How the ending stands out in Russian. Types of words with zero endings

The Russian language, not in vain they say - the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most difficult in the world. No other language in the world has such huge amount rules and exceptions to them, and also none of them can boast such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you decline a noun in cases, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they link all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Also, the definition of a null termination can cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.

What is an ending?

The ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that you can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word "mainland" the ending -a indicates that given word singular, genitive and male, and in the word "thinks" the ending -et says that this design third party singular.

Cases where the ending is not at the very end of the word

When determining the ending, some people may have difficulty, because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending can be in the middle of a word:

If there is a postfix in the word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: removed, someone, something, let's go.

In complex quantitative numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each base. For example: fiftyØ, four. However, one should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousandth, eight-story, three-year-old, first-class, heptagonal.

Grammatical meanings of endings

Endings are a very significant morpheme, since they completely affect lexical meaning words and the sentence as a whole. Indeed, sometimes it is easiest to identify foreigners among a crowd of people precisely because correct use endings in words are given to them with great difficulty.

All endings in words can denote the following grammatical meanings:

Numbers, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o says that the word in nominative case, it is also in the singular and neuter); adjective (for example: a clean canvas - the ending -th indicates a singular, neuter gender and nominative case); participle (for example: a washed canvas - the ending -th also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and the middle gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -ё also indicates a word in the singular, nominative and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -o indicates a word in the singular neuter and nominative) ;

Only the case of some pronouns (for example: there is nothing - the ending -th speaks of genitive case) and parts of numerals (there is no seven - the ending -i says that the given word is in the genitive case);

Only persons and numbers of verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I write - the verb of the first person singular);

Only numbers and gender of verbs in the past tense (for example: spoke - verb female and singular).

What is null ending?

Also, some difficulties may arise in determining the end if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to figure out what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without endings at all.

The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed by either letters or sounds. Even though the material this species the ending is not expressed in any way, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it must be denoted as an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

Zero ending is in Russian the following types words:

First person nouns in the genitive and plural. For example: birds Ø, seals Ø, cows Ø, pets Ø.

Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in short form singular masculine, for example: resourceful Ø, individual Ø, inclined Ø, magnificent Ø, detained Ø, armed Ø.

Zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine in the third declension. For example: cockroachØ, parkanØ, feltØ, ovenØ, speechØ, nightØ.

Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fathers Ø, mother Ø, cow Ø, fox Ø, Serezhin Ø.

Singular verbs in imperative mood. For example: learnØ, lookØ, helpØ, translateØ, askØ.

Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spoke Ø - would speak Ø, listen Ø - listen Ø would, vote Ø - vote Ø, ask Ø - ask Ø would.

Often people confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, consider which words have no ending at all.

Words that have no ending at all

The following invariable words and groups of words do not have an ending:

Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, car, coat;

Indeclinable adjectives, for example: burgundy, khaki, marengo, net, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third person, for example: them, her, him;

All adverbs, since an adverb is an invariable part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, redone;

Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;

All adverbs, since this part speech took its inflexibility from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washing, understanding, reading, remembering, remembering, analyzing, realizing;

All service parts of speech, for example: to, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;

Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, wow, ah, slap, bang, those times;

The initial form of the verb in case -t and -ti is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, experience, act.

Also, it should not be indicated on the letter when morphological analysis empty square words that have no endings at all. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are not changed, unlike words with a null ending.

How to determine the end?

To determine the ending in any word, simply decline it by cases. That part of the word that will change is what it is. It is in this way that it is easy to detect the zero ending. Examples of words with such an ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:

		Singular	Plural	immutable word
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? What?		mirrorAM
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental		a mirror	mirrors
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		mirrors

On the this example it is noticeable how easily a given morpheme can be defined in words. Since the word "pleated" is not inclined by cases, this word is without an ending, and in the word "mirrors" only a root and a zero ending are presented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the null ending interacts

In most of the examples considered, words are most often found in which only the root and the zero ending are used among morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words morphemic analysis which you can see the prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often, words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in Russian. For example: make up, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, arm yourself.

Soft sign in morphemic analysis

Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not denote any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that stands in front of it. If a word ends with a soft sign, then it should be considered that it has a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the constructions just, away, jump at the end there is a soft sign, these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.

Features of the morphemic analysis of the word

The ending is the only variable part in a word. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify exactly the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to modify the word a little.

