adjective name and grammatical categories

Agreement of adjectives with nouns.

Lesson 4

Winged sayings and aphorisms

1. Aquĭlam volāre doces - You teach the eagle to fly.

2. Homo homĭni lupus est - Man is a wolf to man.

3. Homo sum, humāni nihil a me aliēnum puto - I am a man, and nothing human is alien to me.

4. Tertium non datur - The third is not given.

5. Nomĭna si nescis, perit cognitio rerum - If you do not know the names, the knowledge of things is lost.

Subject: Adjective (nomen adjectivum) and its grammatical categories .

Issues under consideration:

Adjective ( nomen adjectivum) in Latin has the same grammatical categories as in Russian, i.e. the categories of gender, case, number and declension. Adjectives decline according to the pattern Latin nouns 1st-3rd declensions. Given the dependence on the type of declension and generic endings, they are divided into two groups: adjectives of the 1st-2nd declension and adjectives of the 3rd declension.

§ 17. Adjectives 1 - 2- declensions, their dictionary form and basis

As in Russian, adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions have three generic endings in the nominative case:

The form male adjectives of this group are declined in the same way as nouns of the 2nd declension with endings - us, -er, the form female- as nouns of the 1st declension with the ending -a, neuter form - like neuter nouns with the ending - um:

Unlike nouns, the dictionary form of adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions occurs only in the nominative case. In this case, the form is completely fixed nominative case masculine, and then after the comma, the endings of the feminine and neuter gender are given:

albus, a, um	longus, a, um
Niger, gra, grum	mellĭfer, ĕra, ĕrum

According to the dictionary form, you can determine whether adjectives with the ending - er vowel e in feminine and neuter forms (for adjectives like mellĭfer) or it drops out in these forms (for adjectives like niger).

The basis of adjectives is determined in the same way as for nouns, i.e. by discarding from the form gen. sg. case ending:

An adjective and its grammatical categories - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Adjective and its grammatical categories" 2017, 2018.

"Complex adjectives" - Check yourself. Compound adjectives. Together *bike-moto-photo-cinema-zoo-hydro-agro-aero- *five-year-old *blue-eyed ( Blue eyes). Fusion and hyphenation compound adjectives. Vocabulary dictation task: write complex adjectives, opening brackets. Hyphen * from northeast z to southeast south * light blue (complex colors) (i) * convex - concave.

"Unstressed endings of adjectives" - Determine the shock or unstressed ending. Petrova M.V. What ending should be inserted into the adjective from the phrase: with wonderful ... lilac. Fixing the material. From a noun we put a question to an adjective. Determine the gender, number and case of the adjective from the phrase: about a beautiful drawing.

"Adjective Grade 6" - Number. Dialogue "Magpie and Hare". Definitions. ___________ Alyonushka sat on a ______________ stone. Subject sign. Degrees of comparison. Alyonushka Alyonushka was _____________ sister. Rainy (water, drop, clouds, autumn, weather, season). Old (birch) - beautiful - majestic -. A 2. In which sentence should you use SIGNATURE instead of the word PAINT?

“Adjective name grade 5” - With similar feelings, I open the poems of F. Tyutchev. Mini performance. We are flying with you! .. Equipment: a portrait of a poet, Handout. Why? Lesson Objectives: Work on a poem. Summer was leaving ... But everything turned out differently. Integrated lesson of the Russian language and literature. How many seasons pass before us, and which ones?

"The gender of adjectives" - Check. 1. A way to determine the gender of adjectives. Decipher the words brz plt kvr. Problem. Lesson topic Gender of adjectives. How to determine the gender of adjectives? 1. Nouns have 3 genders (m.r., f.r., cf.r.). 2. A way to determine the gender of nouns. We know. We don't know. Birch coat carpet.

"Degrees of comparison of adjectives" - 1B. Write using the adjectives given in brackets in a simple form comparative degree. Form a simple and complex form of the comparative degree from the following adjectives. 2B. Form, if possible, from the given adjectives in brackets a comparative or superlative degree. Materials for the lesson of the Russian language in grade 6

Morphological categories of adjectives

Genus category adjectives (both full and short) is an inflectional category expressed in the form of opposing masculine, feminine and neuter forms: new phone, new pizzeria, new exception; the novel is fascinating, the play is fascinating, the work is fascinating. The adjective-definition agrees in gender with the noun acting as any member of the sentence: In such facts, someone seems to evil and strong will (female), with on a grand scale organized disorder (M.R.) (O. Kuvaev). The adjective-predicate is coordinated with the noun acting as the subject: Farewell didn't come out cheerful expeditionary , as expected, a stretched and even false (cf.). In both cases, the endings of adjectives only confirm the already obvious belonging of the defined or coordinated nouns to a certain gender.

When a full adjective is combined with indeclinable nouns, only its endings indicate that these nouns belong to one or another gender: resourceful entertainer, charming top model, famous interview. The determining factor in this respect is the form of adjectives in combination with indeclinable names of persons ( smiling - smiling entertainer), with nouns generic (which — what a badass), with job titles ( new manager — new manager), with personal and reflexive pronouns (you yourself and you yourself, myself and myself, to myself and most yourself).

Number category for adjectives - inflectional category, presented in the form of opposed forms singular. and pl. This applies to adjectives of all genders, when delimiting generic endings in the singular. and their unification in plural: virtual world, virtual world; parliamentary commission, parliamentary commission; subsidiary, subsidiary and virtual worlds, virtual worlds; parliamentary commissions, parliamentary commissions; subsidiaries, subsidiaries, etc.

When full adjectives combined with invariable nouns, only the endings of these adjectives are an indicator numerical value nouns: famous — famous couturiers, first — first ladies, short — brief summaries.

The categories of gender and number are also characteristic of short adjectives, which, acting as a predicate, coordinate with the subject - a noun or a pronoun: mechanism (is he) dismantled, system(she is) dismantled, device (it) dismantled — system mechanisms, devices (they) dismantled.

Case category expressed in six rows (according to the number of cases) of full adjective forms that are opposed to each other. We are talking about the vast majority of adjectives, mostly Russian in origin: cashless, cashless, cashless...; tax, tax, tax ...; state, state, state ...; extra-statutory, extra-statutory, extraordinarily... etc.

