7th International Scientific and Practical Conference. International Scientific and Practical Conference "Experimental and Theoretical Research in Modern Science"
According to the Law of the Russian Federation, the state scientific and technical policy is carried out on the basis of the following basic principles:
Recognition of science as a socially significant industry that determines the level of development of the productive forces of the state;
Guarantees of priority development of fundamental scientific research;
Integration of scientific, scientific, technical and educational activities based on various forms of participation of employees, graduate students and university students in scientific research and experimental development through the creation of educational and scientific complexes based on universities, scientific organizations of academies of sciences that have state status, as well as scientific organizations of ministries and other federal government bodies;
Support for competition and entrepreneurial activity in the field of science and technology;
Development of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities through the creation of a system of state scientific centers and other structures;
Concentration of resources in priority areas of development of science and technology;
Stimulation of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities through a system of economic and other benefits.
The development of science was ensured by the adopted Law “Fundamentals of the Policy Russian Federation in the field of science and technology development for the period up to 2010 and further perspective» . It stated that the most important areas of state policy in the field of science and technology development are:
1) development of fundamental science, the most important applied research and development;
2) improvement of state regulation in the field of science and technology development;
3) formation of a national innovation system;
4) increasing the efficiency of using the results of scientific and scientific and technical activities;
5) preservation and development of the personnel potential of the scientific and technical complex;
6) integration of science and education;
7) development of international scientific and technical cooperation.
In the Russian Federation, the management of scientific and scientific and technical activities is carried out on the basis of a combination of the principles of state regulation and self-government.
Documents of the Government of Russia proclaim the need for further development of science.
It is clear that in a developing economy it will not be possible to form optimal conditions for the development of science right away. So, even today, when developing programs for innovative development of the largest companies with state participation, requirements have been put forward to involve scientific organizations and universities in their activities, the existence of long-term plans, including those formed within the framework of technology platforms.
All programs require a lot of funding. But each level of government (the Government of Russia, the subject of the federation, a specific research institute and a specific researcher) understands the required amount of funding in its own way.
One of the evaluation options is often understood based on the formulation of Kant's classical maxim: "There is as much science in every science as there is money in it." This is far from an undisputed point of view. The effectiveness of science in the country can be assessed in two aspects - applied (economics, technology) and scientific proper [By a sinusoid down L. Radzikhovsky.04.06.2013. "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" - Federal issue No. 6094 (118) ].
According to the first parameter, Russia's GDP exceeds the GDP of England, France, and is slightly inferior to Germany. But the contribution of our country to the modern high-tech economy is minimal.
2% of the world's population lives in Russia, the country provides 3% of world GDP - but, according to different estimates, Russia's share in world exports high technology ranges from 0.1% to 1%. The most common estimate is 0.3-0.5%. The main article is the export of weapons (17% of the world arms trade - 17%, more than 10 billion dollars). At the same time, the volume of Russia's raw material exports is 370 billion, and the world high-tech market is estimated at 6 trillion dollars. our country has little to do with the high-tech, post-industrial economy of the 21st century. If the economy of Southeast Asia, the USA, the EU is developing, mainly in the sixth technological order, then ours is in the fourth or fifth. The gap is real for 40-50 years.
World spending on research in 2008 was as follows: USA - 34%, EU - 24%, Japan - 14%, China - 4%, Russia - 1.4%.
The US GDP is 20%, the EU - 23%, Russia - 3% of world GDP. That. the share of US spending on science is almost 1.5 times their weight in the global economy; the economic weight of the EU is proportional to their share of world scientific spending; Well, in Russia, the share of spending on science is one and a half times less than our share in world GDP.
In parallel with the growth of spending on science, the number of scientific workers was reduced.
From 1990 to 2008, the number of researchers in Russia (data for the RSFSR for 1990 was taken) decreased from 1 million to 375 thousand. If in 1995 there were 1050 thousand scientists in the USA, and in 2007 - 1400 thousand ., in the EU, respectively, 950 thousand and 1300 thousand, in China - 500 thousand and 1450 thousand, then in Russia - 600 thousand and 450 thousand.
Despite the spread in numbers, the trend is clear. In the world the number of scientific workers is growing, in Russia it is falling.
Not only the ballast leaves, the best ones often dropped out. First of all, those who emigrated to work in Western universities. According to various estimates, about 30,000 scientists left. The main blow came in 1989-1991, when the gateway was opened, but the smooth brain drain continues uninterrupted. To appreciate the scale of the intellectual catastrophe, it is enough to remember that no more than 1000 scientists left Germany in 1933-1938, and German science is still feeling the consequences!
In recent years, Nobel laureates Basov, Prokhorov, Ginzburg, academicians Likhachev, Ladyzhenskaya, Gasparov, Averintsev have passed away ... There are practically no new figures of this magnitude.
The same applies to hundreds, thousands of scientists of a smaller caliber, but who gave ideas, meaning, determined the level of their laboratories and institutes. A terrible generational gap is the main misfortune of our science, where Mohicans of 70 and older are preserved and there are flocks of young people 22-25 years old. And the central, most important and strong link - from 30 to 50 years - fell out. Only about a quarter of RAS employees are under 40 years old...
From 2000 to 2009, government spending on the Russian Academy of Sciences grew nominally 10 times (from 5 billion to 50 billion rubles), even adjusted for inflation and the real purchasing power of the ruble, they grew by at least 5 times. The total budget of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2009 is over $3 billion. For comparison, the budget of the Max Planck Society (German Academy of Sciences) is about $2 billion.
The effectiveness of spending can also be assessed by publications. US share in world scientific publications- 29%, the share of the EU - 33%, Japan - 7.8%, China - 5.9%, Russia - 2%. Considering the final product scientific article, then in the US money is spent one and a half times less efficiently than in Europe, in Japan and China even less efficiently. In Russia, the efficiency is higher than in these countries, but lower than in Europe.
At the same time, Russia's share in world scientific publications is only declining! In 1995 this share was 3.9%, in 2000 - 3.4%, in 2007 - 2.4%! That is, real expenses grow by 5 times, and the share of publications decreases by more than one and a half times!
If Russia's share in world science, in world high-tech production really amounted to the same 2.4% that our share in scientific publications, this would be a gigantic success, a colossal modernization breakthrough.
In fact, with 2% of world spending on science and 2% of world publications, Russia's share in the world market of high-tech products is 0.3-0.4%! And the share of the United States, with their 35% of spending on science in the high-tech market, is the same 35-40%! The United States registers a third of patents in the world, and the Russian Federation - 0.3-0.5%! This is an estimate of the true extent of the backlog (see Figure 1.5).
Rice. 1.5. Registration of patents by Russian scientists
If we take the assessment of the scientific community, fixed in prizes, honorary titles, etc., then Russia is almost invisible on the world scientific map.
In addition to the Nobel Prize, there are dozens of international highly prestigious awards in the world - Wolf, Kyoto, Crawford, Shao, Faisal, Fields, Abel, Dirac, Lasker, Turing, Gödel, etc. Every year, foreign members of the most elite Academies in the world are elected - the Royal Society (London), the US Academy of Sciences, France, etc., honorary doctors of the best universities - Cambridge, Harvard, etc.
In general, during the period from 2008 to May 2013, out of 5 million scientific employees in the world, about 500 received such highest marks of recognition from their colleagues. More than half work in the USA (or mostly in the USA), but in every big country There are dozens of such scientists in the EU, just like in Japan. Catching up with China. From Russia - 3 people (academicians L.D. Faddeev, A.A. Starobinsky, doctor of science mathematician A.G. Kuznetsov) out of 48,000 researchers of the Russian Academy of Sciences. "Half-returned" in the Russian Federation the winner of the Fields medal, Professor of the University of Geneva S.K. Smirnov, who received a mega-grant in St. Petersburg. At the same time, at least 18 people were awarded the highest awards. out of 30-40 thousand scientists who emigrated from the USSR-RF, or simply working mainly abroad.
However, Russian science lives on. As always, as it was back in the USSR, the catastrophe is not in the fundamental science itself, but in its implementation. Science in the Russian Federation does not correlate with the economy. In principle, scientific developments are not in demand by the economy, and the little that is needed is for some reason easier and often more expensive to buy abroad!
As the well-known businessman Tarasov says, at one time analysts calculated what potential was accumulated by Soviet science. It turned out that if only inventions made before the 1990s were introduced, without developing anything else, then Russia and, in general, all of humanity could develop successfully for another 100 years. No wonder the Japanese at one time were going to buy all applications for inventions registered at the All-Russian Research Institute of the State Patent Examination. But in the Soviet Union, all this remained on the shelves. The reason was simple: science in the USSR existed for the last decades for the sake of science itself. People defended dissertations to increase their salaries, to get a prestigious position. And almost no one was interested in the implementation. This did not give money, it was impossible to privatize one's own inventions, and there was even a legal right of the state to withdraw any invention from the authors in its favor, for example, assigning it the category of "national economic importance."
After 91 50% scientists went abroad. Of the remaining 50% of the scientific potential in Russia, 25% went to trade to survive, and another ten simply gave up science, completely desperate because of their uselessness, their results were stolen or outdated, they barely make ends meet. In total: we have 15% left of the former science.
In 2009, the world registered 155 thousand patents. Of these, Russian - only 500 ; 44 thousand - American. In 2010 22 largest Russian companies received about one thousand patents, and one IBM patented 5 thousand inventions.
The famous scientist Pyotr Kapitsa once remarked: “The cost of all Soviet science was paid back by one Lev Landau. But he wouldn't have appeared if it wasn't for appropriate environment." And today there is no such environment in Russia.
What have Western countries done during this time? We set a goal: not a single useful idea should be lost to society! This is not just a slogan, but a specific government task. The West understood that the intellectual property market is the only opportunity for human progress. No oil or natural resources are able to provide this and bring an order of magnitude less profit!
One of the Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 24, 2011 N 673 "On Federal Service Published May 26, 2011 Effective May 26, 2011 The Federal Service for Intellectual Property was established. relating to the legal protection of the interests of the state in the process of economic and civil law turnover of the results of research, development and technological work of military, special and dual-use, including obligations arising from the execution of court decisions
The goal is to create an integral and effective mechanism for managing the state's rights to the results of intellectual activity and their protection through a clear distribution of the functions of government bodies.
