Separate secondary members of the sentence are examples. Separation of definitions
26. Offers with separate members. The concept of separation. Basic conditions for separation minor members suggestions.
Isolation - this is the semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with the rest of the members. That is, the members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation, are isolated. Only minor members of the sentence can be isolated in the direct meaning of this word, since the main ones are the carriers of the main message, and they cannot be excluded from the composition of the sentence without violating its predicative basis.
The additional nature of the message conveyed with the help of separate members is formalized through semi-predicative relations that arise in the sentence in addition to the predicative ones transmitted by the main members. In a sentence My father, a tractor driver, is working in the field today. in meaning and therefore the word is emphasized intonation tractor driver, which carries an additional communicative meaning. The main message is conveyed by the predicative stem My father is working in the field today, but this basic message is complicated by another: My father is a tractor driver. When both messages are combined into one within a simple sentence, it is natural that one of them becomes the main, leading one (predicative relations are born), and the second becomes additional, complicating the main one (semi-predicative relations are born).
Any members of the sentence can be isolated.
Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent, common and non-common: This person,skinny, wand in hand , was unpleasant to me.
The most common are isolated definitions expressed by participial phrases, adjectives with dependent words and nouns in oblique cases.
Separate circumstances are more often expressed by gerunds and participles: Waving your arms he said something quickly.
Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition can also be isolated in spite of: Despite all efforts I couldn't sleep at all.
The isolation of other circumstances depends on the intention of the author: they are usually isolated if they are given special meaning or, on the contrary, are considered as a passing remark. Circumstances with prepositions due to, due to, in view of, lack of, according to, on occasion, due to, contrary to:
Contrary to the forecast , the weather was sunny.
From the number additions very few are isolated, namely, additions with prepositions except, besides, excluding, over, besides, including:
except him , five more people came.
Some isolated members may be clarifying, clarifying or connecting.
Separation conditions - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonational separation of the members of the sentence.
Separation is influenced by syntactic, morphological and semantic conditions.
Syntax conditions:
1. Word order: 1) inversion ( reverse order words). There is normal (direct) and unusual (reverse) word order. If secondary. the member of the sentence is placed in an unusual place for him in the sentence, thereby he stands out, is especially emphasized - its semantic significance is enhanced. Wed: He ran without stopping and He ran without stopping.
2. Distant position minor member. suggestion in relation to the main word (separation of the secondary member of the sentence from the main word): And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope.
3. The volume of the detachable member(common members of the sentence are isolated more often than non-common ones) or the presence of two or more homogeneous secondary members: Compare: A bucket full of dew, I brought from the forest and Bucket full to dial, I spared no effort.
4. , unusual for a given minor member of the sentence, when the minor member. explains not only the word to which it is directly subordinate, but also any other member of the sentence: Absorbed in his thoughts, the boy did not notice anything around(the participial phrase before the word being defined is isolated here because it also has a circumstantial (causal) meaning).
Morphological conditions of isolation:
Participles, short forms of adjectives and participles that act as definitions, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative turns), some combinations of nouns with prepositions, the presence of introductory words usually form separate secondary members. For example: When the letter was ready and I was about to seal it, the headman entered, apparently angry.. In this proposal, a single (non-distributed) agreed definition angry, standing before the noun being defined, is isolated, because it has an introductory word apparently(which, by the way, is not separated by a comma from the definition).
Almost always (except for some special cases), the circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are isolated.
A comparative union, as a rule, requires an intonational emphasis on turnover: The stuffy air is as still as the water of a forest lake.(M. Gorky).
Semantic conditions of separation:
The more concrete, the more definite the meaning of a word, the less it needs to be disseminated, the weaker connection with him secondary members, which are therefore easily isolated.
For example, personal pronouns “do not recognize” ordinary definitions, one cannot say: I am attentive, he is angry (cf .: attentive student, angry person). Therefore, definitions related to the personal pronoun are always isolated: And he, rebellious, asks for a storm...(M. Lermontov).
If the word being defined is a proper name or refers to terms of kinship (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother, etc.), then this can also contribute to the isolation of the definition: Grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
With nouns that are too general in meaning (person, thing, expression, deed, etc.), definitions form a single whole, because a being without a definition cannot participate in the formation of an utterance: This error is common even to intelligent and educated people; There were cases funny, touching and tragic- definitions in these sentences are necessary to express the main (and not additional) message.
Separate secondary members of the sentence, depending on the strengthening or weakening of their semantic role, can be separated from the rest of the members with the help of intonation.
The members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and isolated in pronunciation, are called isolated members of the sentence.
Most often, common (expanded) members of the sentence are isolated, as well as groups homogeneous members.
Separated words on both sides are separated by commas. For example: It was September, windy and wet. Feeling the bottom with his feet, Grigory plunged waist-deep into the soda.
Separate definitions.
A common definition is isolated if it comes after the noun with which it is agreed. For example: The forests, full of darkness, stood motionless. Every work, large and small, argued in the hands of Lukashka. There were trees covered with frost in the garden.
A separate definition, expressed by a participle with words related to it, is called a participial turnover. For example: A garden littered with snow was visible through the windows. The hunters got out into a clearing overgrown with reeds.
Two or more definitions without dependent words standing after the defined word are separated. For example: March night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.
Definitions participles and adjectives with dependent words and standing in front of the noun being defined are isolated when the speaker gives them a causal or concessive meaning. For example: Touched by the devotion of an old friend, Dubrovsky fell silent.
Definitions are always isolated if they refer to personal pronouns (usually they have an additional circumstantial value). For example: Tired, she fell silent. To you, angry, no one will come up.
Less commonly, inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun are isolated. Such definitions usually stand after the word being defined and closely merge with it in meaning. For example: An old man with a blue beard came out.
Definitions after the word being defined and expressed by nouns in oblique cases are usually isolated if they refer to personal pronouns or proper names. For example: He stands, pale, in the middle of the main road.
Separate "applications.
Applications are isolated in any position if they carry dependent words and refer to a common noun. For example: Light rain, a harbinger of autumn, sprinkles the ground.
Applications, single and with dependent words, are isolated: if they refer to a proper name, they stand after it and have a pronounced clarifying meaning. For example: A. S. Popov, the inventor of the radio, was born in 1859.