A slight difficulty that could arise in the correct definition of the ending is to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was found out what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.

In order to correctly find the rest of the word, it is customary to highlight the ending first and only then the stem. Other parts like suffix, root and prefix can be found easily in the second step. So the child will not get confused and will be able to understand in time exactly where he made a mistake. You will learn how to find these parts of the word in this article.

How to find the ending

First of all, you need to find exactly the ending, since the rest of the word is its basis. In order for the child to understand the very essence of such a part as the ending, it is necessary to explain to him that it helps us change words according to numbers and gender. Without the ending, we simply would not be able to indicate the belonging of a particular part of speech to a particular person.

Change by numbers

The surest step is to change the word. If you can change the number, then determining the ending will only take a couple of seconds. Let's take a few simple examples:

• The child needs to determine the ending in the word "took". Let's change its number, namely: they took. Only the last letter has changed, therefore, this will be the ending.
• Change the word "beautiful" to "beautiful". It immediately becomes clear that the end is a bunch of "th".
• In the noun "squirrel" it is easy to find the ending by changing it to "squirrels".

To be completely sure of the result, it is not enough to change the word once. So you can make a mistake, and the child will get confused. After you have changed the word by numbers, move on to the next method.

Change by birth

So you can make sure that the part that you considered the ending is really changing in the word. Change gender to neuter, masculine, and feminine.

• In the word “took”, the ending disappears when we put it in the masculine gender “took”.
• "Amazing" expands the ending, changing to "Amazing".
• "Built" drops the last letter in the word "built".

In this way, it is easiest to find endings in verbs and adjectives, since they either completely change their ending or completely discard it.

Use the genitive

To eliminate doubts with nouns, you can put the word in the genitive case. First, the child will have to analyze it and present it in the nominative case, since it is rather difficult to immediately change the case to the genitive. Already at this stage, the baby can guess what the base is. Next, the genitive case is substituted.

• The word "cottage" is asking to become completely a root, but substitute it in the genitive case and the letter "a" will disappear: there is nothing? - no dachas.
• The word "needles" no longer seems so difficult to parse: there is nothing? - no needles.
• "Titmouse" also loses its ending, when placed in the genitive case: "tits".

If you first change the noun at times, and then put it in the genitive case, then the ending is very easy to find.

How to find the stem of a word

If you could find the ending, then the definition of the basis is extremely simple task. First, explain to the child that the stem is all parts of the word, except for the ending. That is, by highlighting the ending with a square, you see the basis.
It is underlined by a straight line with small bends along the edges, so that it is easier for the teacher to understand: where is the beginning and where is the end. Let's look at an example.

• In the word “Beautiful”, the ending is “th”, which means the base will be “beautiful”.
• In the word "Houses" we remove the ending "a" and select "house".

The stem may contain many parts of the word, or it may turn out that it will contain only the root - there is no difference, the main thing is that the ending should not be included in the stem.

If there is no ending in a word, then in most school programs it is customary to put an empty square next to it, which symbolizes the zero ending of the word. This means that it can be theoretically, but it is in this form of the word that it simply does not exist.

In most concepts, the morpheme is considered as abstract linguistic unit. The concrete realization of a morpheme in a text is called morph or (more often) morph.

At the same time, morphs representing the same morpheme may have a different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called allomorph.

The variation of the expression plan of the morpheme forces some theorists (namely, I. A. Melchuk and N. V. Pertsov) to conclude that the morpheme is not a sign, but a class of signs.

So, in the works of N.V. Pertsov it is stated that “in everyday life, even among specialists in morphology, the term“ morpheme ”is often used in the sense morph and that "sometimes such indistinction in word usage permeates even published scholarly texts." N.V. Pertsov believes that “one should be careful in this regard, although in the overwhelming majority of cases it is clear from the context what kind of entity - a concrete text morphe or an abstract linguistic morpheme - is being discussed.”

Morpheme classification

Roots and affixes

Morphemes are classified into two main types - root (roots) and affixal (affixes) .

Root- the main significant part of the word. The root is an obligatory part of any word - there are no words without a root (except for rare secondary formations with a lost root like the Russian “you-well-be (prefix-suffix-ending)”). Root morphemes can form a word both accompanied by affixes and independently.