In Russian, a small group of indeclinable adjectives is distinguished, borrowed mainly from Western European languages: openwork, empire, baroque, beige, Bordeaux, indigo, luxury, maxi, midi, mocha, retro, rococo, khaki and etc.

Combining with indeclinable nouns, adjectives with their morphological forms "suggest" the case meanings of the latter: great airshow, about a trendy cafe, unknown zombies.

Short adjectives do not have case forms. The exception is the forms preserved in some expressions ( in the middle of the day, barefoot), in works folk art (good fellow, across the open field).

Degrees of comparison- grammatical category of adjectives, which denotes differences in the degree of manifestation of quality ( topical — more relevant — most up-to-date). Forms of the comparative degree can have not only qualitative adjectives, but also adverbs in -about and -e derived from them. However, they are syntactically different. The comparative degree of adjectives determines the noun ( Her appearance is more attractive ), and the comparative degree of adverbs determines the verb ( She is looked more attractive ) and rarely refers to a noun.

Traditionally, there are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. As positive degree one can consider the initial form of adjectives, although this form names the quality of an object beyond comparison with the manifestation of this quality in another object ( liberal regime).

The form of the comparative degree indicates that the quality is inherent this subject in more than another or different or the same subject, but under different circumstances: The rain here seemed weaker(O. Kuvaev). Comparative forms can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical, descriptive, compound).

Simple forms of the comparative degree of adjectives are formed from the basis of a positive degree with the help of suffixes -her, -e, -she. Suffix -ee ( -her) is attached to stems on a consonant (except k, g, x) and in some other cases. If the adjective has two syllables, the suffix -ee ( -her) bears the stress ( left — to the left, left; accurate — more precisely, more precisely). If the adjective has more than two syllables, the comparative stress remains on the stem ( humane — more humane, more humane; intensive — more intense, more intense). Suffix -e joins the foundations on G, to, X, and in some cases t (cm), d. At the same time, r - well, to — h, X — sh, d — well,t — h, h — well, cm — w: stro G uy — strict well e, lay down to uy — lay down h e, su X oh — su sh e, molo d oh — molo well e, god t th — god h e, bonds cue — at well e, about st oh — about sch e. Comparative forms with suffix - e have the accent always on the base. When some of them are formed, the suffix disappears in the stem: short to uy — shorter, widely to uy — wider. With the suffix - she comparative forms are formed from adjectives far (distance she and gave her ), early (early she and run her ), thin (tone she ), large (pain she and bol her ). Some adjectives have non-standard forms comparative degree: good (Ray she ), small (less she ), bad (hu same ), which are formed from other roots. They are called suppletive.

Adding a prefix on- to forms of a simple comparative degree softens the degree of manifestation of the trait: more fun — more fun, higher — on higher, smaller — on smaller. Such forms are typical for colloquial speech. Simple forms of the comparative degree do not change by gender, number and case. Names in R.p. can be combined with them: Video equipment expensive (radio equipment ).

The complex form of the comparative degree of adjectives is formed by combining the adjective in initial form and words more(or less): more (less) easy (easy). These forms are more common in book speech. In one adjective, you cannot combine simple and complex forms of the comparative degree: less significant, more colorful.

In any form of the comparative degree of adjectives, there can be a construction with a union how+ I.p. name: Several barristers and their wives were drinking tea and louder ,than all people , talked(A. N. Tolstoy).

The superlative form means that the quality is inherent in this subject to the highest degree, i.e. more than others: Baikal — deepest lake in the world. The highest degree of quality inherent specific subject, the superlative form of adjectives can also denote, regardless of others, homogeneous. For example, saying beautiful places , we mean not that they are the most beautiful of all known to us, but that these places are very ("well, very") beautiful.

Superlatives can also be simple or complex. Simple (synthetic) forms of the superlative degree of adjectives are formed from the base of the positive degree with the help of the suffix -eysh- (accurate — accurate eysh uy), but from adjectives with a stem on G, to, X- with a suffix -aysh-. AT last case there is an alternation g - f, k - h, X — sh: strict G uy — strict well aishy, lay down to uy — lay down h aishy, ti X uy — ti sh aish. The prefix can be attached to a simple superlative degree most-, which gives the word the meaning of the limiting measure of the attribute and thereby enhances its expressiveness: smart - smartest — nai smartest.

Compound forms of the superlative degree of adjectives (analytical, descriptive, compound) are formed by a combination of words most, most, least with the positive degree form: the most conservative, most competitive, the least capable. The connection in one adjective is simple and complex shapes superlatives ( the highest) is wrong.

A complex superlative form can also be formed by combining the comparative degree of an adjective with pronouns Total, all: This way the shortest ; Our songs the most melodic.

Not all adjectives form degrees of comparison. For example, forms of the comparative degree cannot be formed from adjectives associated with certain characteristics of a person (his physical defects - deaf, oblique, dumb, lame; marital status — unmarried, idle) or animals (their suits are buckwheat, crow, bay). In addition to the semantic features of adjectives, the formation of the form of the comparative degree may be hindered by their word-formation structure. So, adjectives with suffixes in the past are unable to have these forms -sk-, -ov-, -n- who have developed qualitative values: brotherly- congenial, friendly business- intelligent, manual- tamed.

Some linguists derive adjectives with suffixes -eysh-, -aysh- from the category of degrees of comparison on the grounds that they are close in their meaning to suffix derivatives of the type huge, hefty. Suffixes -eysh-, -aysh- it is proposed to consider not as form-building (inflectional), but as derivational and corresponding adjectives - not as superlatives, but as individual words like formations with suffixes -usch- (-Yusch-), -enn- calling high measure quality. This generally denies the existence of a superlative degree of quality as a grammatical category in modern Russian. However, it is difficult to agree with this approach.

First of all, we are talking about the grammatical system of the modern literary (standardized) language, in which not only traditionally, but also taking into account grammatical meaning and the functions of the formations under consideration systematically distinguish three series of forms of degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and excellent. They differ precisely in the degree of manifestation of quality, regardless of whether it is in different objects or in one of them, but under different circumstances or in general, regardless of this quality in other objects.

