Determining the case of a noun in the indirect case. Oblique case

There are six cases in Russian:

• Nominative,
• Genitive,
• Dative,
• Accusative,
• Instrumental,
• Prepositional

But, there is only one case - Nominative, since it is direct;, and from it they go; other cases, and it happens main part speech in a sentence. Therefore, those other cases are indirect, that is, all other cases (five cases).

And this is a note, what cases are there in general in the Russian language, what questions do they answer. It is worth noting that there are always two questions, since a noun can be both animate and inanimate. For animate nouns we use the first questions of cases, for inanimate ones - the second questions of cases.

First, let's remember all the cases in the Russian language (and there are only six of them, if you remember).

one). Nominative case (answers the questions who? what?);

2). Genitive case (no one? no what?);

3). Dative case (approached whom? approached what?);

4). Accusative case (I see whom? I see what?);

5). Instrumental case(happy with whom? happy with what?);

6). Prepositional case (talked about whom? talked about what?).

indirect all cases are called, except for the nominative (genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional).

In a sentence, words related to indirect cases will be secondary members of the sentence: nouns - addition, adjectives - definition, etc.

These are all cases, except for the nominative (who? What?), Namely: genitive (whom? What?), Dative (to whom? What?), Accusative (whom? What?), Instrumental (by whom? What?), Prepositional ( About who about what?). The nominative is called direct, sometimes the accusative is also referred to the direct, but not all linguists agree with this.

In total, there are about six cases in Russian. Everyone has their own specific questions, as a rule there are two of them. And it is precisely according to them that the child is guided by which case the word belongs to and how to decline the word in all cases.

The cases themselves are divided into main and indirect. Five cases are considered indirect, the nominative of them is excluded.

Table of indirect cases:



In total, there are six cases in Russian, one of them - nominative - is called direct, because it is directly said who? or what? and nouns in this case can be either subject or predicate. All other cases are indirect: nouns in these cases can only be expressed by secondary members of the sentence.

Sometimes, with the word indirect cases, people, and in particular most often schoolchildren, experience a slight stupor. In fact, everything is very simple - indirect cases are ordinary cases minus the nominative. Here is their list:

There are quite a lot of terms in Russian. Indirect cases are all available cases, except for the nominative. Words in these cases have a dependency on other words in the sentence, which is why they are called so.

It's easy to remember, but easy to forget.

There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own defining questions. And plus, these questions are defined for both animate and inanimate objects. And here is the plate with the cases of the Russian language:



The nominative case is the stem ( initial form), and the remaining five cases are related to indirect ones.

Indirect cases in Russian are everything except the Nominative. That is, if there are six cases in Russian, then five of them are indirect. The fact is that the Nominative case is the basic, dictionary form of a noun and other forms (other cases) are formed from it, changing the endings, suffixes or even the root of the word (the latter is less common).

So here are the indirect cases:

Of the six cases in Russian, we call five indirect. They are genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional. One remaining case is nominative, it is the initial form of the word.

Words in indirect cases in a sentence play the role minor members sentences, while the word in the nominative case expresses the subject.

For example:

The cat ran to her kittens.

Cat - nominative case, subject.

Kittens - dative case (indirect), addition.



The concept of the indirect case is closely related to the concept of the initial form. When in a language a word can be in different forms, one of them must certainly be chosen as the main one, and already all the rest - depending on not or tied to it, indicating how and why they differ. This type of relationship between forms is called paradigmatic, and the construction of of the main form and the non-basic ones are called paradigm(declensions, conjugations, etc.). There is nothing terrible or complicated about this. The very first paradigms were found on Sumerian clay tablets, so people have known such concepts since ancient times.

In russian language initial form for nouns is considered an option nominative case in singular(or in the plural for those nouns that simply do not exist in the singular, for example, scissors or holidays). All other case forms are called indirect: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. The accusative often outwardly coincides with the nominative, it is only special case homoformia, no more.

First scientific definition case (according to V. A. Uspensky) was given by a mathematician named Kolmogorov Andrey Nikolaevich. He believed that for this it is necessary to involve not only formal, syntactic, but also semantic means. Modern definition sounds like this: case is a category of a word that indicates it in a sentence and helps to connect individual words into one whole.

The term "case" itself, as well as the names of cases, was translated from Latin and Greek.

There are two main types of cases: the direct case and the indirect case. Direct cases include nominative and accusative, and indirect cases - the remaining four types (genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional).