Applications, single and with dependent words, are isolated in any position if they refer to a personal pronoun. For example: I, your old matchmaker and godfather, came to put up with you. We, the gunners, were busy around the guns.
Separate circumstances expressed by gerunds.
The circumstances expressed by gerunds with dependent words are isolated. For example: Pushing me away, my grandmother rushed to the dbury. Grandmother, pushing me away, rushed to the door. Grandma rushed to the door, pushing me away.
Two or more gerunds without dependent words are also isolated. For example: Swaying and sparkling, the shelves are moving. Moving, swaying and sparkling, shelves. Shelves move, swaying and sparkling.
Single gerunds are not isolated, answering the question k and k? and standing at the end of the sentence, since in this case the participles take on the meaning of adverbs. For example: The boy was reading a book lying down.
Separate circumstances expressed by nouns with
prepositions.
Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions can be isolated if they are common and come before the predicate. For example: Due to the lack of space in the bay, the cruisers kept to the open sea.
Circumstances of place and time, clarifying the circumstances after which they stand are usually isolated. For example: In the evening, after dinner, we left.
Circumstances are always isolated with the pretext despite (Forests, despite the tropical heat, were not distinguished by tropical splendor.)
Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions are often isolated thanks to, according to, contrary to, if present, etc. For example: Thanks to my mother, I know foreign languages. Savelich, in accordance with the coachman's opinion, advised him to turn back.
The general concept of isolation.
The secondary members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation, are called isolated.
Compare: 1) There was a shot who awakened the silence of the forest. 2) A shot rang out, waking the silence forests. 3) resounded loud shot. In these sentences, with the word shot there are definitions. In the first sentence, the definition awakened the silence of the forest expressed subordinate clause; this is a subordinate clause defining sentence stands out intonationally: before it there is a pause and a rise in voice, it has logical stress on the floor woke up. In the second sentence, the definition awakened the silence of the forest expressed by the participial phrase behind the word being defined; this definition stands out intonationally in exactly the same way as the subordinate clause; before it there is a pause and a rise in voice, it has a logical stress on the word woke up. In the third sentence, the definition loud, expressed by the adjective in front of the word being defined, is not isolated.
Different members of the sentence are isolated for different reasons. In one case, the members of the sentence are isolated because, in their meaning in the sentence, they approach the predicate, they are, as it were, secondary, weakened predicates. Approaching in meaning to the predicate, they have greater semantic independence, which is expressed in pronunciation. In terms of meaning, gerunds are closest to the predicate; therefore, they are usually isolated, for example: clouds, redea, crawled lazily across the sky. (M. G.) In the yard, reflected in the puddles between the stones, the spring sun shines joyfully. (M. G.) Agreed definitions and applications are often isolated, since participles, adjectives and nouns act in the sentence and as predicates. Compare: 1) Michael- blacksmith(blacksmith- predicate). Michael, blacksmith, working today in the field (blacksmith - standalone application). 2) March night was cloudy and foggy(cloudy and foggy - predicates).- March night cloudy and foggy enveloped the earth (cloudy and foggy -isolated definitions).
In another case, the members of the sentence - circumstances - are isolated because, being common, they have semantic independence, stand out in pronunciation, in meaning and in pronunciation they come close to subordinate parts complex sentence, For example: Fortunately , due to unsuccessful hunting, our horses were not exhausted. (L.)(An isolated circumstance of a reason. Compare the expression of the same thought using the subordinate clause of a complex sentence: Since the hunt was unsuccessful, our horses, fortunately, were not exhausted ..)
In the third case, the members of the sentence are isolated because they are used in the sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify any member of the sentence or to report something additional about it. The pronunciation indicates the additional nature of these members of the sentence, for example: 1) a little way off, around the fire , fighters stretched like a fan. (BUT.) (Separate clarifying circumstance of place.) 2) There was something new in that look, and indeed in Lydia's whole behavior. (M. G.)(Separate connecting addition.)
Separation of agreed definitions.
Agreed definitions expressed by participles and adjectives are separated in the following cases:
1. Definitions expressed by participles and adjectives are usually isolated if they are after the words being defined and have dependent members with them.
EXAMPLES. We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous secular forest, equal in size to a good principality.(Cupr.)
small night bird inaudibly and low rushing on its soft wings, almost bumped into me and timidly ducked to the side. I often think of this dark river now. shaded by rocky mountains, and this living light. (Kor.)
2. Two or more uncommon definitions are separated when they appear after the word being defined, especially if there is already a definition before this word.
EXAMPLES. I like his calmness and flat speech, simple and clear.(M. G.) Then spring came, bright , sunny.(M. G.)
In two cases, definitions expressed by participles or adjectives and standing after the word being defined are not isolated.
1) When the word being defined requires the obligatory addition of a definition, then there is no separation.
In a sentence His face had an expression pleasant , but pretty picaresque(P.) definitions are pleasant, but rather picaresque; the expression cannot be isolated from the noun being defined, since it will be nonsense; the lexical meaning of this word requires the obligatory addition of definitions. It is impossible to isolate the definitions in the following sentence: A young officer with a swarthy face and remarkably ugly.(P.) And here the separation of definitions swarthy and perfectly ugly face from the word creates nonsense.
2) When the whole combination of the definition with the defined is important for the speaker, he does not isolate the definition.
In a sentence Who made you such a sonorous violin and weird?(M. G.) important for the author violin by itself, and the violin is so sonorous and sensitive, therefore the author does not isolate the definitions.
In a sentence On the way to winter, boring three greyhound runs (P.) definitions are not separate. For the author, it is not important road by itself, and the road is winter, boring.
3. Definitions, common and single, standing in front of the defined subject, stand apart if there are other members of the sentence between them and the subject niya, for example: Illuminated by hidden reflectors multi-colored drops of fire burn. (Cupr.) On the bench, scattered, there were pistons, a gun, a dagger, a bag, a wet dress, rags. (L. T.)
4. Definitions, common and single, standing directly before the subject, stand apart only when they have an additional circumstantial value (causal, concessive, temporary); these definitions apply not only to the subject, but also to the rest of the content of the sentence.
