How to correctly find the grammatical basis in a sentence. What is a predicate? Compound nominal predicate

At the center of the word connections of each sentence are the words that create grammatical basis(predicative), in fact it is the main hallmark suggestions like syntactic unit. That is, the grammatical basis is the organizing center, a kind of frame, skeleton, or the so-called main members of the sentence - the predicate and the subject. They are not called the main ones in vain, since they are grammatically independent of other members, occupy a dominant position in the sentence. The predicate and the subject mutually presuppose each other. Thus, the subject names the subject of speech. And the subject of speech affirms, denies, characterizes by action, sign, time, reality, etc.

Usually the main members of the proposal are an obligatory part of it. Some of them are enough for the sentence to be a formalized unit grammatically and in meaning. Often there are sentences where there is only a grammatical basis. Examples: The sun shines. Children are playing. Such proposals are called non-common, because. do not have secondary members of the sentence. If the proposal also includes other members of the proposal (secondary), then such a proposal is called common, for example: On the street children play.

In addition, the grammatical basis of a sentence can consist of both a subject and a predicate (two-part sentences), or only one of the main members, for example: Our children- our joy (two-part). Autumn. I love autumn(one-piece).

Also, depending on the number of grammatical bases, sentences are classified as simple and complex. If a sentence has one grammatical basis in its composition, then these two or more bases are complex. For example: Go torrential rains (simple sentence). Very soon will fall out snow, and will begin real winter (difficult sentence).

Without fail, it begins with the definition of the grammatical basis. For its correct definition, one should be able to find its components - the subject and the predicate. To do this, you need to know with what parts of speech the grammatical basis can be expressed.

Thus, the subject is expressed:

Noun: Coming soon snow.
Adjective name: New requires a lot of knowledge.
Communion: Speaking often wrong.
Infinitive: Live means to feel.
Invariable parts of speech (interjection, adverb, preposition, particle, union): To us tomorrow enters bright and radiant.
Collocation: We are with friend went fishing.

The predicate is expressed:

Verb: Costs good weather.
Noun: Moscow - capital Russia.
Adjectives: to me mil poems Russian fever.
adjective in comparative degree: Every day of separation for me longer of the year.
Adverb: All of us well.
Communion: Our family involved to science.
A stable phrase (phraseological unit): My health - no whoa, no no.

Also, pay attention Special attention on the correctness of the definition of a compound nominal predicate, which consists of a linking verb and a nominal part ( He will soon become an astronaut ) and a compound verbal predicate, also consisting of two parts: auxiliary verb and infinitive ( You must go to the meeting).

It should be noted that the correct definition of grammatical foundations helps to avoid mistakes in punctuation. So, in a complex sentence, punctuation marks are necessarily placed, denoting the boundaries of the simple sentences that make up their composition. The ability to determine the subject and predicate will help to correctly arrange and in simple sentence, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by the same parts of speech, and in some other cases.

The Russian language is rich and powerful. You cannot know all the rules, but you need to strive for this. Let's do just that today.

What words are grammatical?

Each sentence contains a grammatical basis. The constituents of the grammatical basis of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary members of the sentence indirectly or directly share these words. The grammatical meanings of the construction are determined by the value of the mood and tense of the predicate, expressed by the verb. For example:

"The ball goes straight into the goal." The action of the subject is happening, and is happening at the present time.
"The ball went straight into the goal." The action of the subject took place, and took place in the past tense.
"The ball would fly into the goal." The action of the subject does not occur, but is expressed in a wish.

Grammar basis: examples

The subject and predicate in a sentence can be expressed in different ways, sometimes taking unusual forms. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze in more detail the concept and examples of the members of the sentence that make up the grammatical basis.

The subject is the main member of the sentence and denotes the object that performs any action. The subject answers the questions "who?" and "what?", characteristic of the nominative case. The following examples will help you identify the correct subject in a sentence:

Subject - noun in nominative case. "The dog tucked its tail."
The subject is a pronoun in the nominative case. "I saw", "Who brought the apples?". "That's funny". "It's their child." "The purse that was found belonged to Marina" (subject in the sentence subordinate type). "The leaf that fell into the alley seemed to be fiery red" (subject in a subordinate clause). "Someone will see." "Everyone was quiet."
The subject is the indefinite form of the verb. "Being brave is already a victory." "To listen is to hear." "To break is not to build."
The subject is a combination of several words (one in the nominative case). "My brother and I rarely quarreled."
The subject is a combination of several words (without the nominative case). "Two birds sat on the windowsill"

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and having the expressed question "what does he do?" meaning. Also, questions characterizing the predicate include "what is he?", "what he is", "who is he?". For example, "I drank about a liter of water"

Speaking about what a grammatical basis is, it is impossible not to cover the concepts of simple and compound predicate. The first expresses the verb in the form of any mood. The compound is expressed by several words, of which one connects it with the subject, while others carry a semantic load. For example: "His mother was a nurse" - the verb "was" connects the predicate with the subject, and "nurse" carries the semantic load of the predicate. Those. in this sentence, the predicate is "was a nurse."