Secondly, one cannot equate grammatical phenomena, such as adjectives with suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-(regardless of whether they are considered a factor of morphology or word formation), to lexicalized phenomena - derivatives with suffixes -usch- (-Yusch-), -enn-. If suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-— active elements of a functioning language system, which can be combined with hundreds of adjectives, then the suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -enn- at present, they can hardly be recognized as productive and even regular. In the "Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language" in 1974, which includes about 125 thousand words selected from explanatory dictionaries modern Russian language, no more than a dozen derivatives with the suffix -usch- (-yusch-), and those for the most part infrequent: big yi uy, long Yusch uy, greedy yi uy, healthy yi uy, furious, vile Yusch uy, cursed yi uy, drunk yi uy, thick yi uy, cunning yi uy (cunning Yusch uy), thin Yusch uy. Therefore, lexicalization in this case is that the suffix -usch- (-yusch-) can only be combined with a numerically limited group of adjectives and cannot systematically join others without violating grammatical and stylistic norms. The use of the corresponding adjectives in speech is not systemic, but due to their individual features. For example, derivatives huge, cursed, heady, thin used when expressing an assessment instead of synthetic forms of the superlative degree of adjectives large, damn, drunk, thin due to the absence of these forms in the language, for example the biggest. Other derivatives with suffix -usch- (-yusch-) are used in certain situations as more expressive than parallel forms with -eysh-, -aysh-. Wed: longest — long, most greedy — greedy, fattest — fat, cunning — cunning.

Suffix -enn-, also giving meaning high degree quality, occurs in general in four words: tall, hefty, terrible, heavy.

Thirdly, all adjectival affixes with a magnifying-expressive meaning: -usch-, -enn-, -ohonek-, -oshenk- (plump, plump), once-, race- (daring, beautiful), pre- (great), most- (worst) - are not just unproductive, but also bring a colloquial, even colloquial connotation, while suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-- stylistically neutral, which unites them not with the indicated affixes, but with comparative suffixes -her, -e.

The backbone of the Russian grammatical system, each morphological category, including degrees of comparison, constitute stylistically neutral language tools, which are the suffixes that form the comparative and superlatives adjectives. It is only against the background of these suffixes that stylistically marked "substitutes" can be considered, if they exist in the language. And hardly justified scientific point of view, the replacement of systemic, stylistically neutral means used to express the category of degrees of comparison of adjectives with means that are found only in single lexicalized formations.

Complete and short forms quality adjectives: beautiful — handsome, tall — high Short forms are formed by adding the endings of gender and number to the basis of adjectives. In I.p. unit and pl. short forms have the same endings as nouns of the 1st and 2nd declensions:

• a) in units m.r. — null ending (handsome, blue, hot, strict, good);
• b) in the f.r. - endings -a, -I (beautiful, blue, hot, good); c) cf. - — -about, -e (nice, blue, hot, strictly, well); G) in plural - endings -s, -and (beautiful, blue, hot, strictly, good).

When forming a short form m.r. alternations may occur. So, if the stem of adjectives ends in - n or -to:

• a) between n and the preceding consonant appears e (yo) (loyal — true,clever —smart); when formed from adjectives on -enny short forms for -en and -enen (immoral — immoral, immoral) you need to keep in mind that both forms are literary, but the forms on -enen more characteristic of book speech;
• b) between -to and the preceding consonant appears o ( thin — thin);
• in) b and th facing n and to, alternate with e (yo) (bitter — bitter, strong — strong, slim — built, brisk — striker). If full adjectives are declined and act as a definition and a predicate ( Entered Kazan young engineers. Guys bearded , girls in trousers. V. Potanin), then short adjectives do not change by case, except individual cases (around the world, good horse) and act in the sentence only as a predicate: The eyes were strictly and sad (V. Potanin).

There are differences in the use of short and full adjectives:

• a) semantic: if full adjectives often denote constant feature, then short ones are temporary: Child sick (in general) and The child is sick(At the moment); A bag heavy (absolute sign) and A bag heavy (relative sign);
• b) grammatical: if full adjectives usually cannot be used with dependent words, then short ones can: The child was sick (cannot be added sore throat), but The child was sick with a sore throat;
• c) stylistic: You , Olya, windy (softness of assessment) and You, Olya, windy (categorical assessment).

Most quality adjectives have long and short forms. But two groups of adjectives have only full forms:

• 1) indicating the suit of animals ( brown, piebald, savrasy), or containing amplifying-expressive suffixes ( cunning, broad, cheerful, beautiful), or including suffixes relative adjectives (brutal, satanic and etc.);
• 2) adjectives much, should, love, glad, as well as with suffixes -ohonek-, -oshenek (radechonek, radeshenek and etc.).

1. An adjective as a part of speech.

2.Lexico - grammatical ranks adjectives.

5. Declension of adjectives.

1.Adjective- a part of speech that has a general categorical meaning of an attribute of an object (adjective, attributive meaning); consistent with nouns in the forms of gender, number and case (in the singular), number, case (in the plural) and possessing the corresponding inflectional morphological categories; formed mainly in a suffixal way and performing the syntactic roles of the definition and the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

The sign denoted by an adjective must necessarily refer to something, therefore the adjective always explains the noun and depends on it. The grammatical categories of adjectives are thus "reflected"; according to V.V. Vinogradov, "they are forms of syntactic relations, forms of grammatical agreement." Therefore, they do not belong to the classifiers, being inflectional. Adjectives do not have proper morphological classifying categories. Academician Vinogradov wrote: “... the grammatical forms of the adjective - in contrast to the forms of the noun - do not express any additional meanings, except for the general meaning of the agreed attribute. They are quite syntactically and - because of this - more abstract.

Adjectives can refer to different sign subject - qualitative, relative, possessive; in this regard, their lexical and grammatical categories are distinguished.

2. By the nature of the lexical meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are divided into lexical and grammatical categories: in total there are 5 - 3 main (qualitative, relative, possessive) and 2 transitive (qualitative - relative and relatively - possessive).

quality adjectives denote a qualitative feature of an object, that is, one that can be contained in it to a greater or lesser extent. The lexical meanings of quality adjectives are very diverse: color, size, shape, physical condition, physiological characteristics of the face, intellectual and emotional properties, and so on.