Encouraged by signs of universal pleasure, the hawker was completely flustered. (T.) Definition to the subject hawker at the same time serves as a circumstance of reason to the rest of the content of the sentence. (Why totally screwed up?)
wide, free, the alley leads into the distance. (V. B.)(Which alley? Why does the alley lead into the distance?
Notes. 1. Definitions that have circumstantial significance arose in speech under the influence of adverbial phrases, consisting of passive participles or adjectives with a verbal copula being, type Being naturally unforgiving I sincerely forgave him and our quarrel, and wound. (P.) When skipping a bunch, adjectives and passive participles retained their adverbial meaning.
2. Serving to clarify the predicate, isolated definitions that have adverbial significance are often placed away from the subject:
Mitya put on a cap with a cockade and, triumphant, joyful, ran out into the street. (Ch.)
5. Definitions are always isolated if they refer to personal pronouns (common and single, standing in front of and behind the word being defined). Definitions related to personal pronouns usually have an additional adverbial meaning and at the same time explain the predicate.
EXAMPLES: Tired, she fell silent. (M. G.) (Since she was tired, she fell silent.) No one will go to you, angry. (Sharp) (To you, when you are angry, no one will go.)
Notes. 1. The peculiar meaning of some categories of pronouns causes features in the isolation of definitions with them. As a rule, definitions are not separated when indefinite pronouns; in these combinations, the definition, complementing the meaning of the pronoun, merges with him into one, for example: In his eyes was something disturbing and very sad.
As a rule, definitions after the definitive pronoun are not separated. all, meaningful generalization, for example: All those present at the meeting The pioneers were warmly welcomed.
But if the definitive pronoun is used in the meaning of a noun, then the definition with it can be isolated, for example: Everything, blooming, fragrant, young, made me happy.
2. Adjectives and participles, regardless of any conditions, are not separated if they are included in compound predicate: He came especially excited and cheerful.(L. T.) It is not said that "he came", but that "he came especially excited and cheerful." The predicate is came excited and cheerful.
Separation of inconsistent definitions.
1. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened predicate; they usually come after the word they define and have dependent words, for example: short beard, slightly darker hair slightly shaded the lips and chin. (ACT.)
2. Definitions expressed indirect cases nouns usually come after the words they define.
They are usually not isolated, uniting with the word being defined into a phrase-naming, for example: Find a lady there in a gray hat with a white bird and tell me I'm here. (Ch.) They are isolated if they only supplement and clarify the idea of an already known object or person, for example:
Mother came out majestically in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around her neck.(M. G.) Defining noun mother denotes an already known person, the definitions only complement our understanding of the mother in this moment; so the definitions are separate.
Attributes expressed by nouns in oblique cases are usually isolated when they refer to personal pronouns and proper names: Today she in a new blue hood, She was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M. G.) Ferapontov, in a vest, in a cotton shirt, stood by a shop that overlooked the street. (L. T.)
Personal pronouns indicate a person already known from the previous presentation. Proper names accurately designate a person or object in order to distinguish it from a number of similar ones.
Finally, definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are usually isolated:
a) when they follow isolated definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, for example: This rotting man skinny, with a stick in his hand, sparkled and smoked, burning with an insatiable greed for the game of deeds (M. G.);
b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions, for example: poor guest, with a torn hem and scratched to the point of blood, soon found a safe corner. (P.)
Exercise 97 Put the definitions together with their dependent words (where they are) so that they are separate, and write. Insert the missing letters.
1) Autumn ... tree-lined road meanders ... around the mountain. 2) The sun rose over the mountains and burned down the in...th still lying in the shadow. 3) In the yard there was a cart ... harnessed by two oxen. 4) A brook writhed silently near the half-naked trees in autumn. 5) All the walls were full of cutouts from magazines of pictures. 6) His long thick hair did not hide the bulges of a spacious skull.
98. Write off. Explain punctuation; Explain the spelling of the endings of adjectives and participles.
1) She met her son with a joy unexpected for him. (M. G.) 2) And on the deserted seashore there was nothing left in memory of the little drama that played out between two people. (M. G.) 3) Her questions, loud and clear, seemed to wake people up. (M. G.) 4) On a gentle Indian summer day, Artamonov, tired and angry, went out into the garden. (M. G.) 5) Large trees, devoid of branches below, rose from the water, muddy and black. (A.N.T.) 6) Pale, he was lying on the floor, holding a pistol in his right hand. (L.) 7) The detachment that left early in the morning has already covered four miles. (L. T.) 8) Shaken by a night storm, the sea turned white to the very horizon with lambs. 9) At the sight of Kalinovich, the footman, stupid in appearance, but in a livery with galloons, stretched himself into a duty pose. (Pisemsk and y.) 10) The whole village, quiet and thoughtful, with willows, elderberries and mountain ash looking out from the yards, had a pleasant appearance. (Ch.)
11) Barefoot, in one shirt, she quickly went downstairs. (M. G.) 12) One of the Cossacks spoke, dusty and on a sweaty horse. ("L. T.) 13) Varvara Pavlovna, in a hat and shawl, hastily returned from her walk. (T.) 14) In a white dress, with braids not untwisted over her shoulders, she quietly approached the table. (M. G.) 15) In front of me, in a blue long-brimmed overcoat, stood an old man of medium height, with white hair, a kind smile and beautiful blue eyes. (T.)
99. Read, indicate isolated and non-isolated definitions; explain why the definitions are separate; then copy by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks
1) The young month ... that shone first ... went ... over the mountains. 2) Soft ... steps of people shod not in boots were approaching. 3) The soldiers now n ... only heard but also saw ... two shadows passing in the span between the trees. 4) Hadji Murad restrained his white horse, which was panting heavily and turned gray with sweat, and stopped. 5) One of the people sitting by the fire quickly got up and went up to Hadji Murad. 6) Hadji Murad took out one of the Khozyrs, took out a bullet from the gag ... and from under the bullet a note folded into a tube. 7) Hadji Murad raised his head and looked at the sky in the east, already shining through the tree trunks, and asked the murid, who was sitting at some distance from him, about Khan Magom. 8) He was awakened by the cheerful voice of Khan-Magoma, who was returning ... going with Bata from his embassy. 9) The sun shone ... and on the newly blossomed ... foliage and on the young virgin grass and on the shoots of bread and on the ripples of the fast river visible ... to the left of the road.
