World War II sides. History of World War II

Republic of Crimea

Belogorsky district

Municipal treasury educational institution

"Litvinenkovskaya secondary school"

Chemistry lesson in grade 9

Topic: Hydrochloric acid and its salts

Lesson focused on textbook Rudzitis G.E., Feldman F.G. Chemistry. Grade 9 Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2014

Teacher Ryzhenkova V.V.

Litvinenkovo 2016

Lesson goals.

Learning goal : Contribute to the generalization of knowledge about the properties of acids using the example of hydrochloric acid, the study of the specific properties of hydrochloric acid and its salts; consider obtaining hydrochloric acid in the laboratory and in industry, the importance of hydrochloric acid and its salts.

Development goal : Create conditions for the development of skills to analyze information, establish cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena; to develop skills in solving computational problems in chemistry, compiling equations chemical reactions in molecular, ionic form, to develop the skills of experimental work.

educational goal : Promote a culture of health; responsibility for the subject.

Equipment for the lesson: computer, laptops, projector, laboratory stand, demonstration test tubes, Periodic system chemical elements DIMendeleeva, Activity series of metals, table of solubility of acids, salts and bases.

Reagents: water, hydrochloric acid, solutions of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, nitric acid, silver nitrate, litmus solution.

Attached media:

Video fragment “Obtaining hydrochloric acid in the laboratory”, “Recognition of chloride, bromide, iodide ions”, presentation in the POWER POINT editor “Hydrochloric acid and its salts”

Used literature and Internet resources:

Textbook by G.E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman. Chemistry 10th grade - M .: Education, 2014;

Single collection digital educational resources(http://school-collection.edu.ru/ video experiments)

Basic concepts and terms: bond length, bond polarity, electrolytes, dissociation, acids, salts, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, qualitative reaction.

Lesson type: lesson learning new material.

Teaching methods: verbal, visual, partially - search, interactive (" Brainstorm”, “Work in groups”), the method of motivation for learning, the method of test control.

Lesson structure

I. Organizational stage - 2 min

II.Updating basic knowledge - 5 min

III. Learning new material -25 min

1. Study of the physical properties of hydrochloric acid (first group)

2. Obtaining hydrochloric acid in the laboratory and in industry (second group)

3. Chemical properties of hydrochloric acid common to all acids (third group)

4. Specific properties of hydrochloric acid and its salts (fourth group)

5. The meaning and use of hydrochloric acid and its salts (fifth group)

IV. Consolidation of knowledge and skills-7 min.

Reflection - 3 min

V. Homework - 2 min

VI. Summing up the lesson - 1 min

During the classes

I. Organizational stage

Greetings. Diagnosis of the emotional state of students. Interactive technology "Smiley". On the fields workbook draw a smiley reflecting your emotional condition. In the case when the majority of students have poor emotional well-being, you should talk with the guys, trying to change their mood and set them up for work.

The message of the topic and purpose of the lesson (slide 1).

Teacher's explanation of how to work with the cards "Student rating in the lesson" for self-assessment of knowledge (Appendix No. 1)

II. Updating of basic knowledge

Heuristic conversation

1. How does the radius of the atom change for the elements of group VII-A within the group from top to bottom?

2. Name the formulas of volatile hydrogen compounds elements of group VII-A.

3. What are aqueous solutions volatile hydrogen compounds of elements of group VII-A? (acids)

4. Are these acids electrolytes and why?

5. How does the strength of hydrohalic acids as electrolytes change in a series

HF→HCl→HBr→HI? (Amplified acid properties as the bond length increases). slide 2

6.What safety precautions should we know when working with acids? (Safety briefing: hydrochloric acid can cause chemical burns if handled carelessly)

Motivation

The teacher says that the program provides for the study of the properties of hydrochloric acid.

staging problematic issue: "Why, of all the hydrohalic acids, do we study hydrochloric acid?"

Suggested student responses:

Less hazardous substance;

More accessible;

It has greater value for a person.

Connection with biology. Recall biological role hydrochloric acid (biology grade 8). Hydrochloric acid is part of the gastric juice, activates the enzyme pepsin, which breaks down proteins. Lack of acid leads to indigestion. Excess acid (high acidity) causes heartburn, corrodes the walls of the esophagus and stomach.

Teacher talks about the dangers of self-treatment, for example, the use of "pop" (soda solution) for heartburn. Experience: Interaction of soda and almagel with acid.

In medicine, a 0.3-0.5% solution of hydrochloric acid with the enzyme pepsin is prescribed for patients with insufficient acidity.

III. Learning new material

Learning activities organized by interactive technology collectively - group learning "Work in pairs".

The teacher invites the children to independently unite in five research groups. The task of the groups is to acquire knowledge at the level necessary to share this information with others. Completion time is seven minutes. Each group reports its part of the information within 3-4 minutes.

Tasks for work in groups

I Group : Determine which of the two test tubes given to you contains hydrochloric acid, and which contains water. Describe physical properties dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid with the help of their observations and textbook data, p.56.
II Group : read the textbook article (p. 56, fig. 13) and study the methods for obtaining hydrochloric acid in the laboratory and in industry. Write Equations relevant reactions. What volume of hydrogen is required to produce 10 liters of hydrogen chloride.

III Group : explore Chemical properties acids, such as hydrochloric acid. Perform exercise 2 on page 58 of the textbook. Draw a diagram showing the chemical properties of hydrochloric acid in common with other acids.

IV Group : Learn the specific properties of hydrochloric acid and its salts

a) the interaction of hydrochloric acid and its salts with silver (I) nitrate is a qualitative reaction for chloride - ions. Study the textbook material page 57, table 9 "Specific properties of hydrochloric acid" and section ! Important information page 57. Conduct a laboratory experiment "Recognition of hydrochloric acid and its salts", make equations for the corresponding chemical reactions and describe the signs of reactions. Make a conclusion based on your observations. Use the Experiment Guide. (Appendix No. 2) or page 60 of the textbook.

b) interaction with oxidizing agents. Study the textbook material on page 57 table 9. Make an equation for oxidative - reducing reaction using the electronic balance method, using the algorithm given in paragraph 1 on page 6. K2Cr2O7+ HCl → Cl2 + CrCl3+…+…

V Group : Learn the uses of hydrochloric acid and its salts. Prepare your presentation. Slides 3-4.

Suggested responses from students.

I Group : We recognize hydrochloric acid with a universal indicator paper. In a test tube with acid, it is pink, which means that in a solution of hydrochloric acid there are hydrogen cations - H +, which is typical for all acids.

Teacher : Hydrochloric acid - strong electrolyte. The degree of its dissociation in dilute solutions reaches 90%. Dissociation equation HCl → H + + Cl - (chloride - ion). Salts - chlorides.

Pupils: Hydrochloric acid is a colorless, volatile liquid. Technical acid is yellow due to impurities of chlorine or iron. At a temperature of 20 0 C, hydrochloric acid can be obtained with mass fraction hydrogen chloride 37-38%. At 0 0 C, 507 volumes of HCl dissolve in 1 volume of water, which corresponds to a concentration of 45%. In moist air, concentrated hydrochloric acid "smoke" strongly, because. it releases hydrogen chloride. There is a strong smell.

II Group : In the laboratory, hydrochloric acid is obtained by reacting table salt with concentrated sulfuric acid (2:1)

NaCl (crystal) + H2SO4 (conc.) \u003d NaHSO4 + HCl at a temperature of 150 0 С

excess hydrosulfate

Obtaining hydrochloric acid in this way was developed by alchemists.

With an excess of salt and a temperature of 550 0 C:

2NaCl + H 2 SO 4 \u003d Na 2 SO 4 + 2HCl

Explanation according to figure 13 page 56 or bookmark on the Internet (video experiments). Slides 8-9.

Production in industry: combustion of hydrogen in chlorine and dissolution of the reaction product in water.

1l H2 ____ 2lHCl X=5l (H2)

ChlH2-10lHCl

III Group :

Which of the following substances will react with hydrochloric acid? Make up the equations of the corresponding reactions, write one of them in ionic form.

Zn Cu Al CaO SiO2 Fe2O3 NaOH Al(OH)3 Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 CaCO3 Fe(NO3)3

1.Zn + HCl \u003d ZnCl 2 + H 2

2. Al + 6HCl \u003d 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2

3. CaO + 2HCl \u003d CaCl 2 + H 2 O

4. Fe 2 O 3 +6 HCl \u003d 2FeCl 3 + 3H 2 O

5. NaOH + HCl \u003d NaCl + H 2 O

6. Al (OH) 3 + 3HCl \u003d AlCl 3 + 3H 2 O

7. CaCO 3 + 2HCl \u003d CaCl 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O

Students summarize the material in the form of a diagram or table (slide 5). Conclusion: hydrochloric acid exhibits chemical properties typical of the class of acids.

IV Group

a) Pupils talk about the results of the experiment, write down the equations of chemical reactions. Interaction with silver nitrate (silver nitrate is a reagent for hydrochloric acid and its salts); in three test tubes, the formation of a white cheesy precipitate was observed, which does not dissolve in either water or acids:

HCl + AgNO 3 \u003d AgCl ↓ + HNO 3

NaCl + AgNO 3 \u003d AgCl ↓ + NaNO 3

CaCl 2 +2 AgNO 3 \u003d 2 AgCl ↓ + Ca (NO 3) 2

The conclusion is formulated: the interaction of hydrochloric acid and its salts with silver (I) nitrate is a qualitative reaction for chloride ions:

Ag + + Cl - = AgCl↓

Teacher: to recognize other halides (bromides, iodides), you can also use silver cations (Appendix 2 "Definition of ions", pp. 202-203 of the textbook).

Video experiment "Recognition of halides" (find a bookmark on the Internet http://school-collection.edu.ru/ video experiments).

b) interaction with oxidizing agents

Cr +6 +3e→Cr +3 2 reduction, oxidizer

2Cl - 2e→Cl 2 0 3 oxidation, reducing agent

V Group : Hydrochloric acid is used to obtain chlorides, hydrogen; in the leather industry for leather processing; in medicine; during the hydrolysis of wood; for pickling steel, i.e. cleaning its surface from corrosion products before coating with a layer of protective metal (nickel plating, chromium plating), otherwise the metal will not stick to the steel surface. AT Food Industry hydrochloric acid is used as food supplement E-507 as an acidity regulator.

Presentation "Application of chlorides"

IV. Consolidation of knowledge and skills of students

Task: What volume of chlorine will be released when 29.4 g of potassium dichromate react with an excess of hydrochloric acid.

Mr (K 2 Cr 2 O 7) = 294 amu

M (K 2 Cr 2 O 7) \u003d 294 g / mol

K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 14HCl \u003d 3Cl 2 + 2CrCl 3 + 2KCl + 7H 2 O

X= 0.3 mol V=0.3 mol. 22.4 l / mol \u003d 67.2 l

Answer: 67.2 liters of chlorine

Testing.

1. Substances with which hydrochloric acid does not react are

BUT chromium AT carbon monoxide(IV)

B sodium sulfate G iron(III) hydroxide

2. The reagent for determining chloride ions in solution is

BUT barium nitrate AT barium chloride

B silver nitrate G silver chloride

3. Hydrochloric acid is

BUT strong electrolyte B weak electrolyte

4. A pair of ions that can simultaneously be in solution is

BUT H+ and SiO3 2- AT H+ and SO4 2-

B Si 2+ and OH - G Ag+ and Cl-

Code:1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-B

Reflection (3 min.) The technique of an unfinished sentence is used.

For example: Hydrochloric acid has properties characteristic of all ...

V . Homework : Explore practical work No. 3 in paragraph 11, pp. 59-60

VI. Summing up the lesson . Students sum up their work, fill out rating cards and report points to the teacher. The teacher converts points into grades. Thank you for your work in class. You can check the emotional state of the guys (smiley).

Type of work
Type of work	maximum score	individual index
1.Knowledge theoretical material, definitions, oral answers in the lesson
2.Knowledge of formulas, dimensions, drawing up equations of chemical reactions
3. Group work
4.Practical part: problem solving, laboratory experiments
5. Search work (abstracts, presentations, etc.)
6.Testing
	50/score5

Application №2

Instructions for conducting laboratory experience"Recognition of hydrochloric acid and its salts"

Remember! Hydrochloric acid is corrosive!

Pour 1-2 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid into one test tube, the same amount of sodium chloride solution into the second, and calcium chloride solution into the third. Add a few drops of silver(I) nitrate solution to each tube. Check if the precipitate is soluble in concentrated nitric acid.

Write the equations of the reactions carried out and answer the question, what is the reagent for hydrochloric acid and its salts.

Depending on the degree of dilution with water, that is, on the concentration, the physical properties of nitric acid will be different.

Anhydrous fresh Nitric acid- a colorless, water-like liquid with a pungent odor, miscible with water in any ratio. When stored under the influence of light or temperature, nitric acid partially decomposes with the release of nitric oxide (IV) - a brown gas:

4HNO 3 \u003d 4NO 2 + O 2 + 2H 2 O

Due to the released oxygen, a smoldering splinter over heated nitric acid flares up. Brown gas dissolves in acid and colors it in yellow. Substances containing protein, when concentrated nitric acid comes into contact with them, turn yellow. Therefore, nitric acid leaves yellow spots on the skin of the hands. To avoid this, you should work with concentrated nitric acid in rubber gloves.

Nitric acid is a strong inorganic acid. Therefore, it is characterized by all general properties acids: discoloration of indicators, interaction with basic and amphoteric oxides, bases and salts. But nitric acid is still a very strong oxidizing agent, therefore it reacts with metals in a special way.

The nature of the interaction of nitric acid with metals is rather complicated. These redox reactions do not belong to the type of substitution, and the composition of the products of such reactions is very diverse. Moreover, nitric acid, even diluted, is able to interact with metals that are in the activity series to the right of hydrogen.

Only gold, platinum, osmium, iridium and tantalum do not interact with nitric acid under any circumstances.

Some active metals, such as aluminum, do not react with nitric acid due to the dense oxide film that forms on the surface of the metal. In order to show the activity of aluminum, we lower the aluminum wire into a solution of hydrochloric acid. Aluminum interacts vigorously with hydrochloric acid with the release of hydrogen.

2Al + 6HCl = 3H 2 + 2AlCl 3

Then we lower the same wire into concentrated nitric acid. Immediately, a very thin oxide film is formed on the aluminum surface, which prevents the interaction of the metal with the acid.

In most reactions of concentrated nitric acid with metals, the reduction product of nitric acid will be nitric oxide (IV). For example, when iron reacts with concentrated nitric acid, when heated, iron (III) nitrate, nitric oxide (IV) and water are formed:

Fe + 6HNO 3 (conc.) = Fe(NO 3) 3 + 3NO 2 + 3H 2 O

The coefficients in such reactions are placed using the electronic balance method.

Let's do an experiment. Let's observe how dilute and concentrated nitric acid reacts with metals. Prepare two test tubes with a solution of nitric acid. Let's put zinc in the first, copper in the second.

Zinc reacts with highly dilute nitric acid to release ammonia.

4Zn + 9HNO 3 \u003d NH 3 + 4Zn (NO 3) 2 + 3H 2 O

Wet litmus paper turns blue at the neck of the test tube, indicating the presence of ammonia. Copper reacts with a solution of nitric acid to release nitrogen monoxide.

3Cu + 8HNO 3 = NO + 3Cu(NO 3) 2 + 4H 2 O

Concentrated nitric acid is an even stronger oxidizing agent. Place zinc and copper in test tubes with concentrated nitric acid. Zinc and copper react violently with concentrated nitric acid to form soluble salts and release brown gas - nitrogen dioxide (Fig. 1).

Zn + 4HNO 3 \u003d 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O + Zn (NO 3) 2

Cu + 4HNO 3 \u003d 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O + Cu (NO 3) 2

Rice. 1. Interaction of copper (left) and zinc (right) with concentrated nitric acid

When interacting with most metals, concentrated nitric acid is reduced to nitrogen dioxide.

Salts of nitric acid are called nitrates. In addition, salts of nitric acid alkali metals, calcium and ammonium ion are called nitrates. For example, NH 4 NO 3 is ammonium nitrate.

All nitrates are highly soluble in water and thermally unstable. All of them decompose when heated with the release of oxygen. Moreover, depending on the cation, the decomposition products may vary.

At thermal decomposition potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite and oxygen are predominantly formed:

2KNO 3 \u003d 2KNO 2 + O 2

During the thermolysis of copper (II) nitrate, copper (II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are formed:

2Cu(NO 3) 2 \u003d 2CuO + 4NO 2 + O 2

Nitric acid - a large-tonnage product chemical industry. It is widely used for the production of dyes, explosives, nitrogen fertilizers and medicines.

In laboratory practice, nitric acid and especially its mixture with hydrochloric acid (the so-called aqua regia) are used to dissolve metals that are insoluble in other acids.

Bibliography

Orzhekovsky P.A. Collection of tasks and exercises in chemistry: 9th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. Grade 9 / P.A. Orzhekovsky, N.A. Titov, F.F. Hegel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2007.
Orzhekovsky P.A. Chemistry: 9th grade: textbook. for general inst. / P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, L.S. Pontak. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2007. (§ 37)
Orzhekovsky P.A. Chemistry: 9th grade: textbook for general education. inst. / P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, M.M. Shalashova. - M.: Astrel, 2013. (§ 24)
Rudzitis G.E. Chemistry: inorgan. chemistry. Organ. chemistry: textbook. for 9 cells. / G.E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2009.
Khomchenko I.D. Collection of tasks and exercises in chemistry for high school. - M.: RIA "New Wave": Publisher Umerenkov, 2008.
Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chapter. ed. V.A. Volodin, leading. scientific ed. I. Leenson. - M.: Avanta +, 2003.

A single collection of digital educational resources (video experiences on the topic) ().
Electronic version of the journal "Chemistry and Life" ().

Homework

with. 160 Nos. 5, 7 from the textbook P.A. Orzhekovsky "Chemistry: 9th grade" / P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, M.M. Shalashova. - M.: Astrel, 2013.

Briefly, the entire course of the Second World War is divided by points into five main steps. We will try to describe them in an accessible way for you.

The shortest stages in the table for grades 9, 10, 11
The beginning of the European conflict - 1 stage initial
Opening Eastern Front- Stage 2
Fracture - stage 3
Liberation of Europe - stage 4
End of the war - stage 5 final

Table for the ninth, tenth, eleventh grades

The beginning of the European conflict - First First stage 1939 - 1941

The first stage of the largest armed conflict in terms of its scale began on the day when the Nazi troops entered the Polish land and ended on the eve of the Nazi attack on the USSR.
September 1, 1939 is officially recognized as the beginning of the second conflict, which has acquired global proportions. At the dawn of this day began German occupation Poland and European countries realized the threat posed by Nazi Germany.
2 days later, on the side of Poland, France entered the war and british empire. Following them, the French and British dominions and colonies declared war on the Third Reich. The representatives of Australia, New Zealand and India (3.09) were the first to announce their decision, then the leadership of the Union of South Africa (6.09) and Canada (10.09).
However, despite the entry into the war, the French and British states did not help Poland in any way, and in general did not start any active actions for a long time, trying to redirect German aggression to the east - against the USSR.
All this eventually led to the fact that in the first war period Nazi Germany managed to occupy not only Polish, Danish, Norwegian, Belgian, Luxembourgish and Dutch territories, but also most French Republic.
After that, the battle for Britain began, which lasted more than three months. True, in this battle the Germans did not have to celebrate the victory - they never managed to land troops on the British Isles.
As a result of the first period of the war, most European states found themselves in fascist German-Italian occupation or became dependent on these states.

Opening of the Eastern Front - Second stage 1941 - 1942

The beginning of the second stage of the war was June 22, 1941, when the Nazis violated the state border of the USSR. This period was marked by the expansion of the scale of the conflict and the collapse of the Nazi blitzkrieg.
One of significant events this stage also became the support of the USSR from largest states- US and UK. Despite their rejection of the socialist system, the governments of these states declared unconditional assistance to the Union. Thus, the foundation was laid for a new military alliance - the anti-Hitler coalition.
The second most important point of this stage of World War II is the joining of the US military operations, provoked by an unexpected and swift attack by the fleet and aviation of the Japanese Empire on military base Americans in pacific ocean. The attack took place on December 7, and the very next day war was declared on Japan by the United States, Great Britain and a number of other countries. And after another 4 days, the German and Italian presented the United States with a note declaring war.

Turning point in the course of World War II - Third stage 1942-1943

The turning point of the war is considered the first major defeat German army on the approaches to the Soviet capital and Battle of Stalingrad, during which the Nazis not only suffered significant losses, but were also forced to abandon offensive tactics and switch to defensive ones. These events took place during the third stage of hostilities, which lasted from November 19, 1942 until the end of 1943.
Also at this stage, the allies practically without a fight entered Italy, in which a crisis of power was already ripe. As a result, Mussolini was overthrown, the fascist regime collapsed, and the new government chose to sign a truce with America and Britain. On October 13, Italy entered the war with its former ally.
At the same time, a turning point occurred in the theater of operations in the Pacific Ocean, where Japanese troops began to suffer defeat one after another.

Liberation of Europe - Fourth stage 1944-1945

During the fourth military period, which began on the first day of 1944 and ended on May 9, 1945, a second front was created in the west, defeated fascist bloc and liberated from the German invaders all European states. Germany was forced to admit defeat and sign the act of surrender.

End of the war - Fifth final stage 1945

Despite the fact that the German troops laid down their arms, World War not yet over - Japan was not going to follow the example of its former allies. As a result, the USSR declared war on the Japanese state, after which the Red Army units began military operation in Manchuria. As a result of defeat Kwantung Army led to the end of the war.
However, the most significant moment of this period was atomic bombing Japanese cities, which was produced by American air Force. It happened on 6 (Hiroshima) and 9 (Nagasaki) August 1945.
This stage ended, and with it the whole war on September 2 of the same year. On this significant day on board the American battlecruiser"Missouri" representatives of the Japanese government officially signed the act of their surrender.

Historical dictionary Wehrmacht-Name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany
in 1935-1945.
By the start of World War II, the total
The Wehrmacht was 3,214,000 people on June 22
1941 - 7,234,000 people. In 1943, the number
The Wehrmacht reached 11 million people. Total in
1939-1945 in military establishment Germany was
21,107,000 people were called up.

"Winter War"-Soviet-Finnish
the war of 1939-40 took place in
period from November 30, 1939 to March 12
1940.
The formal reason for hostilities was
called the Maynil incident - shelling from
Finnish territory of the Soviet border guards in
the village of Mainila on the Karelian Isthmus,
occurred, according to the statement Soviet side, 26
November 1939. Finnish side its involvement
vehemently denied the attack. Two days later, 28
November, the USSR denounced the Soviet-Finnish
non-aggression pact signed in 1932 and 30
November began fighting.

coming
troops
was to
overcome
complex
defensive
structures
between Finnish
bay and
Ladoga,
received
line name
Mannerheim.

commander-in-chief
Finnish
army
field marshal
Carl Gustav Emil
Mannerheim,
whose name
was named
defensive
line.

Commander of the 123rd
small
Division Philip
Fedorovich
Alyabushev. His
division played
key role in
line break
Mannegraim

Preparations for the construction of the line have been started
immediately after the announcement
Finnish independence in 1918.
Construction of the Mannerheim Line
continued intermittently until
Soviet-Finnish war in 1939. Line
Mannerheim had three bands in common
almost 90 km deep. It included 670
large bunkers and bunkers connected
trenches and communication passages with 800
underground casemates. In addition, there were
sophisticated anti-tank
obstacles total length at 136 km
and many kilometers of wire
barriers

10.

Mannerheim line anti-tank ditch with
wire fence

11.

12.

As a result of the war, Karelian was ceded to the USSR
isthmus and big cities Vyborg and Sortavala,
a number of islands in the Gulf of Finland, part of the Finnish
territory with the city of Kuolajärvi, part
peninsulas Rybachy and Sredny. Ladoga
the lake became the inland lake of the USSR. Finland
was returned captured during the fighting
Petsamo region (Pechenga). USSR received on lease
part of the Hanko (Gangut) peninsula for a period of 30 years
to equip a naval base there.
At the same time reputation Soviet state on the
international arena suffered: the USSR was
declared an aggressor and expelled from the League of Nations.
Mutual distrust Western countries and USSR
has reached a critical point.

13. "Strange War" - 1939-1940, the name of the period of the war between France and England against Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II

war, from September 3, 1939 to May 10
1940.
After the German attack on Poland (September 1, 1939), France and
England, connected with Poland by obligations of assistance in the event of
aggression against it, on September 3 they were forced to declare war
Germany. However, in an effort to direct germ, aggression on V.,
against the Soviet Union, they actually did not conduct hostilities.
With an overwhelming superiority in manpower and means (86
French and 4 English divisions on the western front 3
September 1939 opposed 23 German. divisions), they were limited
just a little progress.
The passivity of France and England allowed fascist. Germany fast
destroy the weapons Polish forces. After the defeat of Poland in the west.
The lull continued on the front, allowing the fascist. Germany
concentrate troops and in May 1940 defeat the Anglo-French. coalitions. "WITH. in." was a continuation of the Munich
politics, betrayal of the interests of small countries, the desire
direct aggression against the USSR.

14. Partition of Poland

Section map
of Eastern Europe
by secret protocol
to the Soviet-German
pact of 09/28/1939
On September 25–27, Moscow hosted
negotiations between Stalin and Ribbentrop.
September 28 was signed
Soviet-German treaty
"On Friendship and Borders".
According to the secret protocol
to this treaty, Lithuania was
transferred to the Soviet sphere
influence, and the territory of Poland
between the Vistula and the Western Bug
- in German.
Vilna region of Poland,
as decided on August 23,
passed to Lithuania.

15. "New Order"

In the occupied countries
the fascists set it up
called "new
order", embodying
the main goals of states
fascist bloc in
World War II -
territorial
redistribution of the world
enslavement
independent states,
extermination of whole
peoples, establishing
world domination.

On September 1, 1939, the armed forces of Germany and Slovakia invaded Poland. At the same time, the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein fired on the fortifications of the Polish Westerplatte peninsula. Since Poland was in an alliance with England, France and, this was regarded as a declaration of war by Hitler.

On September 1, 1939, a general conscription. The draft age was reduced from 21 to 19, and in some cases to 18. This quickly increased the size of the army to 5 million people. The USSR began to prepare for war.

Hitler justified the need to attack Poland with the incident at Gleiwitz, carefully avoiding "" and fearing the start of hostilities against England and France. He promised Polish people guarantees of inviolability and expressed the intention only to actively defend against "Polish aggression".

Gleiwicki was a provocation on the part of the Third Reich to create a pretext for an armed conflict: SS officers dressed in Polish military uniform, made a number of attacks on the border of Poland and Germany. Pre-killed concentration camp prisoners and those taken directly to the scene were used as those who died during the attack.

Until the last moment, Hitler hoped that Poland would not stand up for her and that Poland would be transferred to Germany in the same way that the Sudetenland was transferred to Czechoslovakia in 1938.

England and France declare war on Germany

Despite the Fuhrer's hopes, on September 3, 1945, England, France, Australia and New Zealand declared war on Germany. Within a short time they were joined by Canada, Newfoundland, the Union of South Africa and Nepal. The US and Japan declared neutrality.

The British ambassador, who arrived at the Reich Chancellery on September 3, 1939 and delivered an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of troops from Poland, shocked Hitler. But the war had already begun, the Fuhrer did not want to leave by diplomatic means what had been won by weapons, and the offensive German troops on Polish soil continued.

Despite the declared war, Western front the Anglo-French troops did not take any active action between 3 and 10 September, with the exception of military operations at sea. This inaction allowed Germany to completely destroy the Polish armed forces in just 7 days, leaving only minor pockets of resistance. But they will be completely eliminated by October 6, 1939. It was on this day that Germany announced the demise of Polish state and governments.

The participation of the USSR at the beginning of World War II

According to the secret additional protocol to the Molotov-Ribbentrop treaty, spheres of influence in Eastern Europe, including in Poland, were clearly demarcated between the USSR and Germany. So Soviet Union On September 16, 1939, he brought his troops into Polish territory and occupied, which subsequently retreated into the zone of influence of the USSR and included in Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR and Lithuania.

Despite the fact that the USSR and Poland did not declare war on each other, many historians consider the fact of entry in 1939 Soviet troops to Polish territory by the date of entry of the USSR into the Second World War.

On October 6, Hitler proposed that a peace conference be convened between the world's major powers to resolve Polish question. England and France set a condition: either Germany withdraws its troops from Poland and the Czech Republic and grants them independence, or there will be no conference. The leadership of the Third Reich rejected this ultimatum and the conference did not take place.