Among the initial adjectives, words with a derivative and non-derivative stems are distinguished (derived stem: hot, beige, swampy, fidgety; non-derivative stem: blue, cunning, flat); there are much more words with non-derivative basis among qualitative adjectives.

Their main morphological characteristic follows from the nature of the sign denoted by qualitative adjectives - they can form forms of degrees of comparison (to show the degree of manifestation of the sign); they also form short forms. Qualitative adjectives have the following grammatical features inherent only to them:

the ability to form a short form (good - good, old - old);

the ability to have degrees of comparison (good: better, better, best, most good; high: higher, higher, highest, highest);

compatibility with adverbs of measure and degree (very, quite, extremely, very much);

the ability to form derivative adjectives, with meaning subjective assessment(using suffixes:

Onk- (enk) -; -ovash- -(evash)-; -yusch-; -ohonk- (ehonk)-);

the ability to form abstract nouns with suffixes: -ost (is)-; -from(a)-; -out(a)-; -stv (o) -; -ø-;

the ability to form correlative qualitative adverbs with suffixes -o, -e.

Not every quality adjective has a complete set of the above characteristics, but the presence of at least one of them is already an indicator of the quality of the adjective, since adjectives of other categories do not have any of these features.

relative adjectives denote a feature of an object by its relation to other objects, circumstances, number, and so on. For example: city dweller, today's incident, fifth lesson, savings account.

Relative adjectives are sharply opposed to qualitative ones, since they do not have any of their grammatical properties. In terms of word formation, they are characterized by a derivative basis, since they are formed from nouns, adverbs, numerals with the help of suffixes with the meaning of the relation. Relative adjectives always have synonymous constructions with the words from which they are formed: production meeting - meeting at work; cemetery fence - a fence around a cemetery; homemade blanks - blanks made at home. A special group among relative adjectives are ordinal counter words (first, ninth, and so on).

Possessive adjectives indicate that an object belongs to someone. They are formed from animate nouns that name persons or animals. Possessive adjectives answer the questions: “whose?”, “whose?”, “whose?”, “whose?”

This is a narrow group of adjectives that do not have any sign of quality. They have synonymous constructions with a generating word: sisters costume - sisters costume; bird feather - bird feather. There are two groups of possessive adjectives:

actually possessive with suffixes -ov (ev, ev)-; -in (un)-; th (th) -: whale, nanny, goat. These adjectives denote belonging to pure form and are distinguished by special morphological patterns: they have a narrowly limited system of suffixes, they are used mainly in a short form, they have own system declensions (uncle, uncle, uncle, and so on) and are stylistically limited (colloquial style). Surnames also belong to this group - in the past possessive adjectives(Petrov, Sinitsyn);

secondarily possessive with suffixes: -sk(y)-, -ovsk(y)-, -evsk(y)-. These adjectives are close to relative ones and differ from them only in semantics (paternal, grandfather, lordly); grammatically they are identical to relative adjectives.

This type is more productive in modern word formation. The division of adjectives into lexical and grammatical categories is conditional, since the boundaries of the categories are mobile: the transition of relative adjectives into qualitative ones is possible; possessive into relative and qualitative; the use of adjectives of one category in the meaning of adjectives of another category. Therefore, intermediate discharges are distinguished (for the first time this was done by V.V. Vinogradov).

Qualitatively - relative adjectives are characterized by the fact that according to the primary, basic meaning they are relative, and in the figurative meaning they act as qualitative ones.

V.V. Vinogradov said: "... in all relative adjectives, there is a potential shade of quality, which often reveals itself and develops into a series of independent meanings." For example: spiritual (relative) experiences - a spiritual (qualitative) person, children's (relative) literature - children's (qualitative) naivety.

It is possible to use qualitative adjectives in the meaning of relative ones. Most often this is due to their terminology: a sonorous (quality) voice - a voiced (relative) sound, a sour (quality) lemon - sour (relative) conversations.

With mutual transitions of qualitative and relative adjectives, they change their morphological properties: acquiring or losing the previously listed characteristics of qualitative adjectives. For example: "golden (relative) ring" - there is no short form, degrees of comparison, forms of subjective assessment, and so on; “golden (quality) heart”, “golden (quality) day” - short form: I. Severyanin “Spring day is hot and gold».

Relatively possessive adjectives combine the properties of relative and possessive adjectives (in different meanings). Primarily, these are possessive adjectives, which in contexts acquire the meaning of “relationship”. For example: lion's (possessive) mane - lion's (relative) path; arctic fox (possessive) burrow - arctic fox (relative) fur coat. Similar adjectives can also be used in a qualitative sense - when metaphorizing them (transferring properties to a person): lion's (qualitative) pride, fox's (qualitative) nature.

So, for adjectives with suffixes -ij- and -in- the following chain of transitions is possible:

primary meaning - possessive →

secondary value - relative →

secondary, metaphorical meaning - qualitative / differ according to the abstract /: cock (possessive) feather → cock (relative) singing → cock (qualitative) habits

3.Category of completeness/brevity characteristic of qualitative, qualitatively - relative adjectives, as well as for some adjectives used in a qualitative sense. But it does not cover these forms 100 percent.

Short forms of adjectives differ from full ones in morphological properties, syntactic roles, and often semantically.

Morphological differences: short forms are only numeric and singular. generic signs, but do not change in cases, that is, they do not decline like full forms. AT Old Russian they inclined, which is reflected in stable combinations: from small to large, in broad daylight.

Syntax differences: short forms may differ from full ones in meaning, although this does not happen regularly. So,

short forms indicate a temporary quality or state, and full forms indicate a permanent sign (he is happy ( now) - he is happy ( generally) Human. Short forms denote a sign or a state “flowing in time” [V.V. Vinogradov, p214], and full ones are a timeless sign. This general semantic difference can take on different meanings.

For example, adjectives denoting size convey the meaning of the attribute as such in full form, and in short form indicate that the attribute is such only for certain conditions (narrow door - narrow door, high post - high post).

Short forms can indicate the excessive manifestation of a trait ( dark night- the night is dark, a rude answer - a rude answer).