(L. N. T o l s t o y.)
100. Write with punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters and explain their spelling.
IN STATION
It was the busiest time. The entire population of the villages swarmed on watermelon melons and vineyards. On the dusty road leading to the gardens, creaky carts stretched on horseback ... filled with black ... grapes. Brushes were scattered on the dusty road, crumpled by the wheels. Boys and girls ... in shirts stained with grape juice ... with tassels in their hands and in their mouths ran after their mothers. Tied up to the eyes with handkerchiefs, mamuks led bulls harnessed to carts highly overlaid with grapes. There was a stench in the air above the gardens. Warm strong wind passing through the branches did not bring coolness, but only monotonously bent the tops ... of pear ... peach and mulberry trees scattered through the orchards. The working time had already begun... two weeks ago, and hard... barking n... incessant work occupied... the whole life of a young girl. But as soon as the dawn went out, she was already walking into the hut and, having had dinner in a dark hut with her father, mother and brother, a carefree healthy woman entered the hut, sat on the stove and half-asleep listened to the conversation of the guest. Sometimes she was affectionate, but for the most part, every look, every word, every movement of her expressed this indifference, not conspicuous, but ... influencing and bewitching.
(According to L. N. T o l s t o m u.)
101. Write with punctuation marks. Underline isolated definitions. Insert missing n or nn.
Behind the house there was an old garden, already wild, drowned out by weeds and bushes. I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful; through the glass... .the th door one could see a room with a parquet floor, it must have been a living room.... Only peonies and poppies survived from the former flower beds, which raised their white and bright red heads from the grass; along the paths, stretching out, interfering with each other, grew young maples and elms already plucked by cows. It was dense, and the garden seemed impassable, but it was only near the house, where there were still poplars, pines and old lindens of the same age that had survived from the former alleys, and further behind them the garden was cleared for haymaking. The further inland, the more spacious, and sprawling apple trees, disfigured by props, and old pears so tall that they could not even believe that they were pears, were already growing in the expanse of cherry plums. The garden, more and more thinned, turning into a real meadow, descended to the river overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a deep and fishy pool, a small mill angrily roared frogs furiously. On the water, smooth as a mirror, circles occasionally went round and river lilies trembled, alarmed by cheerful fish. A quiet stretch beckoned to itself, promising coolness and peace.
(A.P. Chekhov)
102. Write off, inserting separate definitions placed in brackets, agreeing them with the nouns to which they should be attributed in meaning. Break out the commas.
1) Dark blue patches of the sky shone affectionately between the clouds (decorated with golden dots of stars). 2) The air was saturated with the pungent smell of the sea and the greasy fumes of the earth. (shortly before evening, abundantly moistened with rain).
3) A wide cloud began to grow and appear from behind the tops of the trees (for a long time lying like a lead veil on the very edge of the sky). 4) The desert surrounding hillocks sparkle (showered with swan down of young snow). 5) Lukashka sat somewhat sideways on his well-fed bay horse (lightly stepping on a hard road and throwing up his beautiful head with a glossy thin withers). 6) After driving a few steps, they saw a Cossack (sitting behind a sandy mound and loading a gun).
Separation of applications.
1. A common application is always isolated if it refers to a common noun or a pronoun. If it refers to a proper name, then it stands apart when it stands behind it.
In all these cases, the application is, as it were, a weakened secondary predicate.
EXAMPLES. light rain, harbinger of autumn sprinkles the earth. (M. G.) Unfortunately faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun. (P.) I, your old matchmaker and godfather, came to make peace with you. (Cr.)
4) A. S. Pushkin, great Russian poet, was born in Moscow. (Compare: Great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin was born in Moscow.)
2. A proper name (common and non-common), standing after a common noun, is isolated if it serves to clarify. In this case, it is sometimes attached with the help of words by name, nickname, surname, nickname etc.
EXAMPLES. my father Andrey Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Munnich. (P.) At the second boy, Pavlushi, hair was tousled. (T.) One of Troekurov's hounds. named Paramoshka , offended by the words of Dubrovsky.
3. An uncommon application, expressed by a common noun, is isolated in the following cases:
1) If it refers to a personal pronoun, for example:
kind, he could not refuse anyone's request. We, gunners, fussed about the guns. (L. T.)
Note. A defined personal pronoun may be absent: eka, bum, how he paints! (G.)(Appendix loafer refers to the missing pronoun he.)
2) If it refers to proper nouns and stands after them, for example: There was a captain, and a lieutenant, and Onisim Mikhailovich, sergeant major.(L. T.)
Note. The application in front of a proper name is isolated only when it has an additional adverbial value (causal) and at the same time explains the predicate, for example: Between topics rustic mechanic, Zaretsky condemned millstones (P.)(i.e. "being a village mechanic ...").
3) If it refers to a common noun, common explanatory words, for example: Here on wide street they met the cook of General Zhukov, old man.(Ch.)
If both the application and the word it explains are common nouns and do not have dependent words, then they merge in meaning and in pronunciation, as it were, into one word and are combined in writing with a def and with m, for example: And here she goes sorceress-winter.(P.) The street winds snake. (V. M.)
In some cases common noun, standing after its own, also merges with it, as it were, into one word and in writing it joins a def and with o m, for example:
Go to the yard hut, or else to Agrafena- housekeeper. (T.) Stenka Razin went to Astrakhan- city. (P.)
Note. The hyphen is not put if the application denoting the profession, rank, social affiliation, etc., refers to the words citizen and comrade: citizen judge, comrade professor. The names of classes of objects or creatures are also written separately with the names of the types of these objects and creatures: shark fish, poltavka wheat.
4. Applications joined by union as, are isolated if they indicate a reason, for example: Pine, like a resinous tree, hard to rot. (A.) (Pine, because she is a resinous tree, hard to rot.)
Separate applications are separated by commas and or dashes: In the hut, singing, the maiden spins, and, winter friend nights, a splinter crackles in front of her. (P.) Senior officer - gallant elderly Cossack with stripes for extra-long service- commanded "to build". (Shol.)
Note: Instead of commas, a common application may use dashes in the following cases:
1) If before the application it is possible to imply a union without changing the meaning of speech namely: The main directive is product quality improvement- is executed successfully.
