O. V. Zagorovskaya, O. V. Grigorenko

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Getting ready for the exam

Allowance for students of educational institutions

Part C

Foreword

Section 1. Text as a speech work. Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 1. Text and its main features
§ 2. Test tasks
§ 3. Means and ways of connecting sentences in the text
§ 4. Test tasks
§ 5. Types and styles of speech
§ 6. Test tasks
§ 7. Means of expression in the text
§ 8. Test tasks

Section 2. Essay-reasoning on the text read (USE, part C)
§ 1. Basic requirements for completing the task of part C of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language
§ 2. Analysis and information processing source code
§ 3. The main stages in the preparation of the text of the essay-reasoning in accordance with the task of part C of the USE
§ 4. Step-by-step work on an essay

Bibliography

FOREWORD

The book is the third part of a comprehensive course of the Russian language as a systematic preparation for the Unified state exam(USE) for high school students and applicants.
This part of the manual includes materials on three substantive sections of the school curriculum: “Speech. Text”, “Expressiveness of Russian speech”, “Development of speech. The writing".
The main objectives of the manual are:
- repetition and generalization of students' knowledge in the named sections of the school course "Russian Language";
- consolidation and development of skills related to various types of text analysis as a speech work;
- development of skills for performing test control tasks associated with the analysis of linguistic phenomena presented in the text;
- preparation for writing an essay-reasoning on the proposed text in accordance with the USE format.
The content and structure of the manual are focused on USE requirements, as well as modern regulations, which determine the content and quality assessment of knowledge in the Russian language of graduates of the secondary (complete) secondary school.
The first section contains theoretical information about the content and structural organization of the text as a special speech work, its linguistic design and means of expression, as well as materials and exercises related to the multidimensional analysis of the text. The second section is practical. It contains recommendations for preparing for writing an essay-reasoning and training exercises for different stages of creating your own statement based on the text you have read.
Each section contains brief theoretical information, practical exercises, as well as test tasks for the final control in the Russian language.
Distinctive features of the proposed allowance are:
- consolidation in one book of information theoretical and test tasks that meet the requirements and format of the exam;
- the focus of the manual on deepening, expanding and systematizing the materials of the school course of the Russian language and the presence of special sections on the content and structural-linguistic organization of the text, means of linguistic expression, as well as on the analysis and information processing of texts various styles and types of speech;
- orientation of materials to writing an essay-reasoning on the finished text in accordance with all the requirements of part C of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language;
- a clear practical orientation, involving active independent work of students.
This book can be used as a textbook for classes in the Russian language in grades 10-11 of general education. educational institutions, and also as a material for carrying out special courses and electives.
The test exercises included in the manual are ready-made options for tasks for conducting control and verification work on complex analysis text and speech development of students.
The book uses materials from various manuals on the Russian language, philological analysis of the text and the culture of Russian speech.

Section 1

Text as a speech product. Theoretical information and language analysis

Types and styles of speech

Types of speech

One of the means of expression copyright to the topic of the text is to use when creating it a certain type of speech, which has its own compositional features. The main types of speech are description, narration and reasoning.
Description portrayed any phenomenon of reality by listing it permanent or simultaneously present signs or actions(The content of the description can be transmitted on one frame of the camera).
In the description, most of all, words denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are used. Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and nominal sentences.
For example:
The sky was clear, clear, pale blue. Light white clouds, lit from one side with a pink glow, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From behind the horizon, like giant spread fingers, stretched up across the sky golden stripes from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A. I. Kuprin)

The description helps to see the subject, to present it in the mind.

Narration- this is a type of speech with which it is told about any events in their time sequence; successive actions or events are reported (the content of the narration can be conveyed only on a few frames of the camera).

In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the past tense of the imperfective form ( came, saw, developed etc.).
For example:
And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The Great Dane suddenly fell on its back, and some invisible force pulled it off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly gripped the astonished Jack's throat... Jack propped himself up with his front legs and shook his head violently. But an invisible "something" squeezed his neck so that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A. I. Kuprin)

Narrative helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.

reasoning is a type of speech that any position, thought is proved or explained; talking about cause and effect events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).

In reasoning texts, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation (firstly, secondly, so, therefore, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating unions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order to, because, although, in spite of the fact that etc.).
For example:
If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he writes about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.
But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. (K. G. Paustovsky)

Attention! The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, any one type of speech is not always presented in the text. Much more often there are cases of their combination in various versions: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narrative with elements of reasoning, etc.

Ex. nine. Read. Prove that the given text is a description. Justify your answer.

In the very center of Moscow, passing through Okhotny Ryad, we see a monument erected in 1909. It is impossible to walk past it and not stop. The authors of the monument are the sculptor Volnukhin and the architect Mashkov. This monument, small in size, is surprisingly harmonious, it fits perfectly into the ancient urban environment. The sculpture on a low pedestal is the Moscow printing pioneer Ivan Fedorov. He is in the clothes of a townsman. AT right hand holds a typographical sheet, supports a printed board with his left hand. In all his appearance, nobility and modesty. Before us is a generalized image of a Russian master and artist, Orthodox person. On the polished marble of the pedestal, the name and title of Ivan Fedorov and his words are carved in an old semi-statute: “First, the holy books began to be printed in Moscow ... for the sake of my brothers and my neighbors.”

Ex. ten. Read. Prove that this text is a narrative. Justify your answer.

It was one of countless episodes civil war. I drove along a deserted winding road; occasionally I came across small groves hiding some of its curves from me. The sun was high, the air almost ringing with heat. There was no more fighting, it was quiet; I didn't see anyone behind me or in front of me. And then, at one of the turns in the road, which bent in this place almost at a right angle, my horse fell heavily and instantly at full gallop. I fell with her into a soft and dark space, because my eyes were closed - but I managed to free my foot from the stirrup and almost did not suffer from the fall. Rising to my feet, I turned around and saw that a rider on a huge white horse was riding a heavy and slow career very far behind me. I remember that I did not have a rifle for a long time, I must have left it in the grove when I slept.
But I still had a revolver, which I pulled out with difficulty from a new and tight holster. I stood for a few seconds holding it in my hand; it was so quiet that I could clearly hear the dry sobbing of hooves on the cracked earth. Then I saw the rider drop the reins and throw up his rifle, which until then he held at the ready, to his shoulder. At that moment, I fired. He jerked in the saddle, slid off it and slowly fell to the ground. I remained motionless where I stood for two or three minutes. I still wanted to sleep, and I continued to feel the same agonizing fatigue. (G. Gazdanov)

Ex. eleven. Read. Prove that this text is a reasoning. Justify your answer.

Poetry has one amazing property. She returns the word to its original, virgin freshness. The most erased, completely “spoken” words by us, having completely lost their figurative qualities for us, living only as a verbal shell, in poetry begin to sparkle, ring, and smell sweet!
How to explain this, I do not know. I suppose that the word comes to life in two cases.
First, when his phonetic (sound) power is returned to him. And to do this in melodious poetry is much easier than in prose. Therefore, both in a song and in a romance, words act on us more strongly than in ordinary speech.
Secondly, even an erased word, placed in verse in a melodic musical sequence, is, as it were, saturated with the general melody of the verse and begins to sound in harmony with all other words.
And finally, poetry is rich in alliterations. This is one of her precious qualities. Prose has the right to alliteration.
But that's not the point.
The main thing is that prose, when it reaches perfection, is, in essence, genuine poetry. (K. G. Paustovsky)

Ex. 12. What types of speech are presented in the following texts? In what case are elements of another type of speech included?

1) Strictly speaking, there are two essential conditions the life of a highly moral person: the ability to see another, especially a suffering other, and the ability to see oneself without embellishment.
Attention to oneself is especially characteristic of a young age. Who are we? We look alike - we are upset: we want to excel. We are different - also not good, sort of like White crow. Who to be? What to be?
Yourself. This is the only true advice. It is simple, but the road to oneself through someone else's, false, unnecessary, perhaps the most difficult thing in the world.
Building a personality begins with attention to oneself, and ends with compassion for others, mercy for others, responsibility to others. (According to O. Kuchkina)
2) It was the heyday of Marina's beauty. A flower raised above her shoulders seems to be her golden-haired head, fluffy, with streams of light curls curling at the temples, with a thick sheen over her eyebrows, hair cut like children's. The clear green of her eyes, clouded by a short-sighted gaze that shyly evades, has something magical in it. This is not the shyness that tormented her in adolescence, when she was embarrassed by her appearance, which she did not like. Meeting the admiration of all who looked at her, she was cured of the pangs of that illness. She knows her own worth in external charm, as she knew her from childhood - in internal. But not a shadow of self-confidence and the “ballroom”, cheap complacency so cherished in themselves by the beauties. Her feminine only glides, only flies. (A. I. Tsvetaeva)
3) Rostov did not believe his eyes, and this doubt lasted more than a second. The wolf - an old beast with a gray back - ran unhurriedly, apparently convinced that no one saw him ... Nikolai shouted in a voice that was not his own, and his good horse rushed headlong downhill by itself, jumping over waterholes, across the wolf ... Nikolai he did not hear his cry, did not feel that he was galloping, did not see either the dogs or the place where he gallops - he saw only the wolf, which, intensifying its run, galloped without changing direction along the hollow. The first appeared near the beast, black and piebald Milka, and began to approach the beast. Closer, closer ... now she has come to him. But the wolf squinted a little at her, and instead of pushing (as she always did), Milka suddenly began to rest on her front legs. (According to L. N. Tolstoy)
4) At the beginning of July, we already reached the bread, spacious Voronezh. There, finally, Zhukovsky found a suitable partner for himself.
On the very day of the arrival of the heir, the gendarme appeared in the Koltsov family: the governor demanded a poet. At first, everyone was excited. But the call was peaceful and even useful to Koltsov: Zhukovsky invited Alexei Vasilievich to his place. He spent two days in Voronezh with Koltsov - Koltsov and Voronezh were also Russia, its thick, strong infusion. drinking tea in merchant's house, together they walked around the city, from the guarded mountain they admired the wide views, meadows, distant forests - that vastness and power of the Russian that is so felt in Voronezh and its region. Antiquity, the cathedral, St. Mitrofaniy of Voronezh, St. Tikhon of Zadonsk ... and below, under the mountain, the old houses of Petrovsky Sloboda: a different world, but History, Peter, shipbuilding ... (I. Zaitsev)

Ex. thirteen. In the texts of the works of A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, find passages that are a description, narration, reasoning. Prove the relevance of the found texts to one or another type of speech.

Speech styles

Style- this is a historically established system of language means and ways of organizing them, which is used in a certain area of ​​human communication ( public life): the sphere of science, official business relations, agitation and mass activities, verbal and artistic creativity, the sphere of everyday communication.
Everyone functional style characterized by:
a) scope of application;
b) main functions;
c) leading style features;
d) language features;
e) specific forms (genres).

scientific style

Scope (Where?)	Sphere of Science ( scientific works, textbooks, speeches scientific conferences etc.)
Functions (why?)	Message, scientific explanation
	Scientific topics, semantic accuracy, strict logic, generalized abstract nature of information, lack of emotionality
Main language tools	terminological and professional vocabulary and phraseology ( classification, hypotenuse, valency, vacuole, x-ray, magnetic storm, efficiency and etc.); abstract (abstract) vocabulary ( extension, burning, romanticism, matriarchy); words in the direct meaning; widespread use of derived prepositions and conjunctions ( during, as a result, at the expense of, in connection with, in contrast to and etc.); significant in volume simple and complicated sentences with participial phrases and introductory words ( firstly, secondly, finally, apparently, probably, according to ..., according to the theory ..., so, so, thus, therefore, in addition); complex sentences with adnexal reasons, consequences, etc.
Genres	Article, review, review, abstract, abstract, dissertation, textbook, dictionary, scientific report, lecture

scientific style is divided into three sub-styles: proper scientific, scientific and educational and popular science.
Each of these sub-styles has its own characteristics. In scientific, educational and popular science sub-styles, it is allowed to use some (separate) linguistic means characteristic of colloquial speech and journalism, including means of linguistic expressiveness (metaphors, comparisons, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations, parceling and some others).
In texts scientific style all types of speech can be represented: description, narration and reasoning (most often: reasoning-proof and reasoning-explanation).

Formal business style

Scope (Where?)	Sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities
Functions (why?)	Message, informing
Main style features	Ultimate informative orientation, accuracy, standardization, lack of emotionality and evaluation
Basic language tools	Official business vocabulary and business terminology ( plaintiff, defendant, powers, allowance); clericalisms (i.e., non-terminological words used mainly in formal business style, primarily in the official business (clerical) style, and outside business speech practically non-existent: following(placed below), given, real(this), forward(send, transmit) proper(such as follows, necessary, appropriate); language clichés and clichés bring to the attention of the established control, according to the order, after the expiration of the period, as an exception); complex denominative prepositions ( for the purposes of, by virtue of, as a result of, for the sake of etc.); significant complex and complicated sentences
Genres	Laws, orders, instructions, announcements, business papers

In texts formal business style two types of speech are usually presented: description and narration.

Journalistic style

Scope (Where?)	Social and political life: newspapers, magazines, television, radio, rallies
Functions (why?)	Influence and persuasion in order to form any position; motivation to action; message to draw attention to an important issue
Main style features	Documentary accuracy (it refers to real, not fictional persons, events); logic; open appraisal and emotionality; conscription; combination of expressiveness and standard
Basic language tools	The combination of bookish, including high, and colloquial, including reduced, vocabulary ( sons, Fatherland, power, hype, let the duck, disassembly, fan, lawlessness); expressive syntactic constructions (exclamatory and interrogative sentences, parcelling, rhetorical questions); figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, comparisons, allegories, etc.)
Genres	Article, essay (including a portrait essay, problematic essay, essay (reflections, reflections on life, literature, art, etc.), reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory, speaking at a meeting)

Journalistic style is divided into two sub-styles: journalistic and artistic-journalistic.
Actually journalistic sub-style is characterized by the topicality of the topic, the use of socio-political vocabulary and terminology. (deputy, power, patriot, parliament, conservatism), specific journalistic vocabulary and phraseology (reportage, peacekeeping, corridors of power, conflict resolution), the frequency of the use of borrowed words that name new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena ( distributor, investment, inauguration, killer, croupier, rating and etc.).
The artistic and journalistic sub-style, in its linguistic features, approaches the style of fiction and is characterized by a combination of the functions of influence and persuasion with an aesthetic function, as well as the widespread use of figurative and expressive means of language, including tropes and figures.
In texts journalistic style all types of speech can occur: description, narration and reasoning.
For the artistic and journalistic sub-style, reasoning-thinking is especially characteristic.

Attention! In the journalistic style, the position of the author is expressed directly and openly.

Art style

In texts artistic style, as in journalism, all types of speech are widely used: description, narration and reasoning. Reasoning in works of art appears in the form of reasoning-reflection and is one of the most important means of revealing internal state hero, psychological characteristics character.

Attention! In the artistic style, the position of the author, as a rule, is not expressed directly, but in the subtext.

Conversational style

Scope (Where?)	Household (informal setting)
Functions (why?)	Direct everyday communication; exchange of information on domestic issues
Main style features	Ease, simplicity of speech, concreteness, emotionality, imagery
Basic language tools	Colloquial, including emotional-evaluative and expressive, vocabulary and phraseology ( potato, book, daughter, baby, long, plop, the cat cried, headlong); incomplete sentences; use of expressive syntactic constructions, characteristic of colloquial speech (interrogative and exclamatory sentences, sentence words, including interjectional ones, sentences with parcellation ( Will you come tomorrow? Be silent! Sleep would! - Are you in the cinema? - Not. Here's another! Ouch! Oh you!); the absence of polynomial complex sentences, as well as sentences complicated by participial and adverbial phrases
Genres	Friendly conversation, private conversation, everyday story, dispute, notes, private letters

Ex. fourteen. Determine which styles of speech these texts belong to. Prove your point, taking into account all the main characteristics of a particular style.

I. The idea of ​​atoms as the smallest indivisible particles was questioned even by D. I. Mendeleev, who suggested that the atoms of simple bodies are formed by the addition of some even smaller parts.
Direct evidence of the complexity of the structure of the atom was obtained in experiments on the transmission of electric current through rarefied gases ... Direct evidence of the complexity of the structure of the atom was the discovery of spontaneous decay of atoms of certain elements, called radioactivity. In 1896, the French physicist A. Becquerel discovered that uranium compounds light up a photographic plate in the dark, ionize gases, and cause the glow of fluorescent substances. Later it turned out that not only uranium has this ability ... ("Fundamentals of General Chemistry")
II. Article 75
1. monetary unit in Russian Federation is the ruble. Money emission is carried out exclusively by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The introduction and issue of other money in the Russian Federation is not allowed.
2. Protecting and ensuring the stability of the ruble is the main function of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which it performs independently of other bodies state power.
3. The system of taxes levied in the federal budget, and general principles taxes and fees in the Russian Federation are established by federal law.
4. Government loans are issued in the manner determined by federal law and are placed on a voluntary basis. (Constitution of the Russian Federation)
III. Winter with its whims is far from being an easy period in the life of our city. Snowfalls and thaws, morning frosts and piercing wind not only bring us discomfort, but also pose serious dangers. We see how the car park of the capital of the Chernozem region has noticeably grown, how much traffic has become more intense. But it must be remembered that the car is still a source of increased danger. We must finally embrace the idea of ​​the inadmissibility of the annual death in road accidents and injuries huge amount of people. Going out into the street, we should know that 70% of all traffic accidents in the city are collisions with pedestrians. Therefore, dear drivers, give way to pedestrians on pedestrian crossing, in the stop zone public transport, give way at the curve. In winter, it is especially difficult for them. Yes, they do not know the rules of the road as well, they are not as disciplined as you, but take a step towards them.
IV. You know, I visited the steppe last spring. First time. Well, beauty! Everything burns out in summer. But in the spring - another matter! Everywhere you look - a sea of ​​lush grass and flowers. And the flowers! There aren't any! And blue, and blue, and purple, and red, and pink, and yellow. Believe me, in the eyes ripples from different colors. And there are no birds of any kind! So they are poured in different ways. And in the sky - hawks. Yes, ten. The wings are open and look down: what to profit from. They will see a hare - bang down, and a skiff to a hare. And how many partridges! So they scurry. If I had a gun, I would shoot a lot. Don't take away. Yes, I'm not a hunter. Birds are my passion.
v. Foggy morning, gray morning
Fields sad, covered with snow,
Reluctantly remember the time of the past,
Remember faces long forgotten.
Remember abundant passionate speeches,
Looks, so greedily, so timidly caught,
First meetings, last meetings,
Quiet voice favorite sounds.
Remember separation with a strange smile,
You will remember much dear, distant,
Listening to the unceasing murmur of the wheels,
Looking thoughtfully at the wide sky. (I. S. Turgenev)

Ex. fifteen. 1) Read the comic text from the Literary Gazette. Find clericalism and other specific features of the official business style.

Corruption Have a good mood

After returning home from work, I did certain work taking off your hat, raincoat, boots, changing into pajamas and slippers and sitting down with a newspaper in an armchair. The wife during this period of time implemented a series of activities aimed at peeling potatoes, boiling meat, sweeping the floor and washing dishes.
After some time, she began to loudly raise the question of the inadmissibility of my non-participation in the events named by her. To this, a categorical statement was made on my part about the unwillingness to hear claims for this issue due to my implementation this moment, after finishing labor day, their legal right to a well-deserved rest.
However, my wife did not draw the appropriate conclusions from my words and did not stop her irresponsible statements, in which, in particular, she reflected such a moment as my lack of a number of positive qualities, such as: conscience, decency, shame, etc., moreover, as in during her speech, and at the end of it, she was engaged in assigning to me the names of various animals that are in the personal use of workers and collective farmers.
After giving mutual assurances of non-recurrence similar phenomena we began to eat dinner, which already had a lower temperature as a result of cooling and lost its taste qualities.
This is how we sometimes still allow damage to a good mood, as well as appetite.

2) Try to retell this text using neutral or colloquial vocabulary.

Ex. sixteen. Read the text, formulate its theme and idea. Find in the text language features, which may be characteristic: 1) colloquial style; 2) artistic style; 3) journalistic style. Make a conclusion about the stylistic reference of this text, argue your point of view.

Through the care of a dear friend, I received from Russia a small box made of Karelian birch, filled with earth.
I belong to people who are not ashamed of feelings and are not afraid of crooked smiles. And I am ready to kneel in front of a box with Russian soil and say out loud, without fear of other people's ears: "I love you, the land that gave birth to me, and I recognize you as my greatest shrine."
And no skeptical philosophy will make me ashamed of my sensitivity, because love guides me, and it is not subject to reason and calculation.
The earth in the box dried up and turned into lumps of brown dust. I sprinkle it carefully and carefully so as not to spray it in vain on the table, and I think that of all the things of man, the earth was the most beloved and closest.
We, people from the earth, are firmly soldered to it. I remember how my grandmother told me: “Ask, granddaughter, your father to take you to the estate to see our land, because you came from this land. Maybe when you grow up big, you return to the earth and become the owner, you need to hold on tight to the last piece.
Since then, love for the mother earth, for her breath and the grain growing in it, has remained in me for the rest of my life.
But most of all I love the earth because I see in it the concept of eternity personified: in it the past is merged with the future. (According to M. A. Osorgin)

Ex. 17. Determine what types of speech are used in the texts presented in ex. 14. When completing the task, take into account, first of all, the leading features of description, narration and reasoning (description is the world at rest, narration is the world in motion, reasoning is thoughts about the world), as well as the possibility of combining different types of speech in one text.

§ 6. Test tasks

(1) Winter everyday scenes from the life of Holland in the 17th century, reflected on many canvases by Flemish painters, can serve as one of the clear evidence of the current significant climate warming.
(2) On the canvases of Flemish painters, townspeople of all ages easily, habitually skate on a frozen pond, fish from longboats are loaded into sleighs, hunters walk along a snowy plain ... (3) You will not see anything like this in today's Holland. (4) The average air temperature in January here is about plus 4 °C.
(5) And remember Pushkin: “... what is our northern summer? A caricature of the southern winters, It will flash and not...” (6) Indeed, synoptic documents confirm: the average temperature in June 1822 in Moscow was only 12.9 ° C, in June 1824 - 14.1 ° C. (7) Modern Norm for June - 15.8 ° С.
(8) From about the middle of the last century, the climate began to noticeably change. (9) Global warming has engulfed most of the Earth and is particularly pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere. (10) The warming was uneven: it weakened, then increased. (11) The greatest warming was recorded in the late 1930s and early 1940s. (12) Then came a temporary recession, but the warming trend continues to this day. (13) Experts estimate that the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere has risen by about 0.5° over the century.
(14) Reason global warming planet, according to the now widely accepted opinion, is mainly due to the fact that the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is growing. (15) The Soviet climatologist and meteorologist, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko, back in 1962, was the first to publish considerations that the burning of a huge amount of various fuels by mankind, especially increased in the second half of the 20th century, will inevitably lead to the fact that the content of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere will increase. (16) And, as you know, it delays the return of solar and deep heat from the Earth's surface into space, which leads to the effect that we observe in glazed greenhouses. (17) Due to this greenhouse effect the average temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere should gradually increase.
(18) New idea in our country, many scientists were initially met with skepticism, but now no one doubts that all this is exactly so. (19) Since 1956, atmospheric carbon dioxide has already increased by a quarter of its original value. (20) This is undoubtedly caused by the industrial and transport activities of mankind. (21) Scientists believe that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double by the middle of the 21st century, and this, of course, should lead to global warming.

1. What are the main functions of the text?

M.: Enlightenment, 2009. - 192 p.

The manual is the third part of a comprehensive Russian language course for high school students and applicants; is focused on a systematic preparation for the exam, includes materials related to the multidimensional analysis of the text: its features, means of communication, means of expression. The book consistently outlines the system of preparation for essay-reasoning, comments and samples of work are given.

The manual can be used in Russian language lessons along with the main textbook, as well as material for conducting special courses and electives.

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CONTENT
Foreword
Section 1. Text as a speech work. Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 1. Text and its main features
§ 2. Test tasks
§ 3. Means and ways of connecting sentences in the text
§ 4. Test tasks
§ 5. Types and styles of speech
§ 6. Test tasks
§ 7. Means of expression in the text
§ 8. Test tasks
Section 2. Essay-reasoning on the text read (USE, part C)
§ 1. Basic requirements for completing the task of part C of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language
§ 2. Analysis and information processing of the original text
§ 3. The main stages in the preparation of the text of the essay-reasoning in accordance with the task of part C of the USE
§ 4. Step-by-step work on an essay
Bibliography

Producer: "Prosveshchenie" Series: "Unified state exam" The manual is the second part of a comprehensive Russian language course for high school students and applicants, focused on systematic preparation for the Unified State Exam (USE), and includes materials on three substantive sections of the school curriculum: Syntax, Punctuation, Culture of Speech. Language norms. The book combines theoretical information, exercises and test tasks that correspond to the format of the exam. The guide can be used as additional material for work in the Russian language lessons on the main textbook, as well as material for conducting special courses and electives. ISBN:978-5-09-018604-9 Publisher: Enlightenment (2009) ISBN: 978-5-09-018604-9

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O. V. Zagorovskaya, O. V. Grigorenko
Russian language.

Getting ready for the exam.

Part B

Syntax

Punctuation

A culture of speech

Publisher: Education, 2009, 176 pages.
The manual is the second part of a comprehensive Russian language course for high school students and applicants, focused on systematic preparation for the Unified State Examination (USE), and includes materials on three substantive sections of the school curriculum: "Syntax", "Punctuation", "Culture speech. Language norms".

The book combines theoretical information, exercises and test tasks that correspond to the format of the exam.

The manual can be used as additional material for working in Russian language lessons using the main textbook, as well as material for conducting special courses and electives.

Foreword

SYNTAX
PHRASE

§ 1. The phrase and its grammatical features

§ 2. Connection of words in a phrase and a sentence

§ 3. Syntactic analysis of the phrase

§ 4. Test tasks

A culture of speech

§ 5. Norms of management

§ 6. Test tasks
OFFER
Simple sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 7. The concept of a simple sentence and its types

§ 8. Test tasks

A culture of speech

§ 9. Word order in a sentence

§ 10. Test tasks
The main members of the proposal

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 11. Subject and ways of expressing it

§ 12. Predicate and its main types

§ 13. Test tasks

A culture of speech

§ 14. Coordination of the predicate with the subject

§ 15. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 16. Dash between subject and predicate

§ 17. Test tasks
Secondary members of the sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 18. Definition

§ 19. Addendum

§ 20. Circumstance

§ 21. Test tasks
One-part sentences

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 22. The concept of one-part sentences. Types one-part sentences

§ 23. Test tasks
Incomplete sentences

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 24. Incomplete sentences and their features

§ 25. Test tasks
Complicated sentence

Proposals with homogeneous members

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 26. The concept of homogeneous members of a sentence

§ 27. Test tasks

A culture of speech

§ 28. The use of homogeneous members of the sentence

§ 29. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 30. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members

§ 31. Test tasks
Offers from separate members

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 32. The concept of isolated members of the proposal. Types of isolated members

§ 33. Test tasks

A culture of speech

§ 34 Use participle turns

§ 35. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 36. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members

§ 37. Test tasks
Sentences with introductory words and appeals

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 38. The concept of introductory words and appeals

§ 39. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 40. Punctuation marks for introductory words and sentences, insert structures and appeals

§ 41. Test tasks
Parsing a simple sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

Section 42 Order parsing simple sentence

§ 43. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 44. Generalizing exercises

§ 45. Generalizing test items
Difficult sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 46. The concept of a complex sentence. The main types of complex sentences

§ 47. Test tasks
Compound sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 48. Compound sentence and its grammatical features

§ 49. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 50. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence

§ 51. Test tasks
Complex sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 52. Complex sentence and its grammatical features

§ 53. Types of complex sentences

§ 54. A complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

§ 55. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 56. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

§ 57. Test tasks
Unionless proposal

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 58. Non-union sentence and its grammatical features

§ 59. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 60. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence

§ 61. Test tasks
Complex sentence with different types of connection

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 62. The concept of a complex sentence with different types of connection

§ 63. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 64. Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection

§ 65. Test tasks
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 66. The order of syntactic analysis of a complex sentence

§ 67. Test tasks

A culture of speech

§ 68. Features of the composition and structure of complex sentences

§ 69. Test tasks

Practicum on punctuation

§ 70. Generalizing exercises

§ 71. Generalizing test tasks

Difficult cases of punctuation

§ 72. Comma before union and

§ 73. Test tasks

§ 74. Comma before union as

§ 75. Test tasks

§ 76. Colon and dash in simple and complex sentences

§ 77. Test tasks

§ 78. Methods of transmitting someone else's speech

This manual is the second part of a comprehensive Russian language course for high school students and applicants, focused on systematic preparation for the Unified State Exam (USE).
The book includes materials on three substantive sections of the school curriculum: "Syntax", "Punctuation", "Culture of Speech. Language norms.
The main objectives of the manual are:
- repetition and generalization of students' knowledge in the named sections of the school course "Russian Language";
- consolidation and development of skills related to various types of analysis of the studied linguistic phenomena and normative use language units in speech;
- development of skills for performing test control tasks in the USE format.
The content and structure of this publication are focused on the requirements of the Unified State Examination, as well as on modern regulatory documents that determine the content and assessment of the quality of knowledge in the Russian language of graduates of a secondary (complete) general education school.
All sections of the manual have a clear structure and consist of three subsections:
1) theoretical information and linguistic analysis of certain phenomena of the corresponding level of the Russian language system;
2) materials and exercises on the culture of speech and the features of the relevant norms of the Russian literary language;
3) a workshop on punctuation.
Each of the subsections contains brief information of a theoretical nature, practical exercises, as well as test tasks that allow for final control and to bring the material of the manual as close as possible to the form of conducting the Unified State Examination in the Russian language.
The salient features of the proposed grant are:
- combining in one book information of a theoretical nature and test tasks that meet the requirements and format of the exam;
- the focus of the manual on deepening, expanding and systematizing the materials of the school course of the Russian language, as well as the inclusion in the book of special sections on the culture of Russian speech and the norms of the Russian literary language;
- orientation of the materials of this publication to the most difficult cases language analysis and use of language units in speech;
- a clear practical orientation of the manual, involving the active independent work of students.
In each section of the manual there is a sufficient number training exercises, questions for self-examination and generalizing tasks that allow you to determine the degree of assimilation of the studied material and acquire solid skills in performing test tasks in the USE format.
This book can be used as an additional material for working in the Russian language lessons on the basis of the main textbook, as well as material for conducting special courses and electives.
The test exercises included in the manual are ready-made tasks for conducting control and verification work on the syntax and punctuation of the Russian language and the culture of Russian speech.

SYNTAX

Syntax- a branch of the science of language that studies the structure, grammatical meanings and use in speech syntactic units: phrases and sentences.

PHRASE

Theoretical information and language analysis

§ 1. The phrase and its grammatical features

phrase is a combination of two or more independent (significant) words, bound friend with each other in meaning and grammatically. For example: white birches, prepare for classes, more difficult task, completed on time etc. The phrase consists of the main and dependent components, between which there are subordinate relations. Sometimes phrases also include compounds of syntactically equal words connected by coordinating relationships. (brother and sister;beautiful but expensive, as well as combinations of subject and predicate in a sentence.
semantic connection words in phrases is established by questions that are asked from the main word to the dependent. In phrases, the following basic meanings can be expressed:
- defining(attributive): between an object and its attribute (sunny day, notebook in a cage, soft-boiled eggs);
- object: between the action and the object to which it is directed (seek knowledge, defend the Motherland); between action and instrument of action (banging hammer) etc.;
- circumstantial: between the action and the place, time, cause of the action or the manifestation of a sign (leave the city, return late, be absent due to illness, dressed fashionably).

Note. In some phrases, a combination of meanings can be observed. For example: trip to the city- which? and where? (determinative and adverbial relations).

The grammatical connection of words in a phrase is expressed with the help of endings, prepositions and word order. Compare: Siberian river, new things, participate in the expedition, go to school, run fast.
By the nature of the main word phrases are divided into registered(with the main word a noun, adjective or numeral), verbal(with the main word verb, participle or participle), adverbial and pronominal. Names include, for example, phrases new house, picture book, meeting attendee, tanned, very helpful, fifth from edge, two students; to verbs - perform a feat, went to rest, work conscientiously, flushed with embarrassment, smiling joyfully; to adverbs - top secret, very important, warm in spring; to the pronominal we are with you, each of us.
Among the phrases are syntactically indivisible, which act as one member of the sentence: three friends, one of them, some books etc. For example: At night two buddies walked along Tverskoy Boulevard (Chekhov).

§ 2. Connection of words in a phrase and a sentence

In Russian, there are three main types (types) of the subordination of words in a phrase: coordination, management and contiguity.
Coordination- this is a kind of subordinating connection in which the dependent word is placed in the same forms as the main one (that is, it agrees with the main word in gender, number and case or in number and case). For example: deep river, deep pond, deep lake, deep lake, deep river, deep rivers and lakes, deep lakes etc. In agreement with the change in the form of the main word, the forms of the dependent word also change accordingly.
Control- this is a type of subordination in which the dependent word is placed with the main one in a certain case, regardless of the form in which the main word is. For example: read a book;reading, reading, reading, reading, reading, reading, reading a book. When managing with a change in the form of the main word, the dependent word does not change (remains in the same case).
adjoining- this is a kind of subordinating connection, in which invariable words act as a dependent word: adverbs, gerunds, indefinite form verb (infinitive) and possessive pronouns him, her, them. In a phrase with a connection, an adjunction, a dependent immutable word is connected with the main word only in meaning. For example: portray truthfully, depict truthfully;gloomy in autumn, gloomy in autumn;going to do, going to do;his home, his home.

Ex. one. Complete the table with the phrases below, filling in the missing letters. Determine which parts of speech act as dependent words when agreeing, managing, adjoining.

The building of the el..vator, easy pr..to..relation, to..satelnaya to the circumference, ..do not smoke here, high-quality app. to the dance, pr..dl..give help, pr..lower the flag, one (n, nn) ​​eleventh stop ..novka, our pr..giver, pr..clone age..st, pr..to ..lena, pr..property in the game, pr..driving pr..to look, not (for) what worries(?)sya, pr..overcome pr..obstacles, his sabotage..reductions, ran without looking back. .vayas.

§ 3. Syntactic analysis of the phrase

Parsing Order

I. Select a phrase from a sentence.
II. Describe the structure of the phrase:
a) indicate the main and dependent words;
b) name the parts of speech by which they are expressed;
c) determine the type of connection (coordination, control, adjacency).
III. Define grammatical meaning phrases.

Sample parsing

Language is age-old work 4 whole generation(Dal).
which?
Age-old labor(adj. + noun). The type of connection is agreement (the dependent word agrees with the main one in the masculine gender, singular, nominative case; When the main word changes, the dependent word also changes. Defining (attributive) relations are expressed in the phrase.

Ex. 2. Make a syntactic analysis of the highlighted phrases. Write out from the sentences other examples of phrases with different types of connection.

High culture of colloquial and writing, good knowledge and development of a sense of language, ability to use his expressive means, its stylistic diversity - the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity(V. Vinogradov).
I realized that a person can know the great many words, maybe completely to write correctly them and just as correctly combine them in a sentence, etc. - all this teaching us grammar. But no grammar can determine in advance which words a person should choose and in what order and subordination he should arrange them so that his speech is colorful, weighty, convincing, accurate. This in each individual case, he must decide for himself, and only himself (M. Isakovsky).

§ 4. Test tasks

1. What phrase is built according to the model “adj. + "?
a) climbing plants
b) any person
c) amazing beauty
d) third grade

2. What phrase is built according to the “+adverb” model?
a) go for a walk
b) do it randomly
c) left without saying goodbye
d) running towards

3. What phrase is built according to the “+adverb” model?
a) extremely dissatisfied
b) practically impossible
c) whispered sadly
d) (outside) warm in spring

4. What phrase expresses defining relations?
a) heart to heart talk
b) come and talk
c) close to us
d) run a theater

5. What phrase expresses circumstantial relationships?
a) soft-boiled eggs
b) be back by midnight
c) ordered to retreat
d) leaving school

6. What phrase expresses object relations (action and the object on which the action is directed)?
a) draw beautifully
b) desire to leave
c) walk along the boulevard
d) think of a friend

7. In which phrase is the type of connection - agreement?
a) our bosses
b) get there fast
c) riding
d) peeked out from behind the clouds

8. In what phrase is the type of communication - management?
a) a little strange
b) forgot to tell
c) melt in the dark
d) loose shirt

9. In which phrase is the type of connection - adjacency?
a) milk bottle
b) speak French
c) the thirteenth chapter
d) look around

A CULTURE OF SPEECH

Speaker Compliance syntactic norms Russian literary language, that is, the rules for constructing phrases and sentences, is one of the indicators of the culture of speech.

§ 5. Norms of management

It is important for the construction of proposals right choice case form noun, pronouns, as well as the correct choice of preposition in phrases. The most typical errors are:
1. The prepositional combination is used instead of demon prepositional construction. For example: clarification on the meaning of the decree instead of clarification of the meaning of the decree.
2. An unprepositional construction is used instead of a prepositional combination. For example: need for knowledge instead of need for knowledge.
3. In a prepositional construction, an incorrect preposition is used. For example: indicated that instead of pointed out that.
REMEMBER:
characteristics of whom, for whom: student characteristic, student characteristic
manage (manager) than: head (manager) of the laboratory
to command (commander) than: to command (commander) an army
manage (control) than: manage (manager) a bank, trust
appeal to whom/what: appeal to public opinion
talk about someone/what: talk about son, about victory
to be proud of someone/what: be proud of your grandson
think about what: think about the problem, think about life
unacceptable to whom/what: unacceptable for a comrade, for negotiations
irreconcilable to whom / what: irreconcilable to opponents, to lies
indicate what, to whom / what: indicate methodological literature, point to the driver, point out shortcomings, blunders
4. Incorrect use of prepositions to express causal relationships; pretext on- to express temporary values; prepositions in, from- to designate spatial relationships.
REMEMBER: prepositions because of, due to, because of, due to have not yet lost their original lexical meaning associated with the meaning of their roots. For example, a turnover should be considered unsuccessful thanks to the fire because the preposition thanks to used when we are talking about the reasons that cause a positive, desired result.

(thanks to diligence, according to the order, contrary to the instructions)

(due to illness, due to drought, in case of bad weather)

In connection with what? (instrumental case)
(due to elections)

AT book speech pretext on used in the sense of "after" and combined with nouns in the prepositional case. For example: upon arrival from the capital, at the end of the performance.
When designating spatial relationships to indicate reverse direction excuse in matches the preposition from, and the suggestion on the- preposition with.

IN FROM
US

For example: wentin Moscow - arrivedfrom Moscow;wenton the Caucasus - returnedwith Caucasus.
5. Incorrectly used constructions with words that are close in meaning, or words with the same root that require different management (different cases). For example: worryabout somebody, but worrybehind someone.

REMEMBER:

worry about who	worry about who
identical to what	similar to what
put on what	dress someone in what
pay attention to what	pay attention to what
review of what	review of what
superiority over	advantage over
warn against what	warn of what
prevent something	slow down what
confidence in what	faith in what
pay for what	pay what

Ex. 3. Make up phrases using the words in brackets in the correct case.

To be surprised (results), admiration (talent), pay (apartment), reproach (rudeness), confidence (victory), slow down (development), go (Caucasus, Crimea), get off (bus, trolleybus), pay (travel), manage (branch), manager (branch), pay attention (discipline), according to (order, order).

Exercise 4. Make up sentences with the words below that require different cases of the dependent word. Indicate semantic and stylistic differences between synonymous words.

Guarantee - guarantee, start - proceed, dress - put on, demand - need, worry - worry, reconcile - reconcile, advantage - superiority, faith - confidence, package - pack, slow down - hinder, justify - establish, rely - base, marvel - be surprised, warn - warn, appreciate - cherish.

Ex. 5. Correct errors caused by mismanagement.

1. He was repeatedly convinced that in a dispute with classmates he was often wrong. 2. A review of the book has been published in the journal. 3. According to the order of the head, an exhibition of ancient books will be organized in the library. 4. At the end of the negotiations, the representatives of the delegations signed a joint statement. 5. The facts, which the author of the letter stated, were fully confirmed during the verification. 6. Students pay attention to notes during lectures. 7. It was his characteristic handwriting. 8. Upon completion of the experiment, scientists will publish an analytical report. 9. Due to its electrical properties, silicon, one of the most common elements in nature, is widely used in radio engineering. 10. We were able to come to this evening the best teachers from all parts of the city.

Russian language. Getting ready for the exam. Part B. Zagorovskaya O.V., Grigorenko O.V.

M.: Education, 2009. - 176 p.

The manual is the second part of a comprehensive Russian language course for high school students and applicants, focused on systematic preparation for the Unified State Examination (USE), and includes materials on three substantive sections of the school curriculum: "Syntax", "Punctuation", "Culture speech. Language norms".

The book combines theoretical information, exercises and test tasks that correspond to the format of the exam.

The manual can be used as additional material for working in Russian language lessons using the main textbook, as well as material for conducting special courses and electives.

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CONTENT
Foreword
SYNTAX
PHRASE
§ 1. The phrase and its grammatical features
§ 2. Connection of words in a phrase and a sentence
§ 3. Syntactic analysis of the phrase
§ 4. Test tasks
A culture of speech
§ 5. Norms of management
§ 6. Test tasks
OFFER
Simple sentence
§ 7. The concept of a simple sentence and its types
§ 8. Test tasks
A culture of speech
§ 9. Word order in a sentence
§ 10. Test tasks
The main members of the proposal
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 11. Subject and ways of expressing it
§ 12. Predicate and its main types
§ 13. Test tasks
A culture of speech
§ 14. Coordination of the predicate with the subject
§ 15. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 16. Dash between subject and predicate
§ 17. Test tasks
Secondary members of the sentence
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 18. Definition
§ 19. Addendum
§ 20. Circumstance
§ 21. Test tasks
One-part sentences
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 22. The concept of one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences
§ 23. Test tasks
Incomplete sentences
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 24. Incomplete sentences and their features
§ 25. Test tasks
Complicated sentence
Proposals with homogeneous members
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 26. The concept of homogeneous members of a sentence
§ 27. Test tasks
A culture of speech
§ 28. The use of homogeneous members of the sentence
§ 29. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 30. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
§ 31. Test tasks
Proposals with separate members
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 32. The concept of isolated members of the proposal. Types of isolated members
§ 33. Test tasks
A culture of speech
§ 34. The use of adverbial phrases
§ 35. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 36. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members
§ 37. Test tasks
Sentences with introductory words and appeals
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 38. The concept of introductory words and appeals
§ 39. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 40. Punctuation marks for introductory words and sentences, plug-in structures and appeal
§ 41. Test tasks
Parsing a simple sentence
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 42. The order of syntactic analysis of a simple sentence
§ 43. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 44. Generalizing exercises
§ 45. Generalizing test items
Difficult sentence
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 46. The concept of a complex sentence. The main types of complex sentences
§ 47. Test tasks
Compound sentence
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 48. Compound sentence and its grammatical features
§ 49. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 50. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
§ 51. Test tasks
Complex sentence
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 52. Complex sentence and its grammatical features
§ 53. Types of complex sentences
§ 54. A complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
§ 55. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 56. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 57. Test tasks
Unionless proposal
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 58. Non-union sentence and its grammatical features
§ 59. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 60. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 61. Test tasks
Complex sentence with different types of connection
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 62. The concept of a complex sentence with different types of connection
§ 63. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 64. Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection
§ 65. Test tasks
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence
Theoretical information and language analysis
§ 66. The order of syntactic analysis of a complex sentence
§ 67. Test tasks
A culture of speech
§ 68. Features of the composition and structure of complex sentences
§ 69. Test tasks
Practicum on punctuation
§ 70. Generalizing exercises
§ 71. Generalizing test tasks
Difficult cases of punctuation
§ 72. Comma before union and
§ 73. Test tasks
§ 74. Comma before union as
§ 75. Test tasks
§ 76. Colon and dash in simple and complex sentences
§ 77. Test tasks
§ 78. Methods of transmitting someone else's speech
§ 79. Test tasks
List of recommended literature