Qualitative adjectives, irrespective of time, constancy/inconstancy of the sign, do not contain semantic differences between full and short forms: stupid - stupid, thrifty - thrifty, cheerful - cheerful and others.

Short forms, correlating with full ones, at the same time act as a group of words that tend to separate into a separate grammatical class - intermediate between adjectives and the category of state. For some adjectives, short and full forms are so isolated from each other that they almost do not intersect semantically (we can say that these are different lexemes: one that has only a full form, the other has only a short one). For example: worthy and worthy, powerful and powerful, prominent and visible.

Short forms in modern Russian are perceived as derivatives of total. They are formed from the basics of full forms (sometimes with their truncation: sure, restrained) by adding special inflections: -ø - for m.p., -а (-я) - for female, -о (-е) - for cf., -i (s) - for pl.

Historically, the primitives are short forms (nominal), from which with the help of pronouns??????? complete (membered) forms were formed. Only for adjectives that appeared in late time, short forms are secondary (talented, musical).

In the formation of short forms, there is often a movement of stress. If the adjective is 3 or more complex, then the stress does not move during the formation of short forms: compassionate, gifted. It happens less often, in 2-complex forms: truthful, lazy.

More often, 2-complex and monosyllabic stems of adjectives serve as the basis for short forms with an accent different from the stress in the full form. There are two types of strokes:

In m.r. the stress falls on the stem, in other forms - on the ending: smart, smart, smart, smart; old, old, old, old;

In m.r., cf. and in plural stress - on the basis; in zh.r. - on flexion: young, young, young, but young;

cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, but cheerful.

In some cases, in the forms cf. and pl. accent, variant: deep and deepki, variegated and variegated.

If the stem of a full adjective ends in a group of consonants, the last of which is [k] or [n], then when short masculine forms are formed, "insertion" of a vowel sound: strong - strong, funny - funny, full - full and so on.

Other groups of consonants are usually preserved in short forms: swarthy - swarthy, peppy - cheerful. Exceptions: bright, cunning, long, sharp, warm, and so on.

Some quality adjectives with the suffix -enn- may have parallel short mr forms: with a truncated stem (on -en) and with an insertion of a vowel sound (forms on -enen): mysterious and mysterious, immoral - immoral, responsible - responsible.

These are absolute doublets in terms of value, properties, and functions. In neutral styles, more “economical” forms with a truncated base (on -en) are increasingly being fixed.

Many quality adjectives do not form short forms:

Adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-, -ichesk-, -ov (-ev) -, -n- (all of them were originally relative): friendly, heroic, business, drill, shady, torrential and others;

Adjectives of subjective assessment (including those with prefixes): white, hefty, furious, cheerful, and so on;

Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs: stale, ripe, mature;

Some adjectives denoting the color or suit of animals: pink, brown, bay, buckskin;

Separate adjectives, different in semantics: alien, former, old, etc.

From the adjective "big" short forms are formed suppletively (large, large ...), and from the adjective "small" - with the truncation of the suffix -enk- (small, small, small).

From some adjectives, not everything is possible, but only separate short forms: ancient - only m.s. ancient, rarely - ancient; sick - m.r. ailment; different - pl. different (no other forms).

There are adjectives without complete forms. There are few of them: glad, much, must, necessary, love and some others. According to semantics, these are words of the category of state (L.V. Shcherba referred them here), and in form they are short adjectives.

All short adjectives are stylistically limited to book speech; colloquial style they are unusual, being an unproductive group of Russian vocabulary. V.V. Vinogradov noted: “The morphological and syntactic properties of the category of adjectives in short forms are in a dilapidated state” (“Russian language”, p216).

However, there are cases when the use of short forms is mandatory: in politeness formulas (be kind, kind); as well as in cases of semantic separation of short forms from full ones or the absence of full forms (right, ready, guilty, alive, free, and others).

From short forms of adjectives, it is necessary to mark them truncated forms, which

can be formed from adjectives of any category;

always keep the stress as in the full form;

in the proposal are definitions and not part of the SCS;

are used in the folk - poetic (folklore) or literary - poetic tradition on the rights of deviation from the literary norm, as poetic liberty or stylization of folk speech. For example: beautiful girl, good fellows, versts stripe (Pushkin), loving flour (Derzhavin), etc.

4. The category of degrees of comparison refers only to qualitative adjectives and includes 3 semantically opposed groups of forms: positive degree, comparative degree (or comparative) and superlative degree (superlative).

Comparative and superlative forms can be synthetic and analytic.

The original form (I.p., singular, m.r.) is positive degree. According to Vinogradov, this is “an abstract quality, indefinite in terms of degree, measure, expressed positively, beyond the comparison of objects in terms of the degree of this quality” [Russian language, p199]. But only in the presence of a positive degree is it possible to realize the GZ comparative and superlative comparative means that the attribute inherent in this subject is characteristic of it to a greater extent than for others. This value synthetic forms comparative degree.

They are formed with the help of productive suffixes -ee (-ej) and unproductive -e and -te. The suffix -ee serves most adjectives with a consonant stem: prettier, kinder, more fun, and others.

The suffix -е forms a comparative degree of adjectives:

with a non-derivative basis on the posterior palatine and on [t], [st], [d], as well as with suffix -k-: deafer, stricter, younger (consonants alternate with hissing ones);

with a stem having the suffix -ok (-ek); often this suffix is ​​truncated and there is an alternation of consonants: shorter, uglier, higher.

With the help of the suffix -she, the comparative is formed from adjectives of the type: distant, long, thin, older.

Comparative suppletive forms form adjectives: bad, good, small (worse, better, less).

Comparative doublet forms have adjectives late, early, long, distant, voiced and lively: later and later, earlier and earlier, further and further, louder and louder, smarter and livelier.

Often in colloquial speech, the prefix -po is added to the forms of the comparative degree, which introduces the meaning of strengthening / weakening the quality: kinder, earlier, older. Several adjectives retained archaic forms of the comparative degree with the endings -y: greater, lesser, worse, older, lower. They combine the meaning of comparative and superlative degrees: small - positive degree; He struck with less (cf. degree) force than before;

Is this sin the lesser of the 7 sins (excellent degree).