2) If the application is at the end of the sentence and is attached as would in in order of adding to what has been said: I had a cast iron kettle my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus.(L.)
3) If there are several applications, to establish a line between applications and the noun being defined: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - Pestilence rages in the forests. (Cr.)
4) If the application belongs to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse applications with a homogeneous member: My grandmother was sitting in the room, my brother - five-year-old Petya, sister Nina and me.
Exercise 103. Write off. Explain punctuation marks.
1) My little sister Lyubochka was sitting in front of the piano. (L. T.) 2) The owner of the sakli, Sado, was a man of about forty. (L. T.) 3) Malasha, a six-year-old girl, remained in the hut. (L. T.) 4) He thought about his life in comparison with the life of Ivan Matveyevich, captain. (L. T.) 5) Vladimir recognized Arkhip the blacksmith. (P.) 6) Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already dancing. (L. T.) 7) Her father, a botanist, was sent to the Canary Islands and died there. (M. G.) 8) Marya Vasilievna, together with her son, a six-year-old handsome, curly-haired boy, met Hadji Murad in the drawing room. (L. T.) 9) He laid new garden and a new building, a building for courtyards. (L. T.) 10) We, doctors, are struck by this truly boundless patience. (N. O.) 11) I quarreled with Alexei Ivanovich, and I ask him, Ivan Ignatich, to be my second. (P.) 12) This student, named Mikhalevich, an enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky. (T.) 13) Olenin looked at Vanyusha only as a servant. (L. T.)
104. Write with punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.
1) Funny ... fussy jumper Uncle Alex. 2) Her cozy house is filled with her daughter's friends, girls of the best families of the city. 3) The second son Yakov, round and ruddy, looked like his mother. 4) The fat coachman Yakim, a meek man, kindly and timidly soothes ... the horses. 5) My cousin works there as a foreman. 6) In the far corner, a yellow spot of fire shone in Seraphim's apartment. 7) Just five years ago, he was burned ... a handsome, healthy man came to the factory with his lively wife. 8) Pomyalov and Voropaev asked me to persuade you brothers to sell the factory to them. 9) In a gray cloud ... lightning flashed across the Moscow River. 10) In anger ... thunder, a clear demon, he has long heard fatigue ... that is.
(From the works of M. G o r k o g o.)
Isolation of the circumstances expressed by the participle.
Participles denote additional actions that explain the main action or state expressed by the predicate. The relationship between the action expressed by the predicate, on the one hand, and the action expressed by the participle, on the other hand, can be different. These relations are close to those that exist between the predicates of the main and subordinate clauses, and in some cases between homogeneous predicates in simple sentence. The participle alone or with dependent words can denote the preceding action, for example: Zakarkav, a gang of black ravens flew off. (P.) It can denote an action at the same time, for example: Boy, looking out the car window smiling happily. In these cases, gerunds answer the question when? and are conditions of time. gerund or participial turnover can express an action that is the cause of the main action, for example: Vasilisa Yegorovna left me alone,seeing my perseverance . In this example, the adverbial phrase answers the question why? and is the circumstance of the cause.
The participle can denote the way (image) of the main action, for example: Trezor ran ahead waving his tail.(BUT.) Here the adverbial phrase answers the question
as? how? and is a condition of the mode of action.
The adverb can also have other meanings. Approaching in meaning to the predicate of a subordinate clause or to a homogeneous predicate, single gerunds and with dependent words, as a rule, are isolated and separated by commas in writing: 1) Leaning on the velvet of the lodge, the girl did not move. (T.) 2) She sat by the window turning away and looked pale. (T.) 3) Chertophanov, without stopping and without looking back walked with big steps. (T.)
The independence of the participle is indicated by the fact that it can be attached, as a subordinate clause, by a comparative union, for example: An invisible brook chattered peacefully with iridescent and booming sounds, as if flowing into an empty bottle.(T.)
N o t e. After the union and there is no pause before the adverbial turnover (or gerund), and a comma is placed to show the beginning of the adverbial turnover in writing: 1) Khor sat down on a bench and, calmly stroking his curly beard, entered into a conversation with me. (T.) 2) Hadji Murad stopped throwing the reins and, unfastening the rifle case with the usual movement of the left hand, right hand took her out. (L. T.)
The participle is not isolated when it merges with the verb-predicate into one semantic whole. For example, in a sentence Walked Nikonov bending back(M. G.) the author wants to say something Nikonov walked, but what he walked with a bent back.
2. The group of homogeneous members, consisting of gerunds and adverbs, is not isolated coordinating conjunction, for example: 1) Klim Samghin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people.(M. G.) 2) He answered him not embarrassed and frankly. (Rem.)
3. Single gerunds that are directly adjacent to the predicate and have the meaning of the circumstances of the mode of action are not isolated, for example: 1) You enter the hall dancing(L.T.) (dancing, i.e. fun, with movements resembling dances). 2) Until two o'clock classes were supposed to go without interruption(L.T.) (without interruption, i.e. nonstop). 3) Why, sir, are you crying? live laughing(Gr.) (laughing, i.e. without worries, fun). In this case, gerunds begin to acquire the meaning of adverbs. (Compare: In the towns we began to play, having bathed, where having bathed - gerund, adverb of time.)
In some cases, gerunds and participles finally turn into adverbs or into whole adverbial combinations that are not isolated, for example: reluctantly, lying, standing, sitting; arms folded, sleeves down, headlong, mouth open.
EXAMPLES. one) He began to mend feathers, yes sitting fell asleep. (T.) 2) Gregory is standing bowing my head.(N.)
Note. If the gerund is preceded by an adversative union a, which refers to this gerund, then a comma is not placed between the union a and the gerund, for example: He did not think about meeting Sofya Antonovna, but unexpectedly colliding with her at the entrance to the theater, he was at a loss.
Exercise 105. Read. Explain punctuation marks. Specify the meaning of adverbs. Explain the merged and separate spelling of the particle not .