As can be seen from what has been said, Russian science lives on. They begin to create new forms of responsible interaction between science, higher education and industry. One example is technology platforms.
The process of forming European Technology Platforms (ETPs) began in 2001, when it was recognized that it was necessary not only to increase investment in R&D, but also to ensure their coordination at the pan-European, national and regional levels.
The vision of the European Technology Platforms was formally defined at the end of 2002 in an EU document entitled “Industrial Policy in an Enlarged Europe”. According to it, UTPs are focused on the formation and implementation of major thematic areas, research and development programs in the most important technological areas. In total, 38 UTPs have been adopted so far (some of them subsequently moved to a higher level - joint technology initiatives).
The most interesting in the UTP system in relation to Russia is the mechanism of interaction between various parties - the state, business, science, which allows achieving a single, agreed understanding of the situation in a particular area, adopting long-term development plans for this area on its basis with an emphasis on R&D and implementing their results. .
The technological platform is defined as a communication tool aimed at intensifying efforts to create promising commercial technologies, new products (services), attracting additional resources for research and development based on the participation of all stakeholders (business, science, government, civil society), improving regulatory framework in the field of scientific and technological, innovative development.
Technological platforms are considered as a mechanism for developing and improving the efficiency of existing financial methods for stimulating innovation, expanding scientific and industrial relations. Russian technological projects are primarily aimed at finding new scientific and technological opportunities for modernizing existing and forming new sectors of the Russian economy, expanding scientific and industrial cooperation and creating new partnerships in the innovation sphere.
The TA example is just one of many innovative projects. Almost all elements of the innovation system have been created in Russia, but as a single network it still does not work effectively.
Recently, the work "National innovation system and state innovation policy of the Russian Federation" was presented. It was carried out jointly with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The purpose of this study is to understand what and why does not work for us.
It reveals serious problems in the quality of Russian education, in the training of those who should build an innovative economy. The effectiveness of Russian fundamental science, and especially applied science, is declining. Existing development institutions do not form an integral system to ensure the growth of a successful innovative company. Although the priorities have been named, the tools for their implementation have not been configured.
Our business feels self-sufficient within Russia and does not at all seek to participate in the global world economy. By and large, he does not need innovation, so he does not want to invest in them for a long time.
In general, the transition to an innovative economy is real only in one case - if innovation becomes everyone's business. As the saying goes, the idea must seize the masses.
Only in this case, as D. Medvedev, the President of the Russian Federation, said, “...instead of a primitive raw material economy, we will create a smart economy that produces unique knowledge, new things and technologies that are useful to people.”
To do this, new people who think creatively, understand the role of innovations, know how to create and implement them, must come to the economy. First of all, they are young people, newly trained university graduates. They are still investing heavily in them.
In 2010, Russia's total government spending to support young innovators amounted to about 450 billion rubles. Approximately the same amount was invested in 2009. As a result, the number of youth innovative companies with key employees under 35 has grown by about 18%, according to the NAIRIT study. This is about 27% of the total number of innovative companies operating in Russia.
The total number of youth innovation projects increased by 23%. Their main volume refers to the field of energy-saving technologies (28%), medical technologies (26%) and information technologies (22%). It is noteworthy that there is a decrease in the number of young scientists and developers wishing to carry out their professional activities abroad. According to the latest sociological survey, 49% of young innovators would like to continue their scientific and innovative activities abroad (63% last year), 35% of innovators would like to continue working in Russia (26% last year), and 16% have not decided on decision (11% last year).
In general, over the past three years, the Russian innovation sector has significantly "rejuvenated". The average age of an innovator has dropped from 42 in 2007 to 28-29 in 2010. The overall share of young developers under the age of 35 in the overall innovator community increased from 36% in 2007 to 47% in 2010.
At the same time, the share of young people who want to professionally engage in innovative entrepreneurship after graduation increased from 2% in 2009 to 9% in 2010. However, despite the significant growth, this indicator, especially in comparison with Western countries, continues to remain at an extremely low level.
A new impetus to the development of innovations and science in general will be given by the adopted amendments to the Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" [ Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 2011 N 254-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy"". WG "- Federal issue No. 5543 (167) 02.08.2011].
The law introduced a list of necessary terms. Now it is clearly defined what is innovation, innovation project, innovation infrastructure, innovation activity. In particular, the latter includes scientific, technological, commercial, organizational, financial and commercial activities aimed at the implementation of innovative projects, as well as the creation of an innovative infrastructure and ensuring its activities.
It is important that now scientific activity is introduced into innovation. This means that a scientific organization can rightfully be considered a subject of innovation activity and qualify for all measures of state support. These are, in particular, benefits for the payment of taxes, fees, customs duties, support for educational services, exports, generation of demand for innovations, financial support, including subsidies, grants, loans, loans, guarantees, contributions to the authorized capital.
In addition, amendments were made to the Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" concerning scientific funds. Crucially, foundations now have a legal category. For the first time, it was said that foundations can issue grants not only to legal entities, but also to individuals. The law provides an opportunity for equity participation of the fund in international and intersectoral scientific and technical programs.
During the first half of 2011, as part of professional emigration, about 800 scientific specialists left Russia, of which almost half went to foreign research centers and companies under temporary short-term agreements. This figure is 3-4 times less than in 2010, according to a study conducted by the National Association for Innovation and Information Technology Development (NAIRIT. (Stayed at home. E. Kalysheva."Russian Business Newspaper" №819 (37) 18.10.2011.).
In the course of the study, a survey was conducted among participants in the Russian innovation sector on the topic - in which country would they prefer to implement their startup today. It was attended by 2,000 young scientists and innovative developers from 43 regions of Russia.
The results obtained were quite unexpected. Only 5% of respondents named the USA as the country where they would like to develop their innovative project. About 10% of the respondents opted for one of the European countries, about 20% - in China. At the same time, more than 50% of respondents expressed a desire to develop their projects directly in Russia, where, as they believe, all the necessary conditions have been created for this.
The distribution of the demand for personnel in innovative projects is shown in fig. 1.6.
Rice. 1.6. Demand for personnel in innovative projects
At the same time, the situation with the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative projects in Russia has revealed a serious negative trend. According to NAIRIT, more than 60% of the total amount of funds allocated in the form of grants to support Russian innovation projects is wasted. This money, as a rule, is spent on already existing projects that are being implemented and executed within the framework of other parallel scientific and innovative programs and budgets. In Russia, a whole layer of so-called "innovators-crooks" has already been created, who are busy "mastering" the allocated grants by formally adapting them to projects already underway.
Information for thought.
1. It is known that at present there are two extreme points views in the very concept of science, which are in radical contradiction with each other. The first point of view says that science in the proper sense of the word was born in Europe only in the 16th-17th centuries, during the period usually called the great scientific revolution. Its emergence is associated with the activities of such scientists as Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, Newton. It is to this time that the birth of the scientific method proper, which is characterized by a specific relationship between theory and experiment, should be attributed. At the same time, the role of mathematization of the natural sciences was realized - a process that continues to our time and has now captured a number of areas of knowledge that relate to man and human society. Ancient thinkers, strictly speaking, did not yet know the experiment and, consequently, did not possess a truly scientific method.
Another point of view, directly opposite to the one just stated, does not impose any strict restrictions on the concept of science. According to its adherents, science in the broad sense of the word can be considered any body of knowledge related to the real world surrounding a person.
What is your point of view?
2. Al Ries and Jack Trout summarized their results of many years of research into marketing problems into a few basic laws that govern the activities of the market and lead to success or failure. They are listed above.
To what extent are they sufficient and necessary for the formation of marketing theory from your point of view?
3. Members of the movement "Russia-2045" proposed a new national idea. In particular, experts in the field of developing neural interfaces, artificial organs and systems proposed a project to create an artificial human body, indicating that by 2045 it will significantly surpass the biological one in its functionality and reach the perfection of form. Then people will be able to independently make a decision about the continuation of life and development in a new body after all biological resources are exhausted.
In particular, experts expect to create, to begin with, an artificial copy of a person controlled by thought using neural interfaces.
The second direction of research is the creation of such a body into which the brain of a dying person could be transplanted. According to some scientists, such a transplant can extend a person's life up to 200 - 300 years. Experts expect to conduct the first successful experiments in ten years, and by 2025 to release serial samples.
The most difficult task facing the participants of "Russia-2045" is the transfer of the non-material structure of human consciousness into a completely artificial body. The researchers hope to complete these works in 20 years. Thanks to the implementation of this program, by 2045 the inhabitants of the Earth will be able to continue their lives almost indefinitely, the authors of the program are sure.
How do you personally feel about this idea? If this happens, how will the economy change?
4. American scientists suggest that one of the newest trends in biology - synthetic biology - may have a radical impact on human life in the near future. The consequences of the development of synthetic biology can be both positive and dangerous, since this direction in science can make a person vulnerable to "biological terrorists."
"It's one of the most powerful technologies in the world. Cells are minicomputers and DNA is a programming language," said Andrew Hessel of NASA's Singularity University. The expert believes that attackers will be able to create such microorganisms that will "hack" the human brain and control the mind.
"Just like what's happening now on the Internet: a hacker sends a virus that breaks into a computer and then controls it," Hessel added.
According to Mark Goodman, head of computer security at Decision Strategies, synthetic biology will be the basis for the emergence of new forms of bioterrorism.
“This direction of science now looks the same as hacking in the 80s. After all, then only a few could imagine what cybercrime would lead to today,” Goodman quotes the publication. tsn.ua with reference to dailymail.co.uk.
What do you personally think about this?
5. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics
The 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Americans Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims. The prize was awarded for "empirical studies of cause-and-effect relationships in macroeconomics".
K. Sims - bachelor of Harvard College (1963), Ph.D. of Harvard University. The most famous works of K. Sims are "Policy Analysis with Econometric Models", "A Simple Model for Determining the Price Level and the Interrelation of Monetary and Fiscal Policy", "Fiscal Aspects of Central Bank Independence".
