How to get a given redox potential of water. Redox Potential: Calculation and Measurement

One of the main signs of the development of human civilization in the XXI century. is an active process technologization of the main spheres of its life. Socio-political processes are no exception. Gradually, amateurism during political campaigns is being replaced by a professional, systematic approach, which involves the involvement of relevant specialists and the latest achievements in the field of political technologies. Today wide use in the organization of effective political campaigns received such specializations of political scientists: "Ukrainian", "electoral marketer", "image maker", "political consultant", "PR manager", "spin doctor", "media speaker", etc. All these specializations provide for the mastery of a certain class of political technologies that can significantly influence the course of the political process.

The concept of "technology" comes from ancient Greek - skill and word, teaching. Modern interpretations of the concept of "technology":

1) the totality of knowledge, information about the sequence of individual production operations in the process of a certain production;

2) a set of methods for processing or processing materials, manufacturing products, conducting production operations;

3) the science of processing and processing materials, methods of manufacturing products and a set of techniques used in different types activities;

4) any means of converting source materials ( public opinion, information, physical materials) to obtain the desired product or service;

5) a set of techniques that are used in a particular case.

AT modern science technology is understood as a system of clearly coordinated elements: goals - procedures (rules) - means - operations (actions) - motives (incentives); a system of knowledge about the ways, means, methods, forms of human activity and the mechanisms of their practical use in everyday life, production, management, etc.

The concept of "political technology" is used to refer to methods of achieving the desired results in politics. The Ukrainian scientist M. F. Golovaty argues that "political technologies" are a set of methods and systems of consistent actions aimed at achieving the necessary political result. In political practice, they appear as a set of methods for applying the objective laws of politics, the materialization of the abstractions of political science in specific solutions, documents, regulations, orders. Features of political technologies are due to the nature of the political process, which covers a wide variety of types political activity within a particular political system.

Russian specialist M. Yes. Koshelyuk singles out the concept of "political PR", which he defines as a sphere of political activity related to the organization and management of political campaigns. At the same time, the scientist notes that "their most striking prototypes are election campaigns, therefore today political RI and the so-called electoral technologies are usually put on an equal footing."

Domestic political scientists M. I. Obushny, A. A. Kovalenko, O. I. Tkach single out the concept of “technology of power”. Under this category, scientists understand the totality, the system of various methods of government activity, designed to achieve a (given, conceived) result. Various technologies of power include techniques for both achieving a local, short-term effect (here they usually talk about power tactics), and obtaining a decisive, large-scale, fundamental, long-term, strategic result.

Closely related to this concept individual types political technologies, among which are: "technologies of political management" (management of the political process), "information technologies" (formation and direction of the relevant information flows of media corporations engaged by the authorities), economic interests in current politics), “parliamentarism technologies” (formation of a profitable agenda and direction of activity of a representative body of state power in a programmed direction), “technology of political power legitimation” (formation of the perception of the legitimacy of political power), etc.

Based on the understanding of political technologies as a tool of political management, the list of types of political technologies, formed in accordance with areas of activity of political management. should include the following technologies: political analysis; political consulting; making decisions; Conflict Management; negotiation management; lobbying; electoral; public relations; political advertising; informational; information and network, etc.

Some experts separate the concepts of "technology" and "technique", because technology is a set of certain techniques that are united around common purpose and strategies according to the situation. Technique is a certain technique or method, a sequence of steps that always leads to the expected result. Hence, the concept of "political technologies" can be understood by far not all known methods. For example, the organization of a social event or a political upheaval is a technology, and a rally or demonstration held within its framework is a technique. Technicians can work in any country without noticeable changes, while technologies are more specific and require adaptation to the characteristics of the national political culture.

In general, seven main approaches to the interpretation of political technologies have been formed in modern domestic political science.

The "instrumental" approach (M. F. Golovaty, M. Yes. Koshelyuk) interprets the concept of "political technology" in its most general form - a set of techniques (techniques, steps, etc.) from the transformation of the source material into a product. The material can be public (elite) opinion, and the product can be voting for a candidate (support).

The focus of the "communicative" approach (V. M. Bebik, T. E. Grinberg) is communication, and technology is defined as a sequence of actions to develop communication channels between a candidate for an elected position and the electorate.