1) Waving a silver ax in the sun, he deftly chop the stake and hummed softly. 2) He left reluctantly, shuffling heavily with his feet. 3) With a squeal and laughter, pushing, the girls ran into the garden and, surrounding the table with a bright wreath of sarafans, sang a magnificence. Pyotr chuckled cautiously, glancing at the girls and tugging at his ear. 4) He spoke without agitation and, remembering suitable proverbs, generously smeared his speech with the fat of wisdom. 5) Baimakov listened, silently looking into the corner. 6) Thoughts interfered with him, suddenly arising at inconvenient hours, attacking during work. 7) Yakov Artamonov walked slowly, putting his hands in his pockets, holding a stick under his arm. 8) Zinaida walked behind the coffin frowning, but without tears. 9) You can live without showing off your mind, without these conversations. 10) A golden web flutters in the air, weaving into transparent flame patterns, and freezes, admiring its beauty reflected in the water.
(M. Gorky.)
106. Write with punctuation marks; underline gerunds together with dependent words (if any); orally indicate which additional actions denote gerunds.
The sun was setting behind the mound. The bitter wormwood smell of the mowed steppe intensified in the evening, but became softer and more desirable, having lost its half-day suffocating sharpness. The heat subsided. The bulls walked willingly, and the insipid dust whipped up by their hooves on the couch rose and settled on the bushes of the roadside Tatar. The tops of the tartar with blooming crimson tops shone fieryly. Bumblebees circled above them. To a distant steppe pond, calling to one another, lapwings flew. Daria lay face down on the swaying wagon, leaning on her elbows, occasionally glancing at Natalia. She was looking at the sunset, thinking about something, on her calm, clean face, copper-red reflections wandered.
(M. S o l o h o v.)
107. Read, indicate from which work of M. Gorky this passage is taken. Indicate sentences with adverbial phrases and the meaning of these phrases. Write with missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.
Pretending, pulling his yellow shirt, the Gypsy was cautiously going out into the middle of the kitchen as if on nails ... The guitar rang furiously, the heels on the table were rattling and the dishes rattled in the closet, and in the middle of the kitchen the Gypsy was on fire with a kite, waving his arms, like wings, moving imperceptibly legs; hiccupping, squatted ... gave it to the floor and m ... thrashed about with a golden swift, illuminating everything around with the brilliance of silk, and the silk was shivering ... shaking and
flowing as if warm ... rel and melted ...
Suddenly she [grandmother] got up young, straightened her skirt... lifted up her heavy head and went through the kitchen... Uncle threw himself up, stretched out, covered his eyes and played more slowly;
The gypsy stopped for a minute and jumped ... chiv went crouching around the grandmother and she floated silently on the floor, as if on air, spreading her arms, raising her eyebrows, looking somewhere into the distance with her dark eyes ... Grandmother did not dance, but seemed to be telling something. Here she goes quietly thinking, swaying, looking around from under her arm, and her whole large body sways indecisively, her legs feel the road carefully. She suddenly stopped, frightened of something, her face trembled, frowned, and immediately covered with a kind, friendly smile. She rolled aside, giving way to someone, moving someone away with her hand; lowering her head, she froze, listening, smiling more and more cheerfully - and suddenly she was torn from her place, whirling in a whirlwind, she became slimmer and taller, and it was already impossible to take her eyes off her: she was becoming so violently beautiful and sweet ... she was growing at that moment wonderful return to youth!
(M. Gorky.)
Separation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions.
The isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is caused by the following reasons: the meaning of the circumstance, the presence of explanatory words under the circumstance, its position in front of the predicate and the intention of the speaker. The circumstance of the mode of action and the circumstance of the place are separated less often than the circumstances of the cause and concessions. Circumstances that are common with explanatory words stand apart more often than non-common circumstances, for example: 1) Petya in the evening went to a friend. 2) Petya, after receiving a decisive refusal, he went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly. (L. T.) In the case of isolation, common circumstances in meaning and pronunciation are close to subordinate clauses.
1. The circumstance with the preposition is always isolated and highlighted with commas in spite of, concessive meaning, for example: Despite all my efforts, I couldn't sleep at all. (T.)
2. Separation of other circumstances depends on stylistic tasks, on the intention of the author. Authors usually separate them if they attach special importance to them or, on the contrary, consider them as incidental remarks, for example: cruisers, due to lack of space in the bay, kept out to sea. (New-Rev.)
The following are especially common:
a) the circumstances of the case with the words owing to, owing to, owing to, due to lack of and etc.;
b) concessive circumstances with a preposition contrary to;
c) circumstances in the condition and I with the words in the presence, in the absence and etc.
EXAMPLES: 1) Old and gray-bearded Janusz, behind lack of apartments, sheltered in one of the cellars of the castle. (Kor.) 2) If the weather is favorable, Tomorrow we leave for Kazan. 3) Contrary to my companion's prediction, the weather cleared up. (L.)
Separation of add-ons.
Of the additions, very few are isolated, namely the following:
a) additions with prepositions except, besides, excluding etc., denoting items excluded from a number of other items: All, except for the wife consider him guilty of everything (M. G.);
b) additions with prepositions besides, beyond, including, besides, denoting items included in a number of other items: Besides Velenchuk, Five more soldiers were warming themselves near the fire.(L. T.)
Exercise 108. Find circumstances, indicate what these circumstances are, how they are expressed, and think about why they are isolated or not isolated. Write out examples with isolated circumstances Underline the prepositions in them.
1) Forests, despite the tropical heat, did not differ in tropical splendor. (New-Rev.) 2) I was riding on the postal ones, and he, due to the heavy luggage, could not follow me. (L.)
3) My Cossack, contrary to orders, slept soundly. (L.)
4) Savelich, in accordance with the opinion of the coachman, advised to return. (P.) 5) Despite the abundance of fuss in the store and work at home, I seemed to fall asleep in heavy boredom. (M. G.) 6) Nothing was visible for a long time, except for the rain and a long man lying on the sand by the sea. (M. G.) 7) No one, except the valet, saw him unpowdered. (T.) 8) In addition to his handsome and pleasant appearance, he had good manners. (T.)
