Russian language among other languages ​​of the world.

According to the total number of speakers, the Russian language ranks among the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to determine this place precisely. The number of people who consider Russian as their mother tongue exceeds 200 million people, 130 million of whom live in Russia. The number of people who are fluent in Russian and use it as their first or second language is estimated at 300-350 million. everyday communication. In total, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

In the post-Soviet space, in addition to Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. These are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

In Belarus, the majority of the population speaks Russian in everyday life and in general in everyday communication, and in the cities, young people and many middle-aged people in Russian speech practically lack even the Belarusian accent that was characteristic in the past. At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state where state status Russian language was confirmed in a referendum by an overwhelming majority. Almost all official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.

The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complex. In the 1990s, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan decreased markedly, and Kazakhs became the national majority for the first time since the 1930s. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, since the mid-nineties there has been a law equating the Russian language in all official areas with the state language. And in practice most public institutions at the city and regional level, as well as in the capital's government institutions, Russian is used more often than Kazakh. The reason is simple and quite pragmatic. Representatives of these institutions of different nationalities- Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Koreans. At the same time, absolutely all educated Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, while representatives of other nationalities know Kazakh much worse.

A similar situation is observed in Kyrgyzstan, where there is also a law giving the Russian language official status, and in everyday communication, Russian speech in cities can be heard more often than Kyrgyz. Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is not officially regulated in any way, however, in the cities, the majority of residents of the indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communication. This is again facilitated by the multinational character of the population of Azerbaijan.

For national minorities since the Soviet Union, the language international communication is Russian. Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here language situation peculiar, and the language policy sometimes acquires extremely strange forms. The entire population of the east and south of Ukraine speaks Russian, and the population of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Ukraine speaks dialects that neighboring countries(Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia) are considered a separate Ruthenian language.

In the Baltic States, young people who were born in Latvia and Estonia already in the period of independence speak Russian well enough to be able to understand each other. And cases when a Latvian or an Estonian refuses to speak Russian on principle are rare. In Lithuania, the language policy was initially softer. In Georgia and Armenia, the Russian language has the status of a language national minority. In Armenia, the share of Russians in total strength The population is very small, but a significant proportion of Armenians can speak Russian well. In Georgia, the situation is approximately the same, and the Russian language is more common in communication in those places where the proportion of the foreign-speaking population is large. However, among young people, knowledge of the Russian language in Georgia is very weak. In Moldova, the Russian language has no official status (with the exception of Transnistria and Gagauzia), but de facto it can be used in the official sphere.

In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is less commonly used than in neighboring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In Tajikistan, according to the Constitution, the Russian language is the language of interethnic communication, in Uzbekistan it has the status of a national minority language, in Turkmenistan the situation remains unclear. One way or another, the Russian language is still the language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. Moreover, the main role here is played not by the position of the state, but by the attitude of the population. But in the Far Abroad, the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, is one of the languages ​​that are lost in two generations. Russian emigrants of the first generation prefer to speak Russian, and many of them learn the language new country not fully and speak with a strong accent. But already their children speak the local language with almost no accent and prefer the local language in communication. They speak Russian only with their parents, and in recent times also on the internet. And by the way, the Internet plays exclusively important role to preserve the Russian language in the diaspora. But on the other hand, in the third or fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of emigrants revives, and they begin to specifically learn the language of their ancestors. Including Russian.

In the 1970s and 1980s, with almost complete severance of ties with the USSR, the Russian language gave way to English or Hebrew much faster than now, when any emigrant can keep in touch with relatives, friends and acquaintances via the Internet. In the seventies and eighties in Israel, emigrants from Russia learned Hebrew at an accelerated pace. And in the nineties, Israeli officials began to learn Russian at an accelerated pace, so as not to overload them with unnecessary work translation agencies. Today at Last year, relating to the "zero", the Russian language not only remains the main language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. He speaks well older generation and well explained younger in many countries of the former socialist bloc. One can only rejoice that the role of national languages ​​has increased over the years in the post-Soviet space. But the Russian language continues to be the language of interethnic communication and one of the world languages, which is not in vain one of official languages UN.

