3. "Kurnoy" (only long form, deprecated): black hut.
4. "Gloomy, bleak, heavy": black thoughts.
5. "Criminal, malicious": black treason.
6. "Not the main, auxiliary" (only the full form): black move in the house.
7. "Physically heavy and unskilled" (long form only): black Job etc.

Word boil has the following metaphors:

1. "Show up in strong degree": Job boils .
2. "To manifest something with force, to a strong extent": boil indignation.

As you can see, indirect meanings appear in words that are not directly related to the concept, but approach it through various associations that are obvious to speakers.

Portable meanings can preserve figurativeness: black thoughts, black betrayal; boil with indignation. Such figurative meanings are fixed in the language: they are given in dictionaries when interpreting a lexical unit.

In terms of reproducibility and stability, figurative meanings differ from metaphors that are created by writers, poets, publicists and are of an individual nature.

However, in most cases, when transferring meanings, imagery is lost. For example, we do not perceive as figurative such names as pipe elbow, teapot spout, clock movement and under. In such cases, one speaks of extinct figurativeness in the lexical meaning of the word, of with x and x metaphors.

Direct and figurative meanings are distinguished within one word.

2. According to the degree of semantic motivation, the meanings of non-motivated (non-derivative, primary) are distinguished, which are not determined by the meaning of morphemes in the composition of the word; motivated (derivatives, secondary), which are derived from the meanings of the generating stem and word-building affixes. For example, words table, build, white have unmotivated meanings. Words canteen, desktop, canteen, construction, perestroika, anti-perestroika, whiten, whiten, whiteness motivated meanings are inherent, they are, as it were, "produced" from the motivating part, word-building formants and semantic components that help to comprehend the meaning of a word with a derivative stem.

For some words, the motivation of the meaning is somewhat obscured, since in modern Russian it is not always possible to single out their historical root. However, etymological analysis establishes ancient family ties words with other words, makes it possible to explain the origin of its meaning. For example, etymological analysis allows you to highlight the historical roots in the words fat, feast, window, cloth, pillow, cloud and establish their connection with words live, drink, eye, twist, ear, drag(envelop) Thus, the degree of motivation of one or another meaning of the word may not be the same. In addition, the value may seem motivated person with a philological background, while a non-specialist semantic connections this word seems to be lost.

3. According to the possibility of lexical compatibility, the meanings of words are divided into free and not free. The first are based only on the subject-logical connections of words. For example, the word drink combined with words denoting liquids ( water, milk, tea, lemonade etc.), but cannot be combined with words such as stone, beauty, running, night. The compatibility of words is regulated by the subject compatibility (or incompatibility) of the concepts they denote. Thus, the "freedom" of the combination of words with unrelated meanings is relative.

The non-free meanings of words are characterized handicapped lexical compatibility, which in this case is determined by both subject-logical and proper linguistic factors. For example, the word win matches with words victory, top, but does not match the word defeat. One can say lower your head (look, eyes, eyes), but you can't - " lower your hand" (leg, briefcase).

Non-free meanings, in turn, are divided into phraseologically related and syntactically related worded. The first are realized only in stable (phraseological) combinations: sworn enemy, bosom friend(you can not swap the elements of these phrases).

The syntactically determined meanings of a word are realized only if it performs in a sentence something unusual for itself. syntactic function. Yes, the words log, oak, hat, acting as a nominal part compound predicate, get the values " stupid man"; "stupid, insensitive person"; "sluggish, initiativeless person, muddler". V. V. Vinogradov, who first singled out this type of meaning, called them functionally syntactically conditioned. These meanings are always figurative and, according to the method of nomination, are among the figurative meanings .

As part of the syntactically conditioned meanings of the word, the meanings are also distinguished by structurally limited ones, which are realized only under the conditions of a certain syntactic construction. For example, the word vortex with direct meaning "impulsive Roundabout Circulation wind" in construction with a noun in the form genitive gets figurative meaning: vortex events- "the rapid development of events."

4. According to the nature of the functions performed, lexical meanings are divided into two types: nominative, the purpose of which is nomination, naming of phenomena, objects, their qualities, and expressive n o-s and non-nim and mimic, in which the emotional-evaluative (connotative) feature is predominant. For example, in the phrase A tall man word tall indicates great growth; this is its nominal value. And the words lanky, long combined with the word Human not only indicate a large growth, but also contain a negative, disapproving assessment of such growth. These words have an expressive-synonymous meaning and are among the expressive synonyms for a neutral word. tall.

