Interesting research work on ecology. Research work on ecology "Homeless animals", Grade 3

Ecology occupies a special place among global problems modern world having a transnational and interstate character.

The question of the relationship between people and nature has always been acute, but with the advent of the third millennium, the contradictions in the chain "individual - society - surrounding nature" reached their maximum.

In the past few decades, against the backdrop of the relationship between humanity and nature, the most heated discussions of scientists, the public, world organizations and governments have been held. different countries.

The topics of research papers on ecology are related to the problems that exist in modern reality, everything is included here.

Pollution of the world's oceans

Nowadays, a lot of harmful substances enter the ocean: plastics, oil, pesticides, chemical and industrial waste, which negatively affects the existence of marine fauna. From this it is clear that it is directly related to human activity, i.e. anthropogenic.

Significant damage to the ocean is caused by:

Washing the holds of tankers, as a result of which from 8 to 20 barrels of oil are dumped into its waters annually. This figure is named without taking into account accidents that occur during the transportation of oil by sea. The resulting oil film blocks the access of oxygen to the water, causing the extinction of plankton and fish.
Heavy metals falling into the water. The most harmful of these are chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, cadmium and copper. According to statistics, about 50,000 of these metals are dumped into the waters of the North Sea every year.
ingress of wastewater with a high content of pesticides - aldrin, dieldrin and endrin, which can be deposited in the tissues of living organisms.
Tributyltin chloride (TBT), which is widely used for painting ship keels, has a detrimental effect on marine life - as a protection against surface fouling with algae and shells. Scientists have proven that this substance prevents the reproduction of one of the crustaceans - the trumpeter.
In recent years, the waters of the ocean have become increasingly used for the deployment of nuclear missiles and for the disposal of radioactive substances which also leads to negative consequences.

security today ocean waters is one of the most actual problems of all mankind. In 1982, during the UN Conference, the participants adopted the Convention on the Law of the Sea, which introduced a number of restrictions on the use of the waters of the oceans.

Thus, the protection of its resources and the fight against pollution have become of particular importance.

The United States, Canada, Japan, India, Europe and other countries annually launch satellites to collect data using the remote sensing.

The accuracy of the resolution capabilities of such instruments is constantly growing; in addition, the set of parameters that characterize the state of external environment measured from space. America and the European Space Agency are opening more and more access to satellite data; the number of specialists involved in the development and implementation of new international projects is constantly growing.

Global warming in the Arctic

Problem global warming in the Arctic is advancing at a catastrophic rate. The consequences could be the disappearance of summer habitats for polar bears and a critical rise in sea levels on the planet.

This assessment of global climate change was made by members of the international group of climatologists. The scientists' warning could have an impact on the US and several other industrialized countries, forcing them to reduce emissions from burning fossil fuels.

The report of a study aimed at studying the consequences of global warming in the Arctic states:

The melting of glaciers, which contain a huge amount of fresh water, can provoke a rise in sea level by 7 meters in a few hundred years. In accordance with the calculations of specialists, in our century, due to the excess of the threshold temperature in the Arctic, a long-term melting of the ice sheet may occur.
Arctic temperatures are rising twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Over the past 50 years, average winter temperatures in Chukotka, western Canada and Alaska have increased by 3.5 ºС. In the next century, this figure may reach 6.5 ºС.
The area of pack ice located in the Arctic Ocean is sharply decreasing. Over the past 30 years, their area has decreased by 20%; by the end of this century, their area may be reduced by another 10-50%. There is an opinion that by 2040 the Arctic pack ice may disappear completely.

Each of the above changes can contribute to acceleration. The influx of fresh water into the Atlantic Ocean can lead to a change in planetary ocean currents, which, in turn, will disrupt climatic conditions, meteorological phenomena and the concentration of resources of fish and other marine life.

This study was conducted over a period of 4.5 years; the customer was the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Committee for Science. Council members are senior officials from the United States, Canada, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Russia and leaders of indigenous organizations in the Arctic region. 300 scientists from polar research centers from different states peace.

Changes are now being observed and predicted concerning all aspects of the life of the population of the Arctic - Agriculture, traffic patterns and lifestyles, as well as local fauna - for example, many rare species of migratory birds may lose their breeding grounds.

The problem of food waste disposal

In the last ten years, the problem of waste minimization and recycling has attracted the attention of many economic sectors. However, among other wastes, it is food that receives less attention than others. For many decades, huge amounts of crops harvested in a number of developing countries have not become useful food.
The situation is becoming more and more serious due to the fact that these countries provide minimal assistance to solve the problem.

More than 50% of all food produced today is lost, wasted or wasted due to inefficient schemes, according to a study by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program). food chain in restaurants and grocery stores.

This fact was confirmed by another study commissioned by the NRA (National Restaurant Association) - as it turned out, in restaurants in Britain, 65% of food waste is thrown away during cooking and only about 30% remains on the plates.

Groups of industry experts will be founded in 74 countries around the world called "Together Against Waste", whose members will work together to solve the problem of reducing food losses. By uniting consumers and partners in an effort to minimize waste, the movement intends to develop effective ways reduce food waste and recycle food waste around the world.

Importance of conducting international research in the field of ecology

The tasks of monitoring the state of nature on a planetary scale contain many criteria. One of the main issues can be called the definition of the maximum allowable influence of the population on the Earth, in particular, on it.

An example of a modern global monitoring project is the EOS system in the United States. This is a long-term program for 15 years and has a scientific character. The work is carried out on the basis of data received from three satellites, which are serviced by the orbital system, in order to study in detail the state of the planet's ecology.

School research

In our country, research work on ecology begins to be carried out at school, thus introducing children to world problems. Beginning with lower grades for students, educational and research work is included in the school curriculum.

1 Comment

Really, ecological problems(unfortunately) very few people care. The study of ways to reduce the negative impact of human activities should be given more attention.

Research environmental water project "Ecological state of water bodies within the boundaries of the village of Molchanova"

Project author:
Perkovskaya Olga Vladimirovna, teacher of biology, head of the ecological club of friends of wildlife WWF "Researcher".
Description of the material.
Dear Colleagues, I would like to bring to your attention a research environmental water project “Ecological state of water bodies within the boundaries of the village of Molchanova” with a social focus. This work of schoolchildren of grades 7-9 was carried out within the framework of the III regional ecological marathon on water and environmental problems. With this winning project, the guys represented the Tomsk region in Moscow.
The project will be useful for teachers of chemistry and biology, teachers-organizers, leaders of children's associations of natural sciences, class teachers.