The comparative degree of adverbs should be distinguished from the comparative degree of adverbs: the comparative degree of adjectives is part of the ATP, the comparative degree of adverbs is a circumstance, although they coincide in form. Winter day shorter(cf.st.adj.) nights. To be understood, speak shorter(cf.st.nar.).

The comparative degree with the suffixes -e and -te has an accent on the base; and with the suffix -ee - double stress:

it falls on the suffix if in the short form of the feminine the stress is on inflection (smart: smart, smarter; cute: sweet, sweeter);

it falls on the stem, if in the short feminine form the stress is on the stem (beautiful: beautiful, more beautiful).

The synthetic form of the comparative is not formed from the following qualitative adjectives:

with the suffix -k-, we often “grow” to the root as a result of simplification (unsteady, chilly, sharp, great, and so on);

the suffix -sk-, as well as the suffix of subjective assessment (friendly, pretty, hefty, furious);

with the suffix -ov (-ev): business, mass, combat;

with suffixes -n and -l (loud, sluggish, plump;

with a base on [t ’] and [g] (poor, hefty, leisurely).

Analytical forms of the comparative degree are formed in Russian by adding the words “more” or “less” to the positive degree, that is, this form of the comparative is broader in semantics, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature in an object compared to with another. In a sentence, it can be not only part of the ATP, but also a definition: This decision authorities it turned out for the population more profitable. More profitable suggestions solved the case in his favor.

The complex form of the comparative degree is formed from any qualitative adjective, however, the forms are also bookish in nature. According to Academician Vinogradov, they are very active in the modern Russian language.

The synthetic form of the superlative degree is formed from the bases of the positive degree with the help of suffixes: -eit- and -ayt- (after the posterior palate): the strongest, the strictest / in the latter case, the posterior lingual with hissing / alternate. Adjectives with suffixes -k- (or former suffix) are truncated: low - lowest, close - nearest.

Adjectives with full vowels in the root can form synthetic superlatives from Old Slavic non-vowel stems: short - shortest, dear - dearest.

Forms with the above suffixes have two meanings in modern Russian:

superlative, that is, the meaning of the highest degree of quality inherent in any subject in comparison with others /there is a comparison semantics/. For example, He escaped a job five times harder than this one. This man is one of the most talented artists.

The superlative meaning of synthetic forms is somewhat outdated and bookish; in colloquial speech, this meaning is realized by analytical superlatives;

elative, that is, the value of the limiting degree of a feature beyond comparison of objects endowed with a similar feature. /no comparison semantics/. For example, this is the purest truth. He is the most beautiful person.

Synthetic forms of the superlative are often reinforced with the prefix -nai-: the most rigorous, the highest. The same adjectives that do not have a simple comparative degree do not have a simple superlative degree, as well as adjectives with suffixes: -chiv-, -ovat-, -ast-, -ist-, -uch- (resourceful, stupid, golden, big-headed, melodious and others).

The analytical forms of the superlative are characteristic of all qualitative adjectives, they are more common and productive in the language, therefore they can be formed in 3 ways:

1. a combination of a positive degree with the words “most”, “most”, “most”, “most”;

2. a combination of a positive degree with the words "most", "least";

3. a combination of a simple comparative form with the words "total" or "all". For example: beautiful: the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the most beautiful of all (of all)

A compound superlative of various forms is used in various fields:

with the word "most" and in book form, and in colloquial speech; has no additional semantic shades, therefore it is the most common;

with the words "most / least" - the widest in terms of semantics (highest and lowest degree quality); attribute of official - business and scientific styles;

with the words "all", "all" - mostly colloquial.

Superlative forms such as "the most distant" are not used in modern Russian, being archaic of the 19th century.

Adjectives with the meaning of a subjective assessment of the degree of quality should be distinguished from forms of degrees of comparison: these are not forms of an adjective, but new words. They do not indicate the objective level of manifestation of a feature (when compared), but only its subjective assessment. Adjectives of subjective evaluation are formed from qualitative adjectives:

with the help of suffixes (we have already talked about them) onk (enk), ovat (evat), ohonek (otenek), usch (yusch); enn (hefty);

with the help of prefixes archi, pre, races, nan, ultra, all;

repetition of the basics: white - white, pure - pure.

All these forms are unproductive and limited both in word-formation and stylistic terms. Many are possible only in colloquial speech.

5. The declension of adjectives is their change in gender, number and case (which applies only to the full forms of adjectives).

Adjectives have two types of declension: adjective and mixed.

Qualitative and relative adjectives decline according to the adjectival type. It has two varieties: hard and soft (old, blue). Basically, the singular paradigm is the same for all adjectives, but there are differences in inflections:

after paired in hardness - softness of consonants;

after posterior lingual;

after hard hissing.

These are the three subtypes of the adjectival declension.

In the mixed type, according to which possessive adjectives are inclined, two subtypes are distinguished: - adjectives with the suffix -ij (hare, wolf); -adjectives with suffixes -in, -ov(ev) (women, fathers).

The type is called mixed, since its paradigm combines the inflections of the adjective and substantive declensions: ??????

For paradigms, see the "Grammar Dictionary" or textbooks (Lekant, 2000, pp. 284-286).

There are indeclinable adjectives, mostly foreign ones, that do not have form change (they have a zero paradigm); but they adjoin nouns, standing in postposition to them, designate their attribute and are inconsistent definitions: beige color, Hindi language, air envelope.

Russian adjectives of this type are the result of the adjectivization of adverbs, prepositions or numerals: a soft-boiled egg, a house opposite, a satellite - three.

Genus category adjectives (both full and short) is an inflectional category expressed in the form of opposing masculine, feminine and neuter forms: new phone, new pizzeria, new exception; the novel is fascinating, the play is fascinating, the work is fascinating. The adjective-definition agrees in gender with the noun acting as any member of the sentence: In such facts, someone seems to evil and strong will (female), with on a grand scale organized disorder (M.R.) (O. Kuvaev). The adjective-predicate is coordinated with the noun acting as the subject: Farewell didn't come out cheerful expeditionary , as expected, a stretched and even false (cf.). In both cases, the endings of adjectives only confirm the already obvious belonging of the defined or coordinated nouns to a certain gender.