A compound predicate can be a compound verb and a compound nominal. A simple verbal predicate can be expressed using a verb of one of the following forms:

The verb form is present tense and past tense. "He runs fast." "My sister didn't hear the call."
The form of the verb in the future tense. "I will be asked tomorrow."
The verb form of the conditional or imperative mood. "I wouldn't go to that yard." "Let him eat what he wants."

Summing up, we can say that the grammatical basis expresses grammatical meaning constructions and the number of grammatical bases in a sentence, as a rule, is not limited.

The grammatical basis of the sentence (subject and predicate) is the most important syntactic construction that determines not only the structure of the sentence, but also its informational meaning. Moreover, without the correct definition of the grammatical basis, it is impossible to correctly solve punctuation problems, especially in complex sentences.

Second grade students secondary school(grades 5-9) it is not always possible to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence, because this syntactic construction is very diverse both in form and content. Consequently, there are problems with general analysis sentences, and with punctuation.

We note right away that it is possible to teach children to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence only by fully fulfilling one of the most important principles of didactics, namely, the principle of promising learning.

This means that, starting from elementary school, one should look far ahead and gradually introduce children both to the members of the sentence that make up its structure and to the terminology.

The initial acquaintance of children with the main members of the sentence occurs back in primary school(in 3rd grade). simplest form the grammatical basis of the sentence (the subject is expressed by a noun, and the predicate by a verb) is acquired by children relatively easily and quickly. But the slightest deviation from this formula already causes difficulties and confusion both in understanding and in terminology.
Unfortunately, teachers are sometimes responsible for this confusion.

Here is an example:
The class works with the sentence "Children play in the school yard"
Teacher: Where is the subject?
Student: Children.
Teacher: Right. Where is the verb?

What did the teacher do? He grossly violated the system of classification completely different concepts. After all, the classification of parts of speech is one thing, and the classification of sentence members is quite another. In no case should these things be confused!

The teacher had to ask: Where is the predicate?

In the system of teaching children the Russian language in elementary school important place occupies an unerring understanding and ability to distinguish between meanings various parts speech: noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, preposition and adverb.

If this confusion of the concepts of "part of speech" and "member of a sentence" is not eradicated in elementary school, then it is extremely difficult to do so in the middle school.

Leading children to an understanding of the structure (construction) of a sentence, it is imperative to focus on the fact that a word can only be a member of a sentence as part of a sentence. This is first. And secondly, on the fact that the members of the sentence (so far we are talking only about the subject and the predicate) can be expressed by any part of speech (“made” from any part of speech).

It is very important that already in elementary school children understand and firmly know what a subject is and what a predicate is, what these main members of a sentence mean and what questions they answer. Children especially find it difficult to find a predicate if it answers the questions “What is the subject?” or “What is (who is) the subject?”

It is very useful to conduct a written survey “What is the subject?” already in grades 4 and 5. and “What is a predicate?”, where students must give not only precise definition the main members of the proposal, but also give your own examples.

Particular attention should be paid to the logical connection of the main members of the proposal with each other, i.e. the ability to correctly ask a question from the subject to the predicate and persistently accustom children to a complete answer.

Example:
We work with the offer "Children play in the garden"

The student's response should be:
“This sentence speaks of children, this word is in the nominative case, which means that this is the subject, it is expressed by a noun.

What are the children doing? - playing. This word denotes the action of the subject, which means that it is a predicate, it is expressed by a verb.

The Russian language course in basic school (grade 5) begins with syntax. This is correct, because children must first learn how to correctly build a sentence. In this initial syntax course, students already learn in detail how to express the main parts of a sentence and become familiar with the secondary parts of a sentence in detail. The concept and the term "grammatical basis of the sentence" are familiar to them. Children relatively easily find the subject, expressed by a noun, and the predicate, expressed by one verb. Departure from this formula already causes difficulties.

Begins painstaking work, as a result of which the guys should understand that the subject can be expressed not only by a noun, but also by other parts of speech.

