Modern lesson on fgos. "a modern lesson in the context of the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard"

Kalimullina Elvira Rifovna, student
Bashkir State Agrarian University

EMPLOYMENT
AGRICULTURE

The article explored the problem of employment and the extinction of the village in Russia.

Analysis of employment in the sectors of the Russian economy: agriculture
Information support - as the main factor in business management
The main directions for improving the efficiency of the feed industry in Russia
On the issue of problems and prospects for the renewal of fixed assets in domestic agriculture

“The only way to keep the state in a state of independence from anyone is agriculture.
If you have at least all the riches of the world, if you have nothing to eat, you depend on others ...
Trade creates wealth, but agriculture provides freedom."
Jean Jacques Rousseau

This idea is relevant for the modern world. Indeed, such a sphere as agriculture has many features and distinguishing features: land is the main means of production here, it has two main areas of activity - crop production and animal husbandry, employment is seasonal, special machinery and equipment are required, it is less attractive to investors, there is more competition in the market, etc. This reflects the essence and significance Agriculture.

Russia - a prime example the fact that a country can do without its own products by buying food from abroad, but this has a strong impact on people who are left without work. AT modern world the political and economic power of the state in international affairs increasingly depends not on natural resources but from knowledge. In connection with recent events, in response to the sanctions, Russia has decided on the supplier countries - these are: Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Serbia, Iran, Morocco, Egypt, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Ecuador and Peru.

The problem of employment, both in general and in the agricultural sector, is extremely acute. In total, according to data for 2014, the population Russian Federation is 143.7 million people. (37.1 million people - rural population) (Figure 1) . Of these, 18% are employed in wholesale and retail trade, 15% in manufacturing, and agriculture accounts for only 7% of the country's population (Figure 2) .

Figure 1. Population dynamics rural population Russia in the period from 1997-2014.

As we can see, the population of the village tends to decrease from year to year. Only the elderly and the unemployed remain in the villages. The most basic reason is the lack of high-paying jobs and the absence of any prospects for the future. According to the majority of citizens, the state cannot provide remote areas normal conditions for life and work.

As a result, the entire existing infrastructure of the village is dying out. Hospitals, schools, kindergartens, libraries are closed, culture is falling, a minimum of conditions for personal growth person. People feel the need to get an education - as a result, they leave their native places in search of educational institutions in big cities.

The weak financing of agriculture by the state also plays a certain role. Stable support in the form of subsidies to agriculture and workers is needed.

Figure 2. Distribution of the employed population in Russia by type of economic activity in 2014.

Nevertheless, our state is trying to support domestic agricultural production. Namely, it promotes the purchase of agricultural equipment, finances the construction of agricultural facilities in individual regions, stimulates young professionals, provides subsidies for loans and so on.

Figure 3. Average monthly nominal accrued wage per employee in rubles for 2013.

The most favorable region for agriculture in the Russian Federation is Belgorod region. It is more profitable to work here in the field of agriculture than in any other industry. In second place - Leningrad region. The third place is occupied by the Tambov region (Figure 3).

Among the unfavorable are all North Caucasus, Volgograd, Orenburg, Voronezh region other.

In addition to the problem of employment in agriculture, there are many reasons that contribute to the extinction of the village. This and weather, soil infertility, lack of special new technology, and many others.

The modern development of the economy in society is not possible without the establishment of a reasonable model of market relations that combines the interests of both capital and all sectors of society and the state.

First, it is necessary to create all conditions for spiritual growth person, i.e. infrastructure, which includes schools, kindergartens, medical institutions, shops, cafes, etc. (which, by the way, also requires highly qualified personnel).

Secondly, to provide specialists with higher wages.

Thirdly, since the most demanded professions in rural areas are a machine operator, a livestock breeder, a veterinarian, a cattleman, a milkmaid, a shepherd, an agronomist, it is necessary to retrain young people. Career guidance not for economists, managers, lawyers, but for the above professions, will give great results. It is necessary to make a person understand the dignity of working in the countryside, what awaits him, what it will give him, and why it is better than working in the city. Plus, to revise the training program in these areas - to give modern knowledge, having received which, the novice specialist himself will want to return to the countryside.