Supporters of the "strategic" approach (Yu. D. Surm pr., D. S. Kraeugolny) divide the concept of "political technologies" into its component parts. For them, technology is primarily a set of strategic principles or approaches to organization. election campaign. These strategic concepts are universal. First of all, these are the principles of positioning and promoting a political message (message to voters). Secondly, it is work with the "message". In addition, experts separate technological approaches(rewards, threats) that are universal, from technological methods(limited in action) and communication channels (quite specific).

Supporters of the "psychological" approach (D.V. Olshansky, L.O. Kochubey, G.G. Pocheptsov) put the study and influence on public opinion in the foreground, so the technology here is a double combination, where the study of electoral moods is first carried out ( via universal methods research), and then the impact is carried out (delivery of the expected information using various techniques).

The authors of the "model" concept (S. G. Kara-Murza, Est. B. Malkin, Est. B. Suchkov) interpret technology as an activity, but as a model of activity. This is the result of an analysis of activities already carried out (previously), and performed more than once - only an analytical verification of certain provisions of the general model on a set of particular and independent relative to each other examples allows us to be sure of its accuracy and universality.

Through the prism of the "leadership" approach (V.P. Fisanov, G.S. Fesun), technology looks like a sequence of actions to transform informal leaders (politicians) into formal ones and keep the levers of power in the leaders' hands.

Finally, the authors of the "online" approach (M. V. Grishin, I. O. Polishchuk, T. M. Motornyuk) interpret the substantive essence of political technologies as practices of power interaction between representatives of public authorities and citizens who must be aware of their interdependence from each other. friend and permanently influence the production joint action for the management of socio-political processes, and not only during the election period.

It should be noted that all of these approaches do not so much contradict each other as complement each other. All of them in combination make it possible to comprehend the essence and specific features of the complex phenomenon of political technologies.

Summarizing different approaches, the following definition can be given: political technologies - complex algorithms of political actions (political events, actions, campaigns) aimed at systematically increasing the efficiency of the functioning of political subjects regarding the conquest and retention of state power are intelligently designed.

The vast majority of experts agree that universal political technologies exist. And some scientists argue that in general all technologies are universal, while there are simply no specific technologies.

Political technologies are heterogeneous according to subject-target criteria, and, as a rule, the solution of political problems requires the use of a complex of technologies. Therefore, in practice, a system of various political technologies is used.

Political technologies can be combined into certain groups:

Analytical technologies (political analysis, political consulting);

Subject-practical ("field") technologies (decision-making, conflict management, negotiation management, election, lobbying);

Communication technologies (agitation and propaganda, PR (public relations), political advertising, information, information-network).

There are also several other typologies of political technologies. they are divided according to political system and political regime into democratic and non-democratic; by value and scale of action - into basic and secondary. Basic political technologies concern point of view, action large groups or the entire population of the country. These include, in particular, political elections. Secondary technologies are local in nature and play an auxiliary role relative to the basic technologies. For example, in relation to the basic technology of political elections, the technology of cloning candidates for elective office has an auxiliary, secondary character.

Based on the criterion the nature of the subjects of politics, Technologies can be divided in this way:

1) "general", which relate to the maximum a large number citizens, many subjects of the political process. The most common among them are the technologies of "conquest" and retention of power. General political technologies also include election campaign technologies;

2) individual (inherent in individual subjects of politics), which are used by individual political, public, statesmen. The most common individual political technologies include public performance, participation in conversations, discussions, conflict resolution. Each technology has its own characteristics, thanks to which a certain image of a politician, his authority and popularity is created, the experience of political activity is formed and enriched.

Today, the development is especially intensive information political technologies. There are two trends in mass political communication: 1) the transmission of a large number of diverse messages that are taught without a system; 2) subordination of the information flow to ideological and propaganda guidelines. In the first case, the individual loses his social orientation and becomes a very convenient object for political manipulation. In the second, the individual is provided only with such information that is consistent with the propaganda tasks, and any other is subjected to a negative assessment.

Under the influence of such trends in the second half of the XX century. the processes of mediatization of politics began to take place, which led to the use of the practice of correcting the effects of media reports for the help of spin-doctoring technologies (from the English. back - circling, spinning and doctoring- treatment for professional level). "Back" as separate scientific category is interpreted as informational "distortion" of events, their presentation in a more favorable light, or simply "promotion" of a person or event. The spin-doctor "unrolls" the information, presenting it in the most favorable form for the political subject, that is, "treats" its coverage in the mass media.