The most famous works of T. Sargent are "Macroeconomic Theory" and "Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory". He holds a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Ph.D. from Harvard University, and received the Nemmers Prize.
Recall that Alfred Nobel did not mention the prize in economics in his will. It was later established by the Bank of Sweden, which annually transfers an amount equal to one prize to the Nobel Foundation. This year it is 10 million Swedish kronor (more than 1 million euros).
6. Western experimental neuroscientists claim to have developed a new learning method that is capable of producing a lasting "improvement" in performance on tasks requiring high visual performance.
A new study suggests that technology could be used to teach piano, relieve stress, or learn to kick with little or no conscious effort.
Experiments conducted at Boston University and at the ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto demonstrated that using the human visual cortex, researchers could, through coded functional magnetic resonance imaging, stimulate patterns of brain activity corresponding to a previously known target state, and thus improve performance. in the field of visual tasks.
Imagine that a person is sitting in front of a computer screen and their brain patterns are modified to match those of an outstanding athlete, or to recover from an accident or illness.
Experts have found that the new approach to learning works even when subjects are unaware of what they are learning.
Although the subjects did not know what exactly they would be taught, behavioral data obtained before and after training using neurofeedback showed that the visual performance of the subjects increased specifically in the target orientation that was used in the training process.
How will learning technology change in this case?
7. New rails of progress. Trends in high technology that will change the world in 10 years. [ Russian Business Newspaper" - Innovations №818 (36) 11.10.2011].
Dave Evans, chief futurist at Cisco, believes that ten major trends can be identified among the trends that will have a global impact on the world of high technology in the next decade.
The first of these is the Internet of Things. The introduction of the term "Internet of Things" (Internet of Things, IoT) denotes a new stage in the development of the World Wide Web, significantly expanding the possibilities for collecting, analyzing and distributing data. The rapid proliferation of smartphones and tablet computers led to the fact that in 2010 for the first time in history there was more than one device connected to the Internet for every inhabitant of our planet. Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) predicts that by 2020 the number of Internet devices will reach 50 billion, that is, six for every inhabitant of the planet.
Thanks to the ability of the "Internet of Things" to instantly collect, transmit, analyze and distribute data on a global scale, humanity will be able to receive information that allows not only to survive, but also to thrive in a rapidly changing world.
The second trend is the zetta flood. In 2008, about 5 exabytes of unique information was created. To accommodate this amount of data, 1 billion DVDs are required. Just three years later, the size of unique information has grown to 1.2 zettabytes. To create a similar amount of data on Twitter, every inhabitant of the Earth would have to post tweets for 100 years. By 2015, over 90% of the data on the World Wide Web will be video content. This will create a huge load on the networks and will require the optimization of the security architecture, as well as the improvement of the quality of data transmission services.
The third is "wise clouds". By 2020, one third of all data will be stored in or transmitted through cloud computing environments. The average annual growth of global revenue from cloud services will be 20%, and the cost of innovation and cloud computing by 2014 may reach $ 1 trillion.
Fourth - new generation networks. I will illustrate this trend with a personal example. Since 1990, when I used a Telnet connection, the data transfer rate on my home network has increased 170 thousand times. Today I have 38 persistent connections at home and 50 Mbps network bandwidth. That's enough for a home telepresence system, movie streaming, and online gaming all at the same time.
Over the next decade, my home connection speed will increase 3 million times. In the future, networks will be orders of magnitude faster than today's, and they will need to scale well to keep up with ever-increasing user demand.
Fifth, the earth is "flat"... as are the technologies we use. The speed and penetration of communications (especially on the Internet) is increasing, so people can enjoy the benefits of technological progress more fully. The collection, dissemination and consumption of event data begins to take place not in "virtually real", but in truly real time. As a result, everyone will become a reporter in the near future.
Sixth: energy is life. Due to population growth and urbanization over the next 20 years, a new city with a population of 1 million people will appear every month on our planet. This and other factors will put an unprecedented strain on exhaustible energy sources.
Fortunately, the energy problem can be solved. Solar energy alone is able to meet today's energy demand in the world - it is enough to build 25 solar superpower plants with an area of about 100 km / 2 each. The latest technologies for "printing" solar cells have significantly reduced the cost of their production, which has made solar energy even more accessible to consumers. So, in June 2011, researchers from the University of Oregon announced the development of the latest technology for the production of solar panels using inkjet printers.
Seventh - all for the benefit of man. Until now, we have always adapted to technology. In the future, on the contrary, technology will adapt to us. Augmented reality and gesture control of computers will help transform the fields of education, healthcare and communications and unite the virtual and real worlds.
Ultimately, a human brain-machine interface may be created that will allow people with spinal injuries to live full lives.
Eighth - a new reality. The gradual transition from physical to virtual reality continues. For example, in the recent past we bought books, CDs and DVDs, and today we download them on our computers and smartphones. Something similar will happen with other items thanks to the use of 3D printing and "adaptive manufacturing".
The ninth is an alternative branch of evolution. Thanks to the development of technology, we will be able to create artificial creatures. Already, animated characters can convert text to speech, recognize it, and also assimilate the knowledge gained during previous communication. By 2020, robots will be more perfect than humans in terms of physical capabilities. By 2025, the population of robots will surpass the population of developed countries, by 2032 the intellectual capabilities of robots will be higher than that of humans, and by 2035 they will completely replace people as a workforce.
And finally, the tenth - the same person, only better. We have crossed the threshold of knowledge and become masters of our own destinies. So, in July 2009, Spanish researchers discovered a substance to recreate photographic memory. In October, Italian and Swedish scientists developed the first tactile artificial hand. In March 2010, retinal implants made it possible to restore vision to blind patients. A month later, scientists at the University of Chicago Medical Center found a drug that could cure skin cancer. And in June of this year, the Texas Heart Institute developed a "spinning heart" without a pulse, blood clots or breakdowns.
Will you find your place in this new world? What is needed for that?
8. The Pentagon's secret list of people-management weapons leaked to the Internet [ http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2012/01/05/world/562949982462628]. The list includes lasers, sound wave emitters for crowd control, and various remote-action devices that can paralyze the enemy and disable equipment.
The "Non-Lethal Weapons Handbook", consisting of more than 100 pages, contains a description and characteristics of weapons, the possible consequences of their use and collateral damage. The handbook, in particular, contains descriptions of different types of lasers, heat rays, and emitters of sound waves used to control the crowd, to cause engine malfunctions, to temporarily paralyze the enemy, and so on.
According to a 2009 report, the department spent at least $386 million to develop 50 projects for a new type of weapon.
Think about how rationally this money could be used to develop the economy.
9. One of the most famous physicists of our time, S. Hawking, at the end of 2010 published the book "The Great Design", in which he discusses the problem of the origin of the Universe. "Since there is a law of gravity, the Universe can and will create itself from nothing. Spontaneous creation is the reason that something appears from nothing, the reason for the existence of the Universe and our existence. There is no need to call on God to light the fuse and start everything," - said the physicist.
What about your opinion?
10. Scientists have learned to hide events and objects in time.
The Pentagon is working on creating space-time camouflage. This type of camouflage will allow you to hide objects and short-term events in time.
At the moment, physicists are experimenting with light. As is known, the phase velocity of light in matter depends on the wavelength.
So, in the experiment, a green laser was used, which was passed through two lenses: the first lens divided the light flux into “fast” blue and “slow” red, and the second lens collected it into the original green beam. As a result, scientists received a time gap of 50 picoseconds.
Now scientists are working to increase the gap in time at least to milliseconds, informs scienceblog.ru.
The prospects for such an invention are enormous. For example, the researchers say that if such technology is used to protect fiber optic communications, it will make the transmission of information in this way almost inaccessible to interception.
How can you use this invention in your future professional activity?
Can there ever be a universal theory based on a finite number of physical principles? The famous scientist S. Hawking and others convince that it follows from Gödel's theorem that even a very complex formulation of physical principles will be incomplete, and therefore a general theory based on a finite number of physical principles cannot be created. i.e. the process of cognition and understanding of the Universe is endless? What do you think? Let me remind you of Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. In any sufficiently rich, consistent first-order theory, there exists a closed formula F such that neither F nor -F are derivable in that theory. In other words, in any sufficiently complex non-contradictory theory there is a statement that can neither be proved nor refuted by means of the theory itself. For example, such a statement can be added to the system of axioms, leaving it consistent.
Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. In any sufficiently rich consistent first-order theory, the formula F asserting the consistency of this theory is not derivable in it. In other words, consistency is enough rich theory cannot be proved by means of this theory. However, it may well turn out that the consistency of one particular theory can be established by means of another, more powerful formal theory. But then the question arises of the consistency of this second theory, and so on.
12. Letter known Albert Einstein, addressed in January 1954 to philosopher Erich Gutkind, author of Choose Life: A Biblical Call to Rebellion. Gutkind sent Einstein his work, asking for his opinion. In a response message in German, the great physicist sets out his point of view about God and the Bible.
According to Einstein, the holy book of Jews and Christians is nothing more than "a collection of venerable, but still primitive legends, which are nevertheless quite childish (in content)."
Express your point of view as well.
13. Beam cannons on the battle wave. The Russian Armed Forces are preparing to repel a new level of threats. S. Ptichkin RG - Federal issue No. 5739 (66) 27.03.2012
The implementation of the state armaments program for 2011-2012 "sets the task of creating weapons based on new physical principles - beam, physical, wave, genetic, psychophysical, and so on."
Among the above, "wave and gene weapons" may seem the most mysterious. According to another terminology, it was also called "field", since special generators created an energy field of a special frequency in a certain area. At the same time, the field could be electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, and, which seems completely incredible, bioenergetic.
Amazing results have been achieved. Field generators, about which publications appeared in the open press, turned out to be able to clean up huge water areas and even land from any pollution. At the same time, they were able to render the purest source of water undrinkable. Water retained visible physical and chemical properties, but was simply not absorbed by living organisms. Interesting experiments were carried out and recorded with petroleum products. Diesel fuel, for example, could lose its ability to burn after irradiation. An experiment was conducted at one of the army training grounds. A column of tanks was subjected to a short-term exposure to a field that had certain physical properties. All tank diesel engines stalled at the same time.