5. By the nature of the connections of some values with others in lexical system languages can be distinguished:

1) autonomous meanings possessed by words that are relatively independent in language system and denoting mainly specific objects: table, theater, flower;
2) relative values that are inherent in words that are opposed to each other on some grounds: close - far, good - bad, youth - old age;
3) deterministic meanings, i.e. those "which are, as it were, determined by the meanings of other words, since they represent their stylistic or expressive variants ...". For example: nag(cf. stylistically neutral synonyms: horse, horse); wonderful, wonderful, splendid(cf. good).

Thus, modern typology lexical meanings is based, firstly, on the conceptual and subject relations of words (i.e., paradigmatic relations), secondly, word-formation (or derivational) relations of words, thirdly, the relations of words to each other (syntagmatic relations) . The study of the typology of lexical meanings helps to understand the semantic structure of the word, to penetrate deeper into the systemic connections that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language.

In this article, we will consider the types of lexical meanings of words and present their most famous classification created by

What is lexical meaning?

As you know, a word has two meanings - grammatical and lexical. And if grammatical meaning is abstract and inherent a large number words, the lexical is always individual.

It is customary to call the lexical meaning the correlation of objects or phenomena of reality fixed in the mind of a native speaker with a certain sound complex of a language unit. That is, the lexical meaning denotes the content inherent in a particular word.

Now let's look at what types are distinguished on the basis of. And then we will consider one of the most popular classifications.

Lexical value types

The semantic correlation of various words of the Russian language makes it possible to identify Various types tokens. To date, there are many systematizations of such values. But the classification proposed in his article entitled "The main types of lexical meanings of words" is considered the most complete. We will analyze this typology further.

By correlation

By nomination (or correlation), it is customary to distinguish two meanings of a lexeme - direct and figurative.

Direct meaning, it is also called the main or main one, is a meaning that reflects the phenomenon of reality, real world. For example: the word "table" refers to a piece of furniture; "black" is the color of coal and soot; "boil" means to boil, seethe, evaporate from heating. Such semantics is permanent and is subject only to historical changes. For example: "table" in ancient times meant "reigning", "throne" and "capital".

The main types of lexical meanings of a word are always subdivided into smaller ones, which we proved in this paragraph, speaking of direct and figurative meanings.

Returning to the main theme, we can add that the words in direct meaning less than others depend on the context and other words. Therefore, it is believed that such meanings have the least syntagmatic coherence and the greatest paradigmatic conditionality.

Portable

The types of lexical meanings of words were identified on the basis of live Russian speech, in which a language game is often used, part of which is the use of words in figurative meanings.

Such meanings arise as a result of the transfer of the name of one object of reality to another on the basis of common features, similarity of functions, and so on.

Thus, the word got the opportunity to have several meanings. For example: “table” - 1) in the meaning of “piece of equipment” - “machine table”; 2) in the meaning of "food" - "get a room with a table"; 3) in the meaning of "department in the institution" - "round table".

The word “boil” also has a number of figurative meanings: 1) in the meaning of “manifestation in high degree"-" work is in full swing "; 2) excessive manifestation of emotions - "boil with indignation."

Portable meanings are based on the convergence of two concepts with the help of various kinds of associations that are easily understood by native speakers. Very often, indirect meanings have great figurativeness: black thoughts, seething with indignation. These figurative phrases are quickly fixed in the language, and then fall into explanatory dictionaries.

Figurative meanings with pronounced figurativeness differ in their stability and reproducibility from metaphors invented by writers, publicists and poets, since the latter are strictly individual in nature.

However, very often figurative meanings lose their imagery for native speakers. For example, “sugar bowl handles”, “pipe elbow”, “chime of the clock” are no longer perceived by us as figurative phrases. This phenomenon is called extinct imagery.

Types of lexical meanings of words by origin

Depending on the degree of semantic motivation (or by origin), the following are distinguished:

Motivated words (secondary or derivative) are derived from word-building affixes and meanings of the word-derivative base.
Unmotivated words (primary or non-derivative) - they do not depend on the meaning of the morphemes included in

For example: the words “build”, “table”, “white” are unmotivated. To motivated - "building", "table", "whitewash", since these words were formed from unmotivated ones, in addition, the words-primary sources help to understand the meaning of the newly formed lexemes. That is, "to whiten", derived from "white", means "to make white."

But not everything is so simple, the motivation of some words does not always manifest itself so clearly, as the language changes, and it is not always possible to find the historical root of the word. Nevertheless, if an etymological analysis is carried out, it is often possible to find an ancient connection between seemingly completely dissimilar words and explain their meanings. For example, after an etymological analysis, we learn that the words “feast”, “fat”, “cloth”, “window”, “cloud” come from “drink”, “live”, “twist”, “eye”, “drag” respectively. Therefore, it is not always possible for a non-specialist to distinguish an unmotivated word from a motivated one the first time.