Affix - auxiliary part words attached to the root and serving for word formation and expression of grammatical meanings. Affixes cannot form a word on their own - only in combination with roots. Affixes, unlike some roots (such as cockatoo), are not single, occurring only in any one word.

Classification of affixes

Affixes are divided into types depending on their position in the word. There are two types of affixes most common in the languages ​​of the world - prefixes, located before the root, and postfixes located after the root. The traditional name for the prefixes of the Russian language is prefixes. The prefix clarifies the meaning of the root, conveys the lexical meaning, sometimes expresses grammatical meaning(e.g. aspect of verbs).

Depending on the expressed meaning, postfixes are divided into suffixes(having a derivational, that is, derivational meaning) and inflections(having a relational, that is, indicating a relationship with other members of the sentence, meaning). The suffix conveys both lexical and (more often) grammatical meaning; can translate a word from one part of speech to another (transposing function). Inflections are word-changing affixes. The traditional name for inflections of the Russian language is graduation, since they are mostly located at the very end of words.

There are languages ​​(Turkic, Finno-Ugric) in which there are no prefixes, and all grammatical relations are expressed by postfixes. Some other languages ​​- such as the Swahili Bantu family, (Central Africa) - use prefixes and almost no postfixes. In Indo-European languages, to which the Russian language belongs, both prefixes and postfixes are used, but with a clear preponderance towards the latter.

In addition to prefixes and postfixes, there are other types of affixes:

• interfixes- service morphemes that do not have eigenvalue, but serving to connect the roots in compound words(For example, forehead- about-shaking);
• confixes- combinations of a prefix with a postfix, which always act together, surrounding the root (as, for example, in German word ge-lob- t - "praised");
• infixes- affixes inserted into the middle of the root; serve to express a new grammatical meaning; found in many Austronesian languages ​​(for example, in Tagalog: sumulat"to write", cf. sulat"letter");
• transfixes- affixes, which, breaking the root, consisting of only consonants, break themselves and serve as a “layer” of vowels among consonants, determining the grammatical meaning of the word (found in Semitic languages, in particular, in Arabic). AT Arabic there are very few vowels, there are only 3 of them, since the language is consonantal:

Akbar- the largest. Kabir- large. Kibar- big.

Literature

• A. A. Reformatsky. Introduction to linguistics
• Modern Russian language (edited by V. A. Beloshapkova)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "Ending" is in other dictionaries:

END, end, cf. (book). 1. Completion, the end of something. End of work. He left without waiting for the show to end. 2. Final part literary work. The end of the novel in the next book of the magazine. Ending to be... Dictionary Ushakov

Cm … Synonym dictionary

The ending- the final part of the work published in the issue (number, volume) of the serial edition, published in parts in several (many) issues (numbers, volumes) of this edition. On the page where O. begins, in a footnote or before the main. text ... ... Publishing Dictionary

the ending- ENDING, completion, completion, end, final FINAL, final, last, book. definitive TO END / END, to complete / to complete, to complete / to end, to end / to end, to end / to end, ... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

In the verse, see clause...

Same as flex... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

END, I, cf. 1. see finish, sya. 2. The end, the final part of what n. Prosperous about. story. O. novel in the next issue of the magazine. 3. In grammar: the same as inflection. Case about. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

the ending- radio channel The physical location of the antenna of the radio equipment (ITU R F.1399). Telecommunication topics, basic concepts Radio channel synonyms EN radio termination ... Technical Translator's Handbook

THE ENDING- (termination). The part of a word added to a stem when the word is grammatically modified, both in Latin and in Greek … Terms of botanical nomenclature

the ending- wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end of the continuation, modality, wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end follows the subject, approach / removal (not) ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

Each part of speech has its own ending, which is unique to it. For verbs they are personal, for adjectives and participles they are generic, for nouns they are case. Variable words in one of the forms may have zero endings.

The ending is a variable part of the word, it helps to determine with what morphological structural unit have to deal with. In such morphological entities as adverbs, gerunds, pronouns from the category of personal, service ones have no endings. This is because they are immutable.

Verb endings

At the end of the verb, tense, person and number are determined. The word "write" is considered. The ending -ut indicates that the verb is present (future tense), third person, plural.

The variable part will tell you what number and case the noun is in. Adjectives with participles have gone further, their endings point to:

• Number
• case

Ending adjectives

There was, for example, the word "clear". Its ending -y is masculine. Let the base remain the same, but the ending will change to -th, there will be the word “clear”. This adjective has become feminine. And only the ending has changed.