The USSR jumped ahead of the United States in creating weapons using truly "new physical principles." Specialists involved in the creation of unique combat systems were sure that the collapse of the USSR was also due to the fact that, if perestroika had been completed properly, the Soviet Union would have become invincible without any nuclear weapons. But what happened happened, and all work on the "wave weapon" was closed.
14. Our world could have arisen 13.7 billion years ago without any divine help, foreign researchers say.
In quantum mechanics, vibrations can generate space. If, for example, being in a room, you can distort space and time in the right way, then you can create a new world in this way. It is not a fact that you will fall into it, but you can form it.
“We know little about the origin of the laws of physics. But if even the "divine spark" gave rise to the laws of physics, then what then gave rise to the divine spark? Therefore, let's better dwell on the laws of physics, ”the expert believes.
14. [ The Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded for cooperative games.http://top.rbc.ru/economics/15/10/2012/674346.shtml].
The prize was awarded "for the theory of sustainable distribution and the practice of market modeling". In fact, we are talking about choosing the best way to allocate a limited number of resources among users. For example, Alvin Roth has successfully used mathematical algorithms for problems such as student placement in schools in New York and matching kidney donors to recipients. Named after his partner, the Shapley vector is such a principle of optimal distribution of payoff between players in problems of the theory of cooperative games, in which the payoff of each player is equal to his average contribution to the welfare of the total coalition under a certain mechanism of its formation.
"Despite the fact that the researchers worked independently of each other, the combination of Shapley's basic theory and Roth's empirical experiences has borne rich fruit and improved the performance of many areas of the market," the Nobel Committee said in a statement.
The award to scientists will be 8 million Swedish crowns, which will be divided equally between E. Roth and L. Shapley.
Lloyd Stowell Shapley, 89, is an American economist who teaches at the University of California. Academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1974) and the US National Academy of Sciences (since 1979). Honorary Member American Economic Association (since 2007).
Alvin Roth, 61, is also an American economist, professor at Harvard University, and teaches at Harvard Business School. He is a specialist in game theory.
Please note that in 2011 Americans Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims won the Nobel Prize in Economics for "empirical studies of causal relationships in macroeconomics."
Andrei Yakovlev, director of the Institute for Enterprise and Market Analysis at the Higher School of Economics, then told RBC that Russian economists would be able to count on a high award in 15-20 years: there were quite strong restrictions on the possibility of free exploration."
The Nobel Prize in Economics is the only one of all the Nobel Prizes that Alfred Nobel himself did not have a hand in founding. The Economics Prize was established only in 1968. and is officially called the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize of the Swedish State Bank for Economic Sciences (Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne). As the name implies, the founder of the award was the State Bank of Sweden, which donated a large sum to the Nobel Foundation in honor of its tercentenary. From the income from investing these funds, the premium is paid.
Otherwise, however, the prize in economics does not differ from the rest of the Nobel Prizes. The winners are chosen in the usual way by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the names of those who lost the vote are not disclosed for 50 years. The award is made on December 10 of each year at a solemn ceremony in Stockholm common to all laureates; in size, the prize in economics does not differ from all other Nobel Prizes.
The prize was first awarded in 1969. Then it was divided between the Norwegian Ragnar Frisch and the Dutch Jan Tinbergen, who were awarded "for the creation and application of dynamic models to the analysis of economic processes."
From 1969 to 2011 The Nobel Prize in Economics has been awarded 43 times. During this time, 69 people received awards - 22 times the prize was awarded to one economist, 16 times it was divided between two laureates and 5 more times between three winners. No one has received the award more than once.
The first and only woman to win the Nobel Prize in Economics is American Elinor Ostrom, who shared it in 2009. with Oliver Williamson "for research in economic organization".
The average age of the prize winner (at the time of award) is 62 years. The youngest (at the time of the award) laureate is the American Kenneth Arrow. He received his Nobel Prize in 1972. "for his pioneering contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory" when he was 51 years old.
The oldest among the awarded was in 2007. Leonid Gurvich. He received the prize "for creating the foundations of the theory of optimal mechanisms" when he turned 90 years old. L. Gurvich also turned out to be the oldest winner of all Nobel Prizes (at the time of the award).
The only representative of our country among the Nobel Prize winners in economics is the Soviet economist Leonid Kantorovich, in 1975. who shared the award with the American Tjalling Koopmans "for his contribution to the theory of the optimal allocation of resources." However, if desired, several more laureates can be attributed to "our people". For example, the already mentioned Leonid Gurvich was born in 1917. in Moscow, laureate 1973. Vasily Leontiev grew up in Petrograd and graduated from Leningrad University, and the 1977 laureate. Simon Kuznets was born in 1901. in then Russian Pinsk, and emigrated to the USA in 1922. from Soviet Kharkov.
We also recall that in August 2012. Representatives of the Society for the Protection of Consumer Rights (OZPP) proposed to nominate the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Kirill, for the Nobel Prize in Economics "for his breakthrough contribution to the economic theory of commodity-money exchange." The reason for the statement was the decision of the Khamovniki Court of Moscow, according to which commercial activity on the territory of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was recognized not as trade, but as "gratuitous mutual gifting at a recommended price." In response, Orthodox activists demanded that the Prosecutor General's Office check the activities of the OZPP, accusing it of extremism.
15. In Russia, in 2012, they recalled a sad date - 90 years ago, a steamer was sent from Petrograd, which took away those who were declared enemies of the Soviet regime to a foreign land. Then there was the second ship. Then they were taken away by trains - already to Turkestan. This operation was later collectively known as- " Philosophical steamer".
In the autumn of 1922, about 200 prominent scientists, economists, doctors, writers and philosophers were forcibly deported from Russia. The operation was carried out on the personal instructions of Lenin, who himself gave orders who should be deported in the first place.
From 1918, Russian universities and institutes were obliged to admit first of all members of the Communist Party, employees of Soviet institutions and people of proletarian origin, even if they did not have any documents on secondary education. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, all university academic degrees were abolished, and the faculties of law, history and philology were closed. 27 well-known professors of Russian universities were shot by the Bolsheviks for "anti-Soviet views", including the world famous chemist, Professor Tikhvinsky.
In 1922, six professors at Moscow University, including the dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Vsevolod Stratonov, sent an open letter to Lenin and Trotsky. In it, they stated that under the Bolsheviks, Russian science eked out a miserable existence. There is nothing to treat and work with; teachers do not receive salaries for months; 63 prominent Russian scientists and 10 out of 40 Russian academicians starved to death, some in despair committed suicide.
After reviewing the letter, Lenin ordered the immediate inclusion of Dean Stratonov on the expulsion list. On September 30, 1922, the first group of professors and philosophers was sent to Germany on the steamer Oberbürgermeister Haken. The second batch was taken out on the ship Prussia. More than 100 scientists and doctors were exiled to the Turkestan region.
The result is a terrible decline in the intellectual level of the nation as a whole and the militant anti-intellectualism of the elite. After all, during the 20s, 30s and early 40s, one of the most popular phrases"at the top" was - "We did not finish the academies."
In Europe, the arrival of scientists expelled from Russia was treated as an unexpected and generous gift from the Bolsheviks. In Berlin, they were given one of the most prestigious buildings - the Bauer Academy - to create the Russian Scientific Institute. In Prague, Russian teachers and professors created five higher educational institutions- Russian Pedagogical Institute, Higher School of Technicians, Institute of Agricultural Cooperation, Russian Faculty of Law and People's University. Before the outbreak of World War II, scientists exiled from Russia published in the West more than 13,000 scientific papers in all branches of knowledge - from medicine to mining. Most of them have never been published in their homeland.
16.Physicists have made new advances in teleportation.
As a rule, many of us associate teleportation with science fiction, although this is no longer a fiction. A couple of years ago, Chinese physicists broke the record for quantum teleportation distance by teleporting photons over a distance of over 16 km. A new achievement by the same team of researchers again breaks distance records by moving photons 97 kilometers. Teleportation of information allows you to create a worldwide communication system that cannot be listened to.
In the process of photon teleportation, it is not the photon itself that moves, but the information describing it. This is achieved through quantum entanglement. In fact, the second photon becomes the same as the first, turning into an identical qubit of information. In this case, the information itself is not transmitted, but instead a quantum state is transmitted.
The ability to teleport information allows you to create a worldwide communication system that cannot be listened to. Since in the case of quantum teleportation, information does not travel any intermediate distances, then, accordingly, the possibility of interception disappears.
As noted by the publication Technology Review, "It is clear that their goal is to create a quantum cryptography satellite system that will provide ultra-secure information communication around the world."
The whole complexity of this process lies in the fact that entangled photons are very fragile objects. They cannot be transported more than a kilometer by optical cable because the photons interact with the glass, destroying the entanglement. This greatly limits the applicability of quantum cryptography in practice.
That's why Chinese physicists, in this case, used a different method of teleporting photons - through the atmosphere, informs globalscience.ru.
Control questions and tasks on the topic.
What is science?
What are the goals and objectives of science?
How to ensure the objectivity of scientific knowledge?
List the main attributes of science.
What is truth?
What is a principle?
What is an axiom?
What is a hypothesis?
What is the role of science in the development of society?
What is innovation?
According to F. Kotler, “marketing is art and the science choose the right target market, attract, retain and increase the number of customers by creating the confidence of the buyer that he represents the highest value for the company”, as well as “an orderly and purposeful process of understanding consumer problems and regulating market activity”.
Based on this definition, determine for marketing its essential features as a science.
12. Give examples of the implementation of marketing axioms.
Literature for chapter 1.
1. Galyanova A.V. "10 tete-a-tete conversations with a graduate student." Ekaterinburg: IGD UrO RAN, 2007. 154 p.
1. Supercomputers.
Computers on photons.
Creation of devices that allow establishing a direct connection between the human brain and a computer, which will allow creating an electronic adviser.
personal computers.