The terms "direct" and "indirect" case appeared in our language in connection with ancient ideas about declension as a deviation from the singular correct form the words. An analogy was drawn with a game of dice, where in any throw either the direct side (direct case) or the indirect sides (indirect case) falls out.

The case system in Russia is represented by six cases. Each of them has the ability to accurately identify them.

one). Nominative - the words in this case are combined with the auxiliary word "is".

2). Genitive - auxiliary word"No".

3). Dative is an auxiliary word for "give".

4). Accusative is an auxiliary word for "blame".

5). Creative - auxiliary word "satisfied" ("created").

6). Prepositional - an auxiliary word "to think (about)".

Also, for ease of their definition, there are questions for cases. Direct cases have one the same question of two: the nominative answers the questions “Who? What? ”, and the accusative -“ Whom? What?". cases are different. The genitive case answers the questions “Whom? What?”, dative - “To whom? What?”, Creative - “By whom? What?”, prepositional - “About whom? About what?" ("In whom? In what?").

In Russian, both pronouns and numerals change according to cases. Word endings are nothing more than a way to express inflection.

Direct case and indirect case are not the only types of cases, as many claim. There are additional cases:

one). The vocative case - it was the seventh case in Russian until 1918 and was used when referring to a person. Examples of the vocative case are Kat, An, Tan, grandfather, daughter. Now vocative to some extent replaces the dative.

2). Quantitative-separative case - used for a noun that shows the whole in relation to a certain part, which is also mentioned at the same time. AT school system word forms of the quantitative-separative case are equated with the genitive case.

3). The local case is a prepositional case combined with a place. Answers the questions “About what? Where?". Examples: talk about the table, be in the table.

4). Initial case - a case using a noun indicating the place where the movement began. Example: out of the forest.

In addition to these cases, several more are distinguished: counting, temporary, expectant, inclusive and others. Exact amount cases are still unknown.

There is a problem of definition on whether the question is accusative, prepositional or vocative.

AT different countries there are their own case systems, sometimes in some way echoing the Russian one in morphological, stylistic and other features. Abroad, such cases as spatial, possessive, initial, directional, deprivative, as well as accusative, instrumental, dative and others are used.

In languages ​​where there are no cases, other ways are used to show the role of a word in a sentence (the use of prepositions and postpositions, a certain word order in the text).

Do you need to know cases? Of course, it is necessary, because it is not for nothing that they are studied even in school curriculum!

, patient, bene- or malefactor, addressee, instrument, means, etc. As a rule, in languages ​​with several cases, three or four of them are performed par excellence. syntactic functions(nominative, accusative, ergative, genitive) and have a very wide, fuzzy range of semantic functions, while the rest (dative, instrumental, translative, aversive and many others) are more semantically specialized. As a rule, in languages ​​with rich case systems (Finno-Ugric, Caucasian), a significant part of the cases are localization forms denoting different ways the location of the object in space (inside the landmark, above or below it, the end and start points of movement, etc.). These are allative, illative, inessive, prolative and others. In addition, in languages ​​like Russian or German, case forms of adjectival parts of speech (adjectives, participles), along with gender and number, act as the main instrument of coordination - an important means of increasing the coherence of the text.

Term etymology

Russian term case, like the Russian names of most cases, is a tracing paper from Greek and Latin - other Greek. πτῶσις (fall), lat. casus from cadere (to fall). Allocate straight case (nominative and sometimes also accusative) and indirect cases (others). This terminology is associated with the ancient idea of ​​" declension" (lat. declinatio) as "deviations", "falling away" from the correct, "direct" form of the word, and was supported by associations with a game of dice (where one or another side falls out with each throw - in this case one "direct" and several "indirect").

The problem of determining the case

With this approach, “nine cases of the Russian language are beyond doubt”, and with the adoption of some assumptions, twelve can be distinguished. In his memoirs, V. A. Uspensky claims that this was the first scientific(i.e. formalized) case definition. The ideas of Kolmogorov - Uspensky in the early 1970s were developed by linguists A. A. Zaliznyak and A. V. Gladky. However, the question remained at the level of experimental research: “There is no strict definition of case in traditional linguistic writings,” Zaliznyak stated in one of the works of those years.

List of cases

Below is a list of cases distinguished in different grammatical traditions (questions are given for appropriate Russian equivalents). Some cases in some languages ​​may partially or completely overlap in functionality and/or morphological features.