Russian is the mother tongue of 170 million people and 350 million understand it. It is the state language for 145 million Russians, the language of communication for more than 160 peoples and nationalities of Russia. The Russian language is studied by more than 180 million people on all continents of the planet. Russian language - language Pushkin and Tolstoy, Brodsky and Pasternak. It brings to the world the great Russian culture and literature, inexhaustible spiritual wealth, the key to which is acquired by every student of the Russian language.

Literature:

Bibliography

1.Official languages ​​of the UN

2.Aitmatov Ch.T "On the Russian language".

3. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of the word). M. graduate School, 1986.

4. Modern Russian language. Proceedings of E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk Part II. M. Publishing house of Moscow State University. 1997. 5. N., Pavlova. N.D., N.D. Zachesova Speech in human communication. Moscow: Nauka, 1989

Russian language among other languages ​​of the world.

The Russian language is closely related by origin to other languages ​​of the world. This conclusion can be drawn from a comparison vocabulary languages. Language kinship is spoken of when different languages such words sound similar, which are known to have existed in ancient times. Obviously, several hundred years or millennia ago, such languages ​​were one language that belonged to a single people, and only later this people was divided into several peoples speaking different, albeit somewhat similar languages.

Ukrainian and Ukrainian have the greatest similarity with Russian. Belarusian languages. This proximity is not accidental: until the XIV century, the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians were united people (ancient Russian nationality within Kyiv state), who spoke the so-called Old Russian. In the XIV-XV centuries. as a result of the collapse of the Kievan state, on the basis of a single language, three independent language which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages. Therefore, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​are very closely related. These three languages ​​are called East Slavic.

Somewhat more distantly related to Russian are the Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian languages ​​and other languages ​​of the southern and Western Slavs. Together with Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, all these languages ​​are called Slavic (Fig. 3).

However, languages ​​such as English, German, French, Spanish and Italian have some similarities with Russian and others. Slavic languages. All these languages ​​are distantly related and belong to the family Indo-European languages.

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. On the the globe it is spoken by about 250 million people. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, behind only Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million).

At the same time, the Russian language is used in communication not only by those people for whom it is theirs. native language. Russian is the state language of Russia, i.e. in a single language understandable to employees of state institutions and citizens throughout the state. It is in this capacity that the Russian language is used in higher bodies state power and management of Russia, in official office work and correspondence Russian institutions and enterprises, in television and radio programs intended for the whole territory of the country. It, as a state language, is studied in secondary and higher educational institutions Russia.

The Russian language is also widely used outside of Russia, for example, for interethnic communication among residents of the CIS countries. Also, the Russian language is widely used in the work international conferences and organizations. It is one of the six official and working languages ​​of the UN. Thus, the Russian language is one of the world languages ​​(included in the club of world languages ​​along with English, French, Chinese, Spanish and Arabic).

Bibliography:

1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Proc. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmGTU, 2005. - 80 p.

2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance / I.B. Golub. - M. : Logos, 2002. - 432 p.

3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA-INFRA, 2005. - 549 p.

KSOU SPO Kamensk Pedagogical College

Department of Physical Education

Russian language among other languages ​​of the world

Introduction

1. The place of the Russian language among the languages ​​of the world

2.Russian language in interethnic communication

3. Russian language as one of the Indo-European languages

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. On the globe, it is spoken by about 250 million people. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, second only to Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million). Language - it is not only the most important means of communication between people, but also a means of cognition that allows people to accumulate knowledge, passing it from person to person and from each generation of people to the next generations. Collection of achievements human society in industrial, social and spiritual activities is called culture. Therefore, we can say that language is a means of developing culture and a means of assimilation of culture by each member of society.