"Promotion" is based on psychological methods of manipulating people's attention and is provided using such techniques: "our people in the crowd", "unanimous ("common") opinion", " artificial satellite", "false origin", "acceleration of the topic", "affirmative statements", "the side won", "forced propaganda", "use of valuable words", "vague expressions" (positively and negatively colored), "transfer of positive (negative) image", "simplification of the problem", "public disapproval", "sharpening of attention", "imitation misinformation", "fabrication of facts" (outright lies), "osmiyuvannya", "manipulative semantics", etc.

The leveling of a particular topic is associated with a political opponent, a competing idea, undesirable reactions to a client-politician or compromising information on him. In this case, the following techniques are used: "switching the attention of the audience", "rarefaction of information", "activation of obstacles", "stub", "conclusion", "false theatricalization", "fountain of mud", "enemy of the people", " solar eclipse" and etc.

"Distortions" of the theme in the tools mass media is its interpretation and re-interpretation in the right context. Common methods of "distorting" information are: hiding information, changing the way information is presented, special layout, using " magic words", "transfer", "blinding by example", etc.

Since the flow of information in modern society has increased significantly, the latest information technologies are aimed at to control the attention of the mass consciousness, keeping her on the required objects and situations as much as possible. At the same time, interpretations (interpretations) of facts have a clear advantage over the facts themselves, because they allow political technologists to switch the attention of the mass consciousness to the right topics at the right time, diverting attention from unwanted messages. Now established whole system attention control of the mass consciousness, which is especially actively used on television and in the activities of the world's leading news agencies. The tools for switching the attention of the mass consciousness can be reflected in Table. 5.

Table 5. Tools for switching the attention of the mass consciousness in the media

The media policy of the world's leading TV channels is aimed at maintaining the psychological balance of citizens-viewers. The population receives television "soothing" in the form of unpretentious humor, popular variety art and small talk. With the help of these genres, the ordinary voter relaxes and forgets about his acute problems. Along with this, the viewers receive television "activators" in the form of accidents, catastrophes, explosions, etc. With the help of these messages, the attention of the mass consciousness is also steadily switched from urgent economic and political problems to artificial substitutes - extra-informational occasions. Political talk shows have also turned into effective political technologies, because they are all built on the basis of constant political conflicts, which eventually form a strong immunity to political topics in the vast majority of viewers. At the same time, especially in crisis periods, political talk shows that raise and discuss the most pressing social issues, perform the function of "letting off steam" in order to ensure that the real crisis is replaced by its virtual counterpart.

The modern information society has several important features. On the one hand, the mass media are gaining importance, which are gradually gaining managerial functions in relation to public opinion and public consciousness. On the other hand, the awareness of the population is fundamentally changing, which has received unprecedented opportunities to find alternative sources of information and use them. The technological revolution has changed driving force social transformations. This driving force become information and other technologies that allow you to quickly respond to the challenges of civilization. The function of informing and, if you like, educating the electorate is the key mission of political technologists in transitional post-totalitarian and post-authoritarian societies. Of course, this is true if the players in the political market are not only professionals and workers, but patriots and conscientious citizens of their country. In the political process, a humanistic approach to political technologies should be established.

Study questions

• 1. Essence and content of political technologies.
• 2. Political management: structure and types.
• 3. Political PR.
• 4. Technologies for making political decisions.

He knows nothing, but he thinks he knows everything: he was destined to be a politician.

B. Show

The content of the policy is expressed, on the one hand, in the problems that are solved by the subjects of politics, in the first place. government bodies, political parties, and on the other hand, in the mechanisms of acceptance political decisions and impact on the political process. It is the second side that concerns the technological solution of specific problems and is the object of applied political science, which develops technologies for managing political processes.

Essence and content of political technologies

Political technologies are a set of rules, procedures, techniques and ways of influencing the political process that provide a specific subject with optimal and effective implementation its goals and objectives. The specificity of political technology is that it algorithmizes activities in the sphere of politics according to strictly defined rules, i.e., reduces it to a system of actions performed in the interests of fulfilling the set political task.

AT modern conditions power, political ideas, organizations, politicians act as a political commodity offered to citizens. Political technologies are aimed at the effectiveness of the market promotion of a political product. In this regard, their second name is fully justified - “ political marketing”. His appearance is associated with the fact that in the United States after the Second World War, presidential candidates began to resort to the services of advertising agencies to organize their election campaigns.