Latin name	Russian equivalent, or explanation	characterizing questions	Function	Examples of languages ​​in which it is used
Nominative	Nominative	Who? What?	Subject	Almost all agglutinative and inflectional languages
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What?	Belonging, composition, participation, origin, definition, denial	Arabic, Slavic, Finnish, Georgian, German, (Old) Greek, Icelandic, Irish, Latin, Lithuanian, Sanskrit, Turkic languages, Japanese
Possessive	Possessive	Whose?	Ownership only	Kazakh; can be separated from the genitive in: English, Quechua, Altaic and Finno-Ugric languages, Korean
Dative	Dative	To whom? What?	Object of transmission, addressee of speech, experiencer	From early Indo-European languages survived in the Balto-Slavic, Romance and Germanic languages; Finno-Ugric languages, Japanese and Korean
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What?	Action object	Almost all agglutinating languages, most inflectional
Ergative	Active case	Who? What?	Subject of action	Ergative languages
Absolute	Nominative	Who? Whom? What?	Action or state object
affective	Dative	Who? To whom?	A subject who perceives something or experiences some kind of feeling
Comitative or Sociative	joint case	With whom?	Secondary subjects of action	Finnish, Estonian, Basque, Japanese, Korean
Instrumentalis	Instrumental case	By whom? How?	Instrument of action; sometimes the subject	Mongolian, Serbian, Russian, Polish, Korean, Japanese and Kazakh
partitive	Partial case	What?	The action only goes to part of the object	Finnish, Estonian, Udmurt
Vocative	vocative		Appeal	Lithuanian , Latvian , Russian , Bosnian ,Polish , Belarusian , Serbian , Croatian , Czech , Ukrainian , Romanian , Korean , Bulgarian
Essive		Which? How?	Being in any state	Finnish, Estonian
translative	Turning case	What? Who/what has become?	Change of state or location	Finnish, Estonian
caritive	deprivative case			Yenisei
Temporalis	There is no exact analogue	When?	Time of action	Finno-Ugric
Equitive	There is no exact analogue	Like who?	Comparison	Finno-Ugric
Spatial cases
locative	local case	Where? In what?	Location	Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Baltic languages, Etruscan
Adessive		Where? About what?	Location (external) location	Finno-Ugric
Abessive	deprivative case	Without whom? Without which?	Absence of something, being outside of something	Finnish, Estonian
Inessive		Where? In what?	Location (internal) location	Finnish, Estonian, Korean
Allative	Directive	Where? To what?	The end point of the trajectory, the object that will be affected by the action	Finno-Ugric, Turkic languages, Korean, Japanese
illative	There is no exact analogue	Where? What?	Final (internal) point of action	Finno-Ugric languages
Ablative	original	Where? Why? From what?	Starting point of action	Finno-Ugric languages, Turkic, Sanskrit, Korean, Japanese
Elative	There is no exact analogue	From (within) what?	Initial (internal) point of action	Finno-Ugric languages
Superessive	There is no exact analogue	On what?	Location (surface) location	Nakh-Dagestan, Finno-Ugric
Sublative	There is no exact analogue	For what?	Final (surface) point of action	Nakh-Dagestan, Finno-Ugric
Delative	There is no exact analogue	Why?	Initial (surface) point of action	Nakh-Dagestan, Finno-Ugric
Subassive	There is no exact analogue	Under what?	Location (bottom) location	Nakh-Dagestan
Subdirectives	There is no exact analogue	Under what?	Final (bottom) point of action	Nakh-Dagestan
Subelative	There is no exact analogue	From under what?	Starting (lower) point of action	Nakh-Dagestan
postessive	There is no exact analogue	What for?	Location (rear) location	Nakh-Dagestan
post directive	There is no exact analogue	For what?	Final (target) point of action	Nakh-Dagestan
Postelative	There is no exact analogue	Because of which?	Initial (reference) point of action	Nakh-Dagestan
prolative	There is no exact analogue	Along what?	Only for extended objects	Mongolian, Finnish
Prosecutive	Longitudinal	Along what?		Yenisei
terminative	Limit case	To what level? (to where?)	Height/depth indication	Mongolian, Estonian

Case hierarchy

Modern linguistic typology is based on the idea that cases are an ordered system, a hierarchy in which each case is assigned a certain rank:

Within this hierarchy, general case the following rule applies: “If there is no definite case in the language, then there will be no other cases occupying a place in the hierarchy to the right of it”, in other words, if there is no locative in the language, then it will not have, for example, instrumentalis. This hierarchy, however, reflects only a general trend and is more of a frequental rather than an absolute linguistic universal. So, in Russian and Czech there is no ablative, but there is an instrumental (moreover, in Russian the latter turns out to be the most formally distinctive case, with the lowest index of intercase homonymy). In Irish, the nominative and accusative ceased to differ, however, the dative and locative do not coincide in a number of forms, it retains the genitive and vocative, but does not have the ablative and instrumental. In Punjabi, the accusative, genitive, and dative have merged into one oblique case, while retaining the vocative, locative, and ablative.

Case system of the Russian language

Basic cases

The modern school grammatical tradition distinguishes six main cases, but grammarians distinguish a number of peripheral cases, so that in full descriptions Russian language, their number reaches 13:

№	Russian name	Latin name	Auxiliary words	characterizing question
1	Nominative	Nominative (Nominativus)	There is	Who? What?
2	Genitive	Genitive (Genitivus)	Not	Whom? What?
3	Dative	Dative (Dativus)	To give	To whom? What?
4	Accusative	Accusative (Accusativus)	Blame	Whom? What?
5	Instrumental	Instrumental (Instrumentalis)	Satisfied	By whom? How?
6	Prepositional	Prepositive (Praepositionalis) and local (locative, Locativus)	Think	About whom? About what? In whom? In what? Where? (locative)

case	Question	1 declension (plural)	2nd declension (plural)	3rd declension (plural)
I. p.	Who? What?	boards a(boards), dad (dads)		maz b(ointments)
R. p.	Whom? What?	boards and(boards), dads (dads)	tractor a(tractors), logs (logs)	maz and(ointments)
D. p.	To whom? What?	boards e(boards), dad (dads)	tractor at(tractors), logs (logs)	maz and(ointments)
V. p.	Whom? What?	boards at(boards), dad (dad)	tractor(s), log(s)	maz b(ointments)
T. p.	By whom? How?	boards oh/board oyu(boards), dad / dad (dads)	tractor ohm(tractors), log (logs)	maz ew(ointments)
P. p.	About whom? About what? In whom? In what?	boards e(boards), dad (daddy)	tractor e(tractors), logs (logs)	maz and(ointments)

	Nominative				Genitive				Dative				Accusative				Instrumental				Prepositional
	units			pl	units			pl	units			pl	units			pl	units			pl	units			pl
	1	2	3		1	2	3		1	2	3		1	2	3		1	2	3		1	2	3
mzh	-a	---	---	-s	-s	-a	-and	-ov	-e	-y	-and	-am	-y	---	---	-ov	-oh	-ohm	-Yu	-ami	-e	-e	-and	-Oh
w			-b					---								---
Wed		-about	---					---
	letters a			s	letters s			in	letters e			am	letters at			s	letters oh			ami	letters e			Oh
	Who? What? There is.				Whom? What? No.				To whom? What? To give.				Whom? What? Blame.				By whom? How? Satisfied.				About whom? About what? Think.

	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Instrumental	Prepositional
	virtue b	virtue and	virtue and	virtue b	virtue ew	virtue and
1 declination	a	and	e	at	oh, oh	e
	-	-	-	-	-	-
2 Declension		a	at		ohm	e
	-	-	-	-	-	-
3 Declension	b	and	and	b	ew	and
	virtues	virtues	virtues	virtues	virtues	virtues
Male	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose
	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous
Female	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose
	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous
General	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose
	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous
A bunch of	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose	what, whose
	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous	virtuous
	Who? What? There is.	Whom? What?	To whom? What? To give.	Whom? What? Blame.	By whom? How? Satisfied.	About whom? About what? Think.