109. Write with punctuation marks. Explain spelling not and neither.
1) The occupation of the hunter Noskov could not be known to anyone except you and me. (M. G.) 2) In addition to the useful, Safron also cared about the pleasant. (T.) 3) Instead of her former credulity, confusion appeared in her. (T.) 4) Everyone got up and went to the terrace with the exception of Gedeonovsky. (T.) 5) Everyone, not excluding the coachman himself, came to his senses only when a carriage with six horses jumped on them. (G.) 6) I think except for Russia in the month of September there are no such days anywhere. 7) She came to the meeting instead of Osip and began to scold. (Ch.) 8) Despite all my efforts, I could not sleep at all. (T.) 9) In the absence of a room for travelers at the station, we were given an overnight stay in a smoky hut. (L.) 10) Pyotr Vasilyevich liked to see guests at his place and treat them despite the scarcity of his funds. (T.) 11) Verochka's small bedroom overlooked the garden, and besides her clean bed and a washstand with a mirror and one chair, there was no furniture in it. (T.)
Separation of clarifying members of the proposal.
A clarifying member is a member of a sentence that answers the same question as the other member after which it stands, but is not homogeneous with it, but serves to clarify. Qualifier members can be common. The clarifying members of the sentence are, as it were, incomplete sentences introduced into the main one.
In a sentence Here, on the field of Borodino, the Russian army covered itself with unfading glory qualifying circumstance of place on the field of Borodino answers the same question (where?) as the circumstance of place here, after which it stands; it serves to clarify the content: here(namely), on the field of Borodino.
Clarifying terms can be attached to the words they refine by means of explanatory conjunctions that is, or(meaning i.e.), namely and others, for example: They before , that is, before arriving in the village lived in great harmony. (T.) When there are no explanatory conjunctions, they can be implied, for example:
Alexey fights famously, these are his own(namely), city, beat. (M.G.)
The qualifying member may belong to the same part of speech as the word being specified, but may also be expressed in another part of speech: 1) Sometimes, rarely, Peter was joking (M. G.) - adverb sometimes specified by adverbs rarely. 2) He spoke for a long time, ten minutes(M. G.) - adverb for a long time is specified by combining a numeral with a noun: ten minutes.
Clarifying members can refer to both the main and minor members of the sentence.
EXAMPLES. 1) Clarifying member to the predicate: He made I'm honored visited me (P.); 2) clarifying member to the subject: Onegin, my good friend, born on the banks of the Neva (P.); 3) clarifying member to the addition: He always wished with all the strength of his soul one is to be quite good(L. T.);
4) qualifying member to definition: If you please, I mine bring a glass special(L. T.); 5) clarifying member to the circumstance: she felt as if she lived in these parts a long time ago, a hundred years.(Ch.)
When qualifying members are joined using explanatory unions, commas are separated and: Until six o'clock in the evening that is, three hours in a row, Sevastopol, in the excitement of the struggle, did not lag behind the enemy in terms of firepower. (S.-C.) If they join without unions, then they are distinguished by commas and, dashes or brackets: 1) I now I'm talking about myself calmly, without any gall.(T.) 2) He himself spoke to the students and tried to seem completely his own, simple - soul wide open.(S.-Ts.) 3) Rich deposits of selenite (varieties of gypsum) we have in the Urals.
Circumstances may or may not be isolated, depending on whether or not the speaker wishes to emphasize their clarifying meaning; compare: 1) Before the fire, on an overturned boat, the miller's wife was sitting. (T.) 2) We decided to rest at the edge of a birch.
Clarifying definitions may not be highlighted on both sides, but only separated by a comma from the definitions they refine: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the former, burnt baths. (M. G.)
Exercise 110. Write by opening brackets and inserting missing letters. Underline the qualifying parts of the sentence.
1) (AT) gave, closer to the groves ..., muffled thumping ... then. 2) This is the bedroom, and there, behind it, is still a girl's. 3) He (neither) when he ... laughed, but sometimes, very rarely, he laughed hysterically. 4) We walked for quite a long time, until evening. 5) Straight (before) me, in the corner, figurative ... of that cliff and river ... in the valley, near the river, which stood in this place (not) a mobile, dark mirror, under the very steep of the hill, a red flame ... it glowed ... two lights burned and smoked next to each other. 6) About five years ago, in the autumn, on the road ... from Moscow to Tula, I had to spend the whole day ... in the post office ..., (behind) lack of horses.
(From the works of I. S. Turgenev a.)
Repeat exercise 111. Read. Write with punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.
Down under iron net"air road" in the dust and mud of the pavements silently fiddling ... children, silently, although they laugh ... cries, like children of the whole world, but their voices drown in a roar ... over them, like raindrops in sea.... They seem to be flowers that some rough hand has thrown out of the windows of the houses into the dirt of the street. Feeding their bodies with the fatty fumes of the city, they are pale and yellow, their blood is poisoned, their nerves are irritated by the ominous scream of rusty metal, the sullen howl of enslaved..th lightning.
Do healthy, bold, proud people grow out of these children? - you ask yourself. In response, an angry squeal rattles laughter from everywhere.
Cars rush... past the East Side of the poor quarter of the city's compost pit... All these people flow there... and there they boil gold out of them. The ditches of the streets are teeming with children.
I have seen a lot of poverty, I am well acquainted with her green, white, bony face. Her eyes are dull with hunger and burning with greed ... cunning and vengeful or slavishly submissive and always n ... human I have seen everywhere but the horror of the poverty of the East Side is darker than anything I know.
In these streets filled with people like sacks of cereals, children eagerly search for rotten vegetables in boxes with garbage standing at the panels and devour them, along with mold, right there in caustic dust and stuffiness.
When they find a crust of rotten bread, it arouses ... wild enmity among them; seized by the desire to swallow it, they fight like little dogs. They cover the pavements in flocks, like voracious pigeons; at one o'clock in the morning at two and later they are still rummaging in the mud, miserable microbes of poverty, living reproaches of the greed of the rich slaves of the Yellow Devil.
(M. Gorky, City of the Yellow Devil.)
Separation of connecting words.
Attaching words and combinations are separated, which are additional comments and explanations. They are somewhat reminiscent introductory words, but differ from them in meaning: introductory words express the speaker's attitude to the thought expressed, and connecting words, being additional remarks, either clarify any member of the sentence, or highlight it; they are the same members of the sentence as the members of the sentence that they single out or explain. Attaching words and combinations are usually attached using the following words and particles: for example, in particular, including, in general, and in general, even, especially, in particular, mainly, mainly, primarily, primarily etc. Attaching words and combinations are separated by commas.