1. The place of the Russian language among the languages ​​of the world

The Russian language acts not only as the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of the USSR, but also as the language of international communication. The growth of the authority of our country in the world was also the growth of the world authority of the Russian language. An interesting fact is the sharp increase in the number of Russian language learners in the years after the launch of the first artificial satellites Earth and especially after Gagarin's flight. In England in 1957 the Russian language was taught in 40 educational institutions, and in 1959 - already in 101, in 1960 - in 120 and in 1964 - in 300; in the USA in 1958 the Russian language was taught in 140, in 1959 - in 313, in 1960 - in 450 schools*. Mastering the Russian language now is mastering the heights modern science and technology. Therefore, the Russian language is widely studied in higher educational institutions in many countries. In 1969/70 academic year the Russian language was studied in 40 universities in England, 40 in India, in Italy - in Italy, in 15 - in Canada, in 24 - in France, in 643 - in the USA; in all universities of the GDR, Hungary, Vietnam, Mongolian People's Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia**. In addition to the study of the Russian language, in higher and secondary educational institutions in all countries, European, Asian, African, etc., courses are being created for the study of the Russian language. Total number There are more than 18-20 million people studying Russian at the same time outside the USSR.

The International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature and the Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin, who provides constant and multifaceted methodological assistance to all teachers of the Russian language in foreign countries.

The Institute publishes a special journal "Russian Language Abroad", which is very interesting in content and design *, and a large number of educational and fiction. In 1979, the textbook "Russian Language for All" prepared by the staff of the Institute received the State Prize of the USSR.

The Russian language is recognized by all as one of the most important world languages, which was reinforced by its inclusion among the official world languages ​​of the United Nations.

The concept of a world language was formed in modern era, era scientific and technological revolution and further development mature socialist society in the USSR. Strengthening the connection between peoples in development scientific and technological progress, in the struggle to preserve peace, led by Soviet Union, determined the need for the promotion of intermediary languages ​​that contribute to the rapprochement of peoples, the development of their mutual understanding. Naturally, one of these languages ​​turned out to be Russian. Its status as a world language is determined by its wide distribution outside our country, active study in many countries, the great prestige of Russian science and culture, the progressive role of our country in the process of international, universal development in the 20th century, historical richness, expressiveness, which was noted by many, writing about the Russian language. Even F. Engels pointed out that the Russian language "in every possible way deserves to be studied in itself, as one of the most powerful and richest of living languages, and for the sake of the literature it reveals" *.

The world significance of the Russian language is manifested not only in widespread its study in modern world, but also in influence, above all its vocabulary, into other languages. Growth of authority Soviet state in the world public, scientific and cultural life leads to an ever wider penetration of words from the Russian language into other languages. Everyone knows and understands Russian word companion, already included in the dictionaries of many languages. Following the word satellite, other words and expressions related to space exploration began to be used in the languages ​​of other countries: lunar, soft landing, lunar rover, astronaut, spaceport. The Russian language also introduced into international wide use the word orbit (from Latin orbis - circle, wheel, wheel track) in expressions to go into orbit, put into orbit and under. New words associated with space age, have become so firmly established in the speech of a number of countries that they began to be used both as proper names and as common nouns. So, in the GDR, the new hotel was called Lunik. This episode is very interesting. “Once Leonov was translating a “space” article from a German magazine and came across an unknown verb “leoniren”. I looked in dictionaries and did not find it. ..."*.

Along with "cosmic" words, Russian words have also entered other languages, reflecting different sides life of the new, socialist state. AT English language dictionaries note: Bolshevik, Leninism, udarnik, commissar, kolkoz, komsomol, jarovization; in French: bolchevique or bolcheviste, Uninisme, oudarnik, kolkhoze, sovkhoze, mitchourinien, soubotnik, stakhanovets, pavlovisme (supporter of the teachings of the physiologist Pavlov), etc. These and similar words are widely represented in German, Italian and a number of other languages*.

Even entered linguistic science new term- Sovietisms, i.e. words borrowed from the Russian language in Soviet era.

The richness and expressiveness of the Russian language is not accidental, they are associated with the peculiarities of the development of its social and functional components.