Political technologies transfer theoretical political science knowledge into the plane of practical political activity, thereby allowing the use of the whole variety of political laws, principles, norms, factors in determining the goals, means and methods of implementing policies, this, in fact, is the essence of the process of technologization of the political environment.

The structure of political technologies is formed by three main elements, each of which, in turn, has complex structure. The first element is technological knowledge, combining scientific and applied knowledge of political problems with their assessment. Its content is made up of the knowledge and positions of the following subjects of political technologies: a technologist who analyzes political events and processes; a customer who defines specific goals; performer, directly problem solving optimal application relevant procedures, techniques and ways of influencing the political process. The second element is procedures, techniques, methods of influence. They reflect those specific skills and abilities to carry out purposeful actions that the subjects of political technologies possess. The third element is technical and resource support. It includes financial, technical and other means that can be used in the process of applying specific technological methods (“promoting” a candidate, forming an appropriate image, etc.), as well as personnel structures and their reserves.

The construction of political technologies is carried out with the help of analytical goal-setting and the subsequent division of activities into separate stages, stages, operations of selecting adequate effective methods, means and the logic of their application, depending on the goals being realized.

As a rule, modern political technologies have a number of stages: diagnostics and monitoring of the socio-political situation; setting goals and objectives, which must be achieved with the help of a particular political technology; comparative analysis options implementation of goals and others. A clear example of political technologies is the technology of division of a single political power into legislative, executive and judicial powers.

Political technologies are sets of the most appropriate methods, methods, procedures for implementing the functions of the political system, aimed at increasing the efficiency of the political process and achieving desired results in the field of politics. They include both methods for achieving an immediate local short-term result (tactics) and obtaining a deep, global, long-term effect (strategy). The use of certain political technologies determines the effectiveness of political management, regulation political processes, the stability of the political system and the entire political space. Political technologies are determined by the type community development(the dominance of evolutionary or revolutionary processes in it), the nature of the regime (democratic, authoritarian, totalitarian, etc.).

Among the technologies of political activity that are gaining more and more development, the following technologies stand out: social partnership; lobbying activities; adoption and implementation of political decisions; resolution of political conflicts; public relations; electoral; political management; manipulation; image formation; political risk optimization and etc.

Thus, in nature there are no abstract political technologies suitable for all occasions. Each of them, on the one hand, is specific and unique, since it is designed to ensure the interaction of various political forces and structures for solving completely specific issues. On the other hand, it is multifaceted in its content and nature, multifaceted in terms of implementation conditions, composition of performers, types of political activities and problems to be solved.

AT contemporary politics and political science are widely used categories based on concepts previously used mainly in engineering disciplines, "technologies", "mechanisms": "technologies for the implementation of power", "modern political technologies", "management mechanisms", "information technologies", "technologies lobbying activity”, “technology of parliamentarism”, “technology of forming the image of leaders”, “electoral technologies”, “dirty” technologies, “advertising technologies”, “public relations technologies”. Technique (from the Greek. technё - art, skill, ability) - a set of skills and methods of activity. In its original meaning, this word has been preserved even now (the technique of oratory, musician, conductor, dancer, artist, athlete, etc.). Modern technology can be divided into functional groups, industries: manufacturing, transport and communications, space, computer, scientific research, military, education, culture and life, medical, etc. Technology occupies an intermediate position between man and nature as a subject of labor. When creating technology and then using it, the system "man - technology - nature" is laid down and implemented, in which functions are combined and distributed in a certain way, the necessary coordination of each of the parties is established. As a result, a certain level of development of a person as a subject of labor corresponds to the corresponding technique and, conversely, each level achieved technical development requires adequate training of specialists, their knowledge and qualifications.

Wider distribution in political sciences got a term "technology". Under technology a system of rigidly coordinated elements is understood: goals, procedures (rules), means, operations (actions), motives (incentives); any transformation of source materials, whether people, information or physical materials, to obtain the desired results in the form of products or services; a system of knowledge about the ways, means, methods, forms of human activity and the mechanism of their practical use in everyday life, production, medicine, management, etc.

Technology- it is holistic dynamic system, including hardware and tools, operations and procedures for working with them, managing this activity, information and knowledge necessary for this, energy, raw materials, human and other resources, as well as a set of economic, social, environmental and other consequences that in a certain way affect and changing the social and natural "habitat" of this system; a set of processes of purposeful conscious change that form interconnected cycles of logically determined transformations of matter, energy and information.

