Russian borrowings in English. Borrowings from the Russian language in the English vocabulary

There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

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Loanword Dictionary

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages significantly complements the speech, where they enter, make people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the necessary word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs words can change dramatically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.

If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Borrowing language	adopted word	Semantics
	Business	Occupation, business
	Price list	price list
	Gameplay	Game process
	Diving	Swimming underwater
	Penalty	Punishment
	Blogger	Man posting online diary on internet
	parking	Parking
	Cake	Cake
Arab	Admiral	sea lord
	Score	Stock
	Robe	Honorary Outfit
ancient greek	Aristocracy	The power of the chosen
	Atheism	godlessness
	Comedy	Joyful songs
	Optics	See
	Skeleton	withered
	Telephone	far audible
	Tragedy	goat song
	Photo	light recording
	Bank	Bench
Italian	Vermicelli	Worms
	Paparazzi	Annoying mosquitoes
	Tomato	Golden Apple
Latin	gravity	severity
	Oval	Egg
	Rail	straight stick
	Soldier	Coin for military service, salary
	Stimulus	animal stick
	Pot	round cauldron
Deutsch	Mug	Bowl
	Camp	storage
	Mouthpiece	Mouth product
	Leggings	Pants for riders
	Market	Circle, square
	Prison	Tower
	Apron	front handkerchief
	Barrier	felled tree
	State	State
	Chess	Shah passed away
Persian	Shashlik	six slices
	Suitcase	Warehouse of things
	redneck	livestock
Polish	begging	Kneel
	Bouillon	Decoction
	Conductor	drive
French	Corset	Body
	Marauder	Robber
	Still life	dead nature
	Dude	Pigeon
	Masterpiece	business professional
	Floor	platform

foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?

Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is natural process interaction between two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
Doubled consonants in the root.
A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
The words, starting with the letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

Nouns that are not inflected.
Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

Prefixes of foreign origin.
Suffixes of foreign origin.
Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of conservation of verbal means, language enrichment, a popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.

Examples of English words

Russian term	English term	Meaning
Bodysuit	Body - body	body-hugging outfit
Jeans	Jeans - denim	This type of trousers is in the wardrobe of almost everyone.
clutch	To clutch - squeeze, grab	Lady's bag small size, it is carried in the hand
Leggings	Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg - leg	Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for more than one year.
Sweater	To sweat - sweat	The sweater is very warm and the origin of the name is obvious
Stretch	To stretch - stretch	Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into a "stretch"
Hoodie	Hood - hood	Hoodie
Shorts	Short - short	Cropped trousers
Jam	To jam - crush, squeeze	Jelly density jam
Roast beef	Roast - fried Beef - beef	Most often a piece of meat, grilled
Chips	Chips - crispy fried potatoes	One of the favorite treats of children and adults
Brand	Brand - name, brand	Popular Brand
Investor	Investor - contributor	A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to multiply the invested funds
know-how	To know - to know	A unique technology that allows you to make an exceptional product or service
Release	Release - release	Production of products such as a music disc, a book, etc.
Browser	Browse - browse	Utility for viewing sites on the Internet
A laptop	Notebook - notebook	laptop computer
Best-seller	Best - the best Seller - sold	The product that serves the best
Loser	To lose - lose, fall behind	Jonah
puzzle	puzzle	Puzzle with an impressive number of pieces
Rating	To rate - evaluate	Product awareness level
Soundtrack	sound - sound Track - track	Most often music written for a film
Thriller	Thrill - nervous trembling	A movie that can make you chill with fear

List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes what language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. Dictionary gives whole list expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, one has only to look for a word in a glossary.

Anglicization of languages under globalization.

Types, features and use of borrowings.

Anglicism is borrowing from English vocabulary. Anglicisms began to penetrate into the Russian language from the beginning of the 19th century, but their influx into our vocabulary remained weak until the 1990s, when general borrowing began as words without corresponding concepts - in computer terminology ( shredder, overhead, plotter) and business vocabulary ( default, marketing, dealer, offshore), and the replacement of Russian words with English ones to express positivity or negativity that are absent from the source word in the receiving language (beer - a pub, murderer - killer).

Words borrowed from English began to appear in many languages of the world because people began to travel more, the Internet appeared, relations between countries develop, cultural exchange intensified, the English language becomes international language communication. It has become fashionable to use anglicisms - with them young people tend to imitate Western culture, although there are not so many of them in everyday speech. Therefore, one should not be afraid of the influx of Anglicisms - this phenomenon is most likely temporary.

Types of anglicisms

Phono-borrowings - foreign words in sound.

teenager< teenager – подросток

hybrids

Foreign words with a Russian suffix, prefix or ending.

creative< creative – творческий

Kalki

Words similar in sound and spelling.

menu< menu

exoticisms

Unsynonymous designations of a special non-Russian reality

cheeseburger< cheeseburger

barbarisms

Synonymous, but vernacular and expressive inclusions from a foreign language.

OK< ОК

wow< Wow!

Composites

Foreign words from 2 English roots.

supermarket< supermarket – универсам

jargon

Foreign words with a distorted sound in fast colloquial speech.

cool< clever – умный

False anglicisms

Neoplasms to designate new concepts and phenomena for both languages from the addition of English or English and Russian words.

shop tour

fur tour

goof tour

Slang anglicisms

They especially clog speech, so they are best avoided.

asker - asking on the forum

backstage - backstage, backstage

deadline - deadline

lover - lover

loser - loser

organizer - shoe shelves

post - internet recording

speaker - speaker, lecturer, orator

traffic - traffic

fan - fan, admirer

friendlenta - friendly subscription

midfielder - midfielder

Thematic anglicisms

Today, linguists especially note the following sources of anglicisms: advertising, the Internet, cinema, music, sports, cosmetics.

Life:

second-hand

hand-made

Electronics:

notebook

Internet

computer

Sport:

sprinter

football

snowboard

skateboard

time-out

playmaker

Professions:

security

provider

producer

pensioneer

Mass culture:

crossword

GreenPeace

talk-show

superstar

boyfriend

fashionable

Signs of anglicisms

Very often, words borrowed from English are determined by the presence of the following parts in the word:

j< j/g

ing< ing

men(t)< men(t)

ep< er

PM< (t)ch

tion< tion

English Joke

The smug satisfaction of the rustic in his clear perception and shrewd reasoning is illustrated by the dialogue between two farmers meeting on the road.

"Did you hear that old man Jones's house burned down last night?"