Work on nanotechnology is just beginning. The fundamental properties of the nanoworld are unknown. The main fundamental property of matter is its structure. There can be 10 to the 53rd degree of placement of atoms and, interacting, they tend to take up as little space as possible. By changing the structure of the atomic lattice, it is possible to change the properties of matter. Everything consists of particles that are arranged in a certain way in space, form bonds, which means that they are collected somewhere. How this happens and how many atoms need to be collected in order to obtain the properties of a substance is unknown. For example, the assembled thirteen silver atoms behave like an iodine atom in their chemical activity.
However, certain risks are associated with nanotechnology: nanoparticles can be inhaled, easily pass through cell membranes and blood vessel walls, which can cause illness. There will also be a problem of utilization of nanomaterials.
5. Laser technologies.
Advantages of the laser beam:
image fragment).
- flight to Mars.
Creation of plants with unique properties: longer and more intensive growth, increased yields, increased shelf life of fruits and vegetables, increased drought resistance, etc. In this case, the main direction should be to change the plant's own components, for example, changing the synthesis of hormones, and not introducing something from the outside into the genome .
Creation of a synthetic life form, where all 100% of DNA will be obtained in the laboratory without the use of any living beings. Creation of an artificial cell, and on its basis of living systems. The human genome will become one of computer programs, subject to testing and optimization, and, if necessary, rework.
This can lead to serious and dangerous consequences: the creation of artificial viruses and pathogens with resistance to medicines. Their use as biological weapons and for bioterrorism.
9. Energy production.
Creation of small nuclear power plants, safe, portable and capable of providing electricity to a small city. Instead of dangerous and increasingly rare uranium, the use of thorium. The thorium reactor is capable of operating up to 50 years without restarting. At the same time, the thorium reactor does not create nuclear waste - the loaded nuclear fuel ends when the station itself exhausts its resources.
In the near future, the widespread introduction of fuel-free energy production will begin, that is, energy based on the use of wind energy, the Earth's interior, tides and, above all, solar energy. Already at the present time, fuel-free energy production exceeds fuel, created solar panels with an efficiency of 20% and there are prerequisites for the emergence of 25-30% solar silicon batteries. The appearance of such batteries would make it possible to place large fields of solar batteries in orbit, the collected energy of which would be transmitted to the Earth using microwave radiation or a laser. The creation of at least 3 stations in several places on the Earth's territory (for example, in Australia, Africa and Mexico), receiving energy from orbit, will completely provide the Earth with energy. To transmit energy from these stations, "reactive currents" will be used - currents of free static charges that can be transmitted over long distances along a single copper wire with a diameter of up to a millimeter. Reactive currents have significantly lower losses, require significantly less metal and construction costs (high-voltage power lines are not needed, instead of which a cable is used). Their application was invented by Tesla.
The creation of space power plants will allow generating absolutely environmentally friendly energy; its price, even with huge initial costs, is lower than that of thermal and nuclear power plants; independence from hydrocarbon raw materials is ensured. Solar cells can be made very thin (about 12 microns), placed in capsules and deployed in orbit. A similar experiment was carried out in Russia in 1993 and patented.
One of the possible directions for obtaining energy is the synthesis of hydrogen during the decomposition of water using solar energy and catalysts, as well as the use of photosynthesis for this purpose (as in plants).
It is also important to use catalysts to reduce energy consumption.
But there are projects for other types of transport, for example, a vacuum tunnel in which a capsule with passengers moves.
Growing organs from stem cells. There are already experiments in growing teeth.
12. Robotics.
13. Cloning.
Growing organs from the tissues of the patients themselves. Already, work is underway to reprogram connective tissue cells into cells of a different type, for example, into cells of the heart or liver tissues. This will radically renew the tissues of the body.
- Re-growth of damaged organs by the body. Replacement of diseased limbs and internal organs with brain-controlled prostheses (already two people in the world have such prosthetic hands). Creation of a complete prosthetic body controlled by the owner's biological brain.
Prevention of hereditary diseases.
- Correction and improvement of memory. Replacing with prostheses some part of the brain that has failed. Such work is already underway.
A number of scientists believe that these advances could extend lifespan to 120 years by 2050. True, it should be borne in mind that such a radical increase in life expectancy can jeopardize the development of mankind as a whole. It should be borne in mind that at present it is completely unclear how the brain functions. It is not known what consciousness is and where the personality begins, how memory works (according to what laws neurons connect). The brain is not only logic, but also many reactions that are unconscious, incomprehensible, intuitive. The computer is far behind the brain in terms of the complexity of the formation of connections. In a computer, memory and operations are separated; in a biological brain, memory and operations are the same, they are performed by the same neurons located in different parts of the brain. The brain of one person is all the computers in the world plus the Internet. It is not yet possible to reproduce such a system.
18. Breakthrough achievements can be made in the following areas:
- use of helium as a building element of industry;
- in agriculture - the decomposition of nitrogen fertilizers introduced by microbes.
- extrasensory perception (seeing pictures of the future, obtaining information over long distances without special devices, reading thoughts). Reading minds is an almost achievable task. When words are spoken, our brain sends impulses to the nerve endings that control the ligaments and muscles of the tongue. If these signals, when speaking to oneself, are captured by sensors woven into muscle tissue, then people will be able to communicate without opening their mouths);
Registration number 0055979 issued for the work:
Since the beginning of the 20th century, science has made tremendous strides. Nuclear power, radar, television, tape recorders, computers, supersonic aviation, polymers, fiber optics, transistors and integrated circuits, liquid crystal displays, lasers, cellular communications and the Internet, rocket and comic technology have been created. To a large extent, all this became possible due to the achievements of fundamental physics of the 19th-20th centuries, primarily Maxwellian electrodynamics and quantum mechanics.
The structure of DNA, the genetic code of living organisms have been discovered and, on this basis, develop Genetic Engineering and cloning, mechanism of mutations and evolution of biological organisms. Organ transplants are being performed. New branches of science emerged, such as synergetics and fractal geometry.
The immediate prospects for the development of science may be as follows.
1. Supercomputers.
Supercomputers - a prospect for the development of computer technology. These computers
include 5000 - 8000 microprocessors and memory disk drives. Perform 12-13 trillion per second. operations.
Computers on photons.
2. Internet and computer networks. Networks significantly expand the possibilities
personal computers.
3. Alternative computers: quantum, photonic, biocomputers.
It is likely that in the near future a scaled quantum
a computer that will outperform all the computers on the planet put together.
4. Micro- and nanotechnologies. Integrated circuits are being developed, dimensions
elements of which are 10-9 m (nanometers). The number of integrated circuit elements doubles every 1.5 years. Memory elements on individual atoms have already been proposed, on which it is possible to create a supercomputer with an area of 200 μm2, containing 107 logic elements, 109 memory elements and capable of operating at a frequency of 1012 Hz.
Work on nanotechnology is just beginning. The fundamental properties of the nanoworld are unknown. The main fundamental property of matter is its structure. There can be 10 to the 53rd degree of placement of atoms and, interacting, they tend to take up as little space as possible. Everything consists of particles that are arranged in a certain way in space, form bonds, which means that they are collected somewhere. How this happens and how many atoms must be assembled to obtain the properties of matter is unknown. For example, the collected thirteen silver atoms in their chemical activity behave like an iodine atom.
Meanwhile, the prospects of nanotechnologies are enormous, since anything can be synthesized from atoms and molecules: food - from air and soil; silicon microcircuits - from sand, etc.
Some scientists go further: Professor A. Bolonkin has developed a theory of designing materials from the nuclei of atoms, which will have phenomenal properties. This material is invisible, impenetrable to gases, liquids and solids (including bullets, shells, rockets, poison gases), has superconductivity, gigantic electrical strength, zero coefficient of friction. The speed of spaceships will increase by 10 thousand times and reach 0.1 of the speed of light.
5. Laser technologies.
Advantages of the laser beam:
- distribution practically without expansion;
- monochromaticity of laser light, which allows focusing the beam to a point with a diameter of hundredths - thousandths of a millimeter. This makes it possible to obtain high-density optical recording of information;
- the highest radiation power up to 1012 - 1013 watts.
All this allows the rapid development of such laser technologies as processing
materials, thermonuclear fusion, laser chemistry, spectroscopy, impact on living tissue.
6. Holography and pattern recognition.
Holography allows you to search for any images with any number of them (even
image fragment).
7. Rocket and space technologies.
By 2020, it is planned to create a permanent operating base on the moon by 2030
- flight to Mars.
Creation of a megawatt-class nuclear space engine. This will reduce the cost of launching a payload into a lunar orbit by half. It will be possible to create energy supply systems from space, to produce materials in a deep vacuum that cannot be obtained on earth.
8. Biotechnology (use of living organisms and biological processes in industrial production).
It is a microbiological synthesis of enzymes, vitamins, amino acids,
antibiotics, hormonal drugs, etc. Construction of new, genetically modified microorganisms, vaccines.
Creation of a synthetic life form, where all 100% DNA will be obtained in the laboratory without the use of any living beings.
Molecular genetic technologies can turn out to be very dangerous, allowing you to change the genetic structure, and, consequently, the work of the cells of the body, so that under certain conditions the built-in gene begins to produce toxins that negatively affect people of a certain race or nationality. In this way, a genetic weapon of mass destruction can be created that kills members of specific ethnic groups that differ in key genetic traits. You can deliver such weapons with food. One of the reports of the British Medical Association speaks of the possibility of carrying out ethnic cleansing, genetic wars and genetic terrorism on this basis.
9. Energy production.
By 2050, energy consumption will double. First of all, there will be an increase
The efficiency of processes and devices is up to 70%. Transition to chemical energy sources with direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. This is especially true in the 21st century, as oil is expected to run out by 2060 and gas by 2080.
In the 21st century, a significant part of energy (20 - 40%) will be produced from biofuels: corn, sugar cane, wood, household waste. The high efficiency of such energy is ensured by the conversion of biofuel into synthesis gas using generators low temperature plasma. 60% of the syngas is converted to electricity and 30% to heat. Emissions are minimal.
Creation of small nuclear power plants, safe, portable and able to provide electricity to a small city.