It is advisable already in grade 5 to gradually introduce children to various types of predicate: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal, although this is grade 8 material. Practice shows that by the end of the first half of the year, fifth-graders already quite consciously distinguish between these types of predicate. True, at the first stage, confusion arises between the compound verbal predicate and the homogeneous simple verbal predicates.

Children are embarrassed that in both cases there are two verbs. But pretty soon everything falls into place. Again, written surveys are useful.
Thus, in the fifth grade, a foundation was made for the long term in understanding the structure of one of the main members of the grammatical basis of the sentence. Now you should methodically (preferably at each lesson) consolidate the structure of the predicate, terminology and its understanding.
Already in the 5th grade, it is advisable to introduce the concepts of "one-part and two-part sentences." Children learn these concepts quite easily and quickly. By the way, the textbook of the Russian language for the 5th grade by the authors of Lvov and Nosov does just that. This is also a good start for the future. Ladyzhenskaya's textbook introduces these concepts only in the 8th grade.

The syntax of a simple sentence is studied in detail in grade 8. But, if we do not prepare children in grades 5-7 for the perception and understanding of this complex section of everything school course Russian, it will be very difficult for children to learn the punctuation of a simple sentence. That is why the concepts of the most difficult cases expressions of the grammatical basis should be gradually introduced precisely in grades 5-7. This is reasonable and possible when learning different parts of speech. You just need to constantly keep this in mind and select didactic working material for the lesson, taking into account what role the studied part of speech plays in the sentence.

For example, studying adjectives, it should be shown that this part of speech can be in the sentence both the subject (“The patients gathered for a walk”) and the predicate (“The night is bright”); when studying numerals, we demonstrate that numerals can play the roles of both the subject and the predicate (“Two sixth graders gathered ...”; “Twice two - four”), etc.

If we are in grades 5 - 7 at each lesson we will conduct syntactic and punctuation analysis at least one sentence, we will prepare the children to solve many problems of style and punctuation in 8th and 9th grades.

It is in these classes that the guys are faced with very complex constructions of the grammatical basis of the sentence. They are mainly associated with the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).

The indefinite form of the verb most often in a sentence is the main part of the compound verb predicate. (“Scientists have learned to distinguish…”). In these cases, the infinitive answers the questions: “What to do?”, “What to do?” and is included in the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
Generally indefinite form verb (infinitive) is quite complex linguistic phenomenon, capable of fulfilling the most different functions. This, of course, makes it difficult to find a grammatical basis.

The infinitive can perform the functions of the subject both independently and as part of a logically holistic phrase (To feel means to live), (To love nature is a need of the soul). In the structure of a compound verbal predicate, the presence of the infinitive is mandatory, as is the presence of an auxiliary verb. Moreover, the infinitive can play the role of not only the main, but also an auxiliary verb (I want to learn how to fly.) The infinitive can also be included in the structure of a compound nominal predicate (Sister is going to work as a dressmaker).

However, the infinitive can be in a sentence and minor member sentences: purpose circumstance (“We went to the store to buy ...”) and an addition (“I asked the doctor to help”), i.e. not be included in the structure of the grammatical basis of the sentence.
In the sentence "We went to the store to buy ..." the grammatical basis "we went in."

The infinitive to buy is a circumstance of purpose, because it depends on the predicate and answers the question “did you come for what purpose?” In the sentence "I asked the doctor to help ..." the infinitive is an addition, because it depends on the predicate and answers the question "asked for what?"

Such syntactic constructions, as a rule, have no practical value for punctuation. But both in the GIA and in the Unified State Examination there are tests specifically for distinguishing between these types of grammatical foundations. So we have to teach children these theoretical subtleties as well.

Of particular difficulty are the grammatical foundations, consisting only of verbs (To teach - to sharpen the mind). It seems that in these cases there is no need to diligently search for the subject and predicate, it is enough to indicate the grammatical basis of the sentence.

The ability to correctly and quickly find the grammatical basis of a sentence is essential when studying various kinds complex sentences. Without this ability, children cannot understand and master the punctuation of a complex sentence.
Problems begin already when studying one-part sentences. The absence of one of the main members of the proposal often confuses students. They cannot find the boundaries of simple sentences in a complex one if one of the simple sentences is one-part. One-part sentences are studied in grade 8.

Here, again, we need to work for the future: to study one-part sentences in the context of complex ones.