Types of lexical meanings of words by compatibility

Depending on the meanings, words can be divided into:

Free - are based on only subject-logical connections. For example: “drink” can only be combined with words that denote liquid (tea, water, lemonade, etc.), but can never be used with words like “running”, “beauty”, “night”. Thus, the combination of such words will be regulated by the subject compatibility or incompatibility of the concepts that they denote. That is, "freedom" in the compatibility of such words is very conditional.
Non-free - such words are limited in their ability to lexically combine. Their use in speech depends both on the subject-logical factor and on the linguistic one. For example: the word "down" can be combined with the words "eyes", "look", "eyes", while these words cannot be correlated with other lexemes - they do not say "down your leg".

Non-free types of lexical meanings of words in Russian:

Phraseologically related - are realized exclusively in stable (or For example: sworn enemy - sworn friend is not used, unless it is the author's language game.
Syntactically conditioned - is implemented only in those cases when the word is forced to perform an unusual function for it. For example, the words "hat", "oak", "log" become predicates, characterizing a person as narrow-minded, stupid, muddled, insensitive, lack of initiative. In fulfilling such a role, the word always acquires figurativeness and is classified as a type of figurative meanings.

Syntactically conditioned meanings also include those dictionary constructions that can be realized only under certain syntactic conditions. For example: "whirlwind" takes on a figurative meaning only in the form of a genus. n. - "whirlwind of events."

By function

Types of transfers of the lexical meaning of words can be distinguished depending on the nature of the functions performed:

Nominative - the name comes from the word "nomination", and denotes the naming of objects, phenomena and their qualities.
Expressive-semantic - in such words, the connotative (emotional-evaluative) becomes the predominant seme.

An example of a nominative word: “tall person” - this phrase informs the listener that the person who is given the characteristic is tall.

An example of an expressive-semantic word: in the same case as described above, the word "tall" is replaced by the word "lanky" - this is how a disapproving, negative assessment of this growth is added to the information about high growth. Thus, the word "lanky" is an expressive synonym for the word "tall".

By the nature of the connection

The main types of lexical meanings of Russian words, depending on the nature of the connection in the lexical system of some meanings with others:

Correlative meanings - words that are opposed to each other on some basis: good - bad, far - close.
Autonomous meanings are relatively independent words denoting specific objects: a chair, a flower, a theater.
Deterministic meanings - words determined by the meaning of other words, as they are expressive or stylistic variants of them: the word "nag" is due to the word "horse", "beautiful", "magnificent" - "good".

findings

Thus, we have listed the types of lexical meanings of words. Briefly, we can name the following aspects that formed the basis of our classification:

Subject-conceptual connections of words or paradigmatic relations.
Syntagmatic relations or the relation of words to each other.
Derivational or word-forming connections of lexemes.

Thanks to the study of the classification of lexical meanings, one can better understand the semantic structure of words, understand in more detail system connections that have developed in the vocabulary of the modern language.

Or several, i.e. is single or multiple.

For example, the word "iceberg" means "a large accumulation of ice or a large block of ice that has broken away from a glacier." The word has no other meaning. Therefore, it is unambiguous. But the word "braid" can have several interpretations. For example, "braid" is a "kind of hairstyle" ( maiden braid), as well as - "the river bank of a special form" (went to swim on the spit) and, in addition, it is also a "tool of labor" (it is good to sharpen the scythe). Thus, the word "braid" is ambiguous.

The grammatical meaning of a word is a certain set of features that allow the word to change its form. So, for a verb, these are signs of time, person, number, etc., and - time, present or past, gender, number, and.

If the main component of the lexical meaning lies, as a rule, in its root, then the grammatical meaning of the word is most easily determined by the ending (inflection). For example, at the end of a noun's name, its gender, case, or number is easy. So, in the sentence "The morning turned out to be cool, but sunny" the noun has the following: nominative, neuter gender, singular, second . In addition, it can be said that the word is common noun, inanimate.

If you try to determine the lexical meaning of the word "morning", then, for sure, specify that this is the time of day following the night, i.e. start of the day.

If you learn how to correctly determine the lexical and grammatical meaning of words, you will be able to compose beautiful in expressiveness and correct in terms of grammar and use. syntactic constructions(and suggestions).

Sources:

the lexical meaning is

At morphological analysis communion it needs to be defined view, which refers to the constant features of this part of speech. This is also very important for the translator, because the view in translation, the participle often changes the meaning of the entire text to the opposite.

You will need

- table of participle forms.

Instruction

Try to put full communion in short form. With the passive, this is most often possible, it always has both forms, but with the real, you are unlikely to be able to do such an operation. In any case, in the modern literary real communion do not have a short form. Some dialects have it. Short form of the passive communion varies by gender and number. However, some suffering communion also in modern short form is usually not put. For example, “breakable”, “readable”, etc. In such cases, a short form exists, but rather refers to an archaic style.