Technological process is divided into operations characterized by the constancy of objects, means of labor, workers-executors and all actions for processing the object of labor of this type, at one workplace in a certain work time. For the normal course of production, it is necessary to comply with technological discipline - a strict sequence of technological operations, ensuring the stability of the parameters of impact on the object of labor within the established limits.

Based on the presented definitions, let's move on to the wording and essence of the concept of "political technologies", "technologies in politics", "technologies of political activity", "technologies of the political process".

Technology political- methods for solving political problems, developing policies, implementing them, and carrying out practical political activities. The technology of political activity is integrated system methods and means of influencing the policy object in order to achieve certain goals. The scope of technology lies, as a rule, in the plane practical activities political actors to implement the developed political course and achieve specific political goals and objectives.

The terms should be distinguished "political technologies" and "technologies in politics". The latter concept may include not only predominantly political components, but also a wide range of organizational, diplomatic, military, financial, informational, psychological, manipulation, computer and other forms and methods of activity aimed at achieving the set political goals.

Term "political technologies" very widely used in modern philosophical and political science literature, in journalism. Political technologies are technologies for the implementation of power. The struggle for power, its retention and use gives rise to a plurality of political technologies aimed at gaining and retaining political, spiritual power, power over the minds and hearts of people, over public opinion.

Story Russian state indicates that in the universal means violent political technologies (fear, violence) prevailed during the conquest and retention of power, becoming, in the words of K. Marx, “the midwife of history”.

in dispute political technologies evolution and political crisis technologies often won over radical technologies. It is no coincidence that in Russian literature the mechanisms of revolutions, conspiracies, terror, various forms political extremism than the political technologies of evolution, the technologies of parliamentarism, the technologies of the negotiation process, the achievement of consensus, etc.

Getting rid of totalitarianism and authoritarianism, gradually mastering the democratic norms of political life, we come to an understanding of those methods of political activity that accompany a truly democratic transformation of society.

Political power and the political system as a whole realizes its essential properties of expressing interests, ruling, organizing, subordinating, etc. both through relevant functions and technologies. They develop, transform taking into account the specific historical situation, some die off, new ones appear and the previously existing ones are modified.

Functions, technologies of the political system are in dynamics, updating. Some authors even specifically highlight innovative technologies as a technology innovation.

Political technologies they transfer theoretical political science knowledge into the plane of practical political activity, thereby allowing the use of the whole variety of political laws, principles, norms, factors, etc. in determining the goals, means and methods of implementing the policy, this, in fact, is the essence of the process of technologization of the political environment.

Building political technologies is carried out with the help of analytical goal-setting and subsequent division of activities into separate stages, stages, operations, selection of adequate effective methods, means and logic of their application depending on the goals being realized.

In most cases, the problematic field of the modern political environment is determined by the presence of a number of stages in the development and implementation of political technologies. These include: diagnostics and monitoring of the socio-political situation; setting goals and objectives to be achieved with the help of a specific political technology; comparative analysis of possible options for achieving the set goals, etc. A clear example of political technologies is the technology of sharing a single political power. This technology ensures the protection of power in a democratic society from its usurpation by any person or political organization. Its essence lies in the delimitation of the powers of the three main branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial.

These spheres of power, as is customary throughout the world, should be delimited, and in such a way that each of them performs only its own function and together they would serve as a reasonable limitation of each of these spheres of power. So, for example, the executive power can act solely on the basis of legal powers, is legislatively guided in its legislative activity by the constitution of the state and cannot assume the functions of the executive power, the judiciary can only proceed from existing legislation and cannot act as a legislator.

Political technologies- these are sets of the most appropriate methods, methods, procedures for implementing the functions of the political system, aimed at increasing the efficiency of the political process and achieving the desired results in the field of politics. Political technologies include both methods for achieving an immediate local short-term result (tactics) and obtaining a deep, global, long-term effect (strategy). The use of certain political technologies determines the effectiveness of political management, regulation of political processes, the stability of the political system and the entire political space. Political technologies are determined by the type of social development (the dominance of evolutionary or revolutionary processes in it), the nature of the regime (democratic, authoritarian, totalitarian, etc.).

Among the technologies of political activity that are getting more and more developed, there are technologies: social partnership; lobbying activities; adoption and implementation of political decisions; resolution of political conflicts; "public relations"; electoral; political management; manipulation; image formation; optimization of political risk, etc. .