Additional cases

There is a strong opinion that in the Russian language there are several cases that are not mentioned when teaching at school and are not very often used in speech. This is

Ablative (initial, deferred case) - a case denoting the beginning of a movement and answering the question "where from?". In Russian, it coincides with the genitive case from work - no work, from Moscow - no Moscow. However, occasionally it retains its specificity. For example, along with the form came out of the forest there is an ablative came out of the forest, nosebleed, work from home Vocative (vocative case) - a case occasionally used when addressing In Russian, two or three forms of the vocative case can be distinguished. Examples of the so-called "new vocative" case: Anya - An!, Sasha - Sash!. The “old vocative” case was preserved in the words “starche” (elder), “father” (father), “Lord” (Lord), “God” (God) and others. This case was considered the seventh Russian case in grammars published before 1918. The third form of the vocative case has been preserved in the words “grandfather”, “daughter”, “mother”, etc. The name of this form “case” is conditional, since in strictly grammatical sense the vocative form is not a case. The vocative has also survived in other Slavic languages. For example, Ukrainian grammar distinguishes a separate vocative case (Ukr. nickname vodminok): “Be kind, my kobzar, Good, dad, robish!” (Taras Shevchenko, "Kobzar") - in the vocative form, "kobzar" turns into "kobzar", and "father" turns into "father". For a limited number of words, the vocative also exists in Belarusian. Locative (local case, second prepositional) The prepositional case combines the explanatory meaning (about what?) And the local (where?). Most words of the form coincide: “talk about the table” - “to be in the table”, “about the hut” - “in the hut”. However, a number of words actually have two forms prepositional: “about the closet” - “in the closet” and “about the forest” - “in the forest”, which allows us to highlight a special local case. Due to the small number of words that do not have the same form (a little over a hundred), in the academic tradition in Russian, such a case is usually not distinguished. Partitive (quantitative-separative or second genitive) In this case, a noun is placed, meaning the whole in relation to some part. Answers the question "what?" We can hear this case in two equivalent forms of some phrases: for example, “head of garlic”, but also “head of garlic”; it is especially noticeable in relation to uncountable noun: sugar, sand (not to be confused with the dative), tea, etc. In the context, one can trace the separation of the genitive and the given case: “no sugar” and “put sugar”. In the generally accepted school system, all these forms belong to the genitive case.
It is believed that this case is one of two that can be a direct object with a verb. Moreover, verbs can have as direct complement as only a noun in the partitive, and in the accusative. (This often depends on the animacy and countability of the noun.) Waiting With the verbs "wait" and similar in meaning, the genitive form is used, which is sometimes distinguished in separate case. For example: waiting letter(accusative) but waiting letters(waiting). Translative (transformative, inclusive case) The form used in constructions of the form “go to soldiers"," elect in presidents", "enroll in actors”, indicating a transition to another state or position. In these cases accusative The plural is the same as the nominative.

The grammar of the Russian language is one of the most important parts language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words at the same time sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, after all, everyone has heard how some foreigner is trying to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't work and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like they need to know grammar.

The noun is one of the most important independent parts speech, which is practically the most frequently occurring part of speech. She has such fickle signs, as number, case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in the sentence. In this article, you will learn how to determine cases for nouns what are indirect cases, how to ask them questions correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.

Cases

The only rule for the correct change of nouns is correct setting termination due to asked questions. For native speakers, this is an easy task, but foreigners need to memorize the endings and correctly identify them.

Declension

Also exists 3 types of declension at nouns.

• First decline. The name of the creatures. male and female with the ending -a, -i. For example, a flask, a pig.
• Second decline. The name of the creatures. masculine and neuter with the ending -o, -e. For example, a tree, a well.
• Third declension. The name of a feminine being zero ending, or on -ь. For example, horse, horse.

Noun change different declensions.

	Question	1 declension ( plural)	2 declension (plural)	3rd declension (plural)
Nominative pad.	who what?	tire (tires), moms (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horse (horses)
Parental fall.	who?, what?	tires (tires), moms (moms)	spaceship(s)	horses (horses)
Dative pad.	to whom; to what?	tire (tires), mom (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horses (horses)
Accusatory pad.	who?, what?	tire (tires), mom (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horse (horses)
Creative pad.	who?, what?	tire (tires), mother (mothers)	by spaceship(s)	horse(s)
Prepositional fall.	About who about what?	about a tire (about tires), about mom (about moms)	about a spaceship (about spaceships)	about a horse (about horses)

In Russian there is such a thing as indirect cases- these are all cases, except for the nominative.

All of them have their meaning:

Determinants

There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most efficient way to date is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.

The use of determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, it is enough to put this word before the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to memorize one word.

In addition, to determine the case great importance has a question. The table gives an idea of ​​what prepositions are used with case forms nouns in Russian.

Cases are the foundation of the grammar of the Russian language and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But remembering all of them is very easy, two days of cramming is enough to remember them for a lifetime. Good luck!