Adjectives have their constant landmarks, knowing about which, it is impossible to make a mistake. It looks like this. The endings involved in the analysis are:

This means that the word is an adjective in the singular, masculine, in the nominative case. This can be done with feminine and neuter adjectives.

These are the tricks that the most changeable part of words does.

There are such identification marks for endings, by which you can immediately say what part of speech is in front of us.

The ending nouns

Identification marks of parts of speech

Nouns have the following endings:

• Masculine - th, ь
• Feminine - a, i, b
• Middle gender - oh, e
• Plural - and, s

Nouns change in cases, have characteristic endings and are divided into three declensions. The first includes both feminine and masculine endings -a, i. To the second, only the masculine gender of nouns ending in a consonant, and the neuter gender in -o and -e. the third declension has only the feminine gender with the stem in -ь.

By defining grammatical meanings, endings can serve to form new words. Thanks to them appear various forms the same word. In addition, they link words in phrases and sentences.

The ending - formative morpheme, expressing the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case (at least one of them!) and serving to link words in a phrase and sentence, that is, being a means of agreement (new student), control (letter brother-y) or connection subject with predicate (I'm going, you're going-eat).

Only modified words have endings. Functional words, adverbs, invariable nouns and adjectives have no endings. Changed words have no endings in those grammatical forms, in which the indicated grammatical meanings (gender, person, number, case) are absent, that is, for the infinitive and gerund.

Some compound nouns and compound numerals have several endings. This can be easily seen when changing these words: tr-and-st-a, tr-ex-hundred-Ø, sofa-bed-Ø, sofa-a-bed-and.

The end may be null. It stands out from the modified word if there is a certain grammatical meaning, but it is not materially expressed. A null ending is a significant absence of an ending, an absence that carries certain information about the form in which the word is. Thus, the ending -a in the form table-a shows that this word is in the genitive case, -u in table-u indicates the dative case. The absence of an ending in the form of a table indicates that it is nominative or accusative, that is, it carries information, meaningfully. It is in such cases that the zero ending is allocated in the word.

You must not confuse words with a zero ending and words in which there are no and cannot be endings - immutable words. Only inflected words can have a null ending, that is, words that have non-zero endings in other forms.

Zero endings are widely represented in the language and occur in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:

1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;

2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;

3) nouns of all genders in R. p. plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.

But in this position, non-zero endings can also be represented: night-she - articles- . The correctness of parsing such words is achieved by declining the word. If the sound [th ’] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: noch-her, noch-ami. If [th '] can be traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - become [th'-a] - become [th'-a] mi. As we can see, in these forms the sound [y'] is not expressed at the letter level, it is “hidden” in the iotized vowel. In this case, it is necessary to identify and identify this sound. In order not to clutter up the spelling with transcription brackets, in linguistics it is customary to designate the sound [th ’], “hidden” in an iotized vowel with the help of j, entered without brackets in the right place: articles j-s.

A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -iya, -е, -й. The impression is incorrect that these sound complexes are endings. Two-letter endings in initial form are present only for those nouns that are substantiated adjectives or participles. Compare:

genius, genij-th, genij-th

army-i, army-she - tables-th, tables-th, etc.

4) short singular masculine adjectives: handsome, smart;

5) possessive adjectives in I p. (V. p.) singular; despite the external similarity of the declension, qualitative and possessive have a different morphemic structure in these cases:

units number

I. p. blue fox-Ø

R. p. blue-his foxj-his

D. p. blue-him fox-him

V. p. \u003d and. p. / c. P.

T. p. blue-im foxj-im

P. p. blue fox j-em.

Such a morphemic structure of possessive adjectives is easy to understand, given that possessive adjectives denote a sign of belonging to a person or animal and are always derivative, formed with the help of derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -иj- from nouns: mother → mother-in-Ø , fox → fox-y-Ø. AT indirect cases this possessive suffix -ij- is realized in [j], which is "hidden" in an iotized vowel;

6) verb in the form of the masculine singular in the past tense indicative mood and in conditional mood: deeds-l- (would) - cf .: deeds-l-a, deeds-l-and;

7) a verb in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: write-and-, write-and-te;

8) in short participles the zero ending, as with short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-Ø.