In the near future, the widespread introduction of fuel-free energy production will begin, that is, energy based on the use of wind energy, the Earth's interior, tides and, above all, solar energy. Already at present, fuel-free energy production exceeds fuel, solar batteries with an efficiency of 20% have been created, and there are prerequisites for the emergence of 25-30% solar silicon batteries. The appearance of such batteries would make it possible to create at least 3 stations in several places on the Earth's territory (for example, in Australia, Africa and Mexico), which completely provide the Earth with energy. To transmit energy from these stations, "reactive currents" will be used - currents of free static charges that can be transmitted over long distances along a single copper wire with a diameter of up to a millimeter. Reactive currents have significantly lower losses, require significantly less metal and construction costs (high-voltage power lines are not needed, instead of which a cable is used). Their application was invented by Tesla.
On reactive currents with single-wire cables laid in the ground, vehicles (trams, trolleybuses, cars), as well as electronic jet engines for space rockets.
10. Car manufacturing.
Automobile production is currently one of the largest industries. In the last 50 years alone, the global vehicle fleet has increased more than 12 times and exceeded 700 million vehicles. Now more than 40 million cars are produced annually in the world. The automotive industry absorbs huge resources: 60% lead, 40% rubber, 35% iron, etc.
It is assumed that the use of composite materials will reduce the weight of the car by 3 times. The use of hydrogen engines will make it possible to achieve an efficiency of 85% and drastically reduce the emission of harmful substances. Similar cars have already begun to be produced by General Motors and BMW.
Creation of electric vehicles, electric planes, machines that can find their way without a person.
11. Stem cell therapy.
Stem cells are supposed to be grown on animal eggs
genetically modified by human genes. There are already experiments in England.
12. Robotics.
By 2025, 50 billion robots will be in use (now there are 7 million).
Robots will be used in hazardous industries, in search and rescue operations.
13. Cloning.
Cloning will begin to be widely used. Already obtained by
cloning a healthy cat that gave birth to two healthy kittens. Interestingly, the cloned cat does not look like the mother, although their genetic codes are exactly the same. It turns out that not only genes, but also living conditions also affect the result.
14. The use of antennas that receive an electromagnetic field.
Existing antennas practically accept only electrical
component of the electromagnetic field. When creating the so-called EH-antennas, both field components are received, which, with a decrease in the dimensions and weight of the antennas, makes it possible to increase the gain by 15 - 50 dB.
15. Using the energy of the Earth's magnetic field.
The Earth's magnetic field has a lot of energy. For example, it rejects
the "solar wind" that causes the Northern Lights. According to the calculations of physicists, a power plant using the Earth's magnetic field is equal in power to 50 nuclear power plants.
16. Use of torsion fields and vacuum energy.
Issue 12 of 2006 of Wonders and Adventures features an interview
with G.I. Shipov. In it, in particular, he talks about technologies based on torsion fields: materials with new properties created by the action of torsion fields on melts; blood diagnostics; transfer of information; new energy sources with efficiency over 100%.
At the end of the last century, Professor L.G. Sapogin (Russia) developed the Unitary Quantum theory(UKT). In this theory, any quantum particle is not a point - a source of a field, as in ordinary quantum mechanics, but is a certain bunch (wave packet) of some unified field. If a quantum particle oscillates with a decreasing amplitude, then after a while the harmonic oscillations of the waves that make up the packet diverge, the particle disappears, and the field energy is transferred into vacuum fluctuations. If the oscillation amplitude increases, then it “draws” energy from vacuum fluctuations. In which direction the process will go depends on the initial phase of the wave function and the energy of the particle. All this happens at low energies, in potential pits, which are any small gap or cavity in a sample of metal or ceramics, or in water bubbles, where free particles enter.
Thus, in UQT the law of conservation of energy in quantum processes is global in nature, that is, it is valid for an ensemble of particles, and in individual processes energy is not conserved, but can be obtained from vacuum or given to vacuum. It follows from this that in suitable physical systems of the different type Cold Nuclear Fusion and generation of energy from vacuum is possible. Methods for extracting energy from a vacuum can be very different, from the use of permanent magnets and an anomalous gas discharge to small bubbles in a liquid, in which energy is released.
Such phenomena have already been obtained in a number of experiments:
- physicists Alexander Sangin (Russia, Yekaterinburg) and T.Mizuno (Japan) used special proton-conducting ceramics (obtained by powder sintering at high temperature), in which, when passing through them electric current a thousand times more thermal energy is released than is consumed. In some experiments this value even exceeded 70,000;
In the CETI thermal element, created by James Patterson (USA), specially made nickel balls are electrolyzed in ordinary water. The consumed electrical energy was 960 times less than the generated one;
Heat generators have existed for a long time (Yu.Potapov, Moldova, James L.Griggs, and Schaeffer - USA). In them, during the circulation of ordinary water, many cavitating bubbles are formed, in which excess energy is released and the ratio of output energy to input exceeds 1.5 times. Potapov's heat generator has long been produced in thousands of pieces for home heating;
The phenomenon of sonoluminescence, when some liquids begin to glow when weak ultrasound passes through them. This experimentally firmly established phenomenon was discovered by Professor of Moscow University S.N. Rzhevkin in 1933 and did not have a satisfactory explanation. As the Nobel Prize winner Professor Julian Schwinger pointed out, it does not have the right to exist, but it exists;
Looks even more mysterious known issue with a lack of energy in many biochemical reactions involving enzymes (enzymes). For example, in a well-studied reaction of polysaccharide cleavage in the presence of lysozyme, the following occurs: a polysaccharide molecule enters a special cavity in a large lysozyme molecule, and after a while its fragments are ejected from there. In this case, the ruptured binding energies of the polysaccharide are about 5 eV, and the energy of thermal motion is only 0.025 eV. It is absolutely unclear where lysozyme takes energy to break the polysaccharide?
In all these experiments and installations, no chemical or nuclear reactions or phase transitions out of the question.
If nature is really arranged in such a way that there are no laws of conservation of energy for an individual particle, but for an ensemble (as is the case in ordinary quantum mechanics), then obtaining environmentally friendly energy is a simpler theoretical and technical task than hot nuclear fusion. Humanity will be forever freed from energy hunger, and the main obstacle to the further development of civilization will be thermal pollution of the environment.
17. New advances in medicine.
- Increasing lifespan by recoding cells responsible for lifespan.
- Creation of nanorobots implanted into the body, able to assemble and disassemble molecular chains for the diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
- Implantation in the body of microchips that constantly monitor the state of health in order to recognize in advance even slight changes in the body.
- The study of human genomes in order to predict all possible pathologies of this organism and make appropriate changes at the gene level in advance.
A number of scientists believe that these advances could extend lifespan to 120 years by 2050. True, it should be borne in mind that such a radical increase in life expectancy can jeopardize the development of mankind as a whole.
18. Breakthrough achievements can be made in the following areas:
- in computer science and communications - the transfer of information at a speed greater than the speed of light;
- in physics - the transition of atoms of one substance into atoms of another with the release of energy.
19. It must be assumed that the entire scientific paradigm will change in the future. I.e
a new concept of concepts and methods of their study will be created. Under the new
paradigms, perhaps the following phenomena will be explained and used:
- prediction of the future, hints of the inner voice (intuition);
- unidentified flying objects and their unusual properties;
- extrasensory perception (seeing pictures of the future, obtaining information over long distances without special devices, reading thoughts);
- levitation - the ability to move the body through the air without special devices;
- the impact of thoughts (mind) on the human body.
However, it should be borne in mind that our knowledge of processes and objects is an inseparable component of the entire edifice of science, for it is obtained as an inevitable conclusion, conditioned by the laws of logic, from firmly established facts. But this does not mean a ban on further clarification of laws. On the contrary, such refinement constitutes an indispensable practice of science and serves as a source of progress. In the course of these clarifications, some laws become more and more strict, while others are subject to limits of application.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Ways of Russia's Development in the 21st Century
INTRODUCTION
1. RUSSIA’S DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE XXI CENTURY
2. RUSSIA'S PRIORITIES
3. CHOICE AND WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
national interests globalization political system
INTRODUCTION
The problem of the relationship between power and society has worried mankind since ancient times. Ever since the most primitive forms of social organization began to emerge, people have been divided into the ruled and the rulers. In fact, the term "politics" began from Socratic times to define the science of managing people.
It is very difficult to predict the ways of Russia's development today. There are too many factors, both external and internal, that can influence this process. However, take note of the range options, in order to obtain the most rational recommendations, to create a strategy, in our opinion, it is quite possible.
Over the past decade and a half, huge changes have taken place in the social, political, economic, and indeed in all spheres of life in Russia and Russian society. In a rapidly developing situation, society, for the most part, did not have time to adapt to innovations, did not know how to respond to them, and how to act. Naturally, the influence of these factors led to the loss by our country of many of the positions that it occupied in the world. Today we are in a deplorable position. There is an urgent need to apply measures to stabilize and improve almost all areas Russian life. But for this it is necessary to deeply study all the advantages and disadvantages that we have today, to determine priorities, to give a clear perspective on the path of development of our state. We will try to highlight the most important and significant areas that are able to provide effective impact the situation in a relatively short time frame.
The purpose of the work is to predict the ways of Russia's development.
To achieve this goal, consider the following tasks:
Russia's Development Strategy and the Challenges of Globalization in the 21st Century.
Priority tasks of Russia.
Choice and ways of development of Russia.
The subject of the work is Russia in the 21st century: choice and ways of development.
1.RUSSIAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATIONXXICENTURIES
On April 27, 2000, the conference “Russia's Development Strategy and the Challenges of Globalization of the 21st Century” was held, initiated by the VOPD “Spiritual Heritage” and the Independent Association “Civil Society”. As part of the goals and objectives of the conference, the sociological service “Kasandra” conducted a survey among the participants of the conference. It was attended by representatives of state institutions (18%), public associations (28%), scientific and educational institutions (29%), as well as industrial and business structures, news agencies and other organizations and enterprises. Approximately half of the respondents have a Ph.D. (26%) or Ph.D. (21%) degree. Based on the opinion of the conference participants, an attempt was made to create, albeit a very approximate forecast, the further development of Russia.
When analyzing the results obtained, the most interesting questions from the point of view of state problems were selected.
According to the respondents, the discussion of scenarios and prospects for the development of Russia in the 21st century is given insufficient attention by the state, 48% believe so, and 38% emphasize that these problems are given very little attention. Assessing the level of scientific substantiation of the government decisions made on the development of Russia, the participants of the conference were practically unanimous in their opinion. The vast majority (86%) gave it an unsatisfactory rating: 60% of them consider this level to be low, and 26% to be zero.
However, it is believed that in the 21st century Russia needs the status great power, so answered 84% of respondents. Which path will bring Russia more success: Western, Asian, original, or a combination of different paths? Apparently, having experienced the most different variants, survey participants believe that Russia should enter the 21st century in its own, original way (42% of respondents) or use a combination of different ones (39% of respondents), 18% of respondents say that it should be different from the proposed options.
Predicting the future scenario for Russia in the first decade of the 21st century, the conference participants show a kind of optimism, assuming that it will be a market-regulated (“social”) scenario, although 21% of respondents believe that Russia will face further economic degradation and public life. It should be noted that only 2% associate the scenario of the future with a market-self-regulating (“liberal”) way of development.
According to the respondents, Russia is not going into the 21st century empty-handed, and the most favorable conditions for the development of the country were the following (several answers were allowed): abundant and diverse natural resources (57%); significant scientific potential (52%); high educational, qualification level of the population; defense shield (24%); significant sociocultural potential (22%). But at the same time, the outgoing 20th century leaves for Russia, in the opinion of the conference participants, the most “heavy legacy” (several answers were allowed): an inefficient management system (52%); spiritual impoverishment, immorality (49%); poverty of a significant part of Russians (48%); criminalization of the economy and society (47%); lack of a unifying idea (44%); heavy ecological situation(37%); unfavorable demographic situation (37%); national and international problems (32%); deterioration in the health of the nation (31%), etc.
How should the choice of Russians between the “spirit of socialism” and the “spirit of capitalism” ultimately end in the 21st century, under the circumstances that are developing in this way? 38% of respondents adhere to the principle of the golden mean and believe that it will be a choice between one and the other, 27% believe that the choice will be made in favor of the “spirit of socialism” and only 6% in favor of the “spirit of capitalism”.
The conference participants were asked to answer a number of questions related to the problems state building. According to 22% of respondents Russian state in the 21st century, it will become part of a unitary state with other countries, for example, with the CIS countries, while remaining a federation within its current borders, 19% believe that remaining a federation within its current borders, it will join a confederation with other states, 14% think that it will remain and strengthen in its current status, and 20% believe that Russia will represent something else.
The majority of survey participants believe that the administrative-territorial division of Russia needs to be changed. 32% believe that this can be done by returning the provincial division; 25% due to enlargement of regions; 14% believe that it is necessary to change the division in some other way; 24% remain of the opinion that there is no need to change. It should be noted that 42% of respondents do not support the idea of abandoning the election of heads of regions, 33% agree with this idea and support it, and 11% propose something else.
As far as the country's political life is concerned, 48% of respondents believe that Russia needs a multi-party system, 20% a two-party system, and only 6% a one-party system. Moreover, the most typical directions for the party system, according to the respondents, will be the popular-patriotic (29%) and social-democratic (22%), while the reformist and centrist directions will be represented in equal parts by 14%.
The conference participants were asked to determine what should become the main, leading one in the 21st century (several answers were allowed). In other words, it was proposed to rank the values. As a result, it was determined value orientations respondents. In the first place is legality (52%); in second place is spirituality, culture (39%); third place is responsibility (38%); then comes morality (37%); patriotism, justice, professionalism share fifth place (32% each); a strong family and security were rated equally in terms of importance (29% each); then come health and order (respectively 26% and 25%) in last place is prosperity (14%).
2. RUSSIA'S PRIORITIES
Vladimir Putin identified Russia's main problem as the weakening of the state and the fear of making decisions. He pointed to the lack of clear rules established by the state and accepted and enforced by society. He called for an inventory of Russia to determine who owns what and who is responsible for what. Four priority tasks of the state were clearly formulated. Aleksashkina L.N. Recent history. XX-XXI centuries. - M., 2004.
The first priority task is to overcome our own poverty... We must say to ourselves one day: we are a rich country of poor people... Millions more people in the country barely make ends meet, save on everything - even on food. Parents and children for years cannot scrape together to travel to each other. The old people, who won the Great Patriotic War and created the glory of a world power for Russia, live somehow or even worse - they beg on the streets.
The second priority task is to protect the market from illegal intrusion, both bureaucratic and criminal. Today we are simply obliged to ensure the security of property rights and to protect the entrepreneur from arbitrary, non-legal interference in his activities. If these guarantees are not given by the state, the vacuum is quickly filled by criminal gangs.
The third priority task is the revival of the personal dignity of citizens in the name of the high national dignity of the country.
The fourth priority task is to build a foreign policy based on the national interests of one's own country. In fact, it is necessary to recognize the supremacy of internal goals over external ones. We must finally learn it."
3. CHOICE AND WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA
Priority should be given to the work of preparing the younger generation. After all, today's youth will be the backbone that will build our future! In my opinion, in this moment young people are not given due attention. Often, young people do not have even the slightest elementary education, not to mention the desire to learn new things and know the existing. There is no dream, no goal, there is practically nothing that could occupy the youth. As a result, we get constantly growing, and what is especially terrifying, younger alcoholism and drug addiction. The constant escalation of violence, murders, crime in all its forms, coming to us from TV screens and computer monitors, only exacerbates an already difficult situation. Today, killing a person, and even more so a type of weapon, will not surprise anyone. This has become the norm of our life, and many people are inclined to think that today it is much more pleasant, safer and more reliable to lead a gangster lifestyle than to be a respectable citizen. Naturally, generations born and raised in such conditions cannot imagine a different life. It is impossible not to notice that against this background there is a revival and strengthening of such terrible vices of society as xenophobia, groups similar to "skinheads" appear. Today, according to official figures, there are about 50,000 "skins" in Russia. This is almost the same as in the rest of the world. And that's just the official statistics. exact amount may significantly exceed this figure. For a country that has chosen a democratic path of development, similar phenomena are not allowed. Our country has fallen as a state that carries the foundations of morality, education, as a state that actively develops the scientific base and education, preserving culture and universal values.
A paradoxical situation is emerging: Russia, thanks to its geographic location richest country, which still has vast reserves natural resources, but instead of developing production and modernizing industry, an already small number of enterprises, factories and factories are closing in our country. Today's economic situation Russia, resembles a slash-and-burn type of economic activity. Instead, use modern technology and scientific basis for the most rational use of resources, Russia often barbaric methods is engaged exclusively in mining, obtaining resources, with practically no processing. Due to such actions, the possible income of the state is reduced by tens or even hundreds of times. Unfortunately, today it is easier to order equipment and process our materials abroad than to produce it in our country. Similar economic development is not capable of leading to a stable growth of the country's economy, and, consequently, the rise of social, industrial, cultural, educational, and indeed any other area of our life is impossible. Russia is not only lucky with the primary distribution of bioenergy, raw materials and environmental resources Earth. She was able to save and increase them.
The world cannot live without Russia, without our raw materials, energy and environmental resources. Let's hope that tomorrow - without our technologies of life and development of Earth civilization. Of course, before helping the world community, we must ourselves crawl out of the quagmire and, above all, free ourselves from complete dependence from this community. It is necessary to support our own commodity production, restore order in the economy and finances. Decisive action is needed integrated system measures based on an effective development model, high breakthrough technologies of economic mechanisms, full utilization of resources. We need the will to create.
We can summarize the above, drawing the conclusion that over the past ten years, the scientific and production potential of Russia has undergone barbaric destruction. The best education system in the world has been destroyed, fundamental and applied scientific research has been curtailed, intellectual property has been largely stolen, and the research and production base has drastically aged. Particularly heavy damage to the development of scientific and technological progress was caused by the forced overflow from the sphere of science and production of the technical elite of society. Nevertheless, even today Russia retains its leadership in a number of the most important sectors of the national economy and so far has a scientific and production base, although truncated, but sufficient for a high-tech breakthrough into the 21st century. This breakthrough can no longer be secured broad front simultaneously in all branches of the national economy. The available resources should be concentrated in about a hundred scientific and technical "crystallization centers" that retain the necessary backlog of high technologies, production potential and are capable of ensuring an annual growth in production of world-class products and import substitution of at least 15-20%.
However, it is impossible to refuse all kinds of relations with other countries, such actions will only undermine the position of Russia. It is necessary to develop relations with foreign states, while trying to strengthen the position of Russia, to pursue a policy aimed at developing interests and goals. The changes in Russia's foreign policy that have taken place since the end of 1992 have made it much more balanced and sustained. The recent firmer tone and more definite positions in Moscow's foreign policy are leading to the formation of a normal, more equal and respectful nature of relations with the leading powers. In Russia's foreign policy, there has been a transition from the former, one-sided alignment with the West to upholding real national interests. However, not supported by real economic, political and military levers, this trend can only exacerbate suspicions of Russia's "imperial revenge" both in the near and far abroad. Suspicion towards Russia is certainly growing in the outside world, but at the same time there is a drop in interest in it, there are many signs of disrespect for Russian interests. The main reason is the progressive weakening of the Russian economy, the absence of a strong economic strategy capable of leading the country out of the crisis and starting an economic recovery. Russia is relatively weak. But the most important thing is that there are no close prospects for its stabilization and strengthening yet. It should also be noted that many in the outside world are interested in maintaining strategic counterweights on the territory of the former USSR that are not subject to Russian influence. The inevitable erosion of security structures is giving rise to perceptions of an external, ie Russian, threat in the West. For the most part, the interests of Russia and the West coincide or do not contradict each other. Contradictions arise only in connection with the realization of clearly secondary interests. Thus, there is no deep basis for the aggravation of relations. And yet, we are facing the possibility of such an aggravation of relations, which will mark the beginning of the third - "farcical" - "cold war". It cannot be deep or sharp. But for Russia, in its current overstrain, confrontation with the West will be extremely costly and could derail economic reforms. This, in best case, will lead to deterioration general conditions the existence of Russians for at least a lifetime of one generation. But in the event of an escalation of confrontation, the West may try to recreate a system of military-political isolation of Russia, further reducing its ability to influence the outside world and defend its interests in it. Russia pulled out of the confrontation. She has no enemies in the foreseeable future and this is a giant plus of her current position. But it is quite obvious that hopes for a quick acquisition of new allies, primarily in the West, are not justified yet. The level of awareness of society and broad leadership circles about the problems of foreign policy is alarming. There is a shortage of both serious analysis and popular media coverage of these issues. As a result, the consciousness of the public and political-forming circles becomes mythologized, becomes subject to the search for “simple solutions”. Russia is doomed to a further deterioration of its foreign policy positions, and in the long term - to growing isolation. And it is possible - and the emergence of direct threats to its territorial integrity in the event that the country's leading circles fail to put forward a viable concept of national development and, above all, a way out of the country in the next year or two. economic crisis, a new industrial policy designed for the long term. It is urgent to take measures to save the scientific and technical intelligentsia and advanced technologies, restore law and order, and limit corruption. The key formula of the entire Russian strategy should be "accumulation of forces" or "concentration". Without it, Russia will not be able to ensure the well-being and freedom of its citizens, to take the place of a respected and self-respecting power in the world.
The slow but steady erosion of the security system created during the Cold War, the diverse and wide geographic spread of Russia's economic and political interests, its current relative weakness, and the emerging obstacles to a rapid rapprochement with the West require a flexible balancing policy. Russia must embark on the path of building favorable balances of power with individual states and in individual regions. The policy should be as economical as possible, proportionate to the current possibilities. But at the same time, Russia must intensify its policy of cooperation and presence in those regions where this cooperation is of interest, and where it can give economic dividends, increase the country's general political influence. These are, for example, India, Greece, Bulgaria, in general, South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East. The policy aimed at developing the most friendly and close relations with China should be continued. At the same time, due to the historical, geographical and cultural characteristics of our country, the economic and technological power of the West, and the fact that Russia does not yet have natural allies in the South and East, it must maintain as its long-term goal the establishment of a stable realistic partnership, in the future, perhaps, a strategic association with the countries of the northern belt - from the USA and Canada to Japan, with the gradual involvement of China and other states in it. It is necessary to continue the course towards involving Russia in the activities of the "big seven" - at first in the political direction. It is necessary to pursue a policy aimed at avoiding an unnecessary increase in tension with the West, and vice versa, to work towards establishing a maximum close cooperation in those areas where this is possible, however, not at the expense of Russia's refusal of its own interests, but at the expense of their more active coordination.
CONCLUSION
Russia is the only non-Western country that has never been a colony or semi-colony of the West. Can't change what's part national character: never be anyone's satellite, make sacrifices for the sake of an independent place in history, for the sake of freedom of choice in the future, for the sake of preserving this choice for future generations.
For a competent choice of the path of development and making a responsible decision on its implementation, at least the following prerequisites are necessary: an assessment of the situation adequate to reality, an inventory of available resources, the development of mechanisms for their effective use, and, finally, those creative productive forces that can realize the decision made.
So, with all the many problems that Russia faces, it still has the potential that can raise our state to the proper height. This is our great culture in all its richness of its diverse content. You just need to work on it. To develop educational programs, to affirm in the minds of all segments of the population that we are all citizens of Russia, and Russia is our only home. It is necessary to strengthen the legislative base, develop science, definitely raise industry and agriculture, it is necessary to convey to everyone that civilized development is possible only if we behave as a society in which our interests should not contradict the interests of other members of the same society. It is in this direction of Russia's development that we will be able to become real citizens, form our national pride and preserve our identity, our cultural heritage, our history for posterity! This means that we will preserve Russia as a great world power, whose authority will be unshakable for the whole world.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Aleksashkina L.N. Recent history. XX-XXI centuries. - M., 2004.
2. Vasilenko, I.A. Political science: textbook. for universities / I.A. Vasilenko. 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Yurait; Higher education, 2009. - S. 17.
3. Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Russian history. - M., 2006.
4. Map of violations in the elections to the State Duma in 2011 - a joint project of Gazeta.ru and the association "Voice"
5. Pogorely, D.E. Political science / D.E. Pogorely, V.Yu. Fesenko, K.V. Filippov; under total ed. S.N. Smolensky. M.: Eksmo, 2008. - S. 227-229.
6. http://www.nasledie.ru/
Hosted on Allbest.ru
...Similar Documents
Elements and state of modern political culture Russia. The results of the political transformation of the Russian Federation in the twentieth century. Socio-economic situation of modern Russia. Necessary transformations in the economic, demographic, military, cultural spheres.
abstract, added 03/19/2009
Analysis of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020. Russia's national interests in the domestic political, economic, scientific and technical, environmental, social, international and military spheres of the country's life.
abstract, added 04/01/2011
The development of Russia in the nineteenth century. Prerequisites and conditions for the emergence of Westernizers and Slavophiles. Examining differences of opinion on further development Russia in the Philosophy of Slavophiles and Westernizers. Discussions about Russia, its fate and development prospects.
thesis, added 09/24/2010
Geopolitical specifics Caucasian region as an object of constant external influence. General aspects of the situation in the Caucasus: problems, wealth. National interests and opportunities for their implementation in Russia. The strategy of forming the image of Russia.
abstract, added 11/28/2010
Manifestation of national interests through conscious activity leaders, reflecting the needs of the state. Strengthening the military-strategic positions of the state, improving its socio-economic situation. The strategy of forming the image of Russia.
term paper, added 11/29/2009
Chronopolitics as a subject of public discussions in modern Russia. Political time: the content of the concept. The image of Russia in modern public consciousness. The problem of Russia's strategic development in the 21st century, the thematization of the future state.
thesis, added 11/30/2017
Geopolitical specificity of the Caucasian region. Geopolitical interests of Russia in the Caucasus. Problems of implementation of the development strategy for the south of Russia. Religious sphere as a security threat in the North Caucasus region. Opposition to religious extremism.
term paper, added 11/12/2014
Features of the geopolitical position, external geopolitical fields, global and regional geopolitical interests of Russia. The place and role of Russia in geopolitical map modern world, challenges (threats) from outside and security issues.
term paper, added 11/16/2010
Features of the current stage of development of the political system of Russia. Assessment of the importance and role of political parties in the formation of the current state of the state. Parliamentarism and democracy in Russia, the main stages and features of their formation.
term paper, added 06/26/2016
Studying the problems and processes of formation, change and development of the Russian political elite. Identification of factors that influenced these processes. Analysis of the regional political elite of the Samara region. Prospects for the development of the modern political elite.
(mosimage) In the 21st century, the life of mankind will change dramatically...
1. Thanks to globalization and technological innovation, there will be one billion dollar millionaires in the world in 2025.
2.
The textile industry will experience a revolution. Thanks to new
developments in the field of SFIT (smart fabrics and intelligent textiles,
smart fabrics and smart textiles) will emerge and spread
fabrics that change color, smell and other properties.
3. The main external threat to the US will not be terrorism, but China and Russia.
4.
Cash will disappear and be replaced by wire transfers and
credit cards. This will be facilitated by new technologies
optical scanning. Cashless payments will become so safe,
that society will survive the disappearance of cash quite calmly.
5.
The threat to biodiversity will remain a huge problem.
The rate of extinction of animal and plant species will increase significantly.
The protection of biodiversity will require great sacrifices, self-restraint among
local human communities, many of which already live for
the poverty line. Protecting their economic interests will be inseparable from
solving the problem of biodiversity.
6. Water in the 21st century will be like this
the same value as oil in the XX. Water shortages by 2025 will be
experience two-thirds of the population the globe. Build in California
new desalination plants sea water, which will provide
10-20% of the state's needs. After 2020, desalination technologies will
develop more actively.
7. Due to the development of health care and
reproductive technologies by 2050 the world population
the ball may be larger than previously predicted. The UN has already increased
its population projection in 2050 from 9.1 billion to 9.2 billion.
8.
In Africa, the threat of floods will increase. By 2080, the number of inhabitants of this
flood-prone continent will increase 70 times from 1
million to 70 million. By the same time, world sea level will rise by 38
cm.
9. Lack of natural resources will lead to a sharp struggle for
the Arctic - not only for its oil and gas, but also for nickel, copper, zinc,
coal, reserves fresh water and fish. Solving issues related to
Arctic, will be a big political challenge for the world community.
10.
Computers, robots and other artificial devices will take
More important decisions in finance, healthcare,
education, and even politics. The reason for this is everything
the increasing complexity of the world around us, with which a person is increasingly unable to
can handle.
As well as the schedule of the nearest ends of the world:
2008 - An asteroid with a diameter of more than 800 m will fall to earth.
2009 - Based on the decoding of Nostradamus centuries by Peter Laurie, Armageddon will come this year.
2010
- Oil will run out and the world will be swallowed up by a war for resources. They also promise that
The earth will turn away from the sun. But it will be a temporary end of the world.
2011 - End of the Mayan calendar cycle. A fairly well-known end of the world, a collision with asteroid 2005 YU55 may take place.
2012
- A very long-awaited end of the world. There's a whole bouquet here - it's fifth time
of the sun, the solar system itself will become somehow sideways to the galactic
axes, all cosmic cycles, change of poles, etc. will be violated. Children
indigo is advised to prepare, 0.5% of the population has a chance of surviving.
2013
- Ragnarok, aka doomsday. Start and end day!
Hyperspace transition to the fourth dimension. For mortals it
there will be death, but for the gods - birth.
2014 - Astrophysicists
say that to our solar system the cloud of space will reach
dust that sweeps away everything in its path. Boring end of the world.
2015 - The end of some 9576-year cycle, which leads to the death of civilization.
2016
- James Hansen, climate researcher on Earth,
claims that glaciers and most of the land will melt this year
will be flooded.
2017 - Doomsday according to the theory of hierarchical catastrophes.
2018 - Nuclear war from the same Nostradamus.
2019 - Banal collision with asteroid 2002 NT7.
2020 - Isaac Newton, based on the predictions of John the Theologian, calculated that the End of the World will be exactly this year.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground