In what part of the continent is Namibia located. State structure and politics

Namibia (officially Republic of Namibia) is a country located in southern Africa. In the west, the country borders on the Atlantic Ocean. In the north, Namibia has a common border with Zambia and Angola, with Botswana in the east and, of course, with South Africa in the south and southeast, and almost borders on Zimbabwe. Namibia counts its independence from March 21, 1990, which the country received during the civil war. The capital and largest city of Namibia is Windhoek. Namibia is a member of the UN and is also a member of the Southern African Community, the African Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.

The lands of Namibia have been inhabited since ancient times by Bushmen, Damara and Nama. In the 14th century, the Bantu arrived in these lands, who now make up the majority of the population.

Since the end of the 19th century, most of the territory has been colonized by Germany. It was through the efforts of the German government that Namibia began to develop infrastructure and agriculture. In 1915, the South African troops won independence for themselves and at the same time Namibia, which they themselves subsequently, in fact, colonized.

At that moment, the world community supported the "guardianship" of South Africa. However, over time, opinions changed and South Africa was already condemned for apartheid and harsh racial policies (the same policy was practiced in Namibia). Since the 1970s, the world community has supported the Namibian separatists from SWAPO, recognizing them as the legitimate representatives of the Namibian people. By the way, the “legitimate representatives” themselves did not shun anything in their struggle, including terrorism. However, one way or another, it was through the efforts of SWAPO that Namibia gained independence, and the latter moved away from their terrorist past and became the largest and most authoritative party in Namibia.

Namibia has a population of 2.1 million (of which 210,000 have HIV, which is a high figure). The country has a stable parliamentary democracy and a very free media. Namibia lives off tourism, agriculture and pastoralism, as well as the mining industry. Namibia has the lowest population density in Africa and one of the lowest in the world.

Namibia is the place with the most arid desert in the world and at the same time this country claims to be the capital of safari.

The Namibians themselves love extreme sports, rugby, roller hockey and football (and the national team of this country, imagine, by its achievement will give odds to the Russian one - they manage to play football even worse).

Name

The name of the country comes from the Namib Desert, which is the oldest desert in the world. Before gaining independence in 1990, the area was known as German South West Africa (Deutsch-Südwestafrika) and later as South West Africa.

Story

Pre-colonial period

The arid lands of Namibia have been inhabited since ancient times by the San, Damara and Nama peoples. In the 14th century, the Bantu people came to these lands. At the end of the 18th century, the people of the Eagles came here from the Cape Colony across the Orange River. The people who arrived here were good-naturedly received by the locals and even for some time they were granted tax benefits. However, the Herero people were dissatisfied with this migration and military clashes spilled over into the Namo-Guerre war, which began in 1880. Clashes ended only after independence.

The first Europeans to arrive in the region were the Portuguese sailors Diogo Can in 1485.

The first Europeans to land and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cao in 1485 and Bartholomew Dias in 1486. ​​However, these lands did not interest the Portuguese Crown. Like most sub-Saharan lands, Namibia was not explored by Europeans until the 19th century. Mostly merchants and settlers from Germany and Sweden arrived in these lands. At the end of the 19th century, German climbers explored the mountains of Namibia. Some of them settled eventually settled in these lands.

German rule

Namibia became a German colony in 1884 by order of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. This was mainly done to prevent the strengthening of the British in this region. However, the British governor in Cape Town came to the conclusion that of all the lands of Namibia, only Walvis Bay was of interest to England and annexed the city to their territory (today the city is located in the heart of Namibia).

The period 1904 to 1907 was marked by a series of armed riots by the Nama and Herero peoples against the Germans. The response of the German government is called "the first genocide of the twentieth century." The German government ordered the complete annihilation of these peoples. During three years 10,000 Nama (half of the total population) and 65,000 Herero (80% of the total population) were destroyed. The surviving representatives of the peoples were subsequently subjected to deportation, forced labor, and discrimination.

Most Africans were banned from moving independently. They had to live in the so-called native territory. This policy later led to the emergence of the first bantustans. Some historians believe that the German policy in Namibia was the prototype of the fascist model. The memory of the genocide is part of the culture and policy towards Germany. The German government officially apologized for the genocide in Namibia in 2004.

Dominion of South Africa

South Africa, by decision of the League of Nations, began to patronize Namibia in 1915, immediately after Namibia was liberated from the German dictatorship (One of the factors for the liberation of Namibia was the First World War, because of which Germany was forced to concentrate all its forces on the European theater of operations). The South African government wanted to rename Namibia South West Africa, but did not do so, fearing a rebellion from local tribes. But de facto Namibia became the fifth province of South Africa, and appointed officials from South Africa had very broad rights.

After the League of Nations was replaced by the UN, South Africa's powers were curtailed in the region. However, in the same period, an apartheid regime is established in South Africa, which is also transferred to the territory of Namibia. Various tribal organizations in Namibia wrote numerous petitions and complaints to the UN asking for the independence of Namibia, but the requests were not taken into account. In the 1960s, France and Great Britain granted independence to a number of colonies in Africa, and this became an additional factor in pressure on South Africa.

In 1966, the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint by Ethiopia and Liberia against the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia. However, the UN General Assembly subsequently canceled South Africa's mandate. South Africa de facto controlled the territory, but guerrilla movements directed against the invaders were already emerging in Namibia. In 1971, the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring that South Africa's continued administration of Namibia would be illegal.

This decision was the impetus for the People's Liberation Army of Namibia, which began an armed struggle for independence. The war continued until 1988, when South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia.

Land disputes

Historically, there were only 0.2% of white people in Namibia, who were mainly engaged in farming. At the same time, the situation developed that these 0.2% owned 74% of arable land and mines, and, as a rule, the best. While the local population was often limited in rights and received everything that the whites did not need.

South West Africa was officially recognized as Namibia by the UN in 1968. In 1978, the UN Security Council adopted a plan for the transition of Namibia to independence, but for 10 years the world community could not convince South Africa to follow it. When South Africa agreed to grant independence to Namibia, the governments of South Africa, Angola and Cuba acted as parties to the negotiations, while the USSR and the USA acted as observers. As a result, according to the agreements, South Africa withdrew its troops from Namibia. In turn, Cuba withdrew troops from the southern border of Angola, which were later involved in the civil war in Angola. Angola was also soon able to settle its civil war.

Subsequently, a UN aid group operated in Namibia, headed by the Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari. The group operated from April 1989 to March 1990. The main goal was to monitor the peace process, organize fair elections and control the demilitarization of the region.

After the end of the war, about 46,000 people returned to their homeland. Elections for the Constitutional Assembly took place in November 1989. The slogan of the first elections in the history of Namibia was "Free and fair elections". The SWAPO party won the election (however, they did not receive 2/3 of the votes, as they intended). The DTA party became the official opposition. The elections themselves are considered peaceful, free and fair.

The Constitution, which was adopted in 1990, included new laws for the country. On the protection of human rights, an independent judiciary and legislative bodies have been created. The country officially became independent on March 21, 1990. Sam Nujoma became the country's first president. One of the guests of honor at the inauguration was Nelson Mandela, who was released from prison a month earlier, as well as representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. In 1994, South Africa returned the city of Walvis Bay to Namibia.

After independence

After independence, Namibia moved from white minority apartheid to democracy. The electoral system exists at the local, regional and state levels. Since independence, every election has been won by the SWAPO party. Sam Nujoma was president for 15 years, and in 2015 he was replaced by Hifikepunye Pohamba, who still rules the country.

The Government of Namibia is encouraging a policy of national reconciliation. The government held an amnesty for all those who fought on both sides during the war of liberation. Also, the civil war in Angola spread to the northern territories of Namibia and adversely affected the development of this region. In 1998, the Namibian Defense Force was sent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of the Southern African Development Contingent.

In 1999, the national government successfully repelled separatist actions in the northeast strip of the Caprivi. The Caprivi conflict was initiated by the Caprivi Liberation Army (CLA). Their goal was to separate the Caprivi and create their own state.

Geography

The area of ​​Namibia is 825.615 sq. km. Namibia is the 34th largest country in the world (after Venezuela). It lies mostly between latitudes 17° and 29°S and longitudes 11° and 26°E.

Namibia is located between the Namib and Kalahari deserts and therefore has the least rainfall of any country south of the Sahara.

Namibia can be roughly divided into five geographical areas:

1. Central plateau

2. Namib Desert.

3. Great Ledge (Mountain system)

4. Bushveld

5. Kalahari Desert

In each of them characteristic conditions, vegetation.

Central plateau

The central plateau runs from north to south and borders the famous Skeleton Coast. To the northwest of the plateau is the Namib Desert. Southwest of the plateau coastal plains. To the south of the plateau flows the Orange River, and to the east is the Kalahari Desert. The highest point in Namibia, Mount Brandberg, is located in the central plateau.

Namib Desert

The Namib Desert is a huge, ultra-arid area and endless sand dunes. The desert stretches along the entire coast of Namibia. The width of the desert in different areas is from 100 to several hundred kilometers wide. The Skeleton Coast also belongs to the Namib Desert region.

Scientists believe that the Namib desert is the oldest in the world. The sand dunes are created by the Atlantic winds that have blown here for centuries. Therefore, the Namib is known as the desert with the highest sand dunes. Also in this area there is a collision of hot African climate with cold Atlantic fogs. This mixture creates strong fogs that cover the desert.

The area contains rich marine and coastal resources that have not yet been explored.

Great Ledge

A large ledge rapidly soars up more than 2 kilometers. Temperatures in the mountains are colder in areas closer to the Atlantic Ocean. Although the soil in these areas is rocky, it is still much more fertile than the lands of the Namib Desert. However, due to strong winds in these areas, agriculture becomes almost impossible.

Bushveld

Bushveld is located in the northeast of Namibia, on the border with Angola. This area gets large quantity rainfall than anywhere else. The average rainfall is 400 mm. In year. The land here is mostly flat, but sandy. Therefore, moisture is poorly retained in the ground and agriculture in these regions is difficult.

Kalahari

The Kalahari Desert is located on the territory of three states: Namibia, South Africa and Botswana. This desert is one of the most famous places in Namibia. Kalahari is very diverse and the sands here are replaced by greenery. More than 5,000 plant species grow here. Nearly half of them grow nowhere else but the Kalahari. 10% of succulents grow here (plants with a special structure that hold water well). The weather in the Kalahari Desert is very stable.

Climate

The climate in Namibia, depending on the areas, can be

Sub-humid (semi-moist) (over 500 mm precipitation).

Semi-arid (from 300 to 500 mm. Precipitation).

Arid climate (150-300 mm. Precipitation)

Super-hard climate (less than 100 mm.)

The temperature fluctuates greatly depending on the elevation changes.

Namibia is located in subtropical latitudes, so these places are characterized by high pressure, with frequent clear skies. Every year there are more than 300 sunny days a year. Winter (June-August) is generally dry. Namibia has two rainy seasons. One of them is from September to November, and the second is from February to April. In the rest of the months, the humidity is low. Average rainfall ranges from almost zero in the coastal desert to over 600 mm in the Caprivi. Droughts in Namibia are frequent. The last weak rainy season, with much below average rainfall, occurred in the summer of 2006/07.

The weather and climate in the coastal zone are cold due to the Bengal Current. Atlantic Ocean. There is often thick fog over the water and it is much colder here than on the shore. Sometimes in winter there is a phenomenon called Bergwind (German for “mountain wind”) or Oosweer (Afrikaans for “eastern weather”): when a hot dry strong wind blows from the continental part into the ocean. Sometimes these winds turn into sandstorms that blow into the ocean. Satellite imagery shows sandy deposits on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean that have come from the Bergwind.

In the region of the central plateau and the Kalahari, the average daily temperature reaches 30 degrees.

The northern part of Namibia suffers from rains and subsequent floods. They not only destroy infrastructure, but often end in the death of people. As a rule, the epicenter of showers and floods is located on the territory of neighboring Angola. However, in March 2011, Namibia experienced severe flooding that forced the evacuation of 21,000 people.

The territory of Namibia is very dry. Rivers in which there is water all year round are found only on the borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Botswana. There are no rivers in the interior of Namibia that have water all year round. They usually dry up in the summer. There are several reservoirs in Namibia. In areas remote from reservoirs and rivers, people use groundwater. 80% of the country's territory is provided with water only in this way. Ground water is used even in the agricultural industry.

More than 100,000 wells have been drilled to extract water in Namibia

Conservation in Namibia

Namibia is one of the few countries in the world that has a constitutional obligation for the state to protect nature. Article 95 states: “The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people through the adoption of international policies aimed at: maintaining the ecosystems, essential ecological processes and biological diversity of Namibia, and using living natural resources in a sustainable manner for the benefit of all Namibians.

In 1993, the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the US Agency for International Development. Ministry of Defense environment and Tourism in Namibia, with financial support from organizations such as USAID, the Wildlife Fund, WWF and the Canadian Mission Fund, together form a structure for the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources. The main goal of this project is to promote sustainable management natural resources providing local communities with opportunities for nature management and tourism.

Politics and government

Namibia is a unitary presidential democratic republic. The President of Namibia is elected for a five-year term and is the head of state and head of government. However, while the president is the head of state and government, all members of the government are individually and collectively accountable to the legislature.

The Namibian constitution guarantees the separation of powers:

Executive power is exercised by the president and the government.

Legislature: Namibia has a bicameral parliament with a National Assembly (lower house) and a National Council (upper house).

Judicial power is exercised by the system of courts.

Although the constitution provides for a multi-party system for the government of Namibia, the SWAPO party has dominated since independence in 1990.

International relationships

Namibia conducts a largely independent foreign policy, maintaining friendly relations with those countries that helped Namibia in the struggle for independence. For example with Cuba. With a small army and a fragile economy, the main foreign policy concern of the Namibian government is to strengthen ties within the Southern African Region. Namibia is a strong advocate of greater regional integration. Namibia became the 160th member of the UN on April 23, 1990.

Namibia does not have any enemies in the region, although it is involved in various disputes regarding borders and building plans. The country, despite its peaceful attitude towards other states, consistently spends a large percentage of GDP on the army. Namibia spends more on military personnel than any neighbor except Angola. Military spending rose from 2.7% of GDP in 2000 to 3.7% in 2009. In 2006-2008 for a short time, Namibia has become the largest importer of weapons to the Sub-Saharan Africa. By 2015, spending on the army had already approached 5% of GDP.

According to the Constitution of Namibia, the role of the army is "protection of the territory and national interests". The modern Namibian Defense Force (NDF) is made up of former enemies who were on opposite sides of the barricades during the civil war.

After independence, the UN Kenya Infantry Regiment was sent to Namibia, which during three months trained the NDF and participated in the stabilization of the northern territories.

Administrative division

Namibia is divided into 14 regions and subdivided into 121 constituencies.

Regional councilors (governors) are directly elected by secret ballot. The vote is held among the residents of this district.

Local governments can be in the form of municipalities, city councils and villages.

Economy

The economy of Namibia is closely related to the economy of South Africa due to their shared history. The largest sectors of the Namibian economy are mining (10.4% of GDP), agriculture (5% of GDP), manufacturing (13.5% of GDP) and tourism.

What is very uncharacteristic for African countries is that Namibia has a well-developed banking sector. It has a state-of-the-art infrastructure that includes online banking, mobile banking applications and other applications of modern technology. The regulator is the Central Bank of Namibia (The Bank of Namibia or BoN). There are 5 commercial banks licensed in Namibia: “B ank Windhoek, First National Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and Small and Medium Enterprises Bank.

According to a study conducted by the Namibian Ministry of Labor in 2012, the unemployment rate in the country is 27.4%. According to similar studies, in 2000 its level was at the level of 20.2%, in 2004 - 36.7%, and in 2008 - 29.4%. According to the Minister of Labor and Social Security, the study conducted in 2008 was the widest, honest and objective.

In 2004, the Labor Law was passed to protect people from discrimination at work due to pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status. In early 2010, the government announced that “100% of all unskilled and semi-skilled workers must be employed. No exception."

In 2013, the world's leading provider of financial information Bloomberg named Namibia the best emerging market economy in Africa and one of the top 13 in the world. Only 4 African countries made it into the Top 20, with Namibia ahead of Morocco (19th), South Africa (15th) and Zambia (14th). Namibia surpassed countries such as Hungary, Brazil and Mexico. The rating was compiled on the basis of more than 10 criteria. Data based on Bloomberg's own financial analytics, IMF forecasts and World Bank. Countries were ranked in areas such as ease of doing business, levels of corruption and economic freedom. To attract investment, the government began to fight bureaucracy, and as a result, the level of bureaucracy in Namibia is one of the lowest in the world. In terms of doing business, Namibia ranks 87 out of 185 countries.

The cost of living in Namibia is relatively high because most goods, including crops, are bought from abroad. In some sectors of the economy, there is a business monopoly that provokes an unnatural increase in prices in order to extract more profit. The capital of Namibia, Windhoek, is currently ranked 150th in the ranking of the most expensive places in the world for foreigners to live.

Taxation in Namibia includes income tax, which applies to any person. Namibia has a progressive tax rate based on income. How more people earns, the higher the percentage pays the state. There is also a value added tax (VAT). It applies to most commodities and services.

Despite the remote nature of most of the territory, Namibia has seaports, airports, car roads and railways. The country aspires to become a regional transportation hub; Namibia has an important seaport through which sea communication is carried out with several neighbors. The Central Plateau has long served as a transport corridor from the densely populated states located in the North to South Africa. By the way, it is with South Africa that Namibia has the closest trade ties: Republic of South Africa provides 80% of Namibia's imports.

agriculture

About half of the population depends on agriculture (mainly subsistence agriculture). However, Namibia still imports some food. Although Namibia's GDP per capita is five times that of Africa's poorest countries in the poorest countries, most of Namibia's population lives in rural areas and subsists on a living wage. Namibia has one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world. Partly due to the fact that there is a developed urban economy and a poor rural one. In Namibia, only 1% of the land is suitable for agriculture, but almost half of the total population works on it.

About 4,000 farmers own almost all of Namibia's arable land. Remarkably, almost all of them are white. The Namibian government plans to carry out land reform, with the support of Germany and the UK. The purpose of the reform is to distribute these lands among black Namibians.

The reform will be carried out through the privatization of several large enterprises. These changes are expected to attract additional foreign capital.

Groundwater has been discovered in northern Namibia. According to experts, the volume of water is 7720 cubic meters. km and is able to provide water to 800,000 people for 400 years.

Mining and electricity

The mining industry is the only true friend of the Namibian economy. It is she who gives 25% of all income of the country. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals from Africa. Namibia is also the fourth largest exporter of uranium in the world. Rich deposits of alluvial diamonds make Namibia one of the main suppliers of the jewelry world. In addition, tungsten, lead, gold, tin, plastic spar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc are mined in Namibia. Also in the offshore possessions of Namibia there are gas fields that are still undeveloped. Virtually all diamonds go through De Beers. As journalists described this situation: "De Beers will agree with any government, because Namibia will not survive without this income."

As for the electrical industry, electricity in the country is produced by thermal and hydroelectric power plants. The Namibian government plans to build the first nuclear power plant by 2018. The voltage standard used in the country is 220V AC.

Namibia Tourism

Tourism is a very important industry in Namibia (14.5% of the state's GDP), creating tens of thousands of jobs (18.2% of the population works in the hospitality industry). The tourism industry in Namibia serves over a million tourists a year. The country is one of the most popular ecotourism destinations, thanks to Namibia's vast wilderness.

Namibia has a large number of reservations for ecotourism. Also, sport hunting is actively developing on the territory of the state, which already in 2000 accounted for 14% of the total volume of tourist services or 19.6 million dollars in monetary terms. Namibia boasts a good reputation and growing demand among sport hunters from all over the world. Many other non-standard types of tourism are also developing, such as sandboarding, parachuting and off-road racing. In many cities of Namibia there are firms arranging such types of recreation.

The most popular tourist destinations are Windhoek, Caprivi, Fish River Canyon, Skeleton Coast, Sossusvlei, Etosha Salt Flats, Sesriem Canyon and the coastal cities of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and Luderitz.

Windhoek is located in the center of the country and the international airport is located here. All this makes the capital an important transport hub in the tourism sector of Namibia. According to the Ministry of Tourism of Namibia, 56% of all foreign tourists visited Windhoek. Many state and semi-state structures that manage wildlife resorts, organize tourism, as well as the Namibia Tourism Board are located in Windhoek, so like it or not, and many visitors to the country have to get acquainted with the capital. There are also some international hotel chains here, such as Avani and Hilton /

The Namibia Tourism Board, which was formed in 2000, is the regulator of the tourism industry. The main functions of the Council are the development of tourism and tourism infrastructure in the country. Other organizations dealing with tourism issues include the Namibian Tourist Association, the Travel Agents Association, the Namibian Safari Association and the Namibian Federation of Tourist Associations.

Water Supply and Sanitation

The main supplier of water in Namibia is the NamWater company, which sells water to municipalities, and they already sell it to the population. There is also a separate state structure, which deals with water supply in rural areas and forest areas.

According to the UN, by 2011 Namibia has significantly improved the access of the population to water (compared to 1990). However, for a large part of the population, water is still poorly accessible due to the high price and long distances to water points in some rural areas. Therefore, wells are common in rural areas.

The sanitary level in Namibia is at a low level. 298 schools in the country do not have toilets. 50% of child deaths are due to lack of water or poor sanitation. Approximately 23% of deaths among children are due to diarrhea. The UN has described the situation in Namibia as a "Sanitation Crisis".

If among the richest residents and the middle class, problems with lack of water and hygiene do not exist. However, there are entire residential areas where an ordinary toilet is a luxury. In many parts of Namibia, "flying toilets" are common - plastic bags for defecation, which are then thrown away. Going to the toilet outside is completely normal in most of Namibia.

Population

Namibia has one of the lowest population densities. Less - only in Mongolia. Most of The population speaks Bantu dialects. Mostly in the Ovambo language, which is used in the north of the country. Also in Namibia there are a large number of Herero and Himba who speak the Bantu and Damara languages, which use the Nama language.

Although most of the population of Namibia is Bantu, however, here are the Khoisan peoples, who are the indigenous population of southern Africa.

Also in Namibia live the descendants of refugees from Angola. Also, small groups of so-called. Colored (this is how they are usually called here), the so-called. brown blacks, a mixture of Europeans, Africans and Asians and a separate variety of Coloreds - Basters (descendants of the Dutch colonialists, Calvinists). Together, these 2 groups make up about 8% of the population. There is also a small group of Chinese living in Namibia.

Whites make up 4 to 7% of the population. They are predominantly Afrikaners of German, British or Portuguese origin. Gradually, the white population in Namibia is decreasing due to low birth rates and emigration. However, it is one of the largest sub-Saharan white communities (larger only in South Africa). Almost all whites speak Afrikaans and share the cultural and religious values ​​of the rest of the population. About 30,000 whites have German roots and still retain their national identity. Almost all whites of Portuguese origin are refugees from Angola.

The population census in Russia takes place every 10 years. The first census was in 1991, after independence. Accordingly, subsequent censuses took place in 2001 and 2011. Namibia has a de facto census; All residents are counted, regardless of citizenship. There are 4,042 locations for the census that are deliberately not aligned with electoral districts (for more reliable data to avoid electoral fraud).

From 2001 to 2011, the average population growth was 1.4%. This is less than in the previous decade: from 1991 to 2001, the average increase was 2.6%

Religion

About 90% of the population of Namibia are Christians. Of these, 75% are Protestants. And at least half of all Christians are Lutherans. This largest religious group is a consequence of the work of missionaries from Germany and Finland during the colonial period. About 10% of the population believe in traditional indigenous religions.

Missionary activity in the second half of the 19th century led to many Namibians converting to Christianity. Today most Christians are Lutheran, but also Roman Catholic, Methodist, Anglican, African Methodist Episcopalian, Dutch Reformed and Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints).

There are also about 100 Jews living in Namibia.

Language

Until 1990, Namibia had 3 official languages: English, German and Africanaas. Long before independence, SWAPO supporters developed the theory that a large number of official languages ​​is a deliberate policy that leads to contradictions in society. As an example, they cited the territory of South Africa, where there were 11 official languages. Eventually

Until 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were the official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO opined that the country should become officially sensible by choosing this approach, in contrast to that of its neighbor South Africa (which granted all 11 official status to major languages), which it sees as "a deliberate policy of ethno-linguistic fragmentation". ". consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia, although only about 3% of the population speaks it as their mother tongue. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and broadcasting systems. some other languages ​​have received semi-official recognition, being allowed as a medium of instruction in elementary schools. Private schools are expected to follow the same policies as public schools, and "English" is a required subject. as in other post-colonial African societies, the push for sensible instructions and policies has resulted in high school dropout rates and individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.

Sports in Namibia

The most popular sport in Namibia is football. The Namibia national football team competed in the African Cup of Nations in 2008. But the level of the game does not even allow us to hope to reach the final part of the World Cup.

The strongest athletes from Namibia are rugby players. Namibia has participated in five World Cups: 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015.

Cricket is also popular in Namibi and the Namibian national team played in the 2003 World Cup.

Since 1995, Namibia has simply fallen ill with roller hockey. This sport is incredibly popular. The women's team even participated in the World Cup in 2008.

Namibia also hosts one of the toughest ultramarathons in the world.

Namibia's most famous spotter is Frank Fredericks, a 100m and 200m sprinter. He won 4 silver medals in 1992 and 1996 as well as a number of medals in track and field championships.

There is a large skydiving club in Swakopmund.

Mass media

The population of Namibia is small but nonetheless means mass media there are quite a few here. There are 2 television stations, 19 radio stations, 5 newspapers, several daily newspapers and weekly magazines. In addition, many South African media are available in Namibia. Internet media as a separate category are in their infancy and mostly copy print media publications.

Namibia's oldest newspaper, the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, was founded in 1898. Radio appeared in 1969 and television in 1981. During the period of German rule, the media mainly talked about the life of the white minority, and blacks were either ignored or even portrayed as a threat. Journalists who tried to look at the situation from a different point of view were persecuted.

Most influential newspapers: The Namibian (English and others) Die Republikein (Afrikaans), Allgemeine Zeitung (German) and Namibian Sun (English), as well as the state New Era (mostly English). Most of the newspapers are owned by large media holdings of the Democratic Party.

Broadcasting is dominated by state-owned companies. The largest radio station is National Radio, which broadcasts in English as well as nine local languages. Radio Omulunga and Kosmos 94.1 broadcast in Afrikaans. There are only two TV channels in Namibia. One is public, the other is private.

Compared to its neighbors, Namibia has a greater degree of media freedom. As a rule, Namibia falls into the quarter of countries with the most free press (this study is conducted by the organization Reporters Without Borders. The highest position is 21, in 2010. Then Namibia shared it with Canada. However, there is still little influence of the economy and the state.

Education

In Namibia, school education is free. 1st to 7th grade is considered entry level. From 8 to 12 - medium. In 1998 in primary school 400,000 children studied and another 115,000 in the secondary school. There are 32 students per teacher. About 8% of GDP is spent on education. The development of programs, plans, pedagogical research is carried out by the National Institute for the Development of Education in Okahandja.

Most of the schools are public. There are also private schools that are part of the education system. Namibia has 3 colleges of agriculture, 1 police college and 2 universities: the University of Namibia (UNAM) and the Namibian University of Technology (NUST).

healthcare

Namibia has one of the lowest life expectancies: 52.2 years

Since 2012, Namibia has launched a program to improve the health situation. 4,800 health workers were trained in 6-month courses in areas such as first aid, preventive health, proper nutrition, sanitation, hygiene, HIV testing and general antiviral treatment.

The biggest health problems in Namibia are related to high blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes and obesity.

The HIV epidemic is a major public health problem in Namibia, despite significant advances in treatment and prevention. In 2001, there were approximately 210,000 people with this diagnosis. In 2003, 16,000 people died of HIV.

Because of the HIV problem, a comprehensive national health survey was organized in 2013.

Another problem in Namibia is malaria. Moreover, the incidence of HIV-infected people is 14.5% higher than that of HIV-negative people. The risk of death from malaria in HIV-positive people is almost 50% higher.

In 2002, there were only 598 doctors working in Namibia

Namibia is a unique country with the richest flora and fauna, a rare combination of landscapes and geological structures. There are almost 365 sunny days a year, a long ocean coastline, endless desert sands and green foothills, rich hunting grounds, an original population and many natural monuments.

It is located in the tropical latitudes of southwestern Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Its territory, which has a wedge-shaped shape facing the tapering shape to the south, is crossed by the Southern Tropic (Tropic of Capricorn), the length from north to south is more than 1400 km, from west to east - about 1 thousand km. Territory area - 825.418 sq. km.

Namibia gained its independence from South Africa not so long ago - on March 21, 1990 (on this day the country celebrates a national holiday). After independence, the country is divided into the following 13 regions, Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena and Oshikoto in the north, Kunene in the northwest, Kavango and Caprivi in ​​the northeast, Erongo, Ochizondupa, Omaeke, Komas and Khartap in the central part of the country and Karas on South.

Namibia is a country of vast uninhabited spaces and unusual nature. Only here you can see dunes of pink sand, resembling small mountains in size or a rookery of fur seals, located almost at the edge of the desert. Coastline with a total length of ~ 1500 km, it is quite flat, there are only two convenient bays - Walvis Bay and Luderitz, although approaches to them are complicated due to strong winds, sea swell, surf and constant fogs. In northern and southern regions the coast is composed of rubble-pebble material, and in the central - sandy.

In the Walvis Bay area, sometimes there is a dull rumble, the water boils and becomes almost red, while a mass of dead fish is thrown ashore. A column of fetid smoke with an admixture of hydrogen sulfide rises above the waves, and islands of sulfur form in shallow areas, which exist for only a few days, and then disappear.

There were often shipwrecks off the coast of Namibia, which was reflected in the local toponymy. Particularly notorious is the area north of Cape Cross, called the Skeleton Coast. Here, on the reefs, fragments of sunken ships and bleached human skeletons have been preserved. The storm from time to time throws old coins, ceramic vessels, swords and even cannons onto the sand. Wind, ocean currents and "floating" sands constantly change the landscape of the Skeleton Coast - harbors become lagoons, coastal islands either hide in the abyss, or reappear. And thanks to the cool current, coastal waters are one of the richest areas of the world's oceans with fish. The Skeleton Coast is declared a national park, where you can enter only with a special pass (about $ 40 per person).

The Namib Desert stretches along the coast, reaching a width of 50 to 130 km and occupying about 20% of the country's territory. The wind moves the coastal sands from south to north and forms white-yellow dunes up to 40 m high. A chain of long narrow lagoons stretches behind the coastal dunes. There are also saline depressions of round or oval shape.

With distance from the coast, the color of the dunes gradually turns into red due to an increase in the content of iron oxides. This feature is a good guide for pilots. The dunes in the hinterland of the Namib desert rise up to 300 m and are the highest in the world.

To the east, the surface of the Namib rises in steps to the Great Ledge. Numerous remnant plateaus and mountains rise here in places. One of them is Mount Brandberg (2579 m), which is highest point countries. It is surrounded by lower mountains, which are called the "Twelve Apostles". In the caves and on the slopes of Brandberg, rock paintings of primitive people have been preserved.

The Great Ledge serves as the western boundary of a plateau composed of crystalline rocks, mainly granites and gneisses, which are overlapped in places by quartzites, sandstones and limestones. The plateau gently descends into the depths of the mainland and is divided into separate massifs (Kaoko, Ovambo, Damara, Nama, etc.) by tectonic depressions. The largest of them, the Kalahari, is located at an altitude of ~ 900 m above sea level. It is made of red and white sands covering the crystalline rocks of the foundation. Sands form dunes up to 100 m high.

Namibia is rich in minerals. The most important of them are diamonds, uranium, copper, lead, zinc, tin, silver, gold, pyrites, manganese, etc. Diamond placers are concentrated on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, especially in the area from Luderitz to the mouth of the Orange River, as well as in the adjacent zone shelf. The diamond mines of Orange Mouth (to the north of the mouth of the Orange River) are the largest in the world. The total reserves of diamonds exceed 35 million carats, of which 98% are high-quality jewelry. In a number of areas (Karibiba, Omaruru, Swakopmund) there are deposits of precious and semi-precious stones - tourmaline, aquamarine, agate, topaz. Gold has been discovered in the Rehoboth and Swakopmund regions.

In terms of uranium reserves, Namibia is one of the first places in the world. They are estimated at 136 thousand tons. North of Swakopmund is the largest uranium mine Rossing.

Almost 90% of the explored reserves of non-ferrous metals are concentrated in the north-east of the country (Tsumei, Grootfontein, Otavi). Local ores are characterized by high content of lead, zinc, copper, cadmium and germanium. Here, rheinerite, zumebit and schtottite, which have semiconductor properties, were first found as accompanying minerals.

In the Abenaba region, north of Grootfontein, there is one of the world's largest vanadium ore deposits with reserves of 16 thousand tons. In the Karibiba region and at the southern border of the country there are deposits of beryllium and lithium ores, in Kaoko - iron ore(total reserves 400 million tons), and in Otchivarongo - manganese (5 million tons).

The climate of Namibia is very dry, tropical. There are wet summers (September - March) and dry winters. Their alternation is most pronounced in the northeast of the country and least of all in the coastal strip, where the entire annual precipitation (from 25 to 100 mm) falls within a month, and 50–70% of the moisture immediately evaporates or seeps into the sand mass. Thick cold fogs constantly hang here.

The average temperatures of the warmest month (January) are 18 C on the ocean coast and +27º C in the interior, the coldest month (July) +12º C in the south and +16º C in the north. Precipitation falls mainly in summer, reaching a maximum in the extreme northeast (500–700 mm). The further south you go, the hotter and drier the summers and the colder the winters.

Agriculture is heavily dependent on irrigation. Of great importance are the northern rivers of the Kunene and Zambezi basins, the Ovamboland canal system and individual wells, reservoirs in the channels of temporarily flowing rivers and reservoirs. The waters of the Orange River are difficult to use because it flows in a canyon 120 m deep. Navigation on the constantly flowing rivers is hindered by rapids, sediment at the mouths and floating accumulations of plant debris.
The Kunene River is famous for the waterfalls of Ruacana, where water falls from a height of 70 m, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. A large hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 320 MW has been built here, but it operates no more than six months a year due to the strong shallowing of the river in summer.

In the north of Namibia, in a drainless basin, there is the Etosha salt marsh with an area of ​​​​about 5 thousand square meters. km, the largest in Africa. When its flat bottom, covered with a lime-clay crust, is flooded every few years, a temporary lake up to 1.5 m deep is formed. Salt has been mined here for a long time.

The coastal strip of the Namib Desert is devoid of vegetation. Only in the valleys of temporary streams do xerophytes and succulents grow (acacia, aloe, spurge and velvichia, typical for these places, living for more than 100 years). In the interior of the Namib Desert, only succulent shrubs and semi-shrubs grow, but after the rains, a carpet of flowering plants appears for a short time. To the east, the succulent desert is replaced by a grass-shrub desert, which is typical for the Great Ledge and part of the plateau. In the most humid places of Damara and Kaoko, patches of park savanna with white locust appear. Park savannas are also characteristic of the eastern part of Ovambo and the Caprivi strip. Here, the species composition of trees is more diverse (acacia, palm trees, baobabs, etc.), and grasses up to 5 m high prevail in the herbage. A significant part of the territory of Namibia is occupied by semi-desert and deserted Kalahari savannahs.

The islands and bays along the Atlantic coast are home to many birds and seals, and the coastal waters are rich in fish. Lizards, snakes, small rodents and insects are found in the dunes along the coast. Of the large animals, there are hyenas and jackals.

On the plateau of Namibia, some species of antelopes (kudu, springbok, duikers) and zebras have been preserved. Predators (hyenas, jackals), rodents (tree and mountain dormouse), as well as some exotic insectivorous animals (aardvark, golden mole) lead a nocturnal lifestyle. The richest fauna of the Etosha National Park in the north of the country, where the largest population of lions in Africa, as well as very rare species of mammals - black rhinoceros and earthen wolf, has been preserved.

Etosha National Park is the pearl of Namibia, the habitat of many thousands of representatives of South African flora and fauna, the birthplace of the unique plant Velvichia mirabilis, a major tourist center with many artificial reservoirs, some of which are even lit at night for the convenience of photography, an advanced security system (and yet for safety reasons, it is recommended to leave the car only when camping) and rest.

In general, nature conservation in Namibia is given great attention, as evidenced by an extensive network national parks and reserves.

The wildlife of Namibia is among the most beautiful in Africa. But perhaps the most surprising is the people who have managed to adapt to the harsh conditions living here: San Bushmen and Herero. The women with their banana-shaped headdresses, dressed in light Victorian style, came here with the wives of early German missionaries.

The largest city in the country - the capital Windhoek has about 240 thousand inhabitants, including the colored and black areas, as well as numerous suburbs. The city is located in the mountainous central part of the country, at an altitude of more than 1500 meters above sea level. A settlement on this site has been known since about the 40s of the 19th century, when Jonker-Afrikaner, at that time the leader of the Orlam clan (settlers from the Cape Colony) and the Nama who united with them, made it his capital. Since 1884 to 1915 Windhoek is the administrative center of German South West Africa. The colonial history of Namibia has left Windhoek with a large number of historical landmarks.

Swakopmund, a small resort town founded in 1892, during the period of German colonial rule, has long remained the main port of these territories. Today, Swakopmund has become even more beautiful, thanks to vast green lawns, alleys of century-old palm trees and carefully manicured gardens and squares. The city is located on the border of the Namib Desert and the Atlantic Ocean and is known for its huge sand dunes along the coast and excellent fishing spots. In December-April, the water here warms up to 25-26 degrees, which makes the area a popular seaside resort.

Here you can find a wide choice of hotels, boarding houses, restaurants, traditional German cakes and pastries are offered in cozy cafes. The influence of German culture is very noticeable in the city, the architecture of the bygone era of German rule is well preserved today. A beautiful panoramic view of the desert and the sea opens up from the ancient Wurmann tower, built at the beginning of the twentieth century. From the platform installed on the tower, in the old days, ships entering the harbor were greeted by raising the flag. Another of the famous places of the city is the Lighthouse, the construction of which was completed simultaneously with the breakwater in the port in 1903.

One of the greenest regions of the country, Caprivi, with its Mudumu and Mamili national parks, is the best suited for a resort holiday. One of the few thermal resorts in Namibia, the town of Rehoboth is famous for its cozy hotels, healthy hot baths and the crater of the ancient extinct volcano Boukkaros.

The town of Ai Ais is known for its hot springs and the fact that it is here that the Fish River Canyon originates, the second largest in the world after the Grand Canyon in the USA. And not far from the Fish River itself, in the Apollo 11 cave discovered in 1969, there are the most ancient rock paintings in Africa, their age is estimated at 27 thousand years.

The Fish River is the second largest canyon in the world after the Colorado Canyon. Its depth is 550 m. The giant gorge stretches for 160 km through the Koubis mountain range to Ai-Ais. It arose about 500 million years ago, not only due to erosion, but mainly due to shifts in the earth's crust. In winter, the bottom of the canyon is almost dry, or in some places you can see separate puddles of water on it.

Anyone who is interested in astronomy will be interested in visiting another small Namibian city - Grootfontein. It was here that a huge meteorite weighing more than 50 tons fell 80 thousand years ago. Now the meteorite enjoys unprecedented popularity among tourists, and locals keep signs and legends associated with a huge "heavenly stone".

In the cities of Ondangwa and Oshakati, you can visit the famous markets with a wide range of products made by craftsmen of the Ovambo people. Ndonga farms are also located here, offering traditional African dishes and getting to know the life and culture of the local population.

Namibia is a country of two deserts - the Kalahari and Namib, it is a country of unique nature and rich wildlife, and most importantly, you will always be welcome in Namibia.

POPULATION: About 1.6 million people. It is divided into 9 ethnic groups, 6 of which belong to the Bantu family (Ovambo and Herero), 3 - to the Khoisan language family (Hottentots-Nama and Bushmen). There are also about 75 thousand immigrants from Europe (Afrikaners, Germans, British).

LANGUAGE: State languages- English, Afrikaans and German.

RELIGION: Christians - 90% (mostly Protestants), the rest are adherents of local beliefs.

GEOGRAPHY: Namibia is located in southwestern Africa. It borders on Angola, Zambia, Botswana and South Africa. From the west, the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south it is bounded by the Orange River, in the north by the lower reaches of the Kunene River. The total area is 824.3 thousand sq. km.

CLIMATE: Tropical, very dry, influenced by the cold Benguela Current of the Atlantic Ocean. The average temperature in summer (October - April) is 28-36 C (up to 42 C in the north), at night 15-24 C. In winter, respectively, + 15-20 C and about 0 C at night. The rainy season is from November to March-April. The amount of precipitation ranges from 10–50 mm. per year on the coast (often they fall here in the form of fogs, not rains) up to 400-600 mm. in the extreme northeast.

POLITICAL STATUS: According to the constitution adopted on February 9, 1990, Namibia is a republic of a mixed parliamentary-presidential type. The head of state and government is the president. The legislature is a bicameral parliament (National Assembly and National Council).

CURRENCY: The Namibian dollar (N$), which is equivalent to the South African rand, which circulates on a par with the local currency. In circulation are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 N$ and coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents, 1, 2 and 5 N$. It is impossible to pay with foreign money (not counting, of course, the rand) here. Banks are open from 10.00 to 16.00 from Monday to Friday, from 8.30 to 11.00 - on Saturday. Tipping is different in different areas, employees of hotels and lodges are entitled to about $ 1 per day, in restaurants - up to 5% of the bill, if tips are not included in the cost of service. Credit cards Visa, Mastercard, Access, American Express and Diners Club and travelers checks are accepted at most hotels, shops and restaurants. They can also withdraw cash through the ATM system owned by First National Bank.

TIME: 2 hours behind Moscow.

MAIN ATTRACTIONS: Nearly 365 days of sunshine a year, rich flora and fauna, variety of geological phenomena, rich selection of hotels, lodges, farms and campsites, freshwater and ocean fishing, hunting, balloon and helicopter rides over herds of antelopes, races sand dunes on motorbikes or underwater excursions to the sunken guns of Lake Otchikoto make Namibia a popular tourist region. The capital of Namibia - Windhoek, ("windy corner") with a population of about 200 thousand people, is located at an altitude of 1650 m above sea level and is the largest city in the country. The city is known for its rich German colonial architecture, the annual German Vika carnival, and its reputation as one of the safest capitals in Africa. Namib Desert - ancient desert world, its age is 60-80 million years - brown rocks, canyons, continuously moving dunes. Completely dry, without a drop of rain, winter (July) is the most difficult time for animals and a paradise for tourists - thirsty animals resort to small puddles, you can see and photograph almost all representatives of the Namibian fauna. In the Namib-Naukluft National Park that exists here, there is a farm-hostel "Ruskamp Deep River" - one-room stone bungalows with all amenities. Nearby is the tourist complex "Namib Naukluft Lodge" - clean and tidy chalets with a swimming pool. The pearl of Namibia is Etosha National Park, the habitat of many thousands of representatives of South African flora and fauna, the birthplace of the unique plant Velvichia mirabilis, a major tourist center with many artificial reservoirs, some of which are even lit at night for the convenience of photography, an advanced security system (and yet for safety reasons, it is recommended to leave the car only when camping) and rest. The town of Ai Ais is known for its hot springs and the fact that it is here that the Fish River Canyon originates, the second largest in the world after the Grand Canyon in the United States. And not far from the Fish River itself, in the Apollo 11 cave discovered in 1969, there are the most ancient rock paintings in Africa, their age is estimated at 27 thousand years. Another exotic place in the country is the Skeleton Coast, on the shore of which you can see wooden "ribs" corroded by sea water - the skeletons of dead ships. The storm from time to time throws old coins, ceramic vessels, swords and even cannons onto the sand. Wind, ocean currents and "floating" sands constantly change the landscape of the Skeleton Coast - harbors become lagoons, coastal islands either hide in the abyss, or reappear. And thanks to the cool current, coastal waters are one of the richest areas of the world's oceans with fish. The Skeleton Coast is declared a national park, where you can enter only with a special pass (about $ 40 per person). The small resort town of Swakopmund is located on the border of the Namib Desert and the Atlantic Ocean and is known for its huge sand dunes along the coast and excellent fishing spots. In December-April, the water here warms up to 25-26 degrees, which makes the area a popular seaside resort. Grootfontein is the largest meteorite crater in the world, Hoba.

ENTRY RULES: For citizens of the Russian Federation, a visa is not required and is placed at the point of arrival in Namibia for a period of 3 months. There are no restrictions on movement within the country. Fever vaccination recommended.

CUSTOMS REGULATIONS: There are no restrictions on the import and export of national and foreign currencies. It is forbidden to import canned meat products, drugs and explosives, weapons and ammunition without proper clearance. It is strictly forbidden to engage in independent development and export of diamonds and minerals.

Republic of Namibia

The name of the country comes from the Namib Desert, which in the Hottentian language means "that which is bypassed by a steep one".

Capital

Square

Population

1798 thousand people

Namibia a country in southwestern Africa. In the north it borders on Angola and Zambia, in the east - on Botswana and South Africa, in the south - on South Africa. In the west it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

Administrative division

The state is divided into 13 districts.

Form of government

Republic.

head of state

President elected for a term of 5 years.

supreme legislative body

Parliament (two chambers: National Assembly, National Council).

Supreme executive body

Government.

Big cities

Swakompund, Rundu, Rehoboth.

Official language

Portuguese.

Religion

80% - Christians, pagans.

Ethnic composition

50% Ovambo, 10% Kavango, 7% Herero, 7% Damara.

Currency

Namibian dollar = 100 cents.

Climate

The climate of Namibia is tropical, hot and very dry. Average annual temperature is + 17 °С on the coast and + 21 °С in the central part of the country. Precipitation in the form of rains mainly falls from October to March: on the ocean coast 10-50 mm per year, in the northeast 500-700 mm.

The vegetation on the territory of the state is shrubby, desert. Often the dunes are covered with sparse grass only after rains. An attraction of Namibia is velvichia - a tree with a very thick trunk (up to 1 m in diameter), rising to a height of 10-15 cm, and a nara melon that bears fruit once every 10 years.

The fauna of Namibia is very diverse - among its representatives are elephants, rhinoceros, lions, giraffes, zebras, bubals. There are many sea birds (cormorants, pelicans, gulls, spectacled penguins) and seals on the coast.

Rivers and lakes

The largest rivers are Orange and Kunene.

Attractions

In Windhoek - National Museum with a rich collection of exhibits of natural history.

Useful information for tourists

Namibia is called the "land of fire", and it is a real find for photographers. Movement around the country is free, with the exception of private estates, two diamond-mining areas of De Beers (here it is generally strictly forbidden to pick up anything from the ground), as well as some nature reserves. The Skeleton Coast is declared a national park, where you can enter only with a special pass (about $ 40 per person).
Hotel employees are entitled to about $ 1 per day, in restaurants - up to 5% of the bill, if tips are not included in the cost of service.
There are no compulsory vaccinations before visiting Namibia, with the exception of yellow fever vaccination if you have previously been in a country where this disease is common.

NAMIBIA - Republic of Namibia.

General information

Namibia - go-su-dar-st-in on the south-pas-de Af-ri-ki. On the za-pa-de omy-va-et-sya vo-da-mi At-lan-ti-che-sko-ocean, on the se-ve-re gra-ni-chit with An-go-loy and Zam -bi-she, on the east-ke - with Bot-sva-noy (on the se-ve-ro-vos-to-ke ter-ri-to-riya of Namibia incl-no-va-et-sya me- railway An-go-loy, Zam-bi-ey and Bot-sva-noy in the form of narrow-ko-go-ri-dora 483 km long - so-called in-lo-sa Ka -pri-vi), in the south-east-ke and south - from South Africa. The area is 825.0 thousand km2 (according to other sources, 824.3 thousand km2). Population about 2.2 million (2012). Sto-li-tsa - Wind-hook. De-nezh-naya edi-ni-tsa - na-mi-biy-sky dollar-lar (tied to ran-du of South Africa, also have-mu-ho-zh-de-nie in the country -not). The official language is English-English (shi-ro-ko ras-pro-stra-ne-na af-ri-ka-ans, non-Metz-kiy, as well as the languages ​​​​of ko-ren-nyh on -ro-dov - ovam-bo, ka-van-go, ge-re-ro, etc.). In the administrative division of the ter-ri-to-ria of Namibia, it is divided into 13 districts.

Namibia is a member of the UN (1990), IMF (1990), IBRD (1990), AU (1990, until 2002 OAU), WTO (1995).

Political system

Namibia is a unitary state. Con-sti-tu-tion received on February 9, 1990. The form of rights-le-niya is the pre-zi-dent res-public.

The head of state and pr-vi-tel-st-va is the president, from-bi-rae-my on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years (with the right of one-no-no- re-branding). Can-di-dat in pre-zi-den-you must be a citizen of Namibia by ro-zh-de-ny or pro-is-ho-zh-de-ny, dos- age 35 years old and answer qua-li-fi-ka-qi-on-nym tre-bo-va-ni-yam, us-ta-nov-len-nym Kon-sti- tu-qi-ey of Namibia for members of the National Assembly (for example, not to be in the state or mu-ni-qi-pal-no service). The pre-zi-dent on-knows all the highest should-st-persons, is-la-is-the main-but-commander-blowing forces of the defense of Namibia , osu-sche-st-in-la-et external-not-po-ly-tic pre-sta-vi-tel-st-vo, etc.

The highest for-co-but-dative organ is a two-pa-lat par-la-ment. Lower pa-la-ta - National as-samb-lea, co-one of 72 de-pu-ta-tov, from bi-rai-my on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years , and 6 members without the right to go-lo-sa, on-knowing-my pre-zi-den-tom; upper pa-la-ta - National council, includes 26 members, some of them from bi-ra-yut-xia re-gio-nal-ny-mi co-ve -ta-mi for 6 years.

The executive power of the os-sche-st-in-la-et-sya right-vi-tel-st-vom (ka-bi-not-that), in the composition of someone-ro-go input -dyat pre-zi-dent, pre-mier-mi-nistr and mi-ni-st-ry, on-the-tea-we-pre-zi-den-tom from among the members of the National as-samb- lei. On for-se-yes-ni-yah ka-bi-ne-ta pre-se-da-tel-st-vu-et pre-zi-dent, and in his from-sut-st-vie - pre-mier -mi-nistr. If otherwise, pre-du-look-re-but Kon-sti-tu-qi-ei or for-ko-nom, the pre-zi-dent is obliged to act “in con-sul- ta-tion with ka-bi-not-that. The members of the ka-bi-ne-ta are not responsible for the pre-zi-den-tom and par-la-men-tom. The pre-zi-dent must fire any member of the ka-bi-ne-ta, if the National as-samb-lea is more-shin-st-go-lo-owls you- no-set re-she-nie about not-before-ve-ri mi-ni-st-ru. The national as-samb-lea can be ras-pus-shche-on pre-zi-den-tom after pro-ve-de-niya con-sul-ta-tion with ka-bi-no-tom, under the condition that the right-vi-tel-st-vo "does not have the ability to be effective, but you-full-take your duties" .

In Namibia, there are so-sche-st-wu-et-m-th-par-ty-ny system-te-ma. Leading political parties: People's Organization of South-West Africa (SWAPO), De-mo-cratic al-yans Turn-hal-le, United-nyon- ny de-mo-kra-tic front, Congress de-mo-kra-tov, etc.

Nature.

In-be-re-zhe At-lan-ti-che-sko-go ocean under the same-but the influence of the strong-no-go-battle. The be-re-go-way line of Namibia is flattened, the most large for-li-you are the bays of Wal-fish Bay and Lu-de-ritz.

Relief. Most of the ter-ri-to-rii of the country is behind-nya-that flat-to-mountain-eat with a height of 900-1500 m, dis-membered to-li-on-my rivers and tek-to- nical vpa-di-na-mi into separate ucha-st-ki: on the se-ve-re - so-kol-noe de-well-da-qi-on-noe flat-to-mountain Kao-ko, in the center there is a platform Da-ma-ra with islands-ditch-mi mountains-ra-mi and os-tan-tso-you-mi mas-si-va-mi (up to 2573 m high, go -ra Brand-berg - the highest point of Namibia), in the south - a smoothed structure-tur-no-stu-pen-cha-toe flat-to-mountain Na-ma-k-va -land. To the east and south of the flat-to-the-mountain-lo-go-re-ho-dit into the vast vpa-di-nu Ka-la-ha-ri; on the za-pa-de it turns around to a-be-re-zhu (Big Us-tup), especially ben-but clearly re-re-move you-ra -women between 24 and 27 ° south latitude. Along the be-re-zhya pro-tya-gi-va-et-sya desert-you-nya Na-mib. In the northern and eastern parts of Namibia, there are ancient lake boilers-lo-win-ny, some of them are for-nya-ta so-lon-cha-ka-mi - pe-na mi.

Geo-lo-gi-che-structure and useful is-ko-pae-mye. Namibia is located in the southwestern part of the pre-Cambrian Af-ri-Kan-platform-we, fund-da-ment-to-swarm you-stu -pa-et on the surface along the Atlantic coast and in the central part of the country, forming a warehouse-cha-thuyu system-te-mu Da-ma- ra late-not-pro-te-ro-zoi-s-th-age-ra-ta. Warehouse-cha-taya system-the-ma pro-sti-ra-et-sya in the north-east on the right-le-ni and has from-branch-le-tion to the north and south; slo-same-on ob-lo-moch-ny-mi from-lo-zhe-niya-mi, vul-ka-ni-ta-mi, car-bo-nat-ny-mi and so-la-ny- mi po-ro-da-mi top-not-go ree-fairy. In the central part of the oro-gen-on, there is a thickness of deep-bo-ko-water-nyh ter-ri-gen-nyh from-lo-zh-zheny, including gabb -ro, ba-sal-you (pre-lo-zhi-tel-but frag-men-you of the ancient ocean-nothing. Ko-ry). Warehouse-cha-tye about-ra-zo-va-niya pe-re-roof-you of the Vendian mo-las-soy (on the se-ve-re), me-ta-mor-fi-zo-va- us and pro-ditch-ny krup-ny-mi in-tru-zia-mi gra-ni-toi-dov of the late pre-cambrian - early pa-leo-zoic. Platform-for-men-ny che-hol develops on the se-ve-ro-east-to-ke and east-ke of the country (marginal parts of the blue-nek-liz Oka-van- go and Ka-la-ha-ri). In co-hundred-ve cheh-la - ter-ri-gen-no-kar-bo-nat-nye from-lo-zhe-niya upper-not-to-cam-brium, ice-none-to-vye about-ra-zo-va-niya, coal-le-nas-thal-scha, red-color-nye-ro-dy top-not-pa-leo-zoy-sko-me-zo-zoy -sky sis-te-we Ka-ru; shi-ro-ko ras-pro-countries-not-us con-ti-nen-tal-nye from-lo-zhe-niya me-la and kai-no-zoi-sky dogs of the Ka-la group ha-ri.

Ne-dra Namibia bo-ga-you-lez-ny-mi is-ko-pae-we-mi; important-ne-shi-mi yav-la-yut-xia ru-dy ura-na, copper, lead, zinc-ka; al-ma-zy. All cheers-no-new places-sto-ro-zh-de-niya on-ho-dyat-sya on the pas-de Namibia - 2 times-ra-ba-you-vae-myh-sto-ro- railway station (Ros-sing, to the north-east from the city of Sva-kop-mund; Lan-ger-Hein-rich, to the east from the city of Wal-fish- Bay) and a few not-times-ra-ba-you-vae-mykh (Va-len-sia, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Wal-fish Bay; Trek-ko-pie, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Swa-kop-mund; Etan-go, to the east-ku from the city of Swa-kop-mund). Me-sto-ro-zh-de-niya ores of me-di have in the northern part of the country - a large copper-but-on-whether-metal-licheskoe-sto-ro -zh-de-nie Tsu-meb, Tshu-di, Kom-bat; in the central part of the country - Ochi-ha-se, Match-less. Ru-dy me-sto-ro-zh-de-niya Tsu-meb in industrial co-li-che-st-wah so-der-zhat va-na-diy, cad-miy, ger-many, gal -ly, and also means. for-pa-sy flu-ori-ta. In the area of ​​Tsu-me-ba, they have lead-tso-vo-tsin-ko-vo-va-na-die places-sto-ro-zh-de-niya Abe-nab, Berg- Aucas. In the south-west of the pas de Namibia, near the village of Rosh-Pi-na, there are important lead-tso-vo-tsin-ko-ve-sto-ro-zh -de-nia - Skor-pi-on and Rosh-Pi-na; ru-dy in the next-not-go-se-reb-ro-so-der-zha-shchi. From gold-to-ore places-sto-ro-zh-de-ny sign-chi-my yav-la-et-sya Na-va-chab (170 km to se-ve-ro-for- pa-doo from Wind-hoo-ka). In the south-west of the pas de Namibia, along the coast of the At-lan-ti-ches-ko-th ocean and in the pre-de-lah of the upper part of the shelf, lo-ka -li-zo-van uni-kal-ny complex on-terrestrial and underwater dew-filled places-sto-rozh-de-niy yuve-lir-nyh al-ma-zov you -so-ko-go-chest-wa (marine coastal province of South-West Africa). Ros-sy-pi al-ma-zov pro-follow-wa-yut-sya also along the on-mi-biy-sko-go be-re-ha of the Oran-zhe-vaya river, mainly in the lower -nem te-che-nii and at the mouth of the howling part. In Namibia, there are prospective deposits of complex ores of tin, wolf-ra-ma, lithium, beryl-lium , tan-ta-la (Brand-berg, Uys; connected with the peg-ma-ti-to-y belt on the za-pa-de of the country), as well as the place-sto- ro-zh-de-niya iron-nyh, mar-gan-tse-vy ores, ka-men-no-go coal-la, pi-ri-ta, fluo-ri-ta, vol-la-hundred -ni-ta, ka-men-noy so-li, mra-mo-ra, do-lo-mi-tov, gra-ni-tov, stone-ne-sa-mo-color-no-raw material (yeah-you, amethyst, gra-on-you, go-lu-boy hal-ce-don, rose quartz, so-da-lit, tour-ma-lin, etc.). On the shelf, you-yav-le-we are places-of-ro-zh-de-niya of nature-no-go-ryu-che-go gas.

Climate. On the territory of Namibia, the climate is tropical. On the coast, the average temperatures are 17-19 ° C, sa-mo-ho-lo-ho-lo-go (July) 12-13 ° C, precipitation up to 100 mm per year - summer); relative humidity of air-du-ha on average up to 80%, number of days with fog up to 27 per month. In the interior regions, the average temperatures in January are 22-27 °C, and in July 16-22 °C. In the most elevated places in the winter, my case is for-mo-roses. At the end of winter, we are not red-ki dusty storms. In summer, relative humidity is 20%. Mak-si-small amount of precipitation (500-700 mm per year) you-pa-da-et on the extreme se-ve-ro-vos-to-ke ( in-lo-sa Ka-pri-vi), in the central part of the flat-to-mountain - 300-400 mm, in the south (in Ka-la-ha-ri) - up to 250 mm. In the southern part of the country, precipitation is raining in a non-violent ha-rak-ter, contributing to intense erosion.

Inland waters. For-pas-sy fresh waters are extremely scarce. In the northern part of Namibia, pro-te-ka-yut on-border rivers Ku-ne-ne, Zam-bezi, Oka-van-go (Ku-ban-go) with the right -to-com Oma-ta-ko. The southern border of the country is formed by the Oran-zhe-vaya river with a large tributary Fish (Fis). In the western part of the pro-te-ka-yut rivers Ugab, Oma-ru-ru, Kui-seb, etc., filled with water for several days in the season before -f-dey. On the se-ve-re, in a wide, imp-drainage vpa-di-not ras-po-lo-same-but lake-ro-so-lon-chak This is Sha.

Every year, but in-goiter-new-laya-my water resources are 45 km3 (of which only 6 km3 are on the territory of the country ny), water-to-obes-pe-chen-ness 175 m3 per person per year. Main if-whether-honor-of-water is used-zu-et-sya for ir-ri-ga-tion (45%) and live-no-water-st-va (26%), on live -lisch-but-com-mu-nal-noe ho-zyay-st-in races-ho-du-et-xia 24% of water, industry - 5%.

Soil-you, ra-ti-tel-ny and living world. Most of the territory of Namibia (over 60%) is for-ni-ma-yut sa-van-ny and su-hie red-ko-le-sya on se-ve-re and se-ve-ro -east of the country, in the be-re-zhe - efe-mer-but-lu-ko-vich-no-suk-ku-tape-tape-you-ni, to the south-east -to-ke - opus-you-nen-nye sa-van-ny Ka-la-ha-ri. Soils are mostly weak-powerful and little-pro-duc-tive, the most suitable for agriculture are red-but-brown soils-you-sa- baths in the eastern part of the plateau Da-ma-ra. In the south-east-to-ke (in Ka-la-ha-ri) once you are a dog-cha-soils. Ancient lake cat-lo-vin-na for-nya-you ha-lo-morph-us-mi soil-va-mi, some-rye gods-you-do-ra-two -ri-we-mi so-la-mi, but is-py-you-va-yut not-dos-ta-current in phosphorus-fo-re and azo-those.

Namibia - one of the few over-dry-li-vy ter-ri-to-riy mi-ra, bio-different-but-ob-ra-zie-to-swarm dos-ta-toch -but ve-li-ko also has an inter-f-du-folk sign. The southern part of the desert-you-ni Na-mib - the world-ro-howl center of bio-different-but-ob-ra-zia souk-ku-len-tov, rep-ti-liy and na-se-ko-myh, most of the en-de-mich-nyh species are so-medium-to-the-che-on along the western slope of the Bol-sho-go Us-tu-pa, in the re-walking in the lo -se me-zh-du pus-you-her and sa-van-noy. The flora of Namibia counts about 4,000 species, of which 585 are en-de-mi-ki. The largest-neck bio-different-but-ob-raz-zie from-me-cha-et-sya in the leaf-fallen sa-van-nah and red-forest-yah, where pre- becoming-le-ny types of mo-pa-ne, pte-ro-car-pu-sov, ter-mi-na-liy, etc. On the se-ve-ro-vos-to-ke red-kol- sya usually li-she-ny tra-vya-ni-stay ras-ti-tel-no-sti, the lower tier is about-ra-zu-yut kus-tar-ni-ki. On the se-ve-re, where de-re-vya is an hour-a-time-w-de-we slo-na-mi, red-ko-le-sya for-me-not-ny kus-tar-ni -ko-you-mi sa-van-na-mi. In the opus-nen-nyh sa-van-nah, shi-ro-ko represented-le-na-dy of aca-tion, ba-la-ni-te-sa and com-mi-for-ry. In the central part of the desert-you-ni-Na-mib, where the ras-pro-countries-not-we are sand dunes, - meager evil-ko-vo-kus-tar-ni-ko -vaya ra-ti-tel-ness (so-lyan-ki, sti-pag-ro-stis, ek-ta-di-um), to the east-ku replacing evil-to- you-mi form-ma-tion-mi. In the coastal po-lo-se pus-you-no pro-from-ra-sta-et vel-vi-chiya udi-vi-tel-naya. South of the bay of Lu-de-ritz and on the adjacent part of Na-ma-k-wa-len-da shi-ro-ko represented-le-we-form tsii buk-ku-len-tov.

Fau-on from-but-si-tel-but poor-on. On-count-you-va-et-sya 229 species of mammals-to-pi-melting (7% en-de-mi-ki). The most-bo-more different-but-ob-ra-zen living here is the world of red-ko-le-siy in the se-ve-re of the country, where af-ri-kan meet -sky elephant, zhi-ra-fa, an-ti-lo-py oryx, spring-gbok and ku-du, as well as zeb-ra Hart-man-na and im-pa-la (na-ho- dyat-Xia under the threat of disappearance-chez-no-ve-niya), from predator-ni-kov - lion, le-o-pard, hye-na. In Namibia - the most-may-big-shay in the world-re-po-la-tion black-no-so-ro-ha (the number of its stability is). In the mountainous regions and in the east of the country, obi-ta-yut en-de-mich-ny gr-zu-ny (long-legged, Cape sle-pysh), on -se-ko-mo-poisonous (evil-that-mole), pipe-to-tooth. Of the 676 species of birds, 60 are on the run under the threat of extinction, including the Af-ri-Kan-pin-guin and yellow-to- no-syy al-bat-ros. On the coast (in river deltas) and on the adjacent islands - water-but-bog-lot-lands (3 of them include us to the Ramsar convention). On Lake Eto-sha, there is a nest of fla-min-go. Our-about-time-on the fau-on-the-se-to-my and rep-ti-liy, where the most-bo-lea-juice is the percentage of en-de-miz-ma (more than 1/4 all types). Coastal waters are bo-ga-you plank-to-nome and pro-we-word-fish-fight, some-swarm pi-ta-et-sya big hundred-up to cap- sky ty-le-ney and many birds (bak-la-ny, pe-li-ka-ny, tea-ki).

Oh-ra-nya-my natural ter-ri-to-rii with national status oh-ra-ny for-ni-ma-yut 17% of the country's ter-ri-to-rii (National parks Na-mib-Na-uk-luft, Bereg Ske-le-tov, Eto-sha, etc.), at the same time, various ter-ri-to-ri-al-ny -mi for-ma-mi oh-ra-ny nature oh-va-che-but more than 40% of the area of ​​​​Na-mi-bii.

Population.

Most of the Namibian population (62.6%) is composed of ban-tu ro-dy, living mainly in the se-ve-re, of these, the largest are ovam-bo (48% - 2001, re-writing) and ge-re-ro (8%); koi-san-sky na-ro-dy - 14.1%, among them - na-ma and da-ma-ra. 11% are af-ri-ka-ne-ry and “colored” (including bass-te-ry - in that way mixed marriages of the first Dutch villagers of the Cape colony with a local on-se-le-ni-em, living mainly in the area of ​​​​the city of Re-ho- bot, south of Wind-hoo-ka). White-on-se-le-nie lives-va-et mainly in South and Central Na-mi-bia.

You have a high level of death and not a large average life expectancy before-op-re-de-la-ut from-no-si-tel -but low growth rates on-se-le-niya (1.4 million people in 1991; 1.8 million people in 2001). The average growth rate for the population is 1.93% (2005-2010; population growth 0.8% in 2012). The level of births is 21.11, deaths are 13.09 per 1000 inhabitants (2012). For-ka-for-tel fer-til-no-sti 2.41 re-byon-ka for 1 female-schi-nu. The young death rate is still you-with-coy - 45.6 per 1000 live-in-ro-well-days. In the age structure of the na-se-le-niya to-la de-tey (under 15 years old) 34.2%, people race (15-64 years old) - 61.7%, persons 65 years and older - 4.1% (2011). On average, for every 100 women, there are 103 men. The average life expectancy in May is 52.17 years (2012; males - 52.47, females - 51.86 years) . The main reason for the decrease in the length of life is the epi-de-mia of AIDS (number of for-ra-wives 13 1% of the adult population of the country, the death rate from AIDS is about 5 thousand people, 2009). Sal-to external mi-gra-tsy in lo-zhi-tel-noe - 1.5 mi-gran-ta per 10 thousand inhabitants (2012).

The population density is low, on average about 2.6 people / km2 (2012). Significant in terms of area-di ter-ri-to-rii in pus-you-not Na-mib and lu-pus-you-not Ka-la-ha-ri do not have in a hundred-yan-no-go on-se-le-niya. The share of the urban population is 38% (2010; the average growth rate of the urban population is 3.3% in 2005-2010). The largest cities (2012, thousand people): Windhook (334.6), Run-du (96.9), Wal-fish Bay (74.1). In total, there are 803.7 thousand people in eco-no-mi-ke for-nya (2011). Among those with jobs, 61.3% for-nya-you in the field of services, 22.4% - in industry, 16.3% - in agriculture and fishing -st-ve (2008). Very high level without-ra-bo-ti-tsy (51.2% of eco-no-mi-che-ski active population in 2008). Beyond the line of poverty, more than 1/2 of the population of the country lives.

Religion.

Over 80% on-se-le-niya - christian-ne (2010, estimate), including about 60% pro-tes-tan-you (mainly lu-te-ra-ne, also ang-li-ka-ne, re-for-ma-you, bap-ti-sta, me-to-di-sta, etc.), about 20% ka-to-li-ki; about 10% are attached to traditional ve-ro-va-nies. They also have mu-sul-ma-ne (mainly sun-ni-you), adepts of af-roh-ri-sti-an-sin-kre-ti-che-cul- tov and others.

Dei-st-vu-yut 1 mi-tro-po-liya and 1 dio-tsez of the Roman-sko-ka-to-personal church. The right-of-glorious parishes are on-ho-dyat-sya in the juris-dictation of Alek-san-d-ry-sky great-in-glorious-church-vi. The largest pro-tes-tant religious organizations: Evan-ge-liu-te-ran-church in Namibia (os-no-va- on in 1954, modern name since 1984), Ewan-ge-liche-lu-te-ran-sky church in the Republic of Namibia (os-no-va-na in 1957, modern name since 1990).

Is-to-ri-che-sky essay.

The oldest culture-tu-ry on the ter-ri-to-rii of Na-mi-bii. To the wi-de-tel-st-you of the ancient-ne-she-th-os-voi-niya man-lo-ve-com ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia from-no-sit-sya femur early archaic sapiens (see Heidelberg man) (middle Plei-hundred) from the Berg-Au-kas cave (se-ve-ro-east of Namibia), nei-den- naya together with bones but-so-ro-ga, zhi-ra-fa, over 10 species of gr-zu-nov. The most-earliest ar-heo-logic pa-myat-ni-ki co-from-not-se-na with the late Ashe-lem and the tra-di-related with him qi-ey Fa-ur-smith (South Africa-ri-ka; about 60-40 thousand years ago, so-che-ta-la tech-ni-ki Ashe-la and Le-val-lua).

The Af-ri-Kan-sky "Middle Stone Age" is represented by numerous memories of the circle of culture Steel Bay, Peters -burg and close to them, ha-rak-ter-ny for South Africa. On the basis of the community of ti-pa Steel Bay in the south and east of Af-ri-ki in the go-lo-tse-not for-mi-ru-yut-sya kul-tu -ry hunters “late-no-go-men-no-go-ka” - Wil-ton and Smith-field, the development of someone-ry continued-for-elk to ru-be-zha old-swarm and new-how er. Ve-ro-yat-no, their-to-kami are living-woo-shchie on the territory of Namibia hunting-ni-ki and so-bi-ra-te-li san. By the late Stone Age, the pain-shine-st-in-pe-tro-glyphs and samples on the rocky life-in-pee-si-si-are from-but-syat.

Na-cha-lo pro-from-in-dya-shche-ho-zyay-st-va and metal-lur-gyi on the ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia are connected with the race se-le-ni-em sko-to-vo-dov and tor-gov-tsev - ancestors of common-no-sti yes-ma-ra, with someone-ry-mi co-from-no-syat pa-myat-ni-ki in the basin-this-not of the Kui-seb river, etc. -nyu da-ma-ra near-ki na-ma; this is about-follow-zhy-va-et-sya and according to ma-te-ria-lam mo-gil-ni-kov of the VIII-XIII centuries A.D. e., ties-y-vae-my with these ethnic groups-pa-mi (descent-in-gre-bal-no-go about-ya-da, an-tro-po-lo -gic ha-rak-te-ri-stick in gre-byon-nyh, etc.). A number of ce-ra-mic co-vessels of the early-not-th-iron-no-go-ve-ka have a mesh-to-vid-shaped form (it’s considered that they in the second-rya-yut form of ko-zh-nyh bur-du-kov and used-zo-wa-li for storing mo-lo-ka). Not-someone-rye-study-to-va-te-whether in-la-ha-yut, that the development of gon-char-no-go de-la, metal-lur-gyi and pro-from-in-dya-sche-ho-zyay-st-va on the ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia went from-no-si-tel-but not-for-vi-si-mo from the price- trov, from the news to the se-ve-ru and a hundred from it.

Na-mi-biya from the 16th century to ob-re-te-niya not-for-vi-si-mo-sti.

Approximately from the 16th century to Namibia from se-ve-ra and se-ve-ro-vos-to-ka na-cha-whether pro-no-kat ban-tu (ovam-bo, tswana-na, ge-re-ro, etc.), the main for-nya-ti-em is something-rykh, on-a-row with from-gon-no-pa-st-bishch-nym-something-water-st -vom, became land-le-de-lie (except for ge-re-ro). At the end of the 18th century, there were ge-re-ro from-tes-not-us to the south of ovam-bo; in the south of Namibia, ose-whether na-ma. At the beginning of the 19th century, pe-re-se-liv-shie-sya on the territory of Namibia from the Cape co-lo-ni na-ma (et-nok-la-no-way group-pa op -lam) led by the leader Yon-ke-rum Af-ri-ka-ne-rum under-chi-ni-whether many tribes-me-na he-re-ro. As a result of the conquest wars, it would have been created-yes-but in-en-no-ter-ri-to-ri-al-noe about-ra-zo-va-nie from prices -trom on the site of the modern city of Windhook.

In 1876, the British ko-lo-no-for-that-ry built-whether a fort in Oka-han-dye and na-vya-za-whether ge-re-ro do-go-thief about pro-tech- then-ra-te. In 1883, the Bremen merchant F.A. Lu-de-ritz for 200 ru-zhey and 100 pounds sterling (to-va-ra-mi) ku-drank from the leader of one of the tribes na-ma bukh-tu An-gra -Pe-ke-na and the district adjacent to it, someone in 1884 would have declared a German pro-tek-to-ra-tom. In the 1890s, the entire territory of Namibia became pro-tek-to-ra-tom of Germany (with the exception of the city of Wal-fish Bay, en -nek-si-ro-van-no-go in 1878 Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-ey). The borders of the German South-West Africa (GUZA) would have been op-re-de-le-ny by the Anglo-Germanic pre-go-vo-rum of 1890 (see Ang-lo-ger -man-sky to-go-in-ry).

Approval of the German co-lo-ni-al-no-go-government of the meeting-ti-lo with-against-le-le-ko-ren-no-go on-se-le of Namibia. In 1888, at a co-b-ra-nii in Oka-khan-dye, in-zh-di ge-re-ro about-vi-no-whether German co-lo-ni-sts in raz-zhi-ga-nii inter-tribal wars. Arriving at the GYUZA in 1889, the German armed detachments asked-in-qi-ro-wa-li and zhes-to-to-yes-wee-whether the wave-not-niya ge- re-ro. In 1892, fearing the b-e-di-non-niya of the forces of the af-ri-kan-tsev (at the beginning of 1892, the leader of one of the tribes-myon-na-ma - H. Wit-boy concluded a co-yuz with ge-re-ro), German ko-lo-ni-al-naya ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion on-pra-vi-la against them ka- ra-tel-nye from-row-dy. In 1894, the ko-lo-ni-al-nye authorities is-tre-bi-li part of the tribe-me-ni kha-wa, in 1896, the becoming-shi-mi mban-de-ru and kha-wa, in 1897 - with the tribe of svar-tboi and western ge-re-ro. Sa-my mas-so-vym you-stu-p-le-ni-em af-ri-kan-tsev became-lo Na-ma and ge-re-ro resurrection of 1904-1907, after after the pressure of someone-ro-go, most of the na-ma would-la pe-re-se-le-na in the over-dry and not-livable -no districts.

In 1915, in the period of the 1st world war, the Union of South Africa (South Africa, since 1961 South Africa) ok-ku-pi-ro-val ter-ri-to -ryu GYUZA, in 1920 he received the man-dat of Li-gi Na-tsiy for its management. In 1949, in the pre-re-she-ni-pits of the UN, Namibia was fak-ti-che-ski-la-la pre-v-a-sche-na in one of the provinces of the SA. South African authorities pro-vo-di-li dis-cree-mi-na-qi-on-nu-li-ti-ku apart-hey-da in from-no-she-ni-na-mi- bi-sko-go on-se-le-niya. On 39.6% of the territory of the country, according to the ethnic principle, qi-pu, 10 ban-tu-sta-nov were created, the management of someone ry-mi con-tro-li-ro-val gen-ne-ral-ny ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tor South Africa: Ovam-bo-land (1968), Ka-van-go-land (1970 ), Da-ma-ra-land (1971), Eastern Ka-pri-vi (1972), etc.

In the 1950s, for-ro-di-moose or-ga-ni-zo-van-noe political movement of Af-ri-kan-tsev. In 1957-1959, the dei-st-vo-val Congress on-ro-dov Ovam-bo-len-da, created by An-dim-boy Toi-vo Ya Toy-vo from ra-bo- Chih-mi-gran-tov ovam-bo, labor-div-shih-sya in South Africa. In 1958, on its basis, the Organization on-ro-da Ovam-bo-len-da, which in 1960, in turn, became the basis for formalizing the -sche-na-tsio-nal-noy party of ko-ren-no-go on-se-le-niya of Namibia - Na-rod-noy or-ga-ni-za-tion South-Western-noy Af-ri-ki (SWAPO) led by S. Nui-oh-my.

In 1966, the General Assembly of the UN from-me-ni-la man-dat of South Africa to govern Namibia. In 1967, there was an uch-re-zh-day of the UN Council for the South-West-pa-du of Af-ri-ki - a trans-go-ing organ-gan to pre-dos-tav-le-niya str -not not-for-vi-si-mo-sti; in 1968, according to the decision of the UN South-West Africa, re-re-name-no-wa-na to Namibia. Is-ho-dya from the principle-qi-pa sa-mo-op-re-de-le-niya on-ro-dov-ko-lo-no-al-ny and for-vi-si-my countries, the UN under -tver-di-la for-the-con-ness of the armed struggle-on-mi-biy-go-on-ro-yes for not-for-vi-si-bridge. In 1973, SWAPO was recognized by the UN as the only-st-ven-ny under-lin-ny pre-sta-vi-te-lem on-ro-yes Na-mi-bii.

In 1978, the UN Security Council adopted resolution No. 435 on the pre-delivery of non-for-we-si-mo-sti of Namibia. In 1977, in 1977, the par-la-ment of South Africa ut-ver-dil for-co-but-dative act, according to some-ro-mu, the main seaport of the country is Wal-fish Bay in - went to the Cape Province of South Africa. In the following years, the right-wi-tel-st-in of South Africa py-ta-moose kept control over Namibia by way of re-re-da-chi power in country-not his-becoming-len-no-kam. In 1977, under the support of South Africa, a political party of De-mo-cratic al-yans Turn-hal-le was created. In December 1978, the South African authorities pro-ve-you-bo-ry in the so-called. The educational as-samb-lea (since 1979 the National as-samb-lea), someone went through the ob-sta-nov-ke of the military ter-ro-ra and through you -tea-no-go-lo-same-niya. SWAPO, the UN and the OAU did not recognize their results. In January 1983, due to internal differences, the National As-Samb-Lea was-la dis-push-on, the legislative and executive power again re-re -went to the general-no-ral-no-mu ad-mi-ni-st-ra-to-ru of South Africa. In 1983, there was a so-called so-called. Many-party-conference (without the participation of SWAPO), in 1985, the authorities of South Africa sfor-mi-ro-wa-li in Namibia ma-rio-not-exact- a new temporary transition to the right of the national unity.

12/22/1988 in New York, with the participation of An-go-ly, Ku-ba, South Africa and with the average of the USA and the USSR, were they under-pi-sa- we are co-gla-she-tion on the South-Za-pa-du of Af-ri-ki. In co-ot-vet-st-wii with them, the temporary trans-re-move-noe pra-vi-tel-st-in of Namibia was-lo-ra-p-s-che-but, the power of re-re-yes- va-las-gen-ne-ral-no-mu ad-mi-ni-st-ra-to-ru South Africa (de-st-vo-shaft under the control of pre-sta-vi-te-la ge -not-ral-but-go UN sec-re-ta-rya M. Ah-ti-saa-ri). During the next year, with the co-operation of the UN Group for the provision of assistance to Namibia, in the transition ri-od from the country would be hour-tych-but you-ve-de-na how-ska and ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion of South Africa, co-building conditions for pro-ve-de-niya of all-general-you-bo-ditch and for-mi-ro-va-niya of national authorities. On November 7-11, 1989, in Namibia, you were standing in the Educational As-Samb-lei, in a be-du oder-zha-la SWAPO. 9.2.1990 of the Year volume of the country. 21.3.1990 pro-voz-gla-she-on-not-for-vi-si-bridge Na-mi-bii.

Na-mi-biya after dos-ti-same-niya not-for-vi-si-mo-sti. In-ri-po-li-tic-like in Namibia, despite the high level without-ra-bo-ti-tsy and hundred-yan-nye not -uro-zhai, you-zy-vae-mye for-su-hoy, from-whether-cha-et-sya sta-bil-no-stu. The power is held by SWAPO; in 1994 and 1999, the pre-zi-den-tom of the country from-bi-ral-xia, its leader S. Nui-o-ma, in 2004 and 2009 - H. Po-ham-ba (Chairman of SWAPO since 2007).

In the eco-no-mi-chesky sphere, the government of Namibia pays special attention to the development of the mountains industry, pro-dit measures for the re-for-mi-ro-va-niyu on-land-from-no-she-niy (Law “On land re-for -me", 1995). Osu-shche-st-in-la-et-sya shi-ro-kai program-ma do-rozh-no-go build-tel-st-va [from-roof-you: av-to- ro-ha on On-gu-lum-ba-shi, 1996; Trans-ka-la-har-sky av-to-ma-gi-st-ral Wal-fish Bay - Jo-han-nes-burg, 1998; Trans-Capri-Vian av-to-ma-gi-st-ral Run-du - Ngo-ma, 2001; line-up on the northwestern railway Tsu-meb - Osha-ka-ti (approx. 250 km) from 58-ki-lo-met-ro-howl to the city of Oshi-kan-go, near the city -ni-tsy with An-go-loy] and re-con-st-management of sea ports and air-ro-ports.

When-ori-tet-nym on-right-le-ni-em external-it-is-ti-ki os-ta-et-sya ure-gu-li-ro-va-nie from-no-she- relations with South Africa and other neighboring countries. In accordance with the re-zo-lu-qi-ee No. 432 of the UN Security Council dated 27.7.1978, the port of Wal-fish Bay, pre-zh -de pri-nad-le-zhav-shy South Africa, was stage-by-stage, but included in the composition of Namibia. In 1996, there was an uch-re-zh-de-on-ex-port-but-pro-from-production free eco-no-mic zone. In 1999, the border dispute between Namibia and Bot-swana was resolved about the ownership of the islands on the Cho-be River (pe-re-da-ny Bot -sva-not). In 1993-1999, the Namibian authorities used-me-ni-li weapons against na-ru-shi-te-lei gra-ni-tsy - combat-vi-kov an-gol-sky an-ti -government group-peer-ki UNITA, in 1999, yes-wee-whether the rebellion of the ka-pri-viy se-pa-ra-ti-stov.

Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Namibia us-ta-nov-le-ny on March 21, 1990. In 1998 and 2010, there were official visas from the pre-zi-den-ta of Namibia to Russia. In 2007, in Windhoek, with an official visa, he was the chairman of the Pra-vi-tel-st-va of the Russian Federation. In 2009, the first in the history of two-sided-ron-them from-no-she-ny visit of the pre-zi-den-ta of the Russian Federation to Namibia. In 2005, the creation of the Inter-Governmental Russian-on-Mi-Biy-Commission on Trade-In-Eco-No-Mimic Cooperation -st-woo. Me-zh-du two-country-on-mi su-shche-st-vu-et without-vi-zo-vy mode.

Ho-zyay-st-vo.

Namibia is from-no-sit-Xia to a group of developing countries. The volume of GDP is 15.5 billion dollars (according to pa-ri-te-tu in-ku-pa-tel-noy ability; 2011), se-le-nia about 7.3 thousand dollars. Human development index 0.625 (2011; 120th place among 187 countries of the world). Growth in real GDP 3.6% in 2011 (6.3% on average per year in 2004-2008; -0.7% in 2009; 4.8% in 2010 ). In the structure of GDP, the share of the sphere of services is 58.5%, industry and construction - 34.4%, agriculture and fishing -va - 7.1% (2011).

Pro-from-water-st-ven-naya ba-for eco-no-mi-ki - mountain-but-to-by-vayu industry, providing about 16% of the volume -ma of GDP and up to 70% of the cost of ex-port (2009). An important place for-ni-ma-yut ag-ro-pro-mice-len-ny sector and in-du-striya tu-riz-ma. The eco-no-mi-ka of Namibia is closely connected with South Africa. Namibia is a member of the South African ta-mo-wife-no-go union (SACU), the South African South African Development Co. (SADC), has a single with South Africa, the exchange rate of the national currency (1 na-mi-bian dollar is equal to 1 South African ran-du), through South Africa, up to 70% on-tra-bi-tel -skih to-va-ditch (at cost-mo-sti), real-li-zue-my in the country. In 2009, the total volume of direct foreign investment was 3.98 billion dollars. Foreign ka-pi-ta-lo-investment ($516 million in 2009) goes to the mining industry, for development tie of touristic business, communication systems, te-le-com-mu-ni-ka-tsy, etc. In eco-no-mi-ke, active tet to-la cha-st-no-go ka-pi-ta-la, in some-some-from-races, leading in-zi-tion preserve state and mixed (with the participation of the state) companies, for example, TransNamib (railway transport), Air Namibia (air-transport), Namport "("Namibian ports Authority"; sea port-thing economy), "NamPower" (electric-tro-energy-ge-ti-ka), etc. The main factors, sder -living eco-no-michkoe esraz-vi-tie of Namibia, - for-ve-si-bridge from con-yunk-tu-ry of world prices for mineral raw materials, and so -there is a de-fi-cit of electricity, a low level of ob-ra-zo-va-niya and labor-skills in a significant part of se-le-nia.

The industry is one of the most important sectors of eco-no-mi-ki. Electricity production 1490 million kWh (2009). The operation of the Ruacana HPP on the Ku-ne-ne River in the Omu-sa-ti area in the north of the country (240 MW), the Van Eck coal-fired thermal power plant in the city of Windhook (120 MW), the Paratus diesel power plant in the city of Walfish Bay (24 MW). The production and dis-pre-de-le-ni-em of electricity for-ni-ma-et-sya company "Nam-Power". Electricity consumption 3548 million kWh (2009). Defi-cit in-ro-va-et-sya due to imports from South Africa (1501 million kWh), Zim-bab-we (648 million kWh), Zambia ( 29 million kWh) and Mo-zam-bi-ka (24 million kWh). Per-spec-ty-you-development of electric-tro-energy-ge-ti-ki are connected with os-sche-st-in-le-ni-em project builder - stations of thermal power plants on natural gas with a capacity of 800 MW Ku-du), the Bay-nes hydroelectric power station on the Ku-ne-not river on the border with An-go-loy and Divundu on the Oka-van-go river in the Ka-pri- vi, cas-ka-da small hydroelectric power stations on the Oran-zhe-vaya river, as well as wind and solar power stations.

Demand in oil products (24 thousand barrels / day in terms of oil, 2010) at the expense of them. Solving pro-ble-we de-fi-qi-ta coal-le-vo-to-genus-but-th raw materials connected with os-voi-ni-em gas-zo- out places of the At-lan-ti-che-th ocean. Most of the for-pas-owls of nature-no-go-for come-ho-dit-sya at the place-ro-zh-de-tion Ku-du, in the pro-ek-those os-voo- niya-ko-go teaching-st-vu-yut Russian company "Gaz-prom", as well as on-mi-biy-sky national oil-te-ga-zo-vaya kom- pa-tion "Namcor", the British "Tullow Oil" and the Japanese corporation "Itochu". Raz-ved-koy dru-go-go-go-spec-tiv-no-go me-hundred-ro-g-de-niya natural gas on the sea shelf, block No. 1711, for-no-ma-et-sya Russian company Sin-tez-neft-te-gas.

Namibia is the largest in Africa and the 4th in the world (after Kazah-sta-na, Ka-na-da and Av-st-ra-lii) pro-from -in-di-tel cheers-on. Do-by-cha ores cheers for 5279 tons (in re-account for U3O8). The volume-yo-we-do-by-chi would-str-ro increase-li-chi-va-yut-sya (2 times in 2003-2009). Raz-ra-bot-ka me-sto-ro-zh-de-niya Ros-sing (in the Eron-go area, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Swa-kop-mund) ve- is going on in an open way (since 1976) of the Rössing Uranium company, among its main shares is the British-Australian "Rio Tinto Group" (68.6% of the companies) and the government of Iran (15%). The capacity of the Rossing Mine enterprise is 4.8 thousand tons of U3O8 per year; Ru-dy cheers-on do-be-wa-yut also on the me-sto-ro-zh-de-nii Lan-ger-Hein-rich (since 2007), races-lo-women-nom 80 km east of the city of Wal Fish Bay (Vla de Lez - Australian company Paladin Energy); in 2009, up to 1.17 thousand tons of ore (in re-account for U3O8). Since 2009, the largest in-ve-sti-qi-on-ny project in the history of the country has been carried out - the in the th place-ro-zh-de-niya Trek-ko-pie in the desert-you-not Na-mib, to the se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Sva-kop-mund; you run the AREVA Resources Na-mibia and AREVA Processing Namibia companies (subsidiaries of the French-Chinese holding AREVA Resources Southern Afri -ca"). In 2011, in a lu-che-at the first par-tia, cheers-but-in-go-con-centr-tra-ta. With the use of-zo-va-ni-em bo-ga-tei-shih for-pa-owls of ores cheers-on-ties-va-yut-sya long-term-per-spec-ti- you are resolving pro-ble-we de-fi-qi-ta energy-go-no-si-te-lei in the country. A national body has been created for the development of a hurrah-but-to-be-fore-industry - Namibia Atomic Energy Board (2009).

Extraction of copper ores 38.0 thousand tons in 2008 (58.8 thousand tons in 2004) with the content of metal in ru-de 26-30% , in re-account for copper 7.5 thousand tons (11.2 thousand tons). Enterprises for the extraction of ores me-di dey-st-vu-yut in the districts: Kho-mas - Ochihase (including the capacity for the enrichment of ores ; in-put-but also in-lu-cha-yut zo-lo-that and con-centr-spending pi-ri-ta) and Match-less; Oshi-ko-to - Tshu-di (on the way-but from-vle-ka-yut se-reb-ro) and Tsu-meb-West (on the way from-vle-che-ne va-on -diya), as well as an enriching factory near the city of Tsu-meb. The owner of the enterprises is Weatherly Mining Namibia, a subsidiary of the British company Weatherly International plc (50.1% of its ti-vov since 2009 has been owned by the Chinese company East China Mineral Exploration & Development Bureau, ECE). You are floating black-no-how me-di at the factory in the city of Tsu-meb (since 2010, it has been attached to the Canadian company Dundee Precious Metals Inc. ) 16.3 thousand tons in 2008 (24.7 thousand tons in 2004), including over 1/2 - from imported raw materials (according to tol-lin-go-vym scheme-mum).

The largest enterprise for mining and re-ra-bot-ke of zinc and lead ores is the Skorpion combi-nat (since 2010, - lies the Indian company "Vedanta Resources" with headquarters in Lon-do-ne), located in the south-west of the country , 25 km to the north from the village of Rosh-Pi-na (Karas district). About 4% of the country's GDP and up to 1/5 of the total demand for electricity are used for the share of com-bi-na-ta. It includes a quarry for mining ores with a capacity of over 1.5 million tons per year (contains up to 11.6% Zn), capacity for the enrichment of ores, the plant for the production of zinc-ka you-with-what-you-the-house of electro-li-za (150.4 thousand tons in 2009 year). The total volume of production of zinc in concentrates is 38.3 thousand tons, lead is 14.1 thousand tons (in terms of metal, 2008) . A large deposit of lead-in-zin-co-ores (with-holding also se-reb-ro) times-ra-ba-you -va-et-sya near the village of Rosh-Pi-on the company "Rosh Pinah Zinc Corporation" (93.9% of its assets are attached to the South African company "Ex-xaro Resources"). Do-be-chu-po-li-metal-lich ores of the me-hundred-ro-zh-de-niya Berg-Au-kas (Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa district) ve-det co-together old enterprise of the ECE and Weatherly Mi-ning Namibia companies.

Do-by-cha gold-lo-ta 2126 kg (2008), its main volume comes from-ho-dit-sya to the do-lu one-st-ven-no-go in Namibia gold-lo-to-ore -no-go me-sto-ro-zh-de-nia Na-va-chab, ras-po-lo-zhen-no-go in the Eron-go area (170 km to se-ve-ro-za- pa-doo from the city of Windhook), its development in an open way is conducted by the South African company Anglo-Gold Ashanti. Zo-lo-the same way from-vle-ka-yut in-put-but from con-cen-tra-tov me-di on me-de-pla-vil-nom for-vo-de in the city of Tsu- furniture With the enrichment of poly-metal ores, as well as from the con-centrs of copper, in a way, but out of the reb-ro (about 30 tons per year). In small volumes, they do-wa-yut ru-dy of mar-gan-tsa, olo-va, tan-ta-la.

Namibia is one of the world's leading pro-out-of-di-te-lei al-ma-zov. The volume of do-by-chi was 2.22 million carats in 2008 (due to the world eco-no-mic crisis, it decreased to 0.93 million carats in 2009 year; 1.48 million carats in 2010). About 98% of the volume-yo-ma do-by-chi (at cost) are jewelry al-ma-zy you-so-go-ka-che-st-va. In al-ma-zo-do-by-vayu-schey from-races-whether 7.6% of the country's GDP is produced (2008). Putting al-ma-cals on the world-ro-howl market is one of the most important sources of the va-lute in-stu-p-le-niy of Namibia. For the op-ti-mi-for-tion of trading-whether al-ma-za-mi in 2007, the state-owned Namibia Diamond Trading Company was created. Coastal-but-oceanic dew-filled places-sto-ro-zh-de-niya al-ma-zov in the south-pas-de-country (Ka-ras region) are counted -yut-sya one of the gods-ga-tei-shih in the world. The main areas of do-by-chi: learning-drain of the sea in-be-re-zhya to the se-ve-ro-behind-pa-du from the city of Oran-e-mund to the bay of Ha-mais (pro- cha-zhen-no-stu about 100 km and shi-ri-noy from 3 km in the southeast to 200 m on se-ve-ro-for-pa-de; 0.5 million carats per year); Northern ter-ri-to-rii, including al-maz-nye co-pi in the Eli-za-bet bay area (40 km south of the city of Lu-de-ritz; up to 180 thousand car per year); the district of the Oran-zhe-vaya river on the border with South Africa (pro-tya-null-sya along the right-of-the-mi-biy-sko-go be-re-ha of the river, with -measured 50 km up from its mouth), including ko-pi Au-chas and Da-be-ras (65 km to se-ve-ro-east-to-ku from the city of Oran- e-mund; up to 120 thousand carats per year). The main al-ma-zo-do-by-vayu-shchaya company is Namdeb Diamond Corporation (50% of its assets are attached to the right-vi-tel-st- Wu Namibia and the South African cor-po-ra-tion "De Beers Group"). Raz-ra-bot-ku placer places-one hundred-ro-zh-de-niy al-ma-zov along the rus-la of the Oran-same-vaya river lead the same so-s-st-ven-no-ki -large-shih teaching-st-kov (each pro-tya-zhen-no-stu for 10 km). At the sea shores in the south-west of the pas de Namibia, one of the largest underwater ones in the world (shel-fo- out) dew-syp-nyh me-hundred-ro-zh-de-niy al-ma-zov. The main areas of do-by-chi are Marshall-Forks-East, At-lan-tik 1 (ucha-drain, pro-tya-nuv-shi-sya up to 60 km from be-re-ha) and boo -ta Douglas. Under-water-do-by-whose al-ma-call for-no-ma-et-sya company "De Beers Marine Namibia" (70% of its assets at-above-le- zhit "De Beers Group", 30% - "Namdeb Diamond Corporation"); the volume of do-by-chi is about 600 thousand carats (2009). Do-by-cha is conducted at depths from 90 to 140 m with the help of special ships. Under-water-to-be-chu al-ma-call with the help of vo-to-la-call with all-sy-vayu-schi-mi grave hose-ga-mi ve-det so - a number of smaller firms (“Sakawe Mining Corporation” with an Israeli ka-pi-tal-lom, Canadian company “Diamond Fields Internatio-nal”, av- St. Ralian "Bonaparte Diamond Mi-nes", South African "Trans Hex Group", etc. ). Raz-ved-ku ko-ren-nyh-s-ro-zh-deny al-ma-zov in kim-ber-li-to-out pipes (ob-on-ru-same-us on se- ve-ro-east-to-ke of Namibia, near the village of Tsum-kwe, near the border with Bot-swana, Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa area) osu-sche-st-in-la is the Australian company "Mo-unt Burgess Mining N. L.". In the country, there are several enterprises for og-ran-ke and grind-ke al-ma-zov, including in the city of Windhook fab-ri-ka Lev Leviev Diamond Polishing Co. me-zh-du-folk hol-din-ha "Lev Leviev Group".

In Namibia, they also do-would-wa-yut in-lu-dra-go-valuable and in-de-loch-nye stones: yeah-you (141 tons in 2008; mainly in the district onakh Eron-go and Kho-mas), including blue-nie, so-called. lace (meet only in the southern part of Namibia); ame-ti-sty (about 7 tons; near the city of Ka-ri-bib, Eron-go region); co-da-lit (1.4 thousand tons; in the district of the city of Windhook); tour-ma-li-ny (in the ok-re-st-no-ties of the cities of Ka-ri-bib and Wind-hook); hal-tse-do-ny (near the city of Oka-khan-dya, Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa district), etc. Do-by-cha gra-ni-ta (22.6 thousand tons in 2008) , mra-mo-ra (about 9.4 thousand tons) and do-lo-mi-ta (27 thousand tons) - mainly in the central part of the country, in the regions of Kho-mas and Eron-go (in the ok-re-st-no-ties of the cities of Ka-ri-bib, Oma-ru-ru, Usa-kos, Sva-kop-mund, Wind-hook, etc.), ro-zo- vo-go quartz (19.9 thousand tons; near the city of Sva-kop-mund), vol-la-sto-ni-ta (near the city of Usa-kos, Eron-go district), fluo-ri-ta ( Ochi-wa-ron-go district), ara-go-ni-ta (near the town of Ka-ri-bib), se-pyo-li-ta (near the town of Go-ba-bis, Oma-he-ke district) et al. from no-go, at Cape Cross Cape, Eron-go area), three-oc-seed mouse-ya-ka (763 tons, with a content of 99% As2O3 in ru-de ; near the city of Tsu-meb, Oshi-ko-to district), etc.

About 1/2 of the cost of production of the ra-ba-you-vayu industry comes to the primary re-re-ra-bot-ku of agricultural cheese -rya and fish, production of products of pi-ta-niya and na-pit-kov (2008). Production of salted oil 23 tons, butter 504 tons, cheese 262 tons (2009), cotton oil 1149 t (2008). Enterprises for re-ra-bot-ke fish and mo-re-pro-duk-tov - in the cities of Wal-fish Bay and Lu-de-ritz. In the country, there are old traditions of pi-vo-va-re-nia. Pi-va production - about 130 million liters (2009), about 15% of pi-va ex-por-ti-ru-et-sya. The largest pi-va-ren-ny plant is in the city of Windhook (Nami-bia Breweries company). In the south of Namibia, in the valley of Au-sen-kir (Oran-zhe-vaya river), small enterprises for packing vi-no-gra-da hundred-lo -high grades (ex-port to the countries of Europe, including to Russia). The light industry is represented by the production of sewing from de li (the largest factory of the Fla-mingo Garments company, race-by-lo- wife in the city of Windhook, over 3 thousand for-nya, 2010), clothing and carpet from ka-ra-ku-la (city of Swa-kop-mund), pro-ti-vo -mos-kit-noy set-ki (city of Otavi, Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa district), etc. In the cities, there are a number of small pre-pri- yatiy chemical, furniture, metal-lo-ob-ra-ba-you-vayu-schey industry. On the territory of the free eco-no-mic zone (1996), near the seaport of the city of Wal-fish Bay, companies in more than 20 countries of the world, including those in the field of industrial production auto-complete-tuyu-shchih, from-go-to-le-ni from-de-ly from plastics, clothes, ve-ryo-wok and sea can-na-tov, ob-ra-bot-ka gra-ni-ta, etc.).

Agriculture. The agrarian sector serves as the main source of funds for the su-sche-st-in-va-nia of 35-40% of the country's se-le-tion. Since 2005, the volume of production of agricultural products has been co-beautiful. Among the main problems of races is the periodic emergence of foci of epizooties of domestic animals and frequent -su-hee. In the central and southern regions of Namibia, large-scale farming enterprises are pre-ob-la-da-ut, ori-en-ti-ro-van-nye for the production of ducts for export (mostly livestock-water-che-sky, their owners are mainly white farmers), in the northern regions of the country - on- tre-bi-tel-small communal land-le-vla-de-nie. Gra-ni-tsei me-zh-du-northern and os-tal-ny-mi district of Namibia serves the so-called. red line, stretching through the whole territory of the country from the west to the east, - a fence from the prov-in- lo-ki, de-la-shchy Namibia into 2 zones of ve-te-ri-nar-no-go control-la (through the “red line” you can’t re-re- place live cattle, meat from animals, races and fruits). The government of Namibia declares about not-about-ho-di-mo-sti whether-to-wee-di-ro-vat the “red line” as a sim -apar-tei-wax-yes, but-on-to-mu-pre-five-st-vu-ut-not-from-beige-n-ga-tiv-nye eco-no-micic after-st- viya (zhi-te-li of the northern regions graze cattle on both sides of the border with An-go-loy, and os-sche-st-v-lyat here ve-te-ri -nar-ny control is not im-becoming-la-et-xia possible).

Quantity of at-mo-spheral precipitation up to a hundred-precise but for the air-de-ly-va-niya of some agricultural crops only in a few districts of the northern part of the country (in the valleys of the Ovam-bo and Oka-van-go rivers, as well as in the so-called Ka-pri-vi). The area of ​​ar-ra-ba-ty-vae-my lands is 0.8 million hectares (2007), irrigated lands - more than 8 thousand hectares. Ir-ri-gation facilities pi-ta-yut-sya in the rivers Ku-ne-ne and Oka-van-go in the se-ve-re, the river Oran-zhe-vaya, as well as in-do-hra-ni-lisch Khar-dap (1963) on the Fish River, near the cities of Ma-ri-en-tal and Na-ut (1972), in ok-re-st -no-stay of the city of Kit-mans-hoop (Ka-ras district) in the south; ground-to-you-mi in-da-mi oro-sha-yut-sya agricultural land around the city of Tsu-meb in the Oshi-ko-to region. About 1/2 of the required-no-stays in the grain is satisfying-le-your-re-et-xia due to im-port-ta. On the extreme se-ve-re of the country, the main grain of the cul-tu-swarm of local tri-bi-tel farms is-la-yut-sya for-su -ho-us-toy-chi-vye sort-that pro-sa, voz-de-ly-va-yut is also so-called. pearl-foreign pro-co, sor-go, bo-bo-vye and vegetables. On the Ota-vi flatland (Ocho-zon-d-yu-pa area), where you-pa-yes-there is more precipitation, you-ra-shi-va-yut ku- ku-ru-zu. In-se-you wheat-ni-tsy are mainly located in the se-ve-re of the country. In the se-ve-ro-east-to-ke of Namibia, the v-de-ly-va-yut clap-chat-nik and ta-bak, in the extreme south, in the valley of the Oran-zhe-way river , - hundred-lo-vye varieties of vi-no-gra-da. Gathering (thousand tons, 2008/2010): pro-so 40 (58 in 1990), ku-ku-ru-za 58 (28.5), wheat 13 (4.4), sort- th 10 (about 7). Total collection (thousand tons, 2009/2010): fodder crops 130 (93.5 in 1990), bo-bo-vye 17 (8), root-not-flat dy 330 (212), fruits 40.5 (10), vegetables 46.3 (9.0). Ex-port vi-no-gra-da (18 thousand tons in 2009), cotton (16.9 thousand tons) and ta-ba-ka (476 tons); import of ku-ku-ru-za (90 thousand tons), wheat-ni-tsy (13.6 thousand tons) and co-lo-da (32.3 thousand tons).

At the share of living-here-but-water-st-va, 58.35% of the cost of agricultural production is received (2008; 49.4% in 2000). In the central regions and in the north of the country, large horned cattle are bred, in the more dry southern regions and along Bol-sho th Us-tu-pa on the za-pa-de - sheep and goats (including an-mountain). In the central regions of pre-ob-la-da-et ori-en-ti-ro-van-noe for the export of meat-to-water-st-in (na-mi-biy-sky go -vya-di-na tse-nit-sya on the world market on-a-row with the Av-st-ra-liy-skay and ar-gen-tin-skay). In the 20th century, the most important thing was from-ras-liu zhi-here-but-water-st-wa-lo-ka-ra-ku-le-water-st-vo (in the early 1970s, the ex-port ka-ra-ku-le-vy shku-rock was from 2.5 to 3.5 million pieces per year). Pa-de-nie mi-ro-vo-go demand for ka-ra-kul in the late 1980s led to deep-bo-ko-mu kri-zi-su from-ras-li (production volume - 99.3 thousand skins in 2007). Part of the farms (including in the center of ka-ra-ku-le-vod-st-va - Ma-ri-en-tal district, Khar-dap district) in the 1990s re-ori -en-ti-ro-wa-losed at once-ve-de-ny ostrich-owls (in-go-lo-vie do-machine ostrich-owls decreased from 47 thousand in 2000 to 10 thousand in 2007). General po-lo-vie (million heads, 2009): large horned cattle 2.5 (about 2 in 1990); sheep 2.7 (3.3), including ka-ra-kul-skie less than 200 thousand; ko-zy 2.1 (1.8), ku-ry 4.9 (1.7); 35 thousand pigs (18 thousand in 1990). Production of certain types of livestock production (thousand tons, 2010): go-vya-di-by 57.6 (70.4 in 1990) , bar-ra-ni-na 14.9 (23.8), goats-la-ti-na 6.1 (4.4), swine-ni-na 4.4 (1.4), meat-so birds 5.3 (2.04), whole co-ro-vie mo-lo-co 114.6 (76.0). Export port (thousand tons, 2009): bar-ra-ni-by 5.0, poultry meat 4.2, go-vya-di-by 1.8; import of poultry meat (26.9 thousand tons in 2009). In the central and northern regions of Namibia, dey-st-vu-yut farms are owned by wild African animals, mainly for hunting you (zeb-ry, an-ti-lo-py oryx, ku-du, eland, etc.), cro-co-di-lo-we farms (near the city of Ochi-wa-ron-go, Ocho district -zon-d-yu-pa, etc.).

In connection with the is-it-s-no-eat of fish-pas-owls in the coastal waters of Namibia, the catch of fish (sar-di-ny, cape an- cho-moustache, hake, stav-ri-da) were reduced from 790.6 thousand tons in 1993 to 372.8 thousand tons in 2008. About 90% of fish and fish products are exported (mainly to the EU and South Africa). The main centers of fish-bo-lov-st-va, ex-port-ta fish and fish-bo-pro-duk-tov are Wal-fish Bay and Lu-de-ritz.

Services sector. One of the most-bo-lea would-be-ro times-we-vayu-shchih-s-so-ditch eco-no-mi-ki. Os-no-woo fi-nan-so-in-credit-system-te-we-become-la-yut 4 largest commercial banks - First National Bank of Namibia (FNB ), Standart Bank of Namibia, Ned-bank, Bank Windhoek. Emis-si-on-ny center is the Bank of Namibia (the central bank of the country). In Namibia, there are about 30 insurance companies, over 500 pen-si-on funds, a significant number of firms managing assets, and in-sti-tu-tov mik-ro-fi-nan-si-ro-va-nia. In Wind-hoo-ke dey-st-woo-et Na-mi-biy-sky background-do-wai exchange (1992).

One of the most important from-races of eco-no-mi-ki is in-du-striya tu-riz-ma. Every year, about 1 million people visit the country, including 74% from neighboring countries (South Africa and An-go-la), 21% from Ev -ro-py (mainly from Germany and Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nii). In the sphere of tu-riz-ma, there is a large number of enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses. The main types of thu-riz-ma are eco-lo-gi-che-sky, including ex-curs-sii teas in for-special places with fo-to-gra-fi-ro- va-ni-em wild animals (sa-fa-ri), and sports-tiv-but-oz-to-ro-vi-tel-ny, including hunting (hunting -no one's sa-fa-ri) and fish-ball-ka. Among the most popular touristic objects is the Bereg Ske-le-tov National Park (about 1/3 of the at-lan-tic in a be-re-zhya country, to se-ve-ro-for-pa-du from the city of Sva-kop-mund to the mouth of the gra-nich-noy with An-go-loy river Ku-ne-ne; includes-cha-et for-by-the-nick of Cape Cross with co-lo-niya-mi sea ko-ti-kov), Na-mib-Na-uk-luft National Park ( south of the city of Sva-kop-mund; includes the natural za-po-ved-nick Sos-sus-flay - the sand dunes of the desert-you-ni Na-mib) , National sa-fa-ri-park Eto-sha in the north of Namibia, can-on of the Fish River in the south of the country (the largest in Africa). A beach vacation on the Atlantic coast of Namibia is not possible due to the low tem-pe-ra-tour of sea water and frequent fog ma-nov. The seaside resort of Sva-kop-mund is the center of ex-chur-si-on-docks and ex-tre-small views from-dy-ha - underwater sea fish ball-ka (including hunting for sharks) -ram (pa-ra-sei-ling), ka-ta-niya on the sand dunes on boards and skis (san-dbor-ding), etc.

Transport. Namibia ob-la-yes-et to-free-but-gus-that se-tyu av-to-do-horn (one of the best in Africa) 64.2 thousand km, including with solid smoke on the roof - 5.5 thousand km (2008). Do-ro-gi with ka-che-st-ven-nym as-fal-to-ym in-ro-ti-em co-ed-nya-yut Wind-hook with atlantic-be-cut -em (go-ro-da Swa-cop-mund and Wal-fish Bay), the northern districts of the country, as well as with the city of Keith-mans-hoop (yes, further south to gra -ni-tsy from South Africa). In the order of av-to-ma-gi-st-ra-li: trans-ka-pri-viy-sky (connects Namibia with Bot-sva-noy, Zam-bi-ey and Zim-bab-ve through the so-called in-lo-su Ka-pri-vi) and trans-ka-la-ha-ri-sky [yav-la-et-sya part of auto-to- do-ro-gi Wal-fish Bay - Wind-hook - ter-ri-to-riya Bot-swa-ny - Jo-han-nes-burg (South Africa) - Ma-pu-tu (Mo-zam-bik )]. Pain-tire-st-in-roads without hard-up-to-go-covering (gray-viy-nye and grundy-thing) under-der-zhi-va-ut-sya in ho-ro our state of standing, which is also capable of low intensity of movement. The main reason for-chi-on the road-but-trans-port pro-is-she-st-viy is a collision with di-ki-mi animals-here-us-mi (re- ko-men-du-et-sya voz-der-zhi-vat-sya from po-dock in the dark time of day-to-day). The total length of the railways is 2.6 thousand km (2008; width on the track 1067 mm). Railway lines connect Windhook with the port of Wal-fish Bay, go-ro-da-mi Go-ba-bis (at east-ke) and Tsu-meb (at northern part of the country), as well as with the network of railways of South Africa (in the south). Railway transport is on-go-dit-sya in the ve-de-nii of the Trans-Namib company, mainly used for cargo-zo-pe-re-vo- zok (cargo turnover 1.1 billion t km, 2007). With the participation of Chinese companies, real-li-zu-yut-sya pro-ek-you re-con-st-management of the railway in-fra-structure-tu-ry (including Restoration of the railway line See-heim - Lu-de-ritz). Seaports: Wal-fish Bay (single deep-bo-to-water; cargo turnover 4.7 million tons, 2008), Lu-de-ritz (so-so-ben with no-mother not-big-fish-bo-lo-vets-kie su-da). Aviation trans-port-vol-re-ve-ze-but 452 thousand pas-sa-zhi-ditch (2009). It has 129 airports, including 21 with solid smoke on the roof, takeoff-but-on-sa-daughter-of-los (2010), croup -ney-shie - me-zh-du-folk air-ro-por-you Ho-sia Ku-ta-ko (near the city of Wind-hook) and the city of Wal-fish Bay. The national air-pe-re-carrier is the Air Namibia company. Of particular combat significance is light aviation of general significance (top-me-weeks-same-ry mountains-but-to-be-vau-ing companies and large farmers have personal sa-mo-le-you for a quick connection with a hundred faces - air-ro-port-tom Windhoek Eros Airport).

International trade. The total volume of external-not-trade-go-go-to-va-ro-ob-ro-ta is 9.92 billion dollars (2011), including export of 4.57 billion. dollars, imports 5.35 billion dollars - on (21.9%), valuable and semi-dra-go-valuable stones (14.1%), zinc (7.1%), copper (6, 2%), as well as fish and sea-re-products (8.5%), tabak (3.6%). Main ku-pa-te-li (2009): EU countries (total 31.7%), including Great Britain (10.2%), Ger -mania (9.9%), France (4.5%), Italy (2.8%), and Southeast Asia (total 29.8%), including Malaysia (4.7%), as well as the USA (19.0%), China (18.0%), Ka-na-da (12.6%), South Africa (2 .7%), India (2.6%). The main articles of to-var-no-go im-port-ta (2009): go-to-th industrial goods (only 81.5%), including ma-shi- ny and ob-ru-do-va-nie (43.0%), hi-mi-ka-you (17.9%), as well as products of pi-ta-nia (11.6 %) and that-p-li-in (2.6%). Major sellers (2008): South Africa (67.8%) and Great Britain (7.9%).

Military establishment.

The Armed Forces (AF) of Namibia - the National Forces of Defense - on-count-you-va-yut 9.2 thousand people (2010) and consist of Su-ho-put troops (SV) and the Navy, besides that, they have military for-mi-ro-va-nia (po-li-tion, in-border-no-oh -ra-na, etc.) - 6 thousand people. Military year-to-howl budget of 320 million dollars (2010, estimate).

The supreme chief-but-co-man-blowing aircraft is the pre-zi-dent of the country. The non-mediocre leadership of the Armed Forces is in the-lo-same-but on the mi-ni-stra defense. Management of the howl-ska-mi osu-sche-st-in-la-et co-man-blowing SW.

SW (9 thousand people) . ), sub-raz-de-le-ne communication. The structure of the SV also includes an aviation wing. On the military-ru-zhe-nii of the SV, there are about 20 tanks of us-ta-roar-shih con-st-hand-tsy (technical condition of not-from-west- but), 12 armored personnel carriers, 60 armored personnel carriers, 5 MLRS, about 25 beech-si-rue-my artillery pieces, 40 mi-no-me-tov, pro-ti-vo-tan-ko-vy guns, 65 anti-aircraft guns-ta-no-woks, about 50 MANPADS; apart from that, 24 combat, 11 transport, 14 training aircraft and 6 helicopters (including 2 combat and 2 supports). On the military-ru-zhe-nii of the Navy (be-re-go-oh-ra-na, 200 people) there are 5 pat-rudder ships, 4 pat-rudder boats -te-ra, 4 auxiliary vessels, 1 sa-mo-fly and 1 helicopter-fly. They also have not-large sub-raz-de-le-nia for the protection of fish-bo-fish-st-va, some-rye or-ga-ni-za -qi-on-but are part of the Ministry of Fisheries-no-ho-zyay-st-va. Ba-zi-ro-va-nie flot - in Wal-fish Bay.

A set of re-gu-lar-ny aircraft - according to the prize, the service life is 24 months. Under-go-to-ka officer-cer-dov and sergeant-so-hundred-va in the military school in the city of Oka-khan-dya (near Wind-hu-ka), row-to-out - in parts and training centers. Mo-bilization resources are about 380.5 thousand people, including about 228.2 thousand people who are fit for military service.

Health-in-security.

In Namibia, for every 100,000 inhabitants, there are 30 doctors, 306 paramedics per-so-na-la and aku-she-rock (2007). The total cost of health care is 6.7% of GDP (budget fi-nan-si-ro-va-nie 55.4 %, private sector 45.6%; 2008). The right-to-vo-re-gu-li-ro-va-nie of health-in-protection of the os-s-st-v-la-yut: Charter of the rights of patients with HIV / AIDS (2000) , for-ko-na about control over le-kar-st-va-mi (2003), about labor-de (2004). Sys-te-ma health-in-protection of go-su-dar-st-ven-naya, there is a sector of private medical practice; dei-st-vu-et is also a system of medical insurance. Department of osu-sche-st-v-la-yut nye organizations. Basic medical care is provided by 248 clinics, 37 health centers and 47 hospitals (2006). The main part of the medical uch-re-zh-de-ny so-medium-to-the-che-on in the se-ve-re of the country. The most racially pro-country infections are di-zen-te-ria, he-pa-tit A, typhoid, ma-la-ria, shis-to-so-ma -toz, to-ber-ku-lez (2008). Seaside climatic resort Sva-kop-mund.

Sport.

The National Olympic Committee of Namibia was created in 1990, recognized by the IOC in 1991; since 1992, the sports teams of Namibia have taken part in the Olympic Games; for-how-va-but 4 se-reb-rya-ny me-da-li. The greatest-big-us-pe-hov did-be-be-gun F. Frederiks (born in 1967), for-vo-vav-shi all 4 Olym-pic-sky on-grads: for- took 2nd place in the 100m and 200m at the Olympic Games in Bar-se-lo-ne (1992) and At-lan-te (1996); you-stepping in a 200 m run on something-pio-na-tah mi-ra in an easy at-le-ti-ke, once in a be-dil (1993) and 3 times for- took 2nd place (1991, 1995, 1997). Football team of Namibia 2 times you-stu-pa-la in the final part of the African Nations Cup (1998, 2008). In 1994, the Namibian team in chess-ma-tam de-by-ti-ro-wa-la in the World-wide shah-mat-noy olym-pia-de (Mo-sk-wa). Among other types of sports, the most popular are boxing, wrestling, cycling, shooting, swimming.

Education. Uch-re-zh-de-niya of science and culture-tu-ry.

Management of education-re-g-de-niya-mi osu-sche-st-in-la-ut Ministry of ba-zo-vo-go about-ra-zo-va- niya, dispute and culture (1990), Ministry of higher education, professional training, science and tech-no-ki ( 1995) and the Ministry for the Affairs of Women and Children (2000; pre-school education). The main reg-la-men-ti-ruyu-shchi do-ku-ment - the Law on the formation of a call (2001). System-te-ma about-ra-zo-va-niya includes (2011): 2-year-old pre-school education and about-ra-zo-va -nie (osu-sche-st-in-la-et-sya in primary school), 7-year-old-primary (4 years-yes - younger neck, 3rd- yes - older neck) education, 5-year-old average (3 years - not full, 2 years - full) about-ra-zo-va-nie , higher education. Pre-school-l-ym about-ra-zo-va-ni-em oh-va-che-but 48% of children (2002), at the beginning - 89%, middle - over 50% (2008). The literacy rate at the age of over 15 is 88.2% (2008). The system of the highest education includes the University of Namibia (1992; 10 camp-pus-sovs, over 13 thousand students), Po-li-tech Institute of State Ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tion and management (opened in 2011) - all in the city of Wind Hook, Na-mi-bii Institute mountain-no-go de-la and tech-no-logia in the city of Aran-dis (1990), Na-mi-biy Institute of mo-re-hod-st-va and fish-bo-lov-st -va in the city of Wal-fish Bay (1996). In Wind-hoo-ke na-ho-dyat-sya bib-lio-te-ki - public (1924), national (1984); National Archi-You (1939), National Museum (1907), National Art Gallery (1947).

Among the scientific uch-re-g-de-ny - Na-mi-biy-scientific society (1925), Institute of ar-hi-tech-tu-ry and urban planning-ni-ro-va -nia (1952), National Institute bo-tanical research (1953), National Institute for the Development of Education (1990), Institute for Democracy (1991), Institute of Socio-Political Research (2001), Institute of Theological Research (2003) - all in Wind Hook, Department eco-logical studies in the city of Wal-fish Bay (1963), Eto-sha Eco-logical Institute in Okau-ku-eyo (1974), National Marine Information ma-tsi-on-no-is-sle-do-va-tel-sky center in Swa-kop-mun-de (2003).

Mass media

Leading iz-da-nia: government newspaper "New Era" (you-go-dit since 1992; daily, in English and local languages, ty - Rage 10 thousand copies); newspapers "The Namibian" [since 1985; daily, in English and Oshi-Wambo (Ovam-bo), 11 thousand copies], Namibia Today (since 1977; 2 times in non-de-lu, in English and local languages, Af-ri-ka-ans, 5 thousand copies; print organ of SWAPO), "Die Repub-li-kein" (since 1977; daily, in English , German and Af-ri-ka-ans, 13.5 thousand copies; organ De-mo-kra-tic al-yan-sa Turn-hal-le Na-mi-bii); "Allgemeine Zeitung" (since 1916; daily, on German, 5 thousand copies) (all - the city of Windhook); newspaper "Namib Times" (since 1958; 2 times in non-de-lu, in English, German, Portuguese and Af-ri-ka-ans, 4.3 thousand copies, the city of Wal-fish Bay ). The national service for television and radio broadcasting is Na-mi-bi-an Broadcasting Corporation (os-no-va-na in 1990). National information agency - Namibia Press Agency (os-no-va-no in 1987).

Ar-hi-tech-tu-ra and iso-bra-zi-tel-noe art-kus-st-vo.

To the ancient-shim pa-myat-ni-kam of art on the ter-ri-to-rii of Namibia from-no-syat-sya numerous pet-horn-li-fs and samples of on- rocky life-in-pee-si, some-rye yes-ti-ro-va-ny from 30 thousand years ago to the present time. Drawings are more often mo-but-chrome, a lot of two-colors, not a lot of many-colors. At one pa-myat-ni-ke, you can meet strokes of various types. One of the tech-nick ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et is that the fi-gu-ry, as it were, “under-no-ma-liss” above the rocky top-no-stu due to not-deep-bo-ko-go you-dalb-li-va-niya “fon-na”, but more clear con-tu-ry in-lu-cha-lis with the help of the deep -bo-kih you-bo-in. In this tech-no-ke image of people red-ki and you-half-not-us, they are all scheme-ma-tich-but. There are about 20 groups on the rocky life-in-pee-si (Twy-fel-fon-tein, where there are also pe-tro-gly-phs , etc.) in the south of Namibia (they are yes-ti-ru-yut about 4 thousand years BC), on-tu-ra-li-stich-but depicting dance-lyu -day, fi-gu-ry of people and animals.

In the Etem-ba cave (Oma-ru-ru district, Eron-go district), in the main hall, fi-gu-ra is depicted with 28 people with bows, str-la-mi, spear-i-mi, on separate fi-gu-rah you can see uk-ra-she-nia; in small caves there are two groups of images of brothers: in one case, a group of 4 hunters, in the other - animals (zhi-ra-fa, but-so-ro-gi, zeb-ry, etc.). In the cave of Bush-man-Pa-ra-days (to the north-east of Mt. Pon-dok) there were many images of niya people, as well as zhi-ra-fa, hip-po-po-ta-mov, sha-ka-la, ku-du, but-so-ro-ha, mythical su-sche-st- va (“sphin-x”) with a thin body and shi-ro-ki-mi hips-ra-mi (we-not almost half-no-stu unich-the-same-us).

With late XIX centuries in Namibia, buildings of the European type are being built: ok-ru-wife-we-ran-da-mi residential and administrative buildings in Russian si-ki (the building of the par-la-men-ta of Namibia in Wind-hu-ke, 1910-1913, architect G. Re-de-ker, etc.), co-rigging in ro -man-ti-zi-ro-van-nom "non-mets-com" style under the influence of the movement "Is-kus-st-va and re-myos-la" (he -niye "Vo-er-man" in Swa-kop-mun-de, 1900-1905, the house of Ga-te-ma-na in Wind-hu-ke, 1913, architect V. Zan-der, and others. ); architect Re-de-Ker; neo-Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Mary, 1906-1908, both in Windhoek, etc.). By the middle of the 20th century, buildings appeared in the style of modernism (in the style of the architect H. Shtau-ha), by the end of the 20th century in Russian in stmo -der-niz-ma, including im-ti-ruyu-schie "non-metz-cue" style of the early 20th century (the "Mutual Platz" complex in Wind-hoo-ke, 1991, architectural bureau "Stauch + Partners Architects", etc.).

In the life-in-pee-si of Namibia of the 20th century, there was a tradition of pei-za-zhe and an ani-ma-listic genre in the spirit of ex-press-sio-niz-ma (ra-bo-you A. En-cha, F. Kram-pe). In the 2nd half of the 20th century in Namibia, ra-bo-ta-li gra-ve-ry J. Mua-fan-ged-jo (li-no-gra-vu-ry-to-go-gen-ra ) and H. Pullon, zhi-vo-pi-sets and graphic artist J. Ma-di-sia, sculptor D. Ber-ner. Ras-pro-countries-not-us many types of artistic re-myo-villages (gon-char-st-vo, plait-te-nie, from-go-tov-le-nie so-su-dov from you-to-you, de-re-va, ob-ra-bot-ka metal-la). From de-liya uk-ra-sha-yut-xia with the traditional geo-metric or-on-men-tom. On farms in ok-re-st-no-sty Wind-hoo-ka from-go-to-la-yut wool carpets and go-be-le-ny with geometric and or-ga-nichesky or-na-men-tom, as well as with zhan-ro-you-mi scene-on-mi.

Music.

Musical cul-tu-ra representing-le-na tra-di-tion-mi ban-tu, koi-san-sky peoples and numerous pe-re-se-len-tsev - other peoples of Af-ri-ki, as well as Amer-ri-ki, Asia, Europe. In the modern culture of Namibia, old and new types of mu-zy-ki are co-su-sche-st-vu-yut. So-storage-nya-yut-sya ar-ha-ic in-ve-st-in-va-niya with songs-nya-mi, mu-zy-kal-no-tan-tse-val-nye tra-di -tions (ob-rya-do-vye, tse-re-mo-ni-al-nye and raz-vle-ka-tel-nye); deep-bo-kie roots-ni has a ho-ro-wai mu-zy-ka (for example, in ge-re-ro - uni-sleep singing in bright dek-la-ma-qi -on-noy ma-ne-re, relying on pen-ta-to-no-ku). Dancing according to tradition is-half-nya-yut-sya in co-pro-in-g-de-nii mem-bra-no-fon-nov and various idio-fon-nov (in Greek -mush-ki, pal-ki), one-on-ko ba-ra-ba-na in a degree-pen-but ear-dyat from practice-ti-ki (in connection with the mass-so-howl you -cutting forest-owls is-che-for-et ma-te-ri-al for them from-go-to-le-niya, only in some-some-ry-ro-dov so-shr - there were no separate types of old ba-ra-ba-nov). In-st-ru-men-tal-naya mu-zy-ka once-wi-ta among the Khoi-san peoples and ban-tu, shi-ro-ko ras-pro-country-not-us times -ny types of mu-zy-kal-no-go lu-ka, la-mel-la-fon-ny.

The influence of Western musical culture on-cha-moose in the 2nd half of the 19th century societies, races-pro-countries of genres and forms of church music. Gradually, but you-ra-bo-ta-lis mixed mu-zy-kal-no-tan-tse-val-forms-we in co-pro-in-zh-de- nii gi-ta-ry or ak-kor-de-o-na, for example, na-ma-step (at na-ma). With-wow-va-ni-em not-for-vi-si-mo-sti (1990) with-ob-re-whether popular-mas-so-holidays with mu -zy-koy, dance-tsa-mi and pa-ni-em patriotic songs, for example Ge-re-ro Day in Oka-van-go; entertaining music sounds not only in nightclubs and bars, but also during community gatherings ny. Since the end of the 20th century, the Ministry of Culture of Namibia has been supporting the development of national musical traditions, in the district of -ro-va-ny big-ho-ro-kol-lek-ti-you (os-no-va-te-li - Efaf-na-zi Bar-na-bas Ka-si-ta and Uni- as Shig-ved-ha). In schools, all-me-st-but os-sche-st-v-la-et-sya teaching traditional music and dance, but use -yut-sya and western me-to-di-ki (for example, sis-te-ma K. Or-fa).

Oral creative work of the peoples of Namibia was researched by D.F. Bleek (1920s), I. Gri-mo and H.Kh. Weng-ler (1950s), N. Ing-land, J. Nös, D. Ho-ne-mann, H.J. Heinz, D. Rye-croft, E.O.J. Westphal, E. Muggleston (1960s-1980s). Since 1965, under the leadership of H. Trey-si na-cha-ta sys-te-ma-tic recording of the traditional music of Namibia, in the 1980-1990s, made-la-we for-pi -si games on the mu-zy-kal-nom bow under the guidance of A. Trey-si, S. Zin-ke. In 1991-1994, for-pi-sa-ny samples of mu-zy-ki within the framework of the project on the study of mu-zy-ki, dance and oral literature of the peoples of Namibia under the leadership of G. Ku-bi-ka and M.M. Ma-la-mu-si.

In Wind-hu-ke, ra-bo-ta-yut National theater, Sym-phonic orchestra, college of arts and from-de-le-nie is-pol-ni-tel-sky Arts University of Namibia. Mu-zy-kal-no-tan-tse-val-ny en-ensemble "Ndi-li-ma-ni" stepped on the World-wide fes-ti-va-le mo-lo-de -zhi and stu-den-tov in Mo-sk-ve (1985).

Te-atr and ki-no.

Theatre. During the time of the apart-hey-yes, the professional te-atr is re-emerging-at-no-small just for the white elite. At the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, the station of the National Theatre (opened in 1960 as the Windhook National Theatre, since 1989 the National Theatre of Namibia) -we-we are mainly sharp in general-on-the-national-in-itself - the fight against AIDS, illiterate-no-stu, etc. Ak-tu- al-nye problems of the country for-ni-ma-yut the central place and in the creative-che-st-ve one of the most notable theater troupes - "Bricks", os-no-van-noy in 1984 in Wind-hoo-ke. In the same place, in 1986, the Te-at-ral-ny department at the University of Namibia arose. Stu-den-you sta-vi-whether spec-so-whether and gas-st-ro-li-ro-wa-li with them around the country. Also, since 1993, in Wind-hoo-ke, the ex-perimental theater “Pak-ga-uz” has been functioning. All the theaters of Namibia, except for Na-tsio-nal-no-go, are ra-la-ga-yut-sya in non-specialized in a different way yakh - rural clubs, places of public gatherings, sometimes on them-pro-vision-scenes. Among the largest drama-tur-govs: F. Fi-lan-der, D. Ha-ar-hoff, L. Jacobs. In general, the development of the te-at-ral-no-go art of Namibia follows the path of combining traditional practices (for some characters -ny im-pro-vi-za-tion, live dialogue with the spectator) with the principles of classical and avant-garde-no-go western theater .

Cinema. On the pro-tya-zhe-nii of the 20th century, ki-no-pro-kat (mainly films Western countries and South Africa) on the territory of Namibia os-sche-st-v-la-li, mostly South African companies. During the time of the armed struggle and for the dos-ti-the-same-nii-not-for-vi-si-mo-sti in Namibia, a number of pre-ku-men-tal-ny tapes were filmed. Among the most significant ones: “Na-mi-biya: not an easy way to freedom” (1988) and “Na-mi-biya: nation of ro- zh-yes-et-sya again ”(1990) K. Har-ri-sa,“ Na-mi-biya: I saw-del ”R. Pak-lep-py (1999). The most influential ki-no-pro-du-ser of Namibia is B. Pi-ke-ring, taking part in the production of many-series -no-go film “Af-ri-ka sword-ta-et” (2007) and a number of major works (including games) in South Africa.