Fourthly, it is necessary to fight stereotypes, if earlier a milkmaid was “honorable”, now it is simply “not fashionable”.

Fifth, do not hire people who are not by profession in the city. Those. a girl who has received a diploma, for example, animal science, cannot work as a secretary in the city. Accordingly, she is simply forced to work locally.

Of course, all this requires considerable financial investments from the state. But let's hope that such an important industry as agriculture will not self-destruct, but will develop, because without bread, without milk, without meat there is no man, there is no future!

Bibliography

Vladimirov, I.A. natural and social conditions development of agricultural entrepreneurship in Russia // Journal of the VAK "Agrarian and Land Law", 2013.-№2 - p. 106-111.
Vladimirov, I.A. The effectiveness of legislation in the field of agricultural entrepreneurship // Journal of the VAK "Agrarian and Land Law", 2014.-№7 - p. 88-94.
Iksanov, R.A. Legal protection of agricultural producers in Russia in the conditions of participation in the WTO (Monograph) // Publishing House of FGBOU VPO RIO Bashkir State Agrarian University Ufa, 2014. - p. 83.
Arguments and Facts [ Electronic resource] - access mode: http://www.aif.ru/.
Marketplace for farmers [Electronic resource] - access mode: http://agro2b.ru/ru/.
federal Service state statistics[Electronic resource] - access mode: http://www.gks.ru/.

An assessment of the world's labor resources and the nature of their use is another large and very important section of population geography and demography. Human Resources - These are people who are of working (working) age, and working people older and younger than working age. In other words, the composition of the labor force includes both working people and all other categories of people of working age (minus the disabled and other people unable to work). This includes the unemployed, housewives, students, etc., most of whom are potentially able to work. However, the world has not yet developed a single, unified system for determining the working age, and there are large differences in this regard for individual countries. In international practice, workers are considered to be between the ages of 15 and 65. Based on this principle, 60-65% of the total population of the planet belongs to the labor force.

According to the UN and ILO ( international organization labor), at the beginning of the 90s, the calculation of the total labor resources of the world was as follows: the population of working age (15-65 years) - 3253 million; disabled population of working age (disabled and others) - 165 million; working people of retirement age - 57 million; working teenagers (10-14 years old) - 65 million total labor resources world were 3210 million people or 61.2% of the total population of the planet.

In most countries of the world and in international statistics, the concept of labor potential is widely used to calculate work force or economically active population, which is defined as the sum of those employed and those willing to work, i.e., the unemployed registered with the labor exchange. Their total number in the world is 2.8-3.0 billion people. A significant drawback of this indicator is the combination of the number of employed and the registered part of the unemployed. The real number of unemployed in many countries is very difficult to determine. It is actually much larger than the official value. It is especially difficult to determine the number of unemployed in developing countries, especially in rural areas and among the female population.

Geographically, it should be noted that usually the unemployment rate is lower in large polyfunctional centers where there is a more capacious and diverse labor market, and, on the contrary, the share of the unemployed is highest in economically backward, primarily agrarian territories and in specialized areas affected by the economic crisis, in the so-called "depressed areas".

There are a large number various forms unemployment. One of them - running unemployment. It means the process and result of substitution, displacement of workers by machines, a decrease in the proportion of the living labor force in comparison with the growing scale of production. Another form of unemployment hidden unemployment. As a result of the development of agricultural production, the demand for rural workers decreases, the excess of which creates a hidden army of unemployed, which leads to the "flight" of labor from the countryside to the city. Another two forms of unemployment are partial unemployment, when workers are hired as needed or are employed part-time and receive correspondingly lower wages, and structural unemployment, which lies in the discrepancy between vacant (free) jobs and the quality of the labor force. Why is it relatively easy for a huge army of immigrants to find a job in developed countries with a fairly high official unemployment rate? Because they, as a rule, replace vacant jobs that do not require special professional training or qualifications and specialize in doing “dirty” work (as cleaners, dishwashers), which local residents do not agree to.