In general, there is no need to prove that the ability to accurately determine the grammatical basis of a sentence in all its forms - essential condition to understand the structure of any sentence and even more so for its punctuation. This, as a rule, is devoted to the entire academic year in 9th grade. If methodically, based on practice in grades 5-7, gradually prepare children for understanding syntactic constructions, studied in grades 8 and 9, the punctuation of simple and complex sentences can be well mastered.

In the morphological, punctuation analysis of a sentence, it is important to correctly determine its grammatical basis. The ability to quickly highlight the subject, predicate will help you correctly punctuate, as well as understand the meaning of the sentence. It is the grammatical basis that is the semantic center of the sentence - its predicative core. It’s great if a person has already learned to quickly highlight the grammatical basis. However, it may often seem that defining a predicative kernel is very simple. In fact, a slight complication of the task immediately baffles.

The whole point here is that in the modern Russian language there are very rich resources, various syntactic links. The subject and predicate are not necessarily expressed by the noun and the verb. Of course, in the sentence "The tree stands under the window" many will easily find a grammatical basis. We see here a noun: it clearly represents main member suggestions. It's about the tree. You can easily ask from this subject the question “what is he doing?”, thus finding the predicate. “The tree is standing” - this is our grammatical basis. But not all proposals are built so simply. It is important for you to remember what parts of speech the subject, predicate can be expressed, by what algorithm you need to look for the grammatical basis. You need to know how to find the grammatical basis of a sentence, remember all the nuances, so that later you can accurately analyze the texts, correctly place punctuation marks.

The grammatical basis of the sentence: important points
Remember a few important points to learn how to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence. Be sure to write down all essential information. The best option is to present the information in tables. Let you always have tables on thick sheets of paper or cardboard at hand. So you will remember everything faster, and then you will no longer look at your cards.

Here simple rules that will help you.

Full analysis of the proposal in parts. Determine the grammatical basis carefully, try to find the most suitable option first, and then exclude all other probable ones. The easiest way to quickly analyze a sentence is to underline all members and ask appropriate questions, defining syntactic links. In difficult cases, only this way is the most reliable. This will not take much time, but you will be sure that you have definitely found the predicative kernel.
Pencil, pen, draft. Actively use drafts, pencils and pens. Make all the necessary notes, inscribe parts of speech directly above the words, underline all members of the sentence with familiar lines, dotted lines. It is on the draft that you can calmly parse the sentence, delve into its lexical and grammatical meaning.
Without haste. In no case do not try to do everything as quickly as possible! You are bound to make mistakes, because parsing it is necessary to treat each case with redoubled attention. You can successfully find grammatical foundations in a few sentences and then start making mistakes. You can not try to determine the subject and predicate at random.
Members of a sentence and parts of speech. Forget about the direct relationship of the relation of a word to parts of speech and its role in a sentence! If you have a noun in front of you, you should not immediately assume that it is the subject. Predicates are also far from always expressed by verbs.
Such a complex predicate. Often more problems arises in the definition of the predicate. You will need to memorize all types of predicates in order to find grammatical bases accurately. When you do not just define the predicate, but precisely name its type, you will be able to say with confidence: this member of the sentence was found correctly.
Unexpected subjects. Pay close attention to the definition of the subject. It can even be expressed as a union! Check out the examples to get rid of stereotypes, to have a broader understanding of the grammatical foundations in Russian.

The best way to learn how to determine the grammatical foundations of sentences correctly is to familiarize yourself with examples and remember the types of predicates. The algorithm for determining the grammatical basis will also come in handy for you, it is quite simple.

We determine the grammatical basis according to the algorithm
Remember simple rules. Follow the sequence of actions to correctly find the subject and predicate in the sentence.

Work in draft first. You are looking for grammar. It includes the subject and the predicate. Better start with the subject.
Read the offer carefully. Think about its meaning. Immediately think: what word can be the subject? What does the offer say? Which member of the construction can answer the questions “who?”, “What?”, be the bearer of the action or the defined person? For example: "Dad was going home." You immediately see the subject "dad", which is the carrier of the action. Dad is coming - that's what the sentence says.
When you have already determined the subject, you should move on to the predicate. From the subject to the predicate, you can ask a conditional question, although it is traditionally believed that the parts are equal in the grammatical basis. However, you will quickly be able to determine the connection: dad (what did he do?) Walked. The grammatical basis is defined.
Remember that sentences can be one-part. Not all grammatical foundations consist of a subject and a predicate. Consider examples.
- Nominative sentence with subject. Cold winter.
- Definitely a personal suggestion. There is only the predicate. Come tomorrow.
- Impersonal, there is a predicate. evening.
- Generalized personal. The grammatical basis consists of the predicate. us so taught.
- Indefinitely personal, there is no subject in the grammatical basis. you there meet.
If you come across a sentence that is difficult to understand, it is too long, it has many members, it is most convenient to parse it entirely. Even if it seemed to you that you had already found the grammatical basis, try to determine the role of other members of the sentence. It is likely that you missed something, did not pay attention to some words, their meanings in the sentence.
Be sure to check yourself again when you have completed the work. Analyze the meaning of the sentence, the syntactic roles of all its members. Make sure that your grammatical basis is really a predicative core, carries the main lexical and grammatical meaning.
You can transfer everything to a cleaner.