In the case when a full adjective is combined with indeclinable nouns, only its endings indicate that these nouns belong to one or another gender: resourceful entertainer, charming top model, famous interview. The determining factor in this respect is the form of adjectives in combination with indeclinable names of persons ( smiling - smiling entertainer), with common nouns ( which - what a badass), with job titles ( new manager - new manager), with personal and reflexive pronouns ( you yourself and you yourself, myself and myself, to myself and most yourself).

Number category for adjectives - an inflectional category, presented in the form of opposed singular forms. and pl. This applies to adjectives of all genders, when delimiting generic endings in the singular. and their unification in plural: virtual world, virtual world; parliamentary commission, parliamentary commission; subsidiary, subsidiary and virtual worlds, virtual worlds; parliamentary commissions, parliamentary commissions; subsidiaries, subsidiaries, etc.

When full adjectives are combined with invariable nouns, only the endings of these adjectives are indicative of the numerical value of the nouns: famous - famous couturiers, first - first ladies, short - brief summaries.

The categories of gender and number are also characteristic of short adjectives, which, acting as a predicate, coordinate with the subject - a noun or a pronoun: mechanism (is he) dismantled, system(she is) dismantled, device (it) dismantled - system mechanisms, devices (they) dismantled.

Case category expressed in six rows (according to the number of cases) of full adjective forms that are opposed to each other. We are talking about the vast majority of adjectives, mostly Russian in origin: cashless, cashless, cashless...; tax, tax, tax ...; state, state, state ...; extra-statutory, extra-statutory, extraordinarily... etc.

In Russian, a small group of indeclinable adjectives is distinguished, borrowed mainly from Western European languages: openwork, empire, baroque, beige, Bordeaux, indigo, luxury, maxi, midi, mocha, retro, rococo, khaki and etc.

Combining with indeclinable nouns, adjectives with their morphological forms "suggest" the case meanings of the latter: great airshow, about a trendy cafe, unknown zombies.

Short adjectives do not have case forms. The exception is the forms preserved in some expressions ( in the middle of the day, barefoot), in works of folk art ( good fellow, across the open field).

Degrees of comparison- grammatical category of adjectives, which denotes differences in the degree of manifestation of quality ( topical - more relevant - most up-to-date). Forms of the comparative degree can have not only qualitative adjectives, but also adverbs in -about and -e derived from them. However, they are syntactically different. The comparative degree of adjectives determines the noun ( Her appearance is more attractive ), and the comparative degree of adverbs determines the verb ( She is looked more attractive ) and rarely refers to a noun.

Traditionally, there are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. As a positive degree, one can consider the initial form of adjectives, although this form names the quality of an object beyond comparison with the manifestation of this quality in another object ( liberal regime).

The form of the comparative degree means that the quality is inherent in this subject to a greater extent than another or different or the same subject, but under different circumstances: The rain here seemed weaker(O. Kuvaev). Comparative forms can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical, descriptive, compound).

Simple forms of the comparative degree of adjectives are formed from the basis of a positive degree with the help of suffixes -her, -e, -she. Suffix -ee ( -her) is attached to stems on a consonant (except k, g, x) and in some other cases. If the adjective has two syllables, the suffix -ee ( -her) bears the stress ( left - to the left, left; accurate - more precisely, more precisely). If the adjective has more than two syllables, the comparative stress remains on the stem ( humane - more humane, more humane; intensive - more intense, more intense). Suffix -e joins the foundations on G, to, X, and in some cases t (cm), d. At the same time, r - well, to - h, X - sh, d - well,t - h, h - well, cm - w: stro G uy - strict well e, lay down to uy - lay down h e, su X oh - su sh e, molo d oh - molo well e, god t th - god h e, bonds cue - at well e, about st oh - about sch e. Comparative forms with suffix - e have the accent always on the base. When some of them are formed, the suffix disappears in the stem: short to uy - shorter, widely to uy - wider. With the suffix - she comparative forms are formed from adjectives far (distance she and gave her ), early (early she and run her ), thin (tone she ), large (pain she and bol her ). Some adjectives have non-standard comparative forms: good (Ray she ), small (less she ), bad (hu same ), which are formed from other roots. They are called suppletive.

Adding a prefix on- to forms of a simple comparative degree softens the degree of manifestation of the trait: more fun - more fun, higher - on higher, smaller - on smaller. Such forms are typical for colloquial speech. Simple forms of the comparative degree do not change by gender, number and case. Names in R.p. can be combined with them: Video equipment expensive (radio equipment ).

The complex form of the comparative degree of adjectives is formed by combining the adjective in the initial form and the words more(or less): more (less) easy (easy). Such forms are more common in book speech. In one adjective, you cannot combine simple and complex forms of the comparative degree: less significant, more colorful.

In any form of the comparative degree of adjectives, there can be a construction with a union how+ I.p. name: Several barristers and their wives were drinking tea and louder ,than all people , talked(A. N. Tolstoy).

The superlative form means that the quality is inherent in this subject to the highest degree, i.e. more than others: Baikal - deepest lake in the world. The highest degree of quality inherent in a particular subject, the form of the superlative degree of adjectives can also denote, regardless of others, homogeneous. For example, saying beautiful places, we mean not that they are the most beautiful of all known to us, but that these places are very ("well, very") beautiful.

Superlatives can also be simple or complex. Simple (synthetic) forms of the superlative degree of adjectives are formed from the base of the positive degree with the help of the suffix -eysh- (accurate - accurate eysh uy), but from adjectives with a stem on G, to, X- with a suffix -aysh-. In the latter case, there is an alternation mrs., to - h, X - sh: strict G uy - strict well aishy, lay down to uy - lay down h aishy, ti X uy - ti sh aish. The prefix can be attached to a simple superlative degree most-, which gives the word the meaning of the limiting measure of the attribute and thereby enhances its expressiveness: smart - smartest - nai smartest.

Compound forms of the superlative degree of adjectives (analytical, descriptive, compound) are formed by a combination of words most, most, least with the positive degree form: the most conservative, most competitive, the least capable. The combination in one adjective of simple and complex superlative forms ( the highest) is wrong.