To date total number The unemployed in the world are estimated by ILO experts in developed countries at 120 million people. At the same time, about 700 million more people are partially unemployed (seasonal workers employed part-time). Usually, the level of mass unemployment is judged by the proportion of the unemployed in the labor force. In this regard, the following data can be given. In the second half of the 1990s, the average unemployment in Japan was 3%, in the USA - 5%, in countries Western Europe- nine%. Although, for example, in last case averaged data hide large territorial contrasts. So, if in Germany the unemployed accounted for 8.8% of the total economically active population, then in France - 12.4%, and in Spain - already twice as much medium size - 22,2%.

It is important to emphasize that in addition to the overall labor potential of countries and regions, it is of great importance to analyze the distribution of the working population in certain areas of labor application. Such a study reflects both the general level of development of the economy and the specialization of the economy. There are quite a few options for classifying activities. One of them is the allocation of three macro-blocks of the economy: the primary sector - agriculture and forestry, hunting and fishing; secondary sector - industry, construction and utilities; the tertiary sector is a non-productive area of activity. Comparison of employment in the three main sectors of the economy clearly characterizes the type of economy that has developed in the country or region: pre-industrial(or agrarian), when the first sector of the economy clearly dominates; industrial - when a block of industries and construction is allocated; post-industrial- when the non-productive sphere has the maximum share in the structure of employment.

In accordance with this approach, in the mid-1990s, 48%, or almost half of all workers in the world, were employed in the first sector of the economy, 17% in the second and about 35% in the third sector of the economy. In general, the structure of the world economy is still characterized by an increased share of people employed in agriculture, but at the same time there are striking contrasts between the two main groups of countries - economically developed and developing countries. In the first case, the proportions of the employed by sectors are as follows: 7%, 26%, and 67%, i.e., the dominance of the post-industrial economy is evident. AT developing countries The distribution is completely different, one might even say reverse. Accordingly, here the primary sector of the economy accounts for - 61% of all employed, the secondary - 14% and the tertiary - 25%; the agricultural type of economy clearly dominates.

Even more impressive results comparative analysis at the level of regions and individual countries. For example, in North America the industrial population is nine times the agricultural population, and in Western Europe four times. By contrast, in many developing countries, more than 80% of the population is employed in agriculture. This percentage is especially high - more than 90% - in countries such as Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Tanzania and some others. It is important to emphasize that at present, in developed countries, the formation of the employment structure is determined by the following steady trend: the total number of employees is growing mainly due to the non-productive sector, and the number of people employed in the sphere of material production - in agriculture and industry - is gradually decreasing.

Of great practical interest is the analysis of the distribution of employees not only by sectors of the economy, but also by the main sectors of the economy. In international statistics, ten categories of the structure of employment are commonly used. Analysis of the presented data leads to the following important conclusions.

1. All economically highly developed countries of the world are now characterized by a post-industrial type of economy. Its features are especially pronounced in the USA, Great Britain, as well as in Canada and Australia, where more than 70% of all workers work in the non-manufacturing sector. The economy of Japan, and especially Germany, so far differs from the economy of these countries mainly by a significantly greater industrial production. But here, too, 60% of all employed are connected with the tertiary sector.

2. Russia and Poland are among the countries with industrial and industrial-agrarian economies.

3. The example of Indonesia is consistent with the sectoral structure of employment in countries with typically agrarian economies. Note that in some developing countries, for example, in Egypt, Brazil, employment in the non-manufacturing sector also reaches high level(40.1 and 54.4%). This happens due to a large number people employed in the sector of personal services and trade, which in the first case accounts for more than 23.8% of all employed, and in the second - 34.9%.

An analysis of the sectoral structure of employment of the population makes it possible to assess many of the nuances of the economic "profile" of each country. For example, the uniqueness of Singapore lies in the fact that agriculture and the extractive industry are almost not represented here, but the role of transport functions (10.5% of all employed), the hotel industry (22.9%), as well as the banking and other business services (10.9%).