2.Russian language in interethnic communication

Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is called the language, through which they overcome the language barrier between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The exit of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of the status of an international one is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole range of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of becoming a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of the language also depend on the characteristics of development society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not able to put forward this or that language as an interethnic one, if it lacks the necessary linguistic means proper.Rus. a language that belongs to the number of widely spoken languages ​​of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the language needs of not only Russians, but also people of a different ethnic background living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, developed system functional styles, the ability to reflect the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. language can be used in all areas public life, through the second language the most various information, the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian language, a world-renowned artistic, scientific and technical literature was created.

The maximum completeness of public functions, the relative monolithic Rus. language (the obligatory observance of the norms of the lit. language for all its speakers), writing, containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that has been created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third of artistic, scientific and technical literature from the total number of printed products in the world), - all this provided a high degree communicative and information value Rus. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of formation grew. statehood, Russians were the most numerous nation, the language of which was spread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. population census in 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Ros. empire in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or ca. 86 million people According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, out of 285.7 million people in the USSR, approx. 145 million - Russians, Russian. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They testify only to the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as to the existence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.

In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages ​​in order to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions joint activities representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. The language of interethnic communication common to all provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the possibility of constant and diverse contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of the Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. The use of Russian language as a non-native to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocod has more than one century, therefore, in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication can be conditionally divided into three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - before the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Ros. empires; the second period - to the end. 80s in USSR; the third period - from the beginning. 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries.11the beginning of the spread of Rus. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and annalistic information, with the development by the ancestors of Russian new territories; this process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion grew. states, when Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Ros. Russian empires. the language was state. language.

The Russian language is closely related by origin to other languages ​​of the world. This conclusion can be drawn on the basis of a comparison of the vocabulary of languages. They speak about the relationship of languages ​​when in different languages ​​such words sound similar, which are known to have existed in ancient times. Obviously, several hundred years or millennia ago, such languages ​​were one language that belonged to a single people, and only later this people was divided into several peoples speaking different, albeit somewhat similar languages.

The Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​have the greatest similarity with the Russian language. This closeness is not accidental: until the 14th century, the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians constituted a single people (the Old Russian people within the Kyiv state), who spoke the so-called Old Russian language. In the XIV-XV centuries. As a result of the collapse of the Kievan state, three independent languages ​​arose on the basis of a single language, which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages. Therefore, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​are very closely related. These three languages ​​are called East Slavic.

Somewhat more distantly related to Russian are the languages ​​of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian and other languages ​​of the southern and western Slavs. Together with Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, all these languages ​​are called Slavic (Fig. 3).

However, languages ​​such as English, German, French, Spanish and Italian have some similarities with Russian and other Slavic languages. All these languages ​​are distantly related and belong to the family of Indo-European languages.

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. It is spoken by about 250 million people around the world. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, behind only Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million).

At the same time, the Russian language is used in communication not only by those people for whom it is their native language. Russian is the state language of Russia, i.e. in a single language understandable to employees of state institutions and citizens throughout the state. It is in this capacity that the Russian language is used in the highest bodies of state power and administration in Russia, in official office work and correspondence of Russian institutions and enterprises, in television and radio programs intended for the entire territory of the country. It, as a state language, is studied in secondary and higher educational institutions of Russia.

The Russian language is also widely used outside of Russia, for example, for interethnic communication among residents of the CIS countries. Also, the Russian language is widely used in the work of international conferences and organizations. It is one of the six official and working languages ​​of the UN. Thus, the Russian language is one of the world languages ​​(included in the club of world languages ​​along with English, French, Chinese, Spanish and Arabic).

Bibliography:

1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Proc. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmGTU, 2005. - 80 p.

2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance / I.B. Golub. - M. : Logos, 2002. - 432 p.

3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA-INFRA, 2005. - 549 p.

4. Nikonova, M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for non-philologist students / M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing House of OmGTU, 2003. - 80 p.

5. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. / edited by prof. IN AND. Maksimov. - M. : Gardariki, 2008. - 408s.

6. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for technical universities/ ed. IN AND. Maksimova, A.V. Golubev. – M.: Higher education, 2008. - 356 p.