A complex superlative form can also be formed by combining the comparative degree of an adjective with pronouns Total, all: This way the shortest ; Our songs the most melodic.

Not all adjectives form degrees of comparison. For example, forms of the comparative degree cannot be formed from adjectives associated with certain characteristics of a person (his physical disabilities - deaf, oblique, dumb, lame; marital status - unmarried, idle) or animals (their suits - buckwheat, crow, bay). In addition to the semantic features of adjectives, the formation of the form of the comparative degree may be hindered by their word-formation structure. So, adjectives with suffixes in the past are unable to have these forms -sk-, -ov-, -n-, which have developed qualitative values: brotherly- congenial, friendly business- intelligent, manual- tamed.

Some linguists derive adjectives with suffixes -eysh-, -aysh- from the category of degrees of comparison on the grounds that they are close in their meaning to suffix derivatives of the type huge, hefty. Suffixes -eysh-, -aysh- it is proposed to consider not as form-building (inflectional), but as derivational and corresponding adjectives - not as superlative forms, but as separate words like formations with suffixes -usch- (-Yusch-), -enn- calling a high measure of quality. This generally denies the existence of a superlative degree of quality as a grammatical category in modern Russian. However, it is difficult to agree with this approach.

Firstly, we are talking about the grammatical system of the modern literary (normalized) language, in which not only traditionally, but also taking into account the grammatical meaning and function of the formations under consideration, three series of forms of degrees of comparison are systematically distinguished - positive, comparative and excellent. They differ precisely in the degree of manifestation of quality, regardless of whether it is in different objects or in one of them, but under different circumstances or in general, regardless of this quality in other objects.

Secondly, one cannot equate grammatical phenomena, such as adjectives with suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-(regardless of whether they are considered a factor of morphology or word formation), to lexicalized phenomena - derivatives with suffixes -usch- (-Yusch-), -enn-. If suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-- active elements of a functioning language system that can be combined with hundreds of adjectives, then suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -enn- at present, they can hardly be recognized as productive and even regular. In the "Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language" of 1974, which includes about 125 thousand words selected from the explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language, no more than a dozen derivatives with the suffix -usch- (-yusch-), and those are mostly of little use: big yi uy, long Yusch uy, greedy yi uy, healthy yi uy, furious, vile Yusch uy, cursed yi uy, drunk yi uy, thick yi uy, cunning yi uy (cunning Yusch uy), thin Yusch uy. Therefore, the lexicalization in this case is that the suffix -usch- (-yusch-) can only be combined with a numerically limited group of adjectives and cannot systematically join others without violating grammatical and stylistic norms. The use of the corresponding adjectives in speech is not systemic, but due to their individual characteristics. For example, derivatives huge, cursed, heady, thin used when expressing an assessment instead of synthetic forms of the superlative degree of adjectives large, damn, drunk, thin due to the absence of these forms in the language, for example the biggest. Other derivatives with suffix -usch- (-yusch-) are used in certain situations as more expressive than parallel forms with -eysh-, -aysh-. Wed: longest - long, most greedy - greedy, fattest - fat, cunning - cunning.

Suffix -enn-, also giving meaning to a high degree of quality, occurs in general in four words: tall, hefty, terrible, heavy.

Thirdly, all adjectival affixes with a magnifying-expressive meaning: -usch-, -enn-, -ohonek-, -oshenk- (plump, plump), once-, race- (daring, beautiful), pre- (great), most- (worst) - are not just unproductive, but also bring a colloquial, even colloquial connotation, while suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-- stylistically neutral, which unites them not with the indicated affixes, but with comparative suffixes -her, -e.

The backbone of the Russian grammatical system, each morphological category, including the degrees of comparison, are stylistically neutral language means, which are the suffixes that form the forms of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. It is only against the background of these suffixes that stylistically marked "substitutes" can be considered, if they exist in the language. And it is hardly justified from a scientific point of view to replace the systemic, stylistically neutral means used to express the category of degrees of comparison of adjectives with means found only in single lexicalized formations.

Full and short forms quality adjectives: beautiful - handsome, tall - high Short forms are formed by adding the endings of gender and number to the basis of adjectives. In I.p. unit and pl. short forms have the same endings as nouns of the 1st and 2nd declensions: a) in singular. m.r. - null ending ( handsome, blue, hot, strict, good); b) in the f.r. - endings -a, -I (beautiful, blue, hot, good); c) cf. - - -about, -e (nice, blue, hot, strictly, well); G) in plural - endings, -and (beautiful, blue, hot, strictly, good).

When forming a short form m.r. alternations may occur. So, if the stem of adjectives ends in - n or -to: a) between n and the preceding consonant appears e (yo) (loyal - true,clever -smart); when formed from adjectives on -enny short forms for -en and -enen (immoral - immoral, immoral) you need to keep in mind that both forms are literary, but the forms on -enen more characteristic of book speech; b) between -to and the preceding consonant appears o ( thin - thin); in) b and th facing n and to, alternate with e (yo) (bitter - bitter, strong - strong, slim - built, brisk - striker). If full adjectives are declined and act as a definition and a predicate ( Entered Kazan young engineers. Guys bearded , girls in trousers. V. Potanin), then short adjectives do not change in cases, except for some cases ( around the world, good horse) and act in the sentence only as a predicate: The eyes were strictly and sad (V. Potanin).

There are differences in the use of short and full adjectives: a) semantic: if full adjectives often denote a permanent sign, then short ones - temporary: Child sick (in general) and The child is sick(At the moment); A bag heavy (absolute sign) and A bag heavy (relative sign); b) grammatical: if full adjectives usually cannot be used with dependent words, then short ones can: The child was sick (cannot be added sore throat), but The child was sick with a sore throat; c) stylistic: You , Olya, windy (softness of assessment) and You, Olya, windy (categorical assessment).

Most quality adjectives have long and short forms. But two groups of adjectives have only full forms: 1) indicating the suit of animals ( brown, piebald, savrasy), or containing amplifying-expressive suffixes ( cunning, broad, cheerful, beautiful), or including relative adjective suffixes ( brutal, satanic and etc.); 2) adjectives much, should, love, glad, as well as with suffixes -ohonek-, -oshenek (radechonek, radeshenek and etc.).