In conclusion, we note that the growth of the population in the world outpaces the growth in the number of jobs. This moment is closely related to the global problem of mankind to ensure employment of people and reduce unemployment. The way out of this situation is seen in the case of developed countries - in the creation of new industries, especially in the tertiary sector of the economy, the re-profiling of the economy and the reduction of working hours. In developing countries, the widespread introduction of labour-intensive technologies is needed. Another problem is the existence of serious territorial disproportions in the distribution of labor force growth; 90% of all labor force growth is in developing countries. Another problem is related to the aging of the population and the gradual reduction in the proportion of people of working age. This directly leads to an increase in the number of dependents (especially the elderly) and an increase in the economic "burden" on each employed person.

findings

In addition to economic indicators of the level of development of the country, there are a number of integral indices: the index of humanitarian development, the index of sustainable economic well-being and the index of human development.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the population the globe increased more than three times, while the first billion took the entire history of mankind. According to estimates, in 2020 the population of the planet will exceed 8 billion people, in the middle of the XXII century. - 10.5 billion, and then stabilizes at the level of 10-12 billion people.

The totality of birth and death rates determines the characteristics of the rate of population reproduction, i.e., forms the population reproduction regime for countries at various stages of the demographic transition.

The natural movement and migration of the population determine the age and sex structure of the population, the most important indicator for the analysis and forecasting of the socio-demographic characteristics of the population.

The study of the national and ethnic composition of the world's population is one of the most important tasks of demography, as is the study of the racial composition of the population.

Since religion has a great influence on the political and economic life, customs and culture, on demographic and ethnic processes, consideration of the religious composition of the world's population in demography is given great attention.

The share varies by country. In the developed countries of the West, about 70% of all are economically active.

The proportion of the economically active population is smaller in developing countries - 45-55%. This is due to the general economic backwardness, lack of jobs, the difficulty of involving women in production with the predominance of large families, large masses of young people entering the working age.

The most numerous part of the working-age population of the planet are peasants, which is explained by the agrarian nature of the economy of many underdeveloped countries. The second place in developing countries in terms of the share of the employed labor force is the service sector (in Latin America she came out on top). The growth in employment in the service sector is associated to a large extent with the spread of petty trade. Industry and construction in terms of the share of the labor force are only in third place in developing countries.

In developed countries, the picture is different. The proportion of the agricultural population here is immeasurably smaller, while the proportion of workers and employees is greater. The share of the population employed in the service sector is also large (passenger transport, retail trade, public utilities). In the UK, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden, about 40% of the economically active population works in the service sector, in the USA - more than 50%. If we consider the evolution of employment structures in the G7 countries, then even in the middle of the 20th century in many developed countries a significant proportion of the labor force was employed in agriculture. The general trend until the early 1970s was directed towards the structure of employment, which was characterized by the simultaneous growth of employment in industry and in the service sector at the expense of agriculture. In other words, the process of industrialization contributed to the redistribution of the surplus of the agricultural population between industrial production and services. In the USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain from 1930 to 1970. there was an increase in employment in the manufacturing industry.

Initially, the shift in the structure of employment in favor of the service sector and construction occurred at the expense of agriculture, and not at the expense of industrial production. But the process of economic restructuring and technological transformation has led to a reduction in industrial employment in all developed countries. This process took place in different countries unequally. Thus, some countries (Great Britain, USA, Italy), reducing the share of those employed in the manufacturing industry, experienced rapid deindustrialization. Japan and Germany reduced the share of the industrial labor force moderately. This process continues at the present time.

In the most developed countries of the West, the heterogeneity of the working class is becoming more and more pronounced. The number of "blue-collar" (as it is customary to call workers mainly physical labor) is reduced. Their place at enterprises is gradually being occupied by more educated mental workers - "white" and "gold collar" (the latter include highly qualified specialists who create and maintain automated and electronic computers).

Differences between countries in specific gravity economically active population and the nature of its employment largely reflect the different levels of their socio-economic development and features of social policy.