EXAMPLES. one) His eyes were sunk deep into his dry face, like the heads of machine nails into soft wood. for example in lime.(M. G.) 2) Never, even during a fistfight, he did not speed up his movements. (Kor.) 3) All three of them especially the old Cossack, were redder than usual. (L. T.) 4) Other weak-character natures, if they keep their notes, do it in fits and starts, in illegible handwriting, without adding words, generally careless.(S.-C.)
An exercise 112. Read and write the isolated connecting words. Write by inserting the missing letters.
1) The next day, from early morning, the view of the boulevard, in ... appearance Paris, n ... occupied by the insurgents, has changed, as if by magic. (T.) 2) Ba...ikads arose...kali everywhere, especially...on the other side of the Seine. (T.) 3) To the closest to the Inkerman heights north side all, even the smallest, huts were long and firmly occupied by officers from the headquarters. (S.-C.) 4) Sick and wounded ... were treated by their own Kazakh ... doctors, for the most part to ... shevars. (S.-C.)
113. Write by punctuating and inserting missing letters.
1) As soon as the water trembles ... that is, it starts to wane, the fish turns back and with the same fear ... rolls down ... with which it has so far gone up. (BUT.) 2) It was still early around noon. (M. G.) 3) He dined merrily and after dinner he wrote nothing on ... no papers. (G.) 4) He immediately spoke about it in the very first minutes. (M. G.) 5) I have always and everywhere a special ... but in the Caucasus I noticed a special ... tact in our soldier. (L. T.) 6) My inclination to intellectual pleasures, for example, to the theater and reading, was developed in me to a passion. (Ch.) 7) We did various outdoor work, mainly painting the roofs. (Ch.) 8) She wanted to work and live independently on her own account (Ch.) 9) The conveniences of life can be combined with anything, even with the most difficult and dirty work. (Ch.)
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« »§one. Isolation. General concept
Isolation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are separated. Usually, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared with ordinary, non-separate members, the isolation proposals have greater independence.
Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: The boy, who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
- Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence stand out in speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed
- inconsistent
The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.
(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:
- participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:
How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, was extraordinarily pretty.
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If a inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:
- single definition: excited girl;
- two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- common definition, phrased: a girl, excited by the news received, ...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:
She was agitated and could not sleep.
(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun)
Excited, she could not sleep.
(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.
(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)
3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it:
The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:
Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value
The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although.
To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:
Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.
(additional reason value)
Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.
(additional concession value)
Thus, various factors are important for isolation:
1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
§3. Standalone Applications
Appendix- this is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:
1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:
He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name:
Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify:
And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.
An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.
Soon New Year- the favorite holiday of the children.
§4. Standalone add-ons
The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They are passed inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:
Nobody but Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"USE-navigator": effective online preparation §6. Isolation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are separated:
1) with unions: as, like, exactly, as if, what, how, than etc., if they matter:
- comparison: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
- Similarities: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with union like:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:
1. are phraseological in nature:
Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured like a bucket.
2. the circumstances of the course of action matter ( comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced by an adverb or a noun in Etc.:
We are going around in circles.
(We walk(as?) like in a circle. You can replace the noun. in T.p.: around)
3) turnover with union as expresses the meaning "as":
It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from as is part of the compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
Refinement members refer to the word being qualified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, the clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, standing out in speech intonation, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:
We stayed up late into the night.
Below, in the valley that stretched out before us, the stream rustled.
The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are tonally connected.
Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) with the help of unions: that is, namely:
I'm getting ready for USE task C1, that is, to the essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, especially For example:
Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What are separate definitions?
- common and uncommon
- agreed and inconsistent
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participial turnover?
In what case are the definitions standing before the defined word separated?
- if an additional adverbial value is expressed
- if no additional adverbial value is expressed
Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case and number as the noun or pronoun it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations that are separate objects?
- o, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
- except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate adverbs and participles?
Is it necessary to isolate circumstances with a preposition in spite of?
- - participial. In the distance one could see a mill standing under a mountain.
- - participial turnover. She ran, waving her arms.
- - substantive turnover. Poor people, they had a hard time enduring the cold.
- - adjectival turnover. The girl's dress, reminiscent of the spring sky, developed in the wind.
- - substantive: Near the forest, in a clearing, mushrooms grew.
- - adjective: Everyone left except Alice.
- - verbal: The rain took people by surprise, did not wait.
- - infinitive: Vera Ivanovna came without a purpose - to sit and talk.
- - adverbs: In the middle of the night, unexpectedly for everyone, he ran away.
In contact with
Isolation is a selected secondary member of the sentence, intonational and semantic content and words dependent on it. Due to the presence of dependent words, isolation acquires syntactic independence and communicative meaning.
Separation components most often perform the following functions: application, definition, circumstance, and form weakly controlled case forms. For the first time, the term "isolation" began to be used in the Russian language in 1914, and was introduced by the linguist A. Peshkovsky.
Signs of isolation
In Russian linguistics, the following main signs of the existence of isolation in a sentence are distinguished:
1) the presence of words that depend on isolation
2) inverse word order.
3) the presence of complementary semantic verbal turns.
Partition functions
The main function that isolation performs is to provide an additional characteristic of a person, object, or action. With the help of isolation, the sentence is filled with clarifying semantic content, as it explains in detail what is said in its main part.
Example: Great and unexpected happiness came to Mary's life - Great and unexpected happiness came to Mary's life.
Often isolation saturates the sentence with an expressive character.
In writing, isolation is always distinguished by punctuation marks - dashes and commas. Example with a comma: An unfamiliar young man approached us, the inhabitants of the village, and asked about the location of the village council. Dash example: We watched with interest a jay, a small bird with a hooked beak.
Separation types
Depending on the functions performed in the sentence, isolations are divided into two groups: explanatory and semi-predicative isolated turns. Semi-predicative isolations often resemble independent sentences, as they are filled with a logical, sometimes completely complete, meaning.
In russian language There are four types of semi-predicative isolated turns:
Explanatory phrases always depend on secondary members and perform mainly a concretizing function or supplement the sentence additional information. The types of explanatory isolations are distinguished by the part of speech to which the main word - isolation belongs.
Types of explanatory separations
The role of separation can be proper names nouns or names of animals.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
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