Under "political technologies" refers to intellectual complexes or systems that normatively determine actions, actions, etc., increasing the effectiveness of political groups, organizations participating in the struggle for state power. Political technologies include two main components: universalistic and concrete-heuristic. In the first case, we mean methods that practically do not depend on the place or time of the implementation of the political strategy. As an example, we can cite the technique of communication influence described in the Bible: “They love the good done to a person, they hate the offense inflicted. The offense is aggressive. Meet insults with calm silence. Sin is not imputed when there is no law. Allowing bad people harms good people. To get rid of, borrow something of value. What cannot be together, it is better to separate. When you leave a mark, you leave a scar. Rely only on that which resists. The specific heuristic component of political technologies includes mechanisms and methods focused on careful consideration of both place and time ( good example is the famous work of V.I. Lenin, The childhood illness of "leftism" in communism. When we talk about the "Russian transition period", we mean a certain time space that began in 1984 and will end no earlier than 2005-2007. This chronological period is characterized by a change in the civilizational paradigm, the emergence and consolidation of a new model of political culture, new system social, interregional, economic, political structures, the formation of new value systems of the individual and society:

• 1. Formation and development of organizational capacity. This is perhaps the most important political technology in the transition period, as the traditional Soviet era social and political structures are being destroyed, and quasi-new ones, most often, do not stand the test of time. The organizational potential system includes a significant number of components.
• 2. Formation and development of the potential of leaders. At the current stage of the systemic crisis in Russia, the role of leaders is growing sharply and will continue to grow. At the same time, on today's socio-political forefront, the three most vividly functioning and to a certain extent compete expressed type leaders: bureaucratic leaders who have an impact due to their institutional position; situational leaders, expressing, as it were, certain moods, feelings, intentions of influential social groups and therefore capable of exerting political influence; leaders who reflect key trends in society and therefore serve as an example (often latent) for certain segments of society.
• 3. An important political technology in the transition period is a set of methods for the formation and development of one's financial potential. Quite a trivial statement that there is no politics without money. But more hot topic lies, firstly, in the ability of a political subject to form and develop a “multi-tiered financial potential” and, secondly, in the optimal directions of political and financial investments.
• 4. Special attention in political struggle is given to the formation and development of information potential. As part of the information potential, it is very important to initially highlight two key points:
• 1. the media factor (that is, actual control over the relevant media);
• 2. Specific communication potential. In the first case, with regard to the media, we are talking about such elements as influence on the federal electronic media (radio, television), federal newspapers and magazines, regional electronic media, and the regional press. Under the conditions of the transitional period, the significance of the second component, the specific communication potential, increases sharply. Under conditions of permanent segmentation of society, the importance of the so-called groups that form public opinion is sharply increasing. These are groups such as influential journalists, political analysts, popular representatives youth culture, influential figures of a regional scale, etc. In this regard, important subcomponents of the communication potential are: the practical use of numerology (the science of rumors), the formation of various kinds of quasi-elite associations of journalists, critics, analysts, etc., forecasting and planning the development of youth subculture, etc.
• 3. A very important political technology specifically for Russian conditions is to provide support central authorities executive power. The matter is determined by the fact that from a historical point of view in Russia for the last three hundred years the same party of executive power or the imperial bureaucratic party has been in power. Therefore, without the formation of a model of a specific connection with certain executive institutions, the effectiveness of the political action of a given subject is sharply reduced.
• 4. Under the conditions of latent aggravation of contradictions between the Center and the regions special meaning in the current situation, the problem of ensuring and developing the regional potential of a political subject acquires. This is a political technology that provides support for:

regional authorities; competing regional quasi-elites;

major social groups in certain regions.

It is necessary to proceed from the fact that the relationship between the Center and the regions has been and is the most important factor in the political dynamics of Russia in recent centuries in comparison with social, economic, and national determinants. The key point in ensuring regional potential is a pragmatic program of a new regional policy, which includes a system of federal, national, sectoral ideas and ideas.

5. Finally, the next important political technology is a set of methods focused on securing and developing external potential. We are talking about establishing and maintaining contacts and communications with influential social and political forces: leading Western countries; leading Eastern countries; key regional centers; CIS countries.

The policy is carried out primarily in information space. The well-known thesis “who owns the information, owns the world” today is of paramount importance - information becomes not only the technological basis of communication, but also the substrate public relations, including in politics.