Work as carefully as possible. Determine the grammatical basis precisely by its syntactic role in a sentence, don't get distracted by what parts of speech the words are.

Various grammatical bases, subject and predicate. A few nuances
To better navigate the features of grammatical foundations, check out some examples. So, it is interesting to consider what parts of speech subjects can be expressed in.

Noun. Summer came unexpectedly.
Personal pronoun. She is returned home.
Interrogative pronoun. What happened?
Numerals. Eight less than ten.
Adjective. Violet- my favorite color is.
Union. And- connecting union.
Noun in the nominative case and noun in instrumental. Mother with daughter went to the theatre.

Be sure to remember the types of predicates in order to correctly determine the grammatical foundations, not to leave its parts unmarked. For example, some words can simply be skipped. With a complete analysis of the sentence, you will immediately see that they are left without their syntactic role.

Predicates can be simple verbs (PGS), compound verbs (CGS) and compound nominals (CIS).

PGS. AT this case the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb. She is meditates. Nicholas walks. Winter starts. Remember: PGS is sometimes expressed by a phraseological unit with a conjugated verb form. It can be replaced by a verb with a direct meaning. Kostya beats the buckets (is idle).
GHS. The predicate consists of at least two words, it has the infinitive of the verb and the link. Words usually act as links: knows how, loves, wants, maybe, continued, finished, started. I I want to sing. Misha stopped practicing. Tanya likes to listen music.
SIS. Such a predicate consists of a verb copula and a nominal part. In the role of the nominal part are adverbs, participles, nominal parts of speech. A copula is a verb to be in a personal form. Note! The verb can be omitted, but the predicate is in front of you. Try setting it up yourself. Summer will be hot. Day overcast. Task fast solved.

Analyze the proposal carefully, be careful and remember all the important points. Then you will find the grammatical basis correctly.

When studying the Russian language, each student sooner or later comes across such a concept as a grammatical basis. What is it? The grammatical basis is the "foundation" of the sentence or its main part, consisting of the subject and the predicate (sometimes the sentence consists of one or another part, that is, the subject or the predicate). In one sentence, one or several grammatical bases can occur.

How to find the grammatical basis

Skills in finding a grammatical basis will help the student to quickly and correctly punctuate and determine its meaning.

The grammatical basis and all its constituent parts can be determined with the help of correctly chosen questions.

To correctly determine the grammatical basis, first read the entire sentence well and try to understand its essence. Conditionally divide the sentence into several parts according to the meaning. Then move on to defining the subject. Please note that some offers do not contain it. In this case, the search for a grammatical basis begins and ends with the search for a predicate. If you have an offer with two constituent parts, then immediately proceed to the definition of the subject. Here you need to be extremely careful, since the correct definition of the grammatical basis as a whole will depend on the definition of the subject.

Then move on to the definition of the predicate. To do this, ask a question from the subject. The predicate characterizes the action of the object, its property, etc.

The dependence of the grammatical basis on the type of sentence

A simple sentence contains only one grammatical basis, while a complex one contains two or more. One-part sentence contains only one part of the grammatical basis (subject or predicate). In a two-part sentence, both the subject and the predicate occur.

Examples

To better understand the essence of the topic, we give a few examples.

Clouds covered the sun.
In that simple example it is not so difficult to determine the grammatical basis. The subject is the word "clouds". It answers the question "what?". The predicate is the verb "closed", which answers the question "what did you do?". Thus, the grammatical basis is the phrase “clouds closed”.
My aunt was in a hurry to work.
In this case, the subject is "my aunt" and the verb is "in a hurry." So the grammatical basis is "my aunt was in a hurry"
That's how I was taught.
In this case, there is no subject in the basis, there is only the predicate "taught". It will be the grammatical basis.

The grammatical basis is the core of the sentence, the correct definition of which will allow you to correctly identify the remaining members of the sentence, correctly punctuate and determine the meaning of the text.