"I ain't a mite surprised. I was goin' past there in the evenin', an' when I saw the smoke a-comin' out all round under the eaves, I sez to myself, sez I, 'Where there's smoke there must be fire.' An' so it was!"

The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called early modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. The vocabulary was enriched with a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought in the Renaissance.

At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) in many cases were subjected to latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural ties with various countries during the New English period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in the 18th-19th centuries, more or less words were introduced into the English language from the most diverse languages of the world. In recent times, the international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.

The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.

Since regular trade and economic ties between the two states were established rather late, only to XVI century, and were initially limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the extant English descriptions Moscow state, there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, state structure, public relations, systems of measures, monetary units etc.

The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sables, were highly valued in Europe. AT English words aryakh, this word was already recorded in the XIV century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun "sable", it is also given in the meaning of the adjective "black".

More Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. The Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of trade items, names of ruling, class, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (headman), muzhik (muzhik), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet ), rouble (ruble), altyn (altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (patties), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.

Penetrate into English and some special terms. For example: siberite is a special kind of ruby, uralite is asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the vocabulary of the English language and are used by English writers.

In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word was borrowed from Russian not directly, but through Polish language. Of course, the roots of words like nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they originated in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.

In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrate into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as, for example, ispravnik (spravnik), miroed (world-eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.

One of the most interesting Russian borrowings that have become widespread in modern English is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] was indicated in the letter by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (for the first time this word was included in Ludolf's Russian Grammar).

It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called Sovietisms - these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social order and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (collective farm), sovkhoz (state farm), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan (five-year plan), palace of culture (palace of culture), hero of labor (hero of labor).

Here are some more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as cripples (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (borzoi), byelorussian * (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (cottage), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (karakul, astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail) ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).

Russian borrowings that have penetrated the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying internal laws development of the English language. This can be clearly seen on the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound image of which is transformed according to the laws of English pronunciation. The plural of most nouns borrowed from the Russian language is designed in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives according to the word-building models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.

However, it should also be noted that the borrowings from the Russian language that entered the English language in various periods and have survived to this day make up an insignificant proportion, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of the life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.

English is considered one of the richest languages in the world. It contains about 200 thousand words of active vocabulary. Few languages can match it in the richness of its vocabulary. The reason for this is the word-formation abilities of the English language, as well as its ability to borrow words from other languages. Everyone knows that the vocabulary of the English language has absorbed a really huge number of words from different languages of the world, in this regard, we would really like to know from which languages the vocabulary was borrowed and, finally, from which language of the world the most words were borrowed.

When a word is borrowed from one language to another, it is very difficult to predict what fate awaits it. A word can develop a new system of meanings for it and enter into new relationships in combination with other words in the vocabulary of the borrowing language, move away from its original state and therefore cease to be felt as an alien element in the language. So, for example, it happened with the noun stomach, which, while continuing to be an anatomical term, became widely used and entered phraseological turns like to have no stomach for something (to have no taste or desire for something), haughty stomach (arrogance), etc. This process is observed in other languages as well. The influence of one language on another does not go unnoticed. This process is observed in all languages of the world, so this topic is relevant for all nations and nationalities. Of course, the language continues to expand through borrowing and borrowing contributes to the enrichment of the vocabulary of the language.

We believe that the topic of this research work is relevant for our time, because borrowing is an integral part of our modern life.

From our point of view, the main centers of attraction for new borrowings are

1. Everyday life in its domestic and cultural aspects:

Sushi, geisha, tenaki-sushi - Japanese;

Machine - French

Harem - Arabic;

Hamburger - German;

Pizza, spaghetti, macaroni - Italian.

2. Social and political life:

Glasnost, perestroika, nomenclatura - Russian;

Viking - Scandinavian;

Hara-kiri, samurai - Japanese;

Bank, balcony, umbrella - Italian.

3. Sphere of culture (literature, cinema, theater, music, painting, etc.):

Ballet - French;

Karaoke, ikebana - Japanese;

Piano, opera, sonata - Italian.

4. Scientific and technical sphere:

Mechatronics - French;

Tenaki is Japanese.

5. World of sports:

Kimono, aiki-jitsu, aikido - Japanese.

Summing up the above, it should be emphasized that without this layer it is impossible to imagine the entire corpus of the new vocabulary of the English language. And, of course, foreign borrowings played huge role in the development of the English language.

3. Research methods

The collection, processing, interpretation of the material, as well as the analysis of international words and the questioning of students in the knowledge of the meaning of international words, allowed us to study more deeply this topic and solve the research problem.

4. Goals and objectives of the study

The goal is to explore the process of interpenetration of words in the English language in its interaction with other languages. To identify sources, motivation, scope of borrowing, expand horizons and vocabulary.

The tasks are to:

1) identify where and why the borrowed word came into English;

2) to determine what changes were caused by its appearance in the vocabulary of the English language;

3) identify international words in English and point out some discrepancies in Russian and English;

4) establish the main methods of borrowing;

5) Find out why English has a greater ability to borrow foreign words than any other language.

General characteristics of English borrowings

2. 1. The role and conditions of borrowing in vocabulary

The role of borrowings (borrowings) in different languages is not the same and depends on the specific historical conditions for the development of each language. In English, the percentage of borrowings is much higher than in many other languages, because, for historical reasons, it turned out, in contrast to many languages, to be very permeable. English, more than any other language, has the ability to borrow foreign words in conditions of direct direct contact with other languages: first in the Middle Ages from foreign invaders who succeeded each other in the British Isles, and later in the conditions of trade expansion and colonial activity of the British themselves.

Borrowings are one of the important ways of enriching the vocabulary, but not the only and not even the most important.

We are interested in where and why the borrowed word came from and how it took root in the language, how it changed its meaning and what changes its appearance in the vocabulary of the language that adopted it caused.

The largest Russian linguist of the 19th century, A. A. Potrebnya, drew attention to the creative element in the process of borrowing. “To borrow,” he said, “means to take in order, perhaps, to contribute more to the treasury of human culture than you receive.”

A borrowed word usually takes on one or more meanings of words closest to it, already existing in the language. In this case, some secondary value can become central or vice versa. It can also happen, and often happens, the displacement from the language of words that closely coincide in meaning with the new word. This happens because the continued existence in the language of absolute or almost absolute synonyms is always eliminated either by delimiting their meanings or by ousting unnecessary words from the language.

It should be emphasized that the fixation of a borrowed word in the language does not necessarily lead to the displacement of the corresponding native one. The changes in vocabulary caused by it can be expressed in stylistic grouping or in demarcation of meanings. So, for example, a borrowed word from the French language people pushed aside the original word folk. The word folk at the same time received an additional meaning. It is used when talking about their own: about family, fellow villagers, countrymen, compatriots. This word is common in folk colloquial speech and in folk art, and it is not for nothing that it is part of the term folklore.

This or that influence of one language on another is always explained by historical reasons: wars, conquests, travel, trade, etc., which lead to more or less close cooperation various languages. The intensity of the influx of new borrowed words in different periods is very different. Depending on specific historical conditions, it either increases or decreases.

Borrowing vocabulary can occur orally and in writing. In the case of oral borrowing, words take root faster in the language. Words borrowed in writing retain their phonetic, spelling and grammatical features longer.

2. 2. Main methods of borrowing

The main ways of borrowing vocabulary are the phonetic method, transliteration and tracing.

The phonetic method is such a borrowing of words in which its sound form. In this way, the words football (football), trailer (trailer), jeans (Jeans) and others are borrowed from English. Borrowed into English, for example, from the French regime, ballet, bouquet and others.

Transliteration is another method of borrowing in which the spelling of a foreign word is borrowed: the letters of the foreign word are replaced by the letters of the native language. By this method, the words cruise (eng. cruise), motel (eng. motel), club (eng. club) are borrowed from English into Russian. Many proper names are also transliterated when borrowing from English: Washington (eng. Washington), Texas (eng. Texas ["teksəs]), London (eng. london). In English, there are many words of Greek, Latin and French origin that have been preserved their graphic features, although they are read according to the rules of the English language.

Tracing is a method of borrowing in which the associative meaning and structural model of a word or phrase are borrowed. When tracing, the components of a borrowed word or phrase are translated separately and combined according to the model of a foreign word or phrase. For example, the German noun Vaterland, translated in parts, gave the English tracing paper Fatherland; the Russian noun suicide is a tracing-paper of the Latin suicide (sui yourself, cide - murder); English noun self-service, borrowed into Russian, has the form of self-service. The following phrases were borrowed by this method: vicious circle -vicious circle; masterpiece - a masterpiece; rep pate - pseudonym; blue stocking blue stocking, scientist woman and others.

2. 3. Sources of borrowing

1. French borrowings

The influence of the French language on English was especially strong during the period of French domination in the country (XI-XV centuries), when the national English language had not yet developed. The French invasion of England in 1066 marked the beginning of the so-called period of the Norman Conquest. French was the official language of England for a long time, and there was bilingualism in the country.

During this period, words associated with feudal relations (feudal, baron, vassal) were borrowed; almost all titles (peer, prince, count) and addresses sir and madam; words associated with the ruling government and the state in general (state, people, nation, government, power, authority, etc.); words associated with monetary relations(money, property); words denoting family relationships (parent, cousin, uncle, aunt, etc.); a large number of military terms (army, battle, victory, war, etc.); words denoting pleasure, entertainment (feast, pleasure, delight, comfort, etc.); legal terms (accuse, court, crime, etc.), etc.

The New English language takes shape during the Renaissance. Scientific writings of this period are already written in English, but since before that, in the Middle Ages, the language of science was Latin and since the Renaissance is characterized by interest in the monuments of ancient culture, the use of style, rhetorical techniques of building Greek and Roman authors, it is completely Naturally, both the replenishment of the dictionary and the creation of new scientific terminology went to a large extent due to borrowings from Latin, as well as from Greek. This is how, for example, the terminology of philosophy, law, medicine, etc. was created.

In addition to the French language, whole line languages of Europe, to a greater or lesser extent, participated in the enrichment of the vocabulary of the English language, for example, Latin, Dutch, Italian, Spanish.

2. Latin borrowings

A considerable number of words were borrowed from Latin into English. Here are the most common of them: street - paved (road); port - port; wall - shaft; vacuum - vacuum; wine - wine; inertia - inertia; mile - a thousand steps.

All these words were borrowed orally and entered the main vocabulary of the English language.

The largest number of words borrowed by English from Latin are the so-called book borrowings. These are words that have entered the language not as a result of direct, live communication between peoples, but through written documents, books, and so on. Most of the Latin book borrowings that were not previously attested in English come from the Renaissance period in England. It is impossible to give a list of these words within the limits of this work; for this, it is necessary to compile a special dictionary.

3. Dutch borrowings

Even in the Middle Ages, there were quite close trade and industrial ties between England and the Netherlands. England attracted a fairly significant number of Dutch and Flemish craftsmen of various specialties, mainly shipbuilders and weavers, to work in guild enterprises. There are especially many words of Dutch origin in the terminology of shipbuilding and navigation. These are, for example: cruise - cruising, dock - dock, geef - reef (hole on the sail for the rope), skipper - skipper, yacht - yacht, etc. Weaving terms of Dutch origin that entered English in the Middle English and earlier New English period . Such as: to gloss - give shine to the fabric, rock - spinning wheel, spool - bobbin, stripe - a flap of fabric.

Also a special group Dutch loanwords in English are art history terms that have come into the vocabulary of the English language. For example, landscape is a landscape, maulstick is a maulstick, etc.

4. Italian and Spanish borrowings

The Italian language also made a significant contribution to the vocabulary of the English language, starting approximately from the 16th century. During the Renaissance, Italian culture, especially in the field of music, painting, architecture, literature, had a great influence on the culture of England; this was reflected, in particular, in the borrowing of many words related to the listed areas, already directly from the Italian language and in most cases with the preservation of their original form. Such are the musical terms allegro, aria, legato, libretto, opera, sonata, soprano, tempo, trio; terms from the area fine arts, for example, fresco, studio, terra cotta, etc. Words such as grotto, granite, fiasco, incognito, soda, umbrella also came into widespread use in England; including words that convey in the perception of English tourists the characteristic details of Italian life, for example, macaroni, spaghetti, etc. In connection with the development of trade relations between England and Italy, such Italian words as bank - bank, Lombard - Lombard (from the name of the Italian region of Lombardy, from where many usurers and money changers came out in the Middle Ages), traffic - trade and others.

Spanish has contributed a number of its own words to the English vocabulary and has also served as a transmitter for many words from the various indigenous languages of the Americas.

In the English vocabulary, you can count several dozen Spanish words borrowed directly from the Spanish language. For example, words such as: armada - navy, banana - banana, barbecue - lattice, bonanza - accumulation of rich ore, booby - fool, bravado - boasting, canyon - gorge, canoe - kayak, chilli - red pepper, chocolate - chocolate, cigar - cigar, negro - negro, potato - potato, tobacco - tobacco, tomato - tomato, tornado - whirlwind, vanilla - vanilla.

5. German borrowings

There are also a number of borrowed German words in modern English vocabulary. Most often the influence German language manifests itself in the form of a phrase, such as: bolt from the blue - a bolt from the blue, chain-smoker - a chain smoker, homesickness - homesickness, masterpiece - a masterpiece, place in the sun - a place in the sun, song without words - songs without words, storm and stress - storm and onslaught, swan song - swan song, one-sided - one-sided, time-spirit - spirit of the time, superman - superman, world-famous - world famous. Especially a lot of words and expressions came from the terminology of classical German philosophy, for example, world-outlook-worldview.

6. Russian borrowings

The history of Russian borrowings in English reflects the history of trade and political relations between Russia and England. The Russian language began to influence English much later than other European languages, such as Latin, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.

Historical borrowings include a group of words from the pre-revolutionary, revolutionary and Soviet periods: arsheen (arshin), tzar (king), desyatin (tithe), kulak (fist), okhrana (security), bolshevik (bolshevik), politbureau (politburo), sovnarhoz (sovnarkhoz), etc.

Everyday vocabulary demonstrates the originality of the way of Russian life: babushka (grandmother), blin (pancake), kovsh (ladle), zakuska (snack), kasha (porridge), samovar (samovar), vodka (vodka), etc. The words of this group found in the description of Russian life.

Biogeographic vocabulary is made up of words denoting plants, animals, natural phenomena and zones: badiaga (badyaga), zubr (bison), tur (tour), sable (sable), suslik (ground squirrel), beluga (beluga), buran (blizzard), purga (blizzard), steppe (steppe), etc. d.

Socio-political vocabulary is represented by words denoting the socio-political structure of Russia at the present stage: perestroika (perestroika), glasnost (glasnost), intelligentsia (intelligentsia), Russianness (Russian spirit), Duma (Duma), apparat (apparatus), chinovnik ( official), starosta (headman), etc.

Vocabulary associated with art includes words of native Russian meaning: balalaika (balalaika), bylina (epic), gusli (harp), prisiadka (squat).

Army vocabulary - represented by such famous words as Kalashnikov (Kalashnikov), Katyusha (Katyusha), stavka (headquarters), feldsher (paramedic).

In conclusion, it should be noted that Russian borrowings also played a big role in improving the modern philosophical and political terminology of all languages, including English.

After examining all sources of borrowing in English and analyzing statistical data from the Internet (see appendices on page 19), we can confidently state that the percentage of borrowings from other languages is very high.

2. 4. International words

A special group is made up of international words. It often happens that denoting an important new concept, a word is borrowed not into any one language, but into many languages. Thus, an international fund of vocabulary is being created, which includes international terminology of various areas of human activity: politics, philosophy, science, technology, art, as well as many abstract words.

International, or international words, borrowed from one source, have a graphic and sound similarity and, coinciding to some extent in meaning, constitute, as it were, the common property of a number of languages at the expense of the vocabulary of the ancients, that is, Latin and Greek (democracy, proletarian, philosophy , atom, modern, program, system).

Another part of them comes from modern languages: soviet, kolkhoz, sputnik - from Russian revolution, bourgeois, telegraph - from French football, telephone, cruise, motel, club, analysis, army, communism, culture, nation, function, instruction, international, geometry, geography, mathematics, physics, philosophy. It also includes a large number of terms of physics, chemistry, biology, physiology, etc.

From the above examples, we see that many terms belong to the international vocabulary, that is, they are the property of not only English, but also a number of other languages.

Practical part

As a result of borrowing, the English language was replenished with international words, which are understood as words that occur in many languages of the world, but have minor phonetic differences associated with the peculiarities of pronunciation of each language. For example: address, telegraph, socialism.

We conducted a survey among the students of our lyceum in order to show the discrepancies in some meanings in Russian and English.

40 students had to write what this or that word means in Russian and what meaning it has in English.

We have chosen several such international words: control, family, general, magazine, original, atom.

Here are the results we got after analyzing the answers to the tasks.

The first word was - control

All 40 students (100%) know the original meaning of this word ‘control’. 10 students (25%) know that this word has many meanings and can take on the meanings - 'management', 'leadership', 'power'.

The second was the word - family

All 40 students (100%) know that in English family means only ‘family’ or ‘genus’, and ‘surname’ never has any meaning in English.

We took the third word - general

All 40 students (100%) answered that general is the same as the Russian word ‘general’. 30 people (75%) answered that more often this word general acts as an adjective meaning 'main', 'general', 'ordinary'.

The fourth word we took was magazine

All students (40 people - 100%) answered that the word magazine does not correspond to the Russian 'shop', but has the meaning 'magazine'. And two (5%) also translated the word as ‘military supply depot’.

The fifth word was - original

All students (40 people - 100%) answered that the noun in Russian and English coincides with its meaning, but 35 students (87.5%) know as an adjective in the meaning of 'original', 'genuine'.

And the last word was - atom

An international word was proposed, which coincides in the literal sense, but diverges in the possibilities of figurative use.

All 40 people (100%) translated this word as ‘atom’, but not a single student knows the figurative meaning of this word – ‘little’, ‘little’, as is sometimes the case in English. Speaking of little Paul Dombe, Dickens calls him ‘the atom’, this metaphor can be translated into Russian in one word – ‘baby’.

Based on the above, we can conclude:

1. Many international words differ not only in external form but also in meaning.

About 19% of students do not know the main meaning of international words in English.

2. Questioning and subsequent conversation with students allowed to replenish their vocabulary, deepen students' knowledge about the origin and meaning of many international words.

Therefore, this research has practical value and is of great interest to students.

Conclusion

Having familiarized ourselves with the works of scientists available to us in the field of the history of the English language, dealing with the problems of language contacts and borrowings, we have revealed such an interesting fact that borrowings in English are striking not only in their quantity, but also in the variety of languages from which they are borrowed.

During historical development English has borrowed a huge amount of vocabulary from other languages. The most active donor languages are French (mechatronics, prince, people, money, parent, army, comfort, coach, etc.); Japanese (hara-kiri, sushi, karaoke, ikebana, samurai, geisha, kimono), currently Japanese is one of the leading donor languages; Latin (street, port, wine, mile, etc.); Dutch (dock, reef, yacht, rock, spool, landscape, etc.); Italian (sonata, umbrella, balcony, bank, macaroni, spaghetti, etc.); Spanish (banana, barbecue, bravado, canyon, chili, chocolate, potato, tomato, etc.); German (superman, homesickness, hamburger, delicatessen etc.); Russian (tzar, spetsnaz, limitchiki, glasnost, perestroika, etc.).

The vocabulary of the English language will also be replenished from other languages: happy, low, ill, ugly, weak, Viking (Scand.); haiduk, hussar (Hungarian); polka, mazurka (Polish); algebra, harem (arab.); psychology, alphabet, sympathy (Greek).

After conducting a thorough analysis of borrowed words in the English language, we can draw the following conclusions.

Firstly, foreign borrowings are one of the types of enrichment of the vocabulary of the English language.

Secondly, the vocabulary of the English language has absorbed a really huge number of words from the most diverse languages of the world, and the reason for such a huge number of borrowings and the variety of languages from which they are borrowed lies in the specifics of the historical development of England. This specificity lies in the fact that the English people were constantly in direct contact with many foreign-speaking peoples, first as conquered people, subsequently due to the transformation of England into colonial power as a colonial people. In addition, in a certain historical period in England, they acted on the position of functional languages of different spheres. social activities Latin and French. Although the English language emerged victorious from the struggle with the languages of the conquerors, although it was forcibly implanted in the colonial countries, nevertheless, it could not help absorbing into its vocabulary many words from the languages \u200b\u200bwith which it came into contact. It is these historical circumstances that explain such an abundance of borrowings in the language.

Thirdly, under the influence of borrowing, many source words have fallen into disuse or have changed their meaning. For example, the noun bar in French has the meaning of ‘bar’, ‘bolt’, and in English this word is translated as ‘bar’, ‘restaurant’, which has not acquired any meanings in French.

Borrowings are also interesting because they are able to reflect changes in the cultural and historical life of the country.

We live in a very unstable time, a time of change. These changes affect primarily the socio-political sphere of life. therefore, it can be assumed that to a greater extent words will be borrowed from this group. It remains to be hoped that these words will be with a positive connotation.

In conclusion, I would like to note that in our time, the leading position among European donor languages is retained by the French language.

Belyaeva Alla

Scientific work on the topic "Modern borrowings from the English language." The work consists of theoretical and practical parts with a mini-dictionary of anglicisms.

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MBOU secondary school No. 11

Department: humanitarian

Section: information technology

Educational research work

"Modern borrowings from the English language"

Completed:

8 B class students

Belyaeva Alla (14 years old)

Checked:

Lukoshina Elena Alexandrovna,

foreign language teacher,

2013, Pavlovo

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 3

2. The meaning of the English language in the modern world ………………………... 5

3. Spheres of use of anglicisms…………………………………………. 7

4.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….12

5. List of used literature…………………………………………. fifteen

6.Appendix…….……………………………………………………………….16

7.Review……………………………………………………………………….27

Introduction

aim Our work is the analysis of modern borrowings from the English language.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :
analyze research on this topic in order to give the concept of borrowing and determine the reasons for the appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language;
consider methods of formation and types of borrowing;
establish the composition of words borrowed from English at the end of XX - early XXI c., give their systematic description;
classify the most common anglicisms by spheres of communication.

Relevance this topic is undeniable, since the use of anglicisms by modern young people is growing every day and is crowding out native Russian words.

Accordingly, one can propose the following hypothesis : in Russian speech, when young people communicate with peers, anglicisms are widely used, scooped from the Internet, musical compositions and the media, losing its true semantic meaning.
In solving the above tasks, the following methods and techniques:

1. Descriptive method with techniques for observing linguistic phenomena.

2. Reception of taxonomy and classification.

The theoretical basis of the work was made up of linguistic works on lexicology by researchers G.B. Antrushina, O.V. Afanasyeva, N.N. Morozova, I.V. Arnold, L. Bloomfield, N.M. Shansky, as well as works devoted to the problem of English borrowings by linguists N.S. Avilova, V.V. Akulenko, V.M. Aristova, M.A. Breiter, T.V. Grunitskaya, A.I. Dyakova, O.V. Ilina, L.P. Krysina, V.B. Lebedeva, A.I. Melnikova, E.V. Urynson and others.

The material of the study is examples of the latest English borrowings used in various areas of modern Russian life.
This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The introduction defines the topic of the work, its relevance, purpose and objectives, the linguistic methods used in the work, as well as the theoretical basis and material of the study. The first chapter provides an analytical review of the importance of the English language in the modern world. In the second chapter, a practical one, a study is made of the latest Anglicisms that have entered various spheres of Russian life. In conclusion, conclusions are given and the attitude towards the phenomenon of borrowing is reflected.

The Importance of English in the Modern World

Borrowing from English into Russian is far from a new phenomenon, it has been happening for more than a century. However, the modern Russian language is literally stuffed with anglicisms, thanks to the mass media, the Internet and the marketing industry. In English-speaking countries, if you want to make a restaurant menu more sophisticated, you add French words and double your prices. In Russia, you replace regular Russian words with transliterated English. Today, going to a business lunch is much more attractive than going to lunch. Even if you are eating exactly the same food, the context will be completely different (as will probably the prices).

The importance of the English language in the modern world is so great that its knowledge is not a privilege and luxury. Once upon a time, computers, as well as mobile phones, could only be afforded by people of a certain social class. Now these things are essential. The same can be said about English. It is taught by everyone and everywhere: in schools, universities, courses. And in our digital age, anyone can learn English via Skype without leaving home. It is understood that any educated person is simply obliged to speak English, since it is he who is his key to further self-education and self-improvement. That is why there are now so many organizations offering to teach you English. However, do not think that this is so easy to do. Learning any language is a long process that requires certain costs, both mental and financial. Still, learning English is worth it. Do you want to travel and not feel like a black sheep, but communicate freely with people of different nationalities? Do you want to become a student of a foreign university? Do you want a prestigious job with career advancement? Or maybe you want to work abroad? One tip - learn English. After all, over time, you will still understand that 75% of the world's correspondence is carried out in English, 80% of information on computers is also stored in this language, and most international documents, articles, literary works, instructions are written in English. And we have not yet taken into account the film industry and the musical Olympus. American-made films have firmly entered our lives, and any pop artist considers it prestigious to sing at least one song in English. Knowledge of English in the modern world is a kind of window to the world. Knowing this language of international communication, you will be able to achieve your goals with the help of new opportunities. And you will definitely understand that the importance of the English language is not exaggerated.
Everything today more people aware of the need to study foreign languages and this is quite understandable, because they are quite important and are of great importance in many professions. Many people learn languages because it is an invariable part of their work, for some it is a common hobby, and there are those who need knowledge of languages in order to travel the world. It is also very convenient when corresponding or communicating with residents of other foreign countries. In addition, thanks to the knowledge of a particular language, it is possible to read books famous writers in their original form.

Is it difficult to master English? We can say that it is very easy. Two important factors contribute to the ease of learning English: firstly, everywhere in advertising and on satellite television we see and hear news and advertisements in English, and secondly, the methods of teaching English to foreigners are the most well developed.

Do you speak English? - a phrase familiar to us from school. A set of words that we once did not attach much importance to. But how sad it sounds now, when, while on vacation abroad, we suddenly got lost. They try to help us by explaining something in English. And we just don't understand because we don't speak the language! Or in business negotiations, we cannot conduct a dialogue with a foreign partner. It is so bitter, so doomed to have to answer the same question “No”.

English is the language of international communication. And all the doors of the world are open to him who owns it perfectly. Traveling, communicating with foreign friends on the Internet, business negotiations in English, education in the most prestigious universities not only in Russia, but also in the world! You will be sure that you will understand and will understand you. For you there will be no such problem as a language barrier.

Today, words of English origin penetrate into the Russian language mainly in writing through the texts of newspapers, magazines, books, international treaties.
the oral route also takes place - through radio and television. A new form of borrowing is also relevant - through electronic media.

Spheres of use of anglicisms

Today, linguists note the following sources of the appearance of anglicisms in the language:

Advertising. The advertising genre is one of the main sources of Anglicisms in Russian. According to T.N. Livshits, anglicisms in advertising contribute to the appearance of the “illusion of uniqueness”, i.e. impressions of uniqueness, significance of the advertised product or service. An important role is played by anglicisms, the unusual and non-standard forms of which attract the attention of the consumer.

For example: steamer, roster, trimmer, pager, immobilizer, spoiler, shock sensor, locker, snooker, pool, squash.

Internet. The increase in the number of Internet users has led to the spread of computer vocabulary:homepage, e-mail, CDROM, chat, bit, byte, disk, cursor, flash drive.

With the development of computerization, first in a professional environment, and then outside it, terms related to computer technology appeared: the word computer itself, as well as a display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, browser, website and others.
- cinema. The popularity of Hollywood films has led to the emergence of new words in our vocabulary:horror, blockbuster, western, primetime, cyborg, terminator.

Music. The perception of the USA as the center of musical fashion led to the emergence of such words as:hit, single, remake, track, soundtrack, poster, etc.

Sports vocabulary:bowling, diving, skateboard, snowboard, biker, shaping, fitness.

Cosmetic terms:lifting, scrub, peeling.

The American-centricity of such relevant and dynamically developing spheres of life as culture, economics, business, computer technology, etc., has led to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of Anglicisms, or rather Americanisms from these areas:

Culture: soundtrack, single, remake, action, 3D, reality show, sitcom, pop art, comeback,pop-music, dark (heavy music), release, play-list, chart, face-control, dance, cool, remake, show business, club, fashion ,summit, talk-show, briefing, prime-time, image-maker;

Computer technologies, Internet space:webcam, moderator, browser, container provider, online, offline, smile, e-mail, connect, like, site, blog, blogger, chat, internet, laptop, disk, byte, site.

Economy: marketing, promoter, merchandiser, offshore, futures, leasing; fast-food, hamburger, hot-dog, cheeseburger, boy-friend, VIP, weekend, very good, public, ok, nice, lucky, hotel, go, party, super-girl, baby, ask, looser, hi, real ,best.

Everyone is familiar with numerous economic and financial terms, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans. - business:advergaming, branding, brand manager, preselling, supervisor;

Sport: fitness club, bowling, doping, transfer, overtime, coaching, coachbuilding,sportsman, fitness, bodybuilding, shaping, surfing.

For those who love sports, new types of sports appear: windsurfing, arm wrestling, freestyle, skateboard, kickboxing, and the fighter in kickboxing is replaced by the anglicism fighter (fighter).

Fashion, design: trend, casting, top model, fashion brand, print, designer, the word "shopping "sounds more attractive than the word"shopping trip», presentation, rating, briefing, shop tour, killer, talk show, showman, brain ring.

The last remark finds vivid confirmation in our speech, when preference is given to Anglicism, and not to its Russian counterpart: baby sitter - "nanny", weekend - "weekend", bodyguard, security guard- bodyguard, bodyguard creative instead of "creative", the definition is actively used glamorous instead of adjectives "attractive, chic", Welcome instead of "welcome" and many others.

Of particular danger are synonymous pairs in which semantic differences are lost where it is important both for meaning and for traditional ethical ideas: business instead of such fundamentally incompatible concepts as resale (unproductive labor) andentrepreneurship(productive labor); sex appeal instead of masculinity or femininity, sexuality instead of sensuality or depravity.

Among the manifestations of the process of transforming the basis of the Russian mentality under the influence of borrowed words by V.V. Kolesov highlights the following:

The level of subjectivity in the statement rises: the concept innovation "something new, just come into use" is not identical to the concept innovation "not necessarily new, but original, fashionable";

The artificiality of evaluation and characteristics is expanding: image not related to the concept image (which is a fictitious, false image);

Covert mitigation propagates: establishment instead bosses, underground instead of underground, corruption instead of venality;

The status of the designated is lowered: love is sex (elimination of the spiritual and mental component in communication).

In the language of modern Russian advertising, English dominates - “image” is everything! The term “euro standard” has become a cliche in Russian marketing, although we in Europe have no idea what it even means. It's a coined term meant to make Russian products trustworthy - if that's good enough for them, then it's good enough for us!

I would say that some of the most ridiculous borrowings entered the Russian language through advertising. I am not a fan of terms like “price list”, “upgrade” or “content”, because there are suitable Russian words for this, such as “price list”, “update” and “content”. There are too many cases when normal Russian words are displaced by borrowings from English - perhaps this is a temporary phenomenon - threatening, nevertheless, with the loss of the original vocabulary.

Here are some new anglicisms in modern Russian slang:
Smoke (smoke), drink (drink), epic fail (epic fail), respect (respect), chat (chat), not ice (not ice - from an old television advertisement), shooter (shoot'em'up), cool- able (cool + able).(Appendix 1)

We have to admit that we ourselves use a similar mixture of languages - namely, self-made expressions “nice at all!” and “not good”.

Active borrowing of new foreign vocabulary occurs in less specialized areas of human activity. Suffice it to recall such widely used words now as presentation, nomination, sponsor, video (and derivatives: video clip, video cassette, video salon), show (and derivatives of show business, talk show, showman), thriller, hit, disco, disc- jockey. Many consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, “scientific”, “nice-sounding”. For example:

exclusive - exclusive;
top model - the best model;
price list - price list;
image - image;

Cases have been noted when borrowings were used to designate concepts new to the receptor language and not available in the source language: detector, virtual, investor, digest, spray, etc.

Exploring English vocabulary the last decades of the twentieth century in the Russian language, we came to the conclusion: if the concept affects important areas of human activity, then the word denoting this concept naturally becomes common.

Accordingly, the origin of these words is associated with sound distortion in the process of mastering these borrowings. There is a kind of play with sounds.

Such words are formed by subtracting, adding, moving some sounds in the original English term. The speech of young people easily absorbs English units, for example: shoes from shoes - shoes; superman from superman - superman; haer from hair - hair (patly).

With the development of computer technology, English words are increasingly replenishing the vocabulary of schoolchildren. Many of the existing professional terms are cumbersome and inconvenient in daily use.

Therefore, there is a desire to shorten, simplify the word, for example:

Motherboard (motherboard) - “mother”;

CD-Rom Drive (laser disc drive) - young people have the equivalent of a “seated box”. Recently, there has also been a craze for computer games, which again served as a powerful source of new words.

The exclamation “Wow!”, expressing the emotion of amazement or delight, has become very common among the young.

4. Conclusion

The relevance of the study is that the consideration of problems related to the theory and practice of borrowings is especially significant in modern conditions, since today there are serious concerns about a powerful influx of borrowings that can lead to the depreciation of the Russian word. But language is a self-developing mechanism that can cleanse itself, get rid of the superfluous, unnecessary. This also happens with foreign words, the borrowing of which was presented in the course of the study.

English borrowings appeared in Russian long before the 21st century. Anglicisms began to penetrate into the Russian language at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Words were borrowed as a result of contacts between peoples, trading and economic relations between Russia and European countries. However, the intensity of the process of replenishing youth slang with English words increased precisely at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century.

However, in spite of everything, the influx of anglicisms into the vocabulary of the Russian language remained insignificant until the 1990s. XX century: at this time, an intensive process of borrowing various English words began. This is due to changes in the sphere of political life, economy, culture and moral orientation of society.

Passion for anglicisms has become a kind of fashion, it is due to the stereotypes and ideals created in the youth society. Such a stereotype modern era serves as an image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates of technological progress lead the whole world. And adding English borrowings to their speech, young people in a certain way approach this stereotype, join the American culture and lifestyle. However, it should be noted that, in general, borrowing foreign words is, first of all, one of the ways of developing a modern language, since the language always quickly and flexibly responds to the needs of society.

In accordance with the results of the following, it is necessary to draw the following conclusion: the main reason for using anglicisms is to facilitate communication between young people. As for the semantic meaning of words when translated into Russian, it cannot be said unambiguously that it changes. Most of the words in translation take on the same meaning as Anglicism. It should also be noted that a significant part of the English words "moved" into Russian and are replaced by the English equivalent, which carries its own semantic meaning.

In accordance with the results of the study, it should be noted that the hypothesis was partially confirmed. This opens the prospect for further research on anglicisms, which can be considered not only among young people, but also among other age and social groups.

In conclusion, it should be noted: slang will never disappear. Young people used slang years ago and will always use it. Without a doubt, slang changes over time, some words die, others appear. However, many anglicisms that penetrated the slang of Russian youth long before the 21st century will forever remain in their jargon, replenished with new words every day.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that the number of anglicisms in the Russian language is large. Among them, 2 main types of borrowings can be distinguished:

1) Words that came into the language to name new objects, a new reality or a term that has an international character. Their use in speech in most cases is justified. Although the meaning is not always correctly understood, due to ignorance of the English language:mixer, toaster, inauguration, cocktail, bowling.

2) Words of foreign origin that have synonyms in Russian. Their penetration into the language creates lexical redundancy and can interfere with the understanding of the meaning. The presence of lexical doublets, "one's own" and "alien" names, is eliminated over time: one of them is approved in the active composition of the language, and the other fades into the background of the language system. It is sad to realize that after a few decades the Russian language may contain a large number of words of English origin, replacing their original Russian equivalents. But in many cases this can be avoided by using Russian synonymous words and expressions.

Today, a simple layman, opening a newspaper with job offers, may simply not understand the meaning of the proposed vacancy (handmaker, image maker, merchandiser, provider, supervisor, realtor).

Bibliography:

1. Krysin L.P. Foreign words in modern life // Russian language of the end of the twentieth century. - M., 1996.

2. Grigoryan A.E. A culture of speech. Is the American frenzy going away? // Russian speech, 2005, No. 1. pp. 62-68

3. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / ed. N.Yu. Shvedova.-14th ed.-M.: Rus. lang., 1983.-816s.

4. Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of anglicisms in modern Russian. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-p.35-43

6. Antrushina G.B., Afanas'eva O.V., Morozova N.N. Lexicology of the English language. - M., 1999.
7. Belousov V. Foreign words in Russian // Science and life. - 1993. - No. 8.
8. New dictionary foreign words / Ed. E.N. Zakharenko, L.N. Komissarova, I.V. Nechaeva. - M., 2003. .

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

10. http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.46076_1.html

Appendix 1

Mini - dictionary of anglicisms by spheres of use

Business and Law

outsourcing- outsourcing - transfer of part of non-core operations to a third-party organization specializing in this area
best-seller- bestseller - best selling book
business- business (from the word busy [busy]) - occupation
businessman- businessman - entrepreneur
billing- billing - from bill - bill, ticket, account management system
broker- broker, goes back to the old French "wine merchant"
default-default
dealer- dealer - trader from deal - make deals
dealing- dealing
distributor- distributor - a wholesale agent that resells ("distributes") the goods through its own network of buyers
dollar- dollar - monetary unit. USA
insider- insider (inside = inside) - a person who has access to confidential information
leasing- leasing (lease = rent, rent)
marketing- marketing (market = market)
manager- manager (manage = to lead, manage), from lat. manus - hand
management- management
merchandiser- merchandiser
merchandising- merchandising, merchandise - goods, borrowed from French in English, literally: commodity science
PR- pr (abbr. public relation) - public relations
price list- pricelist - list of prices
promotion- promotion - literally: promotion, "promotion"
promoter- promoter - a person who promotes something, also write: promoter, promoter
Press release- press-realese - presentation of an information message by a company about itself to the press
stagflation- stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
startup- startup - a small company developing a new product with an unknown result
office- office
offshore- offshore (off-shore = off the coast, that is, outside the jurisdiction of the country that owns the coast)
a penny, pence- penny, pence - British coin
realtor- realtor - from realty - real estate
franchisor- franchiser
franchising- franchising - borrowed by English from fr. franchise - franchise
GBP- pound sterling - monetary unit. Great Britain
holding- holding - one of the types of business structures

motorsport- auto sport
badminton- badminton
basketball- basketball (basket + ball = literally: basket ball)
baseball- baseball (base + ball)
base jumping- base jumping - jumping from a stable base
boxing- boxing
windsurfing- windsurfing
volleyball- volleyball
handball- handball - hand ball
game- game - game
gamer- gamer - player
Goal- goal - goal
goalkeeper- goalkeeper - goalkeeper (guardian of the "gate")
jogging- jogging - from jog - to jog
drag racing- drag racing - drag - drag, drag
dribbling- dribbling - from dribble - drip, seep
drift racing- drift racing - drift literally "drift, skid, skid", that is, when the car"
zorbing- zorb - a transparent sphere in which the zorbonaut rolls
kiting- kiting - kite - kite
kitesurfing- kite surfing
kickboxing- kick boxing - kick - kick, kick
clinch- clinch (boxing)
cross- cross - cross, cross-country running
knockout- knockout (literally - knocking out, incapacitation)
knockdown- knock down
overtime- overtime - literally: over time, extra time
offside- offside - out of the game
paintball- paintball - a ball with paint
pace car- pace car - safety car inauto racing.
penalty- penalty - punishment
playoffs- play-off - knockout games
rally- rally - collection, get together
rugby- rugby (from the name of the area Rugby)
record holder- recordsman - a person who sets records
boxing ring- ring - ring, circle
robjumping- rob jumping - rob - rope, rope, jumping from a height, when the jumper is tied with ropes, “bungee»
surfing- surfing - surf - wave crest, surf
snowboard- snowboard - "snow board", board for skiing in the snow
snowboarding- snowboarding
softball- softball
speedway- speedway - high-speed road
sport- sport from Old French desport - entertainment, leisure
athlete- sportsman - a person involved in professional sports
streetball- streetball - street basketball
street racing- street racing - street racing
half- time
time-out- time out - break in time
training- training, from train - to train
foul- foul - against the rules, wrong, dishonest
forward- forward - attacker
freestyle- freestyle - free style
football- football - foot ball
midfielder- half-back - midfielder

upgrade- upgrade - updating the hardware of computer systems
applet- applet - a small application that runs on the client as part of a large
assembler- assembler - assembler, low-level programming language
bug- bug - an error in the software [any program], literally - a bug, a bug
bugfix- bugfix - bug fix
byte- byte - units. rev. information capacity
banner- banner - flag
bit- bit (abbr. bi nary digi t ) - binary digit
blog- blog (short for "we b log "") - diary on the Internet
blogger- blogger - a person who blogs
browser- browser - viewer
backslash- backslash - backslash
web- web - network, from "world wide web" - the world wide web
decrement- decrement - decrease the operand by 1
default(value) - default (value) - default value
desktop- desktop - on top of the table (desk top = top of the desk, cover)
doorway- doorway page - entry page
increment- increment - increase the operand by 1
Internet- internet - internetwork. The Internet connects many local networks.
internet service provider- internet service provider - internet service provider
interface- interface - interface, junction, ways of interacting with a person. Something that helps to connect the front panels of different devices (initially).
cybersquater- cybersquatter - a person involved in cybersquatting
cybersquatting- cybersquatting
cry- click - click, imitation of the sound that the mouse makes when a key is pressed
laptop(laptop) laptop - laptop (lap = sitting person's knees)
login- login - username in the system. By providing it and a password, the user gains access to some service, such as a computer program.
microprocessor- microprocessor
online- online, on-line - on line, in touch
offline- offline, off-line - in real life. In a state disconnected from the computer network (initially)
parsing- parsing - parsing the input sequence in accordance with the formal grammar
parser- parser - a program that implements parsing; syntactical analyzer
pixel- pixel (short for picture elemet) - the minimum addressable unit of an image on the screen
plugin- plugin (from plug in, "connect") - a software module that extends the functionality, usually very specific, of the main application
podcasting- podcasting - ipodbroadcasting
posting- posting - writing messages on the forum
swap- swapping - replacing one program segment in memory with another and restoring it on request
service pack- service pack - a collection of updates, bug fixes and/or improvements, delivered as a single installable package
screenshot- screenshot - screenshot
slash- slash - slash
software- software - soft product, also translated as soft equipment
servlet- servlet - a program that runs on the server and extends the functionality of the web server
spam- spam - a brand of canned meat, the advertising of which has already bothered many (from spiced ham)
spammer- spammer - a person sending spam
transistor- transistor (transfer + resistor ) - variable resistance
traffic- traffic - amount of information received and sent in a computer network, traffic
thread- thread - thread, thread of separately executed code in the program
firewall- firewall - fire wall. A fire wall between houses that prevents the spread of fire (in this sense, a German word is used in Russian with the same meaning -firewall). A program that implements traffic filtering and protection against hacker attacks on a computer
file- file - a named place in the computer's memory.
chipset- chipset - a set of chips to perform 1 or more related functions
hacker- hacker - a programmer who violates laws with his program code, in particular, gaining unauthorized access and data management
high tech- hi-tech, high technologies - high technologies
hosting- hosting from host - host

Transport

Automotive

autocar- from car (trolley) - a vehicle with an internal combustion engine for transporting goods on the territory of industrial enterprises
parking- parking - parking lot;
trolleybus- from trolley (trolley rolling on wires) and bus (omnibus and bus)