Target: assessment of water quality in reservoirs located within the boundaries of the village of Molchanova, and comparison with the forest lake of the village of Sulzat, located 35 kilometers from the district center.
Tasks:
1. Conduct water intake in summer, autumn and winter periods from six reservoirs for research.
2. To study bacteriological indicators of bioindicators of these reservoirs in summer and autumn periods.
3. To study the chemical composition of the water of the studied reservoirs in the hydrochemical laboratory of JSC "Tomskgeomonitoring".
4. Examine water for organoleptic indicators (smell, transparency, color).
5. Make a water intake in the lake of the Sulzat village and examine it for organoleptic, bacteriological and chemical properties for comparison.
6. Study archival materials on reservoirs.
7. Hold meetings with the old-timers of the village to compile a historical background on the creation
reservoirs.
8. Find out the sources of water pollution.
9. Organize actions to clean up three reservoirs within the boundaries of the village of Molchanova.
10. Compile, print and distribute 120 propaganda leaflets for the population.
11. Clear the banks of three reservoirs during three actions: Forest, Current, Goose.
12. To acquaint the population with the results of research.
Relevance research is due to the importance of water reservoirs for economic and recreational use by its population.

Physical and geographical characteristics of the study area.
Molchanovsky district is located in the central part of the Tomsk region and occupies the banks of the river. Ob,
R. Chulym. The entire territory is located within the middle taiga zone. A characteristic feature of the region is high forest cover and waterlogging. Forest and shrub vegetation is covered - 68%, swamps - 20%. The length of the region from west to east is 160 km, from north to south - 40 km. Distance from regional center- 200 km. The territory of the district is 6.4 thousand km.2
Methods and materials.
The following methods were used for the research:
1. Methodology for assessing the ecological state of water from reservoirs using bioindicators.
This technique is based on the fact that living organisms have different sensitivity to water quality.
First stage– water sampling carried out on the shore. When taking water samples, several sweeps of the net are made, describing eights. If possible, it is recommended to carry out a landing net as close to the bottom as possible. Then, if a lot of silt got into the net, then you need to wash it in the net itself, after which the net is removed, and the caught organisms are shaken out into a bucket. 3-10 samples are taken on the reservoir in different places. At each point, you need to carry out at least ten swings of the net. It is important that the samples taken in the surveyed areas contain benthic organisms of various biotopes: silty, stony, vegetation clusters, submerged trunks, branches, etc. The more diverse the site in terms of the number of habitats, the greater the number of samples should be. However, even on a site with a uniform bottom, the number of samples should not be less than three.

The second stage of the study of samples is carried out in the office.
The Mayer index bioindication technique does not require identification of invertebrates with an accuracy of species. The method uses the principle of confinement of various groups of aquatic invertebrates to water bodies with a certain level of pollution.
Organisms-indicators are assigned to one of three sections:
A - the inhabitants of pure water. B - organisms of medium sensitivity. C - inhabitants of polluted water bodies. The indicator organisms found in the samples are assigned to one of the sections. The number of detected groups from section A must be multiplied by a factor of 3, the number of groups from section B - by a factor of 2, from section C - by a factor of 1. The resulting numbers add up A * 3 + B * 2 + C * 1 \u003d S. The value of the sum S characterizes the degree of pollution of the reservoir.
By the sum of the scores, the water quality class is assessed: from 17 or more - 1 and 2 qualities (very clean); 11-16 - 3 qualities (moderately polluted); less than 11 - 4-7 quality classes (very dirty).

Assessment of the ecological state of the reservoir using organoleptic indicators.
Water transparency.
We determined the transparency of water by the ability to transmit light. It is considered sufficiently transparent if a normal book text can be read through its thirty-centimeter layer.
Definition of smell.
Pour about 250 ml of water into the flask. We heat up to a temperature of 600 C, plug the flask with a stopper (this is if the smell is not immediately felt). Then open the cork and inhale. If the smell is not felt, then repeat the experiment.
1 point - very weak, which is difficult to detect;
2 points - also a slight smell that a person feels if you pay attention to it;
3 points - already noticeable smell, which causes disapproval in the consumer;
4 points - pronounced smell; 5 points - the smell is very strong.
Types of odors:
Z. Earthy (rotten, rotten). A. Fragrant (cucumber, flower).
C. Sulfur - hydrogen (smell of rotten eggs). Bol. Bolotny. D. Putrid (as in a toilet). R. Rybny. J. Glandular. N. Indefinite.
Determining the color of water.
The color of water usually depends on the content of iron salts and humic substances in the water coming from the soil. If the water is cloudy, it must be filtered. Take two test tubes: in one, take 10-12 ml of distilled water, in the second test tube - water from reservoirs and compare the two test tubes on a white background. The color may be yellow, pale yellow, yellowish (slightly yellow), or greenish.
Stages of work on the project.

Stage 1. Organizational.
Before conducting research, our group received a package of documents within the framework of the regional environmental marathon "Clean Water for All". The publishers have included the required methodical material, determinants of invertebrates, etc.
By this time, an application was written for the initial evaluation of the Education project in the amount of 20,000 rubles, and by May it became clear that our grant was approved and the money would be allocated, which means that we would be able to implement the planned actions and conduct water research in reservoirs. Before starting work on the project, we identified a circle of like-minded people. This group included the chairman of the district water commission under the administration of the Molchanovsky district, the head of the territorial district, the chairman of the committee on youth policy and sports, the district environmental committee, the director of school No. 1, the director of the 37th lyceum and the heads of summer children's sports and labor camps.
Stage 2. Local history.
In the land committee, we took a map of the district and plotted all the water bodies on it.
After a tour of the locations of the reservoirs, it became clear that some of them are of no economic importance due to their small size, some are simply littered (they were turned into landfills). So out of ten reservoirs within the boundaries of the village of Molchanova, we had six left, which we had to study.
According to the documents of the land committee, only one Kolmakhtun was listed as natural, and the remaining five reservoirs were created by residents as the district center was settled.
When visiting the archive, it became clear that there is no material on reservoirs necessary for work, except for one document on Lake Kolmakhtuna. There is one more task for our group - to find residents who could tell about the creation of reservoirs.
Pavchenko Alexander Frolovich, who has lived in Molchanovo since 1935, spoke about the fact that the first reservoir was Lobanovsky. His father was involved in the construction of the dam. Among the workers of the forestry, he carried the earth with hand carts. So in 1940 - 1941 the first reservoir appeared.
Zharov Aleksey Petrovich, a resident of Molchanovo since 1935, lives on the banks of the Lesnoy reservoir. The reservoir was in the forest, then it was the outskirts of the village. At the beginning of the 1960s, it was decided to build a bypass road in the ravine where the reservoir was to carry hay. The road was not built, but the dam began to be poured. The modern shores of this reservoir have existed since then.
Chepkasova Nadezhda Fedorovna, a resident of the village since 1937, remembered that before the war and during the war there was already a reservoir, but smaller, and the water in it was surprisingly clean. Women went to him to rinse clothes.
Khrolenko Petr Dmitrievich - a resident of Molchanovo since 1961. Since 1965, he worked as a road construction foreman in the DRSU and participated in the construction of a road along the street. Grishinsky tract. The road became a kind of dam. Then the oil workers laid the slabs, and then the asphalt.
After meetings with 50 villagers, the history of only three reservoirs became clear. Conversations with residents restored the picture of the work of enterprises in the village, located on the banks of reservoirs, which made it possible to judge water pollution.
Stage 3. The study of the degree of pollution of water bodies by the method of bioindication.
To study water by the bioindication method, we took from 3 to 10 samples from each reservoir. In the office, organisms were counted - indicators assigned to one of three classes. In summer water samples, larvae of different-winged dragonflies are more common than others (in all water bodies). The larvae of the weevil mosquito and the bell mosquito were caught in five reservoirs. Caddisfly larvae were found in four reservoirs. False horse leeches were sampled from three reservoirs. The common pond snail was caught in two reservoirs, and the common tubifex in one.

In the autumn water samples taken in six reservoirs, larvae of the ringing mosquito were found. Dragonfly larvae and false horse leeches were caught in five reservoirs. The larvae of caddisflies came with a water sample in three reservoirs. Common tubifex and bell mosquito larvae met in two reservoirs. Common pond snail and coil mollusk were found only in one reservoir. In summer and autumn, the same organisms were found in water bodies, but their abundance was greater in the autumn period (the exception is the common tubifex and the common pond snail).

Stage 4. Identification of pollution sources.
Pollution of water resources is understood as any changes in the physical, chemical, biological properties in water bodies due to the discharge of liquid, solid and gaseous substances which cause or may cause inconvenience, making the water of these reservoirs dangerous for use, causing damage to the national economy, health and safety of the population.
The main sources of pollution and clogging of water bodies are insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises. Pollutants entering natural water bodies lead to qualitative changes in water, which manifest themselves in a change in the organic properties of water (in particular, the appearance of harmful substances in it), in the presence of floating substances on the surface of the water and their accumulation at the bottom of water bodies.
Since 1977, the Kirzavodskaya reservoir has received wastewater from the SOM plant (powdered and skimmed milk). The plant carried out only rough cleaning, chlorination treatment and two settling tanks were in operation. Since 1983, sewage from the street has been added to this wastewater. Industrial, which was put into operation this year. Household drains increase together with industrial pollution of a reservoir. The plant completed its work in 1999, and wastewater containing faecal mass continues to be discharged into the reservoir.
A fish factory has been located on the shore of the Tokovoe reservoir since 1978. He worked until 1998. And during this time, sewage was sent to the reservoir, without treatment. Then, from the Raipov garages and the reclamation enterprise, the effluents descended into the Tokovaya reservoir. Up to now, a land reclamation (irrigation-drainage) enterprise has been located on the site of the plant. With meltwater, runoff from the territory of these enterprises flows there.
For many years, sewage water from the collector flowed into Lake Kolmakhtun, which, according to archival documents, belongs to natural monuments. In 1979, on August 21, a sewer collector from the street was put into operation. Steppe. For 17 years, domestic sewage has polluted this lake, the only natural body of water in our village. It has been 32 years since its launch, and treatment facilities were only built in 2012.

The rest of the water bodies are polluted with household waste. There were no industrial enterprises on their shores.
Upon completion of research on the topic of the project came to the following conclusions.
Conclusions on the project.
1. Water was taken from six reservoirs in summer, autumn and winter periods.
2. Studied bacteriological indicators on bioindicators.
2.1. Of the six reservoirs within the boundaries of the village of Molchanova, two showed dirty water in autumn and summer period s. These are Lesnoy reservoirs (on Lesnoy S = 8.4 in summer, and 8.5 in autumn, on Tokovoe S = 3.3 in summer, and 6 in autumn).
2.2. Samples from the reservoirs of Lobanovsky, Kolmakhtun and Aeroportovsky in the summer period showed very dirty water (S = 6.4; 3.3; 6), and in the autumn period, clean and very clean water (S = 18.3; 53.3; 18 ).
2.3. A water sample in the Kirzavodskaya reservoir both in summer and in autumn showed very clean water (S = 26; 50.3).
3. The data of the hydrochemical laboratory of OJSC "Tomskgeomonitoring" indicate
about increased color and high content of substances that give the water a yellowish tint: iron, humic acids, fulvic acids. Hydrogen indicator pH characterizes the active acidity of water. The water in the Lesnoy and Tokovoe reservoirs is 7.2 and 5.6, which corresponds to acid rain. There is probably no technogenic pollution in the Lesnoy reservoir, since there is no manufacturing enterprises, and the high content of organic matter is due to humic substances. In the Tokovoe reservoir, there is a possibility of man-made pollution. On the shore there are garages and a land reclamation enterprise. Here, a high value of such an indicator as permanganate oxidizability, which characterizes the presence of easily oxidizable organic substances. The content of ammonium exceeds the MPC by 82.3 times in the Lesnoy reservoir, by 104 times in the Kolmakhtun lake, and by 134 times in the Tokovoe reservoir. The presence of ammonium nitrogen can be easily explained by the decay of substances that are of a protein nature, which come with domestic wastewater. The presence of sulfates and chlorides meets the standards.

We have determined ourselves such organoleptic indicators as the smell, transparency and color of water.
All samples were yellowish in color. The smell of water from all reservoirs, except Kirzavodskoe, was earthy, and in Kirzavodskoe we identified a fishy smell. Transparency is above the norm, as the printed text was clearly visible through a thirty-centimeter layer of water.
4. After studying the water from the forest lake Shchuchye, bioindication data were obtained. In summer, S = 21, which corresponds to a very clean water, and in autumn this index was even higher (S = 56.2). organoleptic data. The smell is earthy (determined after heating to T = 600). Transparency is high. The color is barely yellowish.
5. According to the studied archival materials found out that Lake Kolmakhtun was declared a natural monument of local importance by the decision of the executive committee of the Molchanovsky District Council of People's Deputies on October 24, 1986. There are no other documents on reservoirs within the boundaries of the village of Molchanova in the archive.
6. After meetings with the old-timers of the village, the sources of pollution of water bodies were found out (50 residents were interviewed).
6.1. Since 1977, the Kirzavodskaya reservoir has received wastewater from the SOM plant. The plant was liquidated in 1999, and wastewater from the street. Industrial, continue to be dumped.
These effluents were the cause of organic pollution of water bodies.
6.2. Current Pond. The reservoir was polluted with basic hydrocarbons (Cn Hm) - typical for modern conditions. Heavy fractions in a dissolved and suspended state settle to the bottom, oil products float. This reduces the amount of oxygen in the water, harmful organic substances appear.
6.3. Lake Kolmakhtun. Domestic sewage contains synthetic detergents, they are called surfactants - synthetic (means) surfactants. Petroleum hydrocarbons in a reservoir are processed by bacteria slowly. This creates toxic substances.
These substances, entering the lake, have a significant impact on the biological and temperature regime of the reservoir. As a result, the ability of water to saturate with oxygen decreases, and the activity of bacteria that mineralize organic substances is inhibited.
7. Compiled, printed and pasted 120 leaflets to attract people to clean up water bodies.
8. Conducted conversations and meetings with the leaders of summer sports grounds, students of schools and lyceums. We agreed with the chairman of the committee on youth policy and sports to provide containers for garbage collection, and with the deputy head of the district we agreed on a list of reservoirs for cleaning. We received a guarantee for the allocation of a car from the head of our district (and now the settlement).
9. Bought prizes for three promotions and gloves. Conducted a quantitative accounting of the garbage collected by the participants, bought prizes and awarded the winners.
10. In the course of three actions, 9 tons of garbage were removed and taken out from the banks of the Lesnoy, Gusinoye and Tokovoe reservoirs (the actions took place on May 30, June 2, June 15).

Rudak Viktor Sergeevich

Research on ecology "Influence of motor transport on environmental pollution"

Download:

Preview:

Municipal budgetary educational institution

« Povarenkinskaya main comprehensive school»

Topic: "The impact of motor transport on pollution

environment"

Completed by: Rudak Viktor

8th grade student

MBOUPOOSH,

Head: Rudak V.P.

biology teacher

MBOUPOOSH

with. Povarenkino 2011

1. The purpose of the study ............................................... ................................................3

2. Relevance of the study ............................................... ...............................4-5

4.Conclusion.............................................. ................................................. ...................fourteen

5. Literature ............................................... ................................................. ............fifteen

Object of study: the process of air pollution by exhaust gases in the village in 30 minutes

Subject of study: with. Povarenkino.

Research hypothesis:Air pollution negatively affects the health of villagers.

Tasks:

To study the impact of vehicle emissions on human health;

Calculate the number of vehicles in the village;

Determine the approximate amount of exhaust gases emitted by motor vehicles in the village in 30 minutes

Conduct outreach to vehicle owners

Research methods:

The study of literature on the topic

Observation and information gathering

Processing of received data

The relevance of research:

All types of modern transport cause great damage to the biosphere, but road transport is the most dangerous for it. There are approximately 600 million cars in the world today. On average, each of them emits 3.5 - 4 kg of carbon monoxide per day, a significant amount of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, and soot. When using leaded (leaded Pb) gasoline, this highly toxic element enters the exhaust. "Contribution" road transport Today, air pollution is at least 30%.

If development human society does not go the other way, then, according to the forecasts of environmentalists, an ecological explosion will occur in the middle of the 21st century:

The ability of ecosystems to self-heal will be disrupted

Water, air will be poisoned

This will lead to the degeneration of animals and man. The most formidable harbinger of the possibility of a global ecological catastrophe is a change in the composition of the atmosphere. So 1 car for 1 year emits into the atmosphere: 200 kg of carbon monoxide, 60 kg of nitrogen oxide, 70 kg of hydrocarbons. And how many cars are on the globe? Breathing chemical pollutants causes poisoning of the human body and affects its heredity, which can also lead to unpredictable consequences. This does not appear immediately, but gradually, due to the progressive accumulation of poisons in the body. Currently, the problem of environmental pollution is very relevant.

In our school, the number of children with chronic respiratory diseases and reduced immunity is growing every year. Air pollution affects the health of adults and children. Since there are no industrial enterprises in our village, and the number of cars is increasing every day, the territory of the village is only exposed to pollution by combustion products from exhaust gases.

With this study, I decided to check whether the exhaust gases emitted by vehicles in our village exceed the MPC.

Research methodology:

The work was carried out in September 2011. I studied the literature on this issue, conducted research. Observations were made during the daytime. Counted the number of cars and trucks with different types of engines. Calculate the approximate emission of pollutants into the atmosphere if all vehicles travel 1 km. I also calculated the number of cars passing on the road in 30 minutes, and calculated the amount of exhaust gases if, on average, all cars drive at a speed of 40 km / h.

In the course of my work, I studied the article "Lead poison" from which I learned that in the atmospheric air the edges of this "poison" are getting bigger and bigger every day. According to the Krasnoyarsk traffic police, there are more than 800 thousand cars in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, including those from. Povarenkino 50 cars. Its number is increasing by three, four percent every day. Accordingly, the supply of the necessary fuel increases, a significant proportion of which is leaded grades. The law on the protection of the atmosphere establishes the procedure for certification of fuel, technical, technological installations, engines, vehicles and other mobile vehicles and installations, confirming their compliance with protection requirements atmospheric air; determination of the amount of reduction of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air.

“Production and use of fuel on the territory of the Russian Federation is allowed only if there are certificates confirming the compliance of the fuel with the requirements for the protection of atmospheric air. Executive authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may impose restrictions on the use of petroleum products and other types of fuel, the combustion of which leads to air pollution in the relevant territory, as well as stimulate the production and use of environmentally friendly types of fuel and other energy carriers.

The increase in pollution is additionally due to the aging of the vehicle fleet and the operation of vehicles and other vehicles, in emissions of which the content of harmful (polluting) substances exceeds the established technical emission standards. Lead aerosols are the most harmful emissions. Their formation, first of all, depends on the level of addition of ethyl liquid to gasoline, which not only increases the amount of motor fuel, but also significantly affects the state of the air. Vehicles and other mobile vehicles whose emissions have harmful effect to atmospheric air are subject to regular checks for compliance of such emissions with technical standards in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. When operating vehicles, legal entities must ensure that such vehicles and installations do not exceed the established technical emission standards. Control ecological situation possible only by having a sufficient number of posts, although these posts are poorly equipped.”

Increasing the scale of burning oil products is the cause of air pollution. In particular, this became tangible with the development of road transport. Gasoline used to power engines internal combustion, does not disappear. Giving up the energy of chemical bonds contained in it, it decomposes into more simple substances– carbon oxides, soot, hydrocarbons, etc. The largest number atmospheric pollutants are emitted with the exhaust gases of cars. An analysis of the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines showed that they contain about two hundred different substances, most of which are toxic. The main components of exhaust gases are shown in Table 1.

table 1

Car type	engine's type	Carbon monoxide	hydrocarbons	Nitrogen oxide	Soot
Passenger	carburettor				0,05
Cargo	carburettor				0,15
Cargo	diesel

In itself, the release of toxic substances into the environment with exhaust gases is highly undesirable, since they pose a real danger to human health. So, carbon monoxide inactivates hemoglobin, causing oxygen deficiency in tissues, causing a breakdown of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, and also contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. Nitrogen oxides sharply irritate the lungs and respiratory tract, contributing to the occurrence of inflammatory processes in them. Under the influence of nitrogen oxides, methemoglobin is formed, blood pressure decreases, dizziness, drowsiness, respiratory and circulatory disorders occur. By literary sources studied the impact of pollutants on human health. (Table 2)

Harmful substances	Effects on the body
carbon monoxide SO	It interferes with the adsorption of oxygen by the blood, which weakens the thinking ability, slows down the reflexes, causes drowsiness and can cause loss of consciousness and death.
Lead	Affects the circulatory, nervous and genitourinary systems. Causes a decline mental capacity in children, it is deposited in bones and other tissues, therefore it is dangerous for a long time.
nitrogen oxides NO, NO2, N2O4	They can increase the body's susceptibility to viral diseases, irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia.
hydrocarbons	Lead to the growth of pulmonary and bronchial diseases.
Aldehydes	Irritate mucous membranes, respiratory tract, affect the central nervous system.
Sulfur compounds	They have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the throat, nose and eyes of a person.
dust particles	Irritates the respiratory tract.

table 2

tab. 3

Car type	engine's type	Quantity
Passenger	carburettor
Cargo	carburettor
Cargo	diesel

As can be seen from the data in Table 3, in our village we have 50 cars and 5 trucks running on gasoline, and 4 cars running on diesel fuel.

Then, using Table 1 "Emissions of pollutants, g / km", calculated the approximate amount of emissions per day, if the entire vehicle travels 1 km. The study data are shown in Table 4

tab. 4

Type cars	engine's type	Way	Carbon monoxide g/km	Carbs g/km	Nitrogen oxide g/km	Soot g/km
Passenger	Internal combustion	1km	1000
Cargo	Internal combustion	1km				0,75
Cargo	Diesel	1km

Table 4 shows that most cars emit carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. Diesel cars emit more soot.

table 5

Plots	Number of transport
	passenger car	cargo	diesel
st. Sibirskaya d 1 -3 1
st. Sibirskaya d 3 1 - 47
st. Siberian d 47 - 60
st. Siberian d 60 - 92
st. Youth
st. taiga
Total number

Got the following data:

The resulting diagram shows that most of the cars in our village emit carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere, which have a negative effect on the body. For our small village, these are big numbers. The environment and air are polluted. Air is one of the most important elements of the environment. The air environment is necessary for human respiration. The human body constantly needs air. This is due to the physiological significance of breathing. When you inhale, air enters the respiratory organs, which contains the oxygen necessary for the body. A person breathes the air of the room, the air of the settlement where he lives. Scattering in air environment automobile emissions change the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

But our village is saved by the fact that the forest is growing around. Most exhaust gases are absorbed by vegetation, so emissions do not exceed MPC.

Tree foliage actively captures dust and reduces the concentration of harmful gases. Hsome plants, such as mosses and larch, absorb it in a relatively large quantities, and birch, willow, aspen - much less. By absorbing harmful gases, plants thereby purify the air. During the growing season, one tree can accumulate as much lead as is contained in 130 liters of gasoline. A simple calculation shows that at least 10 trees are needed to neutralize the harmful effects of one car.

Trees and shrubs growing in our area do a great job every day and every hour: they absorb dust and carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, perform sanitary, water protection and noise protection functions, form the microclimate and the peculiar appearance of the village. The leaf apparatus of trees reduces industrial radiation, purifies the air from harmful gases. Under trees, air pollution is 30-40% less than in open uninhabited areas. Tree crowns retain up to 20% of airborne particles. For a year, 1 hectare of forest is able to absorb about 1 ton of harmful gases, purify 18 million m3 of air, 1 hectare of pine plantation can bind up to 26 kg of sulfur dioxide, deciduous - 72 kg, spruce - up to 150 kg. Leafy plants absorb poisonous exhaust gases with their surface. Moreover, pubescent plants absorb them 10 times faster than non-pubescent ones. The herbaceous vegetation growing in the roadside area also contributes to a faster settling of exhaust gases.
Thus, green spaces serve not only as decoration, but also as protectors of people's health.

But you can not say that it will always be. Every year the ecological situation in the country worsens, climate change also affects our village, and this is the fault of cars that pollute the atmosphere with emissions. Comparing the data of 2007 and 2011, I found out that the number of cars in the village increased by 14 cars, which is 38%. For our small village, this is a significant indicator.

This problem is obviously global. Around the world, the number of cars is increasing day by day. geometric progression. More and more more people have their own car . But many do not think at all about where all this will eventually lead.
In order to preserve the automobile for mankind, it is necessary, if not to exclude, then to minimize harmful emissions. Works in this direction are carried out all over the world and give certain results. Cars currently produced in industrialized countries emit 10-15 times less harmful substances than 10-15 years ago. In all developed countries, there is a tightening of standards for harmful emissions during engine operation. There are now more stringent regulations in place. There is not only a quantitative tightening of the norms, but also their qualitative change. So, instead of restrictions on opacity, a rationing of solid particles has been introduced, on the surface of which hazardous substances for human health are adsorbed. aromatic hydrocarbons and, in particular, the carcinogenic benzopyrene. The list of substances whose content must be under control is constantly expanding.

Indeed, we rarely think about the fact that we are practically breathing "exhaust gases". After all, when a person is healthy, he feels good, walks, drives a car... He probably thinks that when he walks, he breathes fresh and clean air... And when a person drives a car, he does not think that he pollutes the environment. environment and air, and then he inhales it himself.

Having considered the impact of motor transport on the environmental pollution of our village, I turned to car owners, proposing measures to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, issuing leaflets with the following content:

Dear residents of the village, owners of vehicles.

Each of you should think about the serious consequences of an atmosphere saturated with harmful chemicals. Life, once given to us by nature, should not be disturbed by artificial factors that adversely affect human health.

To reduce air pollution:

fill your car with high-quality fuel;
follow the technical condition vehicle;
switch, if possible, to the use of gas-balloon engines
use exhaust gas neutralizers;
choose a rational mode of operation of the engine;
use car trips only for long distances;
for short distances, use a bicycle or walk.

Movement is life, and clean air is the health of each of us.
Think about it!

Findings:

Vehicle emissions have a negative impact on the environment and human health.
In with. Povarenkino has 59 vehicles.
Due to vegetation, pollutant emissions in the village do not exceed MPC.

4. In order to reduce air pollution in the village, residents should follow the measures proposed in the leaflet.

Literature:

V. V. Ambartsumyan, V. B. Nosov, V. I. Tagasov. Environmental Safety road transport. - M .: LLC Publishing house "Nauchtehlitizdat", 1999
Journal of biology at school.
3. Valova V.D. Fundamentals of Ecology: Textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: Publishing House"Dashkov and K0", 2001.
4. Kurov B.M. How to reduce environmental pollution by motor vehicles? // Russia in the surrounding world. - Analytical yearbook. 2000

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

MBOU "Povarenkinskaya OOSh" Topic: "The impact of vehicles on environmental pollution" Completed by: Rudak Viktor student of grade 8 MBOUPOOSh, Head: Rudak V.P. biology teacher MBOUPOOSH

Currently, the problem of environmental pollution is very relevant. In our school, the number of children with chronic respiratory diseases and reduced immunity is growing every year. Air pollution affects the health of adults and children. Since there are no industrial enterprises in our village, and the number of cars increases every day, the territory of the village is exposed to pollution by combustion products from exhaust gases. With this study, I decided to check whether the exhaust gases emitted by vehicles in our village exceed the MPC.

Purpose: to calculate the amount of pollutant emissions from vehicles in our village in 30 minutes. Object of study: the process of air pollution by exhaust gases in the village in 30 minutes. Subject of study: vehicles from. Povarenkino.

Hypothesis of the study: Exceeding the MPC of exhaust gases adversely affects the health of the villagers. Objectives: To study the impact of vehicle emissions on human health; Calculate the number of vehicles in the village; Determine the approximate amount of exhaust gases emitted by vehicles in the village in 30 minutes Conduct explanatory work with vehicle owners

Research methods: Study of the literature on the topic Observation and collection of information Processing of the received data Observations were conducted in the daytime. Counted the number of cars and trucks with different types of engines. Calculate the approximate emission of pollutants into the atmosphere if the entire vehicle travels a distance of 1 km. I also calculated the number of cars passing on the road in 30 minutes, and calculated the amount of exhaust gases if, on average, all cars drive at a speed of 40 km / h.

Vehicle type Engine type Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen oxide Soot light carburettor 20 2 3 0.05 truck carburetor 70 8 7 0.15 truck diesel 40 3 6 1 Main components of exhaust gases

Harmful substances Effects on the body Carbon monoxide CO Interferes with the absorption of oxygen into the blood, which impairs thinking ability, slows reflexes, causes drowsiness and can cause loss of consciousness and death. Lead Affects the circulatory, nervous and genitourinary systems. It causes a decrease in mental abilities in children, is deposited in bones and other tissues, therefore it is dangerous for a long time. Nitrogen oxides NO, NO2, N2O4 May increase the body's susceptibility to viral diseases, irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia. Hydrocarbons Lead to the growth of pulmonary and bronchial diseases. Aldehydes Irritate mucous membranes, respiratory tract, affect the central nervous system. Sulfur compounds Have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the throat, nose and eyes of a person. Dust particles Irritating to the respiratory tract.

Vehicle type Engine type Quantity light carburetor 50 truck carburetor 5 truck diesel 4 “Emissions, g/km”, Vehicle type Engine type Path Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbons Soot light carburetor 1 km 1000 100 150 2.5 truck carburetor 1 km 350 40 35 0 .75 truck diesel 1km 160 12 24 4 Nitrogen oxide

Leaflet. Dear residents of the village, owners of vehicles. Each of you should think about the serious consequences of an atmosphere saturated with harmful chemicals. Life, once given to us by nature, should not be disturbed by artificial factors that adversely affect human health. To reduce air pollution: fill your car with quality fuel; monitor the technical condition of the vehicle; switch, if possible, to the use of gas-cylinder engines; use exhaust gas converters; choose a rational mode of operation of the engine; use car trips only for long distances; for short distances, use a bicycle or walk. Movement is life, and clean air is the health of each of us. Think about it!

Conclusions: 1. Vehicle emissions have a negative impact on the environment and human health. 2. In with. Povarenkino has 59 vehicles. 3. Due to vegetation, pollutant emissions in the village do not exceed MPC. 4. In order to reduce the pollution of the atmosphere of the village, the residents must comply with the measures proposed in the leaflet.

References: 1. V. V. Ambartsumyan, V. B. Nosov, V. I. Tagasov. Environmental safety of road transport. - M .: LLC Publishing house "Nauchtekhlitizdat", 1999 Journal of biology at school. 3. Valova V.D. Fundamentals of Ecology: Textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: Publishing House "Dashkov and K0", 2001. 4. Kurov B.M. How to reduce environmental pollution by motor vehicles? // Russia in the surrounding world. - Analytical yearbook. 2000 5. Krasnoyarsk worker No. 21

Nowadays, the word "ecology" sounds quite often. This important and complex science attracts not only eminent scientists, but also novice researchers. To do good project on the topic "Environmental Ecology", the child must master the skills of research work.

Relevance of research

After the introduction of educational standards of the second generation in kindergartens and schools, an obligatory element of each curriculum was the participation of children in design and research work. Involving the younger generation in such activities contributes to the formation of an active citizenship. on the topic "Ecology of my city" can be the beginning of a great creative work aimed at improving the quality of life in hometown.

How to decide on a topic

The most difficult stage for children is the choice of material for conducting own experiences and experiments.

That is why the topics research projects in ecology is often offered by a teacher-mentor. As given science connects several areas at once, in the works considered by children, knowledge of mathematics, physics, economics, chemistry, biology, and social science is used.

Work elements

Any project on the topic "Problems of the ecology of my city" involves setting goals, research objectives, hypotheses, and choosing a methodology. In order to evaluate the novelty of the created material, a hypothesis (assumption) of the work is put forward.

For example, a project on the theme "Ecology and Economics" involves the selection of effective means to improve the environmental situation. It is difficult to imagine high-quality material on this problem without mathematical calculations, so this topic is suitable for high school students.

The project on the topic "Ecology of the city" is available to students elementary school. It can be arranged in the form of a beautiful presentation using ICT for this.

The topics of projects on ecology chosen by schoolchildren should be of interest to the researchers themselves. Otherwise, it will be difficult to talk about a productive and high-quality experiment.

Examples

Consider the topics of projects on ecology that modern schoolchildren can use in their scientific research:

"Man and Environment".
"Impact carbon dioxide on human health."
"Effective remedy for the prevention of colds.
"How much money the state loses because of bad ecology."
"Negative impact loud music on the psyche of teenagers".

The topics of projects on ecology may be different, only a small list of them is given above. Before embarking on his own experiment, a young scientist, together with his mentor, formulates tasks and thinks out a work plan.

Depending on the theme of the project on ecology, a certain methodology for conducting experiments and experiments is selected. In addition to carrying out the work itself, it is important to pay attention to the design of its results.

Some topics of environmental projects involve the creation of documentaries, computer presentations, so the author will need to possess modern digital equipment.

Human health

Interesting project on the topic "Ecology and Man" can be done on the basis of an anonymous sociological survey. For example, if you use a simple technique, you can determine the level of oral hygiene in schoolchildren. We offer a project on the topic "Ecology and Man", which a high school student can complete.

"Teeth are very important for normal life and human activity. With their help, mechanical processing of food takes place. This gives a person the opportunity to use food products of different density. If food enters the stomach that has not passed normal grinding, this will lead to serious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Mankind has learned to take care of its physical health, to remain capable until old age. Thanks to a healthy lifestyle, the good development of medicine, people have become much more resilient and active.

Enamel is a natural factor that allows you to resist dental caries. Nature took care to protect a person from various "aggressors" and ensure the resistance of tooth tissues to the negative effects of chemical compounds of organic and inorganic origin. But do we take good care of our "white diamonds"?"

Purpose and tasks of the work

The goal is to assess the quality of brushing teeth in schoolchildren. different ages.

analyze the methodology for determining the hygiene index;
consider the main functions of different toothpastes;
determine the hygiene index among schoolchildren different ages;
analyze the results obtained;
draw conclusions from the results of the study, give some recommendations

Hypothesis of the experiment: the hygiene index is determined by the age of schoolchildren.

Theoretical part

An individual project on the topic "Ecology and Man" characterizes the features of tooth enamel. It is a solid mineral substance in which slight organic compounds. Tooth enamel has high mechanical strength. This material is resistant to organic acids. The low solubility explains the insignificant level of exchange interactions. Such properties give enamel the ability to withstand significant temperature jumps. Exchange processes in enamel are explained by chemical and physical laws.

In the crystals of tooth enamel there is a special organic network that cements them. Due to such a special structure of the intercrystalline substance, the features of the crystal itself, osmotic and diffusion processes actively proceed in the enamel.

Approximately one percent of its composition is water. Together with mineral and organic substances, it forms lymph. With its systematic circulation, the permeability of the enamel is ensured, it becomes possible for organic and mineral salts to get inside.

Risk factors

With age, there is a decrease in metabolic processes and the permeability of tooth enamel. That is why the risk of caries increases significantly. Solid food and careful chewing strengthen the enamel, increase its strength and acid resistance.

In order to prevent serious troubles, it is important to strengthen tooth enamel and increase its resistance. Among the effective preventive measures that allow solving this problem, we note the use of a vitamin complex, the use of calcium salts. For example, the use of calcium carbonate and bicarbonate contributes to the formation of a protective shell.

Also, substances containing fluorine and other microelements are used as prophylactic agents.

Fluorine forms a strong bond with tooth enamel, which significantly reduces its solubility, gives it strength in relation to carbohydrates and various bacteria. Of course, before proceeding with the prevention, it is necessary to consult a dentist.

Toothpastes are hygienic, do not erase the hard tissues of the teeth, and do not become infected during storage. Pastes are good for cleaning teeth. They remove plaque and prevent the formation of tartar.

Proper care of your teeth, which is complemented by a healthy, balanced diet, in a healthy way life will surely bring positive results. This behavior is an excellent option for caries prevention. It should be noted that at present the production of tooth powders and pastes has increased significantly in the world.

The main dental diseases are still dental caries and periodontal disease. The word "caries" should be understood as a significant softening and violation of the hardness of the dental tissue, the appearance of a cavity.

As the main causes of caries, experts note the destruction of the enamel layer under the influence of aggressive substances.

The development of this disease of the teeth is the result of several factors at once: the action of microorganisms, malnutrition, instability of tooth enamel. Microorganisms that accumulate on the surface, in the process of hydrolysis of carbohydrates, form an acid that destroys teeth.

Prevention

The caries prevention program involves certain actions:

limiting sugar intake, especially between main meals;
high-quality oral care, due to which plaque is removed in a timely manner;
additional enrichment of the body with fluorine preparations in case of its insufficient content in drinking water and food products.

Tooth enamel is a collection of inorganic compounds. From a chemical point of view, it can be considered as a representative of the apatite group. Among a hundred different natural compounds of apatite, fluorapatite is closer to tooth enamel. That is why it is so important that the body does not experience a lack of fluorine.

Fluorapatite is formed in tooth enamel only when fluoride preparations enter the body in the optimal amount. This guarantees the resistance of teeth to the appearance of caries. The first sign of the disease is the appearance of a chalky white or yellow spot on the surface of a healthy tooth. It appears as a result of the gradual dissolution of tooth enamel. At this stage of the carious process, pain sensations are completely absent or slightly expressed: there may be a slight sensitivity to sweet, sour or temperature stimuli (cold or hot).

The sensitivity is so small that it is usually ignored. Proper oral hygiene is an integral part of the complex of all preventive measures aimed at ensuring the reduction of diseases of the teeth and periodontium.

Features of funds

Currently, manufacturers offer a wide range of different toothpastes. Their main components are abrasive (cleansing), gel-forming, as well as foam-forming substances, which significantly improve its taste. Abrasives allow you to polish and clean your teeth from plaque.

Laboratory studies have found that abrasive substances enter into chemical interaction with inorganic substances of tooth enamel. That is why, in addition to chalk, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and aluminum oxide are added to toothpastes.

Often manufacturers try to use several components at once, which significantly improves the quality of the finished product.

Any abrasive compound has a certain degree of hardness, as well as certain chemical properties. It is on them that the mechanical strength, as well as resistance to the chemical components of the finished product, directly depends.

Foaming agents are often used in toothpastes. For example, it can be surface-active compounds. Like other chemical components, they can negatively affect the oral mucosa. The compounds used should not affect the taste parameters of the paste, its appearance, mechanical characteristics.

findings

After the experiment, the following conclusions were made:

A poor hygiene index indicates that children are not taking good care of their teeth.
The hypothesis posed at the beginning of the work was not confirmed. During the experiment, it was possible to find out that there is no direct relationship between oral hygiene and age.
Also, the quality of teeth cleaning can be affected by the ignorance of schoolchildren about the right methods brushing your teeth.

In order to avoid trouble with your teeth, we offer:

conduct special conversations for students about how important it is to take care of their teeth, how to do it correctly;
for oral care, you must use those toothpastes that the dentist recommends, based on individual features patient, not advertised products.

The material presented above can be used as a biology project on the topic "Ecology and Man" when performing practical task olympiads.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

PRIMARY SCHOOL No. 13

Zheleznodorozhny Urban District, Moscow Region

__________________________________________________________________

st. Novaya, 34 8-495-527-55-37

ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT

"LET'S SAVE NATURE TOGETHER"

Nomination " global ecology»

Ganina Natalia

4th grade students

MBOU NSh №13

Project Manager:

Anisimova Valentina Alekseevna

(social teacher)

Zheleznodorozhny

2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction.

Forest areas.

Animal world.

Air space.

Water.

The soil.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

Relevance of the problem

More and more often we hear and pronounce the word "ecology". Science is complex, important and necessary. Science is up to date. Ecology is the science of relationships in nature, the relationship of man to the environment. The riches of the Earth are exhausted faster than they are restored.

Natural resources, which we had not so long ago in abundance, are being depleted. Nature cannot heal its wounds indefinitely. It is possible that in recent weeks another mammal, another bird or another plant has disappeared from the face of the Earth. Let's remember that each animal or plant is unique.

Objective of the project:

Attracting the attention of others to an environmental problem;

Expanding horizons in the system of environmental knowledge and ideas (intellectual development);

Development of aesthetic feelings (the ability to see and feel the beauty of nature, to admire it, the desire to preserve it);

Project objectives:

Learn to observe objects of animate and inanimate nature.

Develop the ability to draw conclusions by establishing causal relationships between objects of nature.

Develop skills for environmentally friendly behavior in nature;

To cultivate a sense of empathy and a desire to help needy objects of nature: plants, insects, animals, birds, humans.

Implementation stages

Preparatory stage

Setting goals and objectives, determining directions, objects and methods.

Research phase

Search for answers to the questions posed in different ways.

Generalizing

Summarizing the results of the work in a variety of forms, analyzing them, consolidating the knowledge gained, formulating conclusions and, if possible, making recommendations.

Project result

Ecological culture is understood complete system, which includes a number of elements:
- system of ecological knowledge;
- a culture of feelings (sympathy, empathy, a sense of patriotism);

A culture of environmentally educated behavior.

As a result of work on the project, we expect:

raising environmental and cultural awareness;

acquiring the skills to pose and solve problems, anticipate situations, make informed conclusions about the state of the environment;

making a feasible contribution by each person to the protection of the environment.

woodlands

Russia is one of the leading countries in the world in terms of forest reserves. The forest fund area in the Russian Federation exceeds 1,180 million hectares.

Do you know?

Forests play an important role in water purification. The fact is that the root system of trees forms such soil conditions that clean The groundwater making them truly pure and natural. Taking care of trees means taking care of water for our descendants. And one of the goals of the "Springs of Russia" is just a manifestation of concern for future generations of Russians.

The role of forests in the natural complex and economic activity cannot be overestimated. Over the past 20-25 years, the state forest resources is continuously deteriorating, and the situation with forest use is aggravated. Representatives of the authorities are doing everything to preserve and increase the region's forests. But malicious violators destroy trees.

Each of us can contribute to the conservation of trees.

So, in October, the contest “Let's save nature together!” was held at our school, students, teachers and parents planted trees. Interesting and helpful.

Animal world

The role of animals in the biosphere and human life is extremely great.

In itself, the diversity of animal species is beneficial to humans. They serve as sources of nutrition, technical and medicinal raw materials, keepers of the genetic fund for improving the breeds of domestic animals.

From year to year, scientists record a decrease in the number and extinction of animals for the following reasons:

Habitat disturbance;

Overexploitation, fishing in prohibited areas;

Direct destruction in order to protect products;

Accidental (unintentional) destruction;

Environmental pollution.

The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats.

My call: do not destroy the nests of birds, do not pollute nature, treat it with care!

Water

Water is a constant, inseparable companion of a person throughout his life. It is more valuable than oil, gas, coal, iron, because water is indispensable. It plays a decisive role in a person's life.

"Water! You have no taste, no color, no smell, you cannot be described, you are enjoyed without believing that you are. It cannot be said that you are necessary for life, you are life itself. You fill us with joy that cannot be explained by our feelings, with you the forces that we have already said goodbye return to us. You are the greatest wealth in the world!”

(Antoine de Saint-Exupery).

We, people, do not perceive this value: the waters of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans are polluted every day. Unscrupulous businesses dump their waste into the water. It is necessary to strictly control their work in the field of environmental protection!

Many years ago, Cook (a navigator) found lumps of fuel oil in the ocean, the largest were the size of potatoes! But what about the inhabitants of the reservoirs? They get a lot too!

Each of us can make a contribution to environmental protection - do not throw garbage! Especially near the water!

The soil

You know that the Moscow region has a number of minerals. In the first place among them in terms of reserves and use is peat, there are also various clays, there are many limestone deposits in the Moscow region, there is brown coal, iron ore.

So, we see that although the land of Moscow is not very rich in minerals and ores, there is also material in its depths for construction and crafts, and even for decoration. We just need to take care of nature.

The soil is being destroyed due to improper mining, fertilizer application, water and air pollution.

Soil protection is the most acute global problem today.

Air space

Our planet is shrouded in a continuous thick layer of atmosphere, which consists of a mixture of gases, water vapor, moisture drops, ice crystals. The thickness of the atmosphere is approximately 20 thousand kilometers.

The atmosphere is the "clothes" for our planet. It protects the Earth from overheating and cooling, protects all living things.

90% of air pollutants come from fuel combustion in power plants, factories (smoke emissions) and car engines.

Air pollution has a harmful effect on living organisms.

In an attempt to solve this problem, people install filters in factories, invent gas-powered cars, and plant trees.

Each of us can contribute, for example, by planting a tree. Tree leaves purify the air.

Conclusion

Planet Earth is common Home for all people. Only prudent management and reasonable use of its wealth can ensure the well-being and safety of the inhabitants of our planet!

"LET'S SAVE NATURE TOGETHER!".

Bibliography

For students

Big encyclopedia of the animal world. M.: CJSC "ROSMEN-PRESS", 2007.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Plants./Comp. L.A. Bagrova - M.: TKO "AST", 1995.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Animals./Comp. ETC. Lyakhov-